,*APT] #d 
,L59'S ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,?OSE 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :O W]E ?9K+ 9 T]MS ( A PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION W]E OBLIG$ TO TAKE ALL !SE FACTS 9TO CONSID]ATION4 ,9 !IR 
VIEW1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT RESULT FROM A GRADUAL GR[? ( PROLET>IAN CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS1 F9D+ ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! 9CREAS+ MI<T ( WORK+ CLASS 
ORGANIZATION & ! EV5TUAL 0LEGAL0 USURPATION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 
MA*9]Y1 BUT W\LD BE ! RESULT ( ! SELF-DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM1 LEAV+ ! WORK+ CLASS NO O!R *OICE ?AN ! REVOLUTION>Y 
SOLUTION ( ITS [N PROBLEMS ?R\< A *ANGE ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,& 
BECAUSE ?IS *OICE WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL 
O!R CLASS 9T]E/S1 IT HAD TO LEAD TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT AS 
! PRECONDITION = ITS REALIZATION4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! *ANGE 9 WORK+-CLASS IDEOLOGY1 BE+ BY & L>GE A 
REFLECTION ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 W\LD BE ! RESULT ( CAPITALISM'S DECAY & 
COLLAPSE4 ,! DISSIPATION ( B\RGEOIS SELF-CONFID5CE & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 
?R\< ! UNCONTROLLABLE DECOMPOSITION ( ITS ECONOMIC BASE1 & !RE) ITS 
POLITICAL P[]1 W\LD ALSO BREAK ITS IDEOLOGICAL HOLD OV] ! WORK+ 
POPULATION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( M]ELY WAIT+ = ! EXPECT$ 
ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CATA/ROPHE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 IT 9VOLV$ PREP>ATION 
= SU* AN EV5TUALITY ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( ?AT P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT 
ALREADY POSSESS$ ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! L>G] ?IS ORGANIZATION1 
! LESS DIFFICULT IT W\LD BE TO 9/ILL ITS [N IDEAS 9TO ! M9DS ( ! 
REBELLI\S MASSES TO AID !IR REACTIONS TO ! DIS9TEGRAT+ CAPITALISM4 
,WAIT+ DID NOT IMPLY PASSIVITY1 BUT ! LEGAL OR ILLEGAL =G+ ( IDEOLOGICAL 
& PRACTICAL 9/RUM5TS ( REVOLUTION4 

,! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W]E TO F\ND 9 
DEVA/AT+ ECONOMIC CRISIS CONDITIONS FROM :I* ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD BE 
UNABLE TO EXTRICATE ITSELF 9 TIME TO ALLAY !IR SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,AS ! 
SOCIAL UPHEAVALS W\LD BE ( A VIOL5T NATURE1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO >M ! 
PROLET>IAT = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9]Y4 ,! PROBLEM 
WAS H[ TO GET ! >MS REQUIR$ TO ?IS 5D4 ,BUT AS A SEV]E 9T]NATIONAL 
CRISIS W\LD MO/ LIKELY LEAD TO IMP]IALI/IC W>S1 OR ! LATT] ISSUE 9TO 
ECONOMIC CRISIS CONDITIONS1 :I* C\LD NOT BE DEALT ) 9 ! USUAL 0NORMAL0 
WAYS1 IT WAS CONCEIVABLE ?AT AN >\S$ & >M$ WORK+ CLASS MI<T TURN ITS 
WEAPONS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV5 %ORT ( W>1 IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY 
PRECLUD$ ?AT A P>T ( ! >M$ =CES ( ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD SIDE ) ! 
REBELLI\S WORK]S IF !Y DISPLAY$ 5\< 5]GY TO 9ITIATE CIVIL W>4 ,& 
BECAUSE IMP]IALISM WAS ITSELF A SIGN ( ! DEEP5+ CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL 
PRODUCTION1 ITS W>S C\LD BE REG>D$ AS GIGANTIC CRISIS CONDITIONS & AS SO 
MANY ATTEMPTS AT !IR SOLUTION BY POLITICAL MEANS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 :AT 
REVOLUTIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE - ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! 
TW5TIE? C5TURY 9 ,RUSSIA & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE - GREW NOT \T ( PURELY ECONOMIC 
CRISES BUT \T ( W> & DEFEAT & ! G5]AL MIS]IES ASSOCIAT$ ) !M4 

,WE MAY RECALL H]E ,K>L ,KAUTSKY'S ANSW] TO ,UPTON ,S9CLAIR1 REF]R$ TO 
E>LI]1 :I* EXPRESS$ ! RA!R VAGUE HOPE ?AT 0AFT] ! W>1 AFT] ! 
DEBACLE ( A GOV]NM5T1 WE MAY GET /R5G? 5\< TO CONQU] ! POLITICAL 
P[]40 ,AT ?AT TIME1 AS ! (FICIAL DEF5D] ( ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY1 ,KAUTSKY 
/ILL SPOKE ( ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS & ( ! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:ILE A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 AS A 
CONSEQU5CE ( ! %>P5+ ( ! EXI/+ CLASS CONTRADICTIONS1 WAS = 
,KAUTSKY NOT A DET]M9ABLE OCCURR5CE1 A REVOLUTION GR[+ \T ( W> & 
DEFEAT SEEM$ TO HIM A C]TA9TY1 EV5 ?\< ITS SUCCESS REMA9$ 
QUE/IONABLE47#a7,KAUTSKY'S MO/ FAI?FUL DISCIPLE1 ,L59 7#b7 - AT ! SAME TIME1 
& ) ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie BEH9D HIM - LIKEWISE 
ASSOCIAT$ W> ) REVOLUTION4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,MAXIM ,GORKY 9 #a#i#a#c1 HE PO9T$ 
\T ?AT 0A W> BETWE5 ,AU/RIA & ,RUSSIA W\LD BE A V]Y USEFUL ?+ = ! 
REVOLUTIONS ?R\<\T ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 BUT IT IS NOT V]Y PROBABLE ?AT 
,FRANZ-,JOSEF & ,NICKY WILL GIVE US ?IS PLEASURE40 7#c7 ,SOON !REAFT] 
ID5TIFY+ ! 0AGE ( IMP]IALISM0 AS 0CAPITALISM'S LA/ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T0 
& AS 0! EVE ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION10 ,L59 SAW ! FIR/ WORLD W> AS 
! BEG9N+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION & CONSI/5TLY CALL$ NOT = ! 
RE/ORATION ( ! CAPITALI/ PEACE BUT = TURN+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO 
CIVIL W>4 

,IF SOME:AT BELAT$LY1 ,FRANZ-,JOSEF1 ,NICKY1 & ALL ! O!R POT5TATES ( 
,EUROPE F9ALLY PROVID$ ! REVOLUTION>IES & ALL !IR O!R SUBJECTS ) 
! PLEASURES ( W>4 ,! PLEASURE DID NOT LA/ LONG1 DUE TO ! W>'S 
DE/RUCTIV5ESS ) RESPECT TO HUMAN LIVES & CAPITALI/ PROP]TY4 ,BUT ONCE IT 
/>T$ ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( AN 5D TO IT EXCEPT 9 T]MS ( 
POSITIVE RESULTS1 ?AT IS1 VICTORY1 EXPROPRIATION1 & ANNEXATION4 ,LIKE BUS9ESS 
9 G5]AL1 ! W> HAD TO BE PR(ITABLE & TO ?AT 5D CONC5TRATE MORE 
CAPITAL 9TO FEW] H&S ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXPECTATION 
?AT ! W> W\LD TURN 9TO REVOLUTION1 AT LEA/ 9 ! DEFEAT$ NATIONS1 ALSO 
HAD TO WAIT SOME TIME = ITS REALIZATION4 ,AS 5VISION$ BY ,L59 & O!R 
REVOLUTION>IES1 ?IS HAPP5$ FIR/ 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! 0WEAKE/ L9K 
9 ! *A9 ( IMP]IALI/ P[]S40 ,& IT HAPP5$ NOT BECAUSE IT PROVID$ ! 
,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES ) OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS TO BE UTILIZ$ TO W9 ! 
WORK]S TO !IR SIDE1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! POPULATION'S [N W>-WE>9ESS & ! 
BREAKD[N ( BO? ! W> MA*9]Y & ! ECONOMY ON :I* IT DEP5D$4 

,UNLIKE ITS AFT]MA? 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 ,RUSSIA'S ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( ! 
SAME YE> WAS A TRULY SPONTANE\S EV5T1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS PREC$$ BY A S]IES 
( 9CREAS+LY MORE OM9\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONFLICTS 9VOLV+ ALL SOCIAL 
CLASSES & ! AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T47#d7 ,! MILIT>Y DEFEATS & A REL5TLESS 
DET]IORATION ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS L$ TO LOCK-\TS1 /RIKES1 HUNG] RIOTS1 
& MUT9IES 9 ! >MY1 CULM9AT+ 9 5ORM\S MASS DEMON/RATIONS1 
CONFRONTATIONS ) ! AU?ORITIES1 & F9ALLY 9 ! FRAT]NIZATION ( 
DECISIVE GR\PS ( ! MILIT>Y ) ! REBELLI\S MASSES4 ,!RE W]E ( C\RSE 
ALSO POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ =CES AT WORK1 ATTEMPT+ TO 9JECT !IR DEF9ITELY 
DEM>CAT$ GOALS 9TO ! DISAFFECT$ MASSES & TO GIVE !M A SOCIALI/ 
DIRECTION1 BUT AT ?AT TIME !Y W]E TOO SMALL & 9EFFECTIVE TO MAKE MU* ( 
A DIFF]5CE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9/EAD ( LEAD+ ! UPHEAVAL1 !Y W]E L$ BY 
IT1 & ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO ITS ELEM5TAL =CE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 SOME?+ ?AT1 
9 A S5T5CE1 IMPLIES ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR & ! SOCIALIZATION ( ALL 
! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION PRESUPPOSES A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM 
& ! EXI/5CE ( A PROLET>IAT ABLE TO DET]M9E ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
PROCESS4 ,SU* CONDITIONS DID NOT EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA EXCEPT 9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( 
!IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT !Y APPE>$ TO EXI/ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :I*1 
CONSEQU5TLY1 WAS ?AT P>T ( ! WORLD 9 :I* A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C\LD 
CONCEIVABLY TAKE PLACE4 ,A ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION C\LD LEAD ONLY TO ! OV]?R[ ( 
CZ>DOM & ! 9/ITUTION ( B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE W\LD MO/ LIKELY PRECLUDE ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE 
( A B\RGEOIS ,RUSSIA1 JU/ AS IT HAD NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO PRES]VE ,RUSSIAN 
S]FDOM )9 A B\RGEOIS ,EUROPE4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! EXPECT$ 
SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ & A POSSIBLE REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAD ALREADY 
AGITAT$ ,M>X & ,5GELS1 BO? COM+ TO ! TIME-CONDITION$ & SPECULATIVE 
CONCLUSION ?AT A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 IF IT SPILL$ OV] 9TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 
MI<T LEAD TO CONDITIONS ?AT C\LD PREV5T ! RISE ( A FULL-FL$G$ ,RUSSIAN 
CAPITALISM4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 ! /ILL EXI/+ COMMUNAL =M ( AGRICULTURAL 
PRODUCTION1 ! MIR1 MI<T PROVE AN ASSET = ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
ECONOMY4 ,H[EV]1 ! ASS]TION ( ?IS FA9T POSSIBILITY WAS MORE A CONCESSION 
TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,POPULI/S 7,N>ODNIKS71 :O W]E AT ?AT TIME ! ONLY 
REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ?AN A REAL CONVICTION & IT WAS !RE=E 
ALL[$ TO BE =GOTT54 

,) ! RISE ( A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T & ! =MATION ( TRADE 
UNIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,POPULI/S' IDEA ( A PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION BAS$ ON ! 
PEASANTRY MADE WAY = ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION BY ! 9DU/RIAL 
PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS MEANT1 ( C\RSE1 ! REVOLUTION'S PO/PONEM5T1 AS IT 
PRESUPPOS$ ! FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 
APPROA*+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ?US ALMO/ G5]ALLY ANTICIPAT$ AS A 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 TO BE SUPPORT$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ! 
9DU/RIALI/ PROLET>IAT4 ,& IT C\LD BE SUPPORT$ BE/ BY MAK+ DEM&S ( A 
MORE RADICAL NATURE ?AN ?OSE ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE WAS ABLE TO =MULATE1 OR 
EV5 ?9K (4 ,! WORK]S W]E TO LEAD ?IS REVOLUTION1 EV5 ?\< IT C\LD 
REA* NO MORE ?AN A CAPITALI/IC B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS1 CONDITIONS SU* 
AS PREVAIL$ 9 ! ,WE/4 

,?IS SEEM$ TO BE ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y BECAUSE ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE WAS 
ITSELF V]Y WEAK &1 AS ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 REM>K$1 PREF]R$1 0AGA9/ ITS [N 
CONVICTIONS1 TO WALK ON A LEA%1 IF ONLY ! MOB IS NOT RELEAS$ FROM IT40 7#e7 
,QUITE AP>T FROM ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT IT WAS CAPABLE ( 9ITIAT+ 
A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 IT WAS NOT WILL+ TO DO SO1 \T ( FE> ( ! BL9D 
RAGE ( ! PEASANT MASSES1 :I* MI<T DE/ROY NOT ONLY ! AUTOCRATIC REGIME 
BUT ! B\RGEOISIE AS WELL4 ,IT SEEM$ SO MU* BETT] TO GA9 POLITICAL P[] 
GRADUALLY ?R\< ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 9DUC$ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 
UND] ! AUSPICES ( A /RONG /ATE SU* AS WAS PROVID$ = BY A MODIFI$ 
CZ>I/ REGIME4 

,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ITSELF W\LD SL[LY *ANGE ! NATURE ( ! REGIME & 
=CE IT TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,:ILE IT WAS 
CLE> ?AT IT WAS ! ,REVOLUTION ( #aie :I* HAD L$ TO ! FIR/1 ?\< 
MEAG]1 RE=MS ( CZ>ISM1 SU* AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,DUMA1 ?IS 
REVOLUTION1 RELEAS$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS1 ALSO HAD OP5$ ! 
,P&ORA'S BOX ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION & REVEAL$ ! ?REAT ( AN 
ANTI-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,= ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 :ATEV] 
ITS C\RSE1 W\LD AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< ITS CREATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL 
PROLET>IAT1 BE A DEVELOPM5T T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,& BECAUSE CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T ACCEL]AT$ RA!R RAPIDLY AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 9VOLV+ 
BO? ! CAPITALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & ! =MATION ( A PROPRIET>Y 
PEASANTRY1 ! EXPECT$ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES W]E NO LONG] ?\<T ( AS BAS$ 
ON ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEASANTRY & ! PRES]VATION & UTILIZATION ( ! 
REMA9+ COMMUNAL =MS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 BUT AS BAS$ ON ! 
EXT5SION ( CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS & !IR POLITICAL REFLECTIONS 9 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,) ?IS1 ,M>XISM CAME TO LOOK T[>D A SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION 9 ! WAKE ( A SUCCESSFUL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 H[EV]1 ,WE/]N SOCIALISM HAD ALREADY JETTISON$ 
ITS ,M>XIAN H]ITAGE4 ,9 ! REVISIONI/-RE=MI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! EXT5SION 
( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY ELIM9AT$ NOT ONLY ! POSSIBILITY BUT ALSO ! NE$ = 
A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION TO BE REPLAC$ BY EVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ! CAPITALI/ 
CLASS & EXPLOITATION RELATIONS4 ,BUT IF SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY BECOME 
AN ANA*RONISM 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 !RE WAS NO PO9T 9 EXPECT+ ITS >RIVAL 
9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& AS ! /EADY CAPITALIZATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY PROMIS$ A 
RELUCTANT BUT NONE!LESS NECESS>Y DEMOCRATIZATION ( ITS POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 
!RE WAS1 P]HAPS1 NOT EV5 ROOM = A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/]N 
S5SE ( T]M4 ,M>XI/ REVISIONISM WAS ADAPT$ TO ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 ! ONE 
H& 9 ! 0LEGAL ,M>XISM0 ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE = :OM IT M]ELY 
IMPLI$ ! CAPITALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA & ITS 9TEGRATION 9TO ! WORLD M>KET1 
TOGE!R ) ALL ! P>APH]NALIA ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 SU* AS POLITICAL 
P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS - &1 ON ! O!R H& 9 ! RE=MI/ ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC CONVICTION ?AT ! IMP5D+ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD ISSUE 9TO A 
B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :I* W\LD FIR/ PROVIDE ! BASIS = A VA/ SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T /RIV+ TO TRANS=M ! CAPITALI/ 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?R\< A 
CON/ANT /RUGGLE = SOCIAL RE=MS4 

,9 ! LATT] VIEW1 MEAN+FUL RE=MS 9 ,RUSSIA PRESUPPOS$ A POLITICAL 
REVOLUTION1 & ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD1 BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAVE A 
B\RGEOIS *>ACT]4 ,?IS VIEW WAS %>$ BY ! LEFT W+ ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY1 AS REPRES5T$ S9CE #aic BY ITS ,BOL%EVIK FACTION1 BUT ) ! 
DIFF]5CE ?AT ?IS W+ BELIEV$ ?AT SU* A REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE 
BR\<T AB\T BY A POLITICAL P>TY BAS$ ON ! WORK+ CLASS & ! POOR 
PEASANTRY1 = ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE ITSELF1 EV5 AP>T FROM ! QUE/ION ( 
ITS PRACTICAL CAPABILITIES1 WAS ONLY TOO READY TO /OP %ORT AT SOME COMPROMISE 
) ! CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,! IMP5D+ REVOLUTION W\LD BE A WORK]-PEASANT 
REVOLUTION1 OR P]HAPS EV5 A PURELY WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION1 EV5 ?\< IT 
C\LD ACCOMPLI% NO MORE )9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT ?AN ! CREATION ( A 
MOD]N /ATE & ! FULL RELEASE ( ! CAPITALI/ =CES ( PRODUCTION4 

,BUT1 ! LEFT >GU$1 EV5 SU* A REVOLUTION MI<T CONCEIVABLY 9DUCE A 
REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ?R\< ITS 9T]NATIONALIZATION ALT] ! 
*>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ALL1 SU* A POSSIBILITY HAD 5T]$ 
! M9DS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS & /ILL HAD AN IDEOLOGICAL BASIS 9 ! ,WE/1 
?ANKS TO ! DEF5SE ( 0,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY0 BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & HIS FOLL[]S4 
,?IS CONCEPT ( 0OR?ODOXY0 WAS !RE=E BAS$ ON A FALSE APPREH5SION ( ! 
NATURE ( ,WE/]N SOCIALISM1 :I* MI/OOK ITS IDEOLOGY = REALITY1 & ON AN 
9COMPREH5SION ( ! TRANS=MATION ?IS MOVEM5T HAD UND]GONE >\ND ! 
TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,!SE ILLUSIONS W]E LO/ AT ONE /ROKE ) ! W> ( 
#a#i#a#d1 :I* REVEAL$ ?AT NOT EV5 ,KAUTSKY HIMSELF C>$ MU* = 0,M>XIAN 
OR?ODOXY10 = :I* HE HAD BE5 ! SYMBOL )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 
,! 0TRU/EE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM0 OV]NI<T BECAME ! 0R5EGADE0 ,KAUTSKY 
= ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 G5]AL & = HIS MO/ DEVOT$ PUPIL1 ,L591 9 
P>TICUL>4 ,PRIOR TO ?IS REVELATION1 ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S HAD PAID F> MORE 
ATT5TION TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME ?AN TO ! ACTUAL /ATE ( 
9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,! LATT]1 AT LEA/ 9 AN IDEOLOGICAL S5SE1 SEEM$ TO 
=EORDA9 ! C\RSE ( ! IMP5D+ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS ,WE/]N 
CAPITALISM PREFIGUR$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 0,M>XIAN 
OR?ODOXY10 AS ,KAUTSKY 9T]PRET$ IT1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! PURE RE=MISM ( 
! REVISIONI/S1 PROVID$ ! IDEOLOGY ( ,BOL%EVISM1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 
,M5%EVIK1 OR RE=MI/1 W+ ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,:]EAS ! LATT] 
DID NOT EXPECT MORE FROM ! HOP$-= ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ?AN ! UNDILUT$ 
RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5VISION$ ! TRANSC5D5CE ( ?IS 
REVOLUTION ?R\< ITS 9T]NATIONALIZATION1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! RULE ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS WAS NOT A C]TA9TY1 :I* MAY EXPLA9 ! 
AMBIGUITIES ON ! P>T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY AS REG>DS ! *>ACT] ( ! 
,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ADMITT+ ITS B\RGEOIS NATURE1 !Y EMPLOY$ AT ! 
SAME TIME A T]M9OLOGY REF]R+ TO A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AS IF !SE C\LD 
BE ONE & ! SAME ?+4 

,!SE AMBIGUITIES HAD !IR ORIG9 9 ! PREVAIL+ ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 
:I* SEEM$ TO RULE \T EI!R A CONSI/5TLY B\RGEOIS OR A PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE ( ! UNRESOLV$ QUASI-FEUDAL AGRICULTURAL SY/EM & ITS 
DEP5D5CE ON ! AUTOCRATIC /ATE4 ,ANY REVOLUTION MU/ 9VOLVE ! GREAT MASS 
( ! POPULATION2 9 ?IS CASE ?AT MEANT ! PEASANTRY1 :I*1 H[EV]1 C\LD 
NOT BE EXPECT$ TO SUBORD9ATE ITS [N 9T]E/S TO ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR 
! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE ?REE CLASSES W\LD HAVE TO P>TAKE 9 ! 
REVOLUTION1 BUT C\LD DO SO ONLY ) DIFF]5T IDEAS & DIFF]5T GOALS1 :I* 
C\LD H>DLY BE BR\<T UND] ONE HAT4 ,:ILE !IR COMB9$ EF=TS W]E NE$$ 
TO 5D ! CZ>I/ REGIME1 ?IS C\LD ONLY LEAD TO A REASS]TION ( !IR 
P>TICUL> CLASS 9T]E/S 9 ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,ONE CLASS W\LD 
HAVE TO DOM9ATE TO HOLD ! CLASS-DIVID$ SOCIETY TOGE!R4 ,LOGICALLY1 & TO 
JUDGE BY HI/ORICAL PREC$5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE TO BE ! RUL+ 
CLASS4 

,H[EV]1 AS SOON AS ! REVOLUTION WAS SE5 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL CONTEXT1 ! 
0HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS0 & ! 0LOGICAL0 RULE ( ASC5DANCE W]E NO LONG] 
CONV9C+4 ,:ILE TWO DIFF]5T SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS CANNOT OCCUR TOGE!R 9 A 
P>TICUL> NATION1 !Y OCCUR SIMULTANE\SLY 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL SETT+1 :I* 
MAY *ANGE ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUCTURE 9 SU* A WAY AS TO LEAD TO 
DOM9ANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ! :OLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 JU/ 
AS ! DIV]SITY ( ! DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES ( ! NATIONAL 5TITIES DOES NOT 
PREV5T CAPITALISM'S OV]-ALL RULE ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS 
POSSIBILITY1 IT MADE SOME S5SE TO *ANGE ! 0RULE0 ( HI/ORICAL ASC5DANCE 
& TO TRY TO BASE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ON ! POLITICAL DOM9ANCE ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS ITSELF AN 
9EFFECTIVE M9ORITY4 ,! PEASANTRY W\LD HAVE TO BE 0NEUTRAL0 9 ONE WAY OR 
ANO!R1 NO MATT] :I* CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE OR ! PROLET>IAT1 %\LD COME 
9 POSSESSION ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 

,A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE ORGANIZ$1 AS IT DEP5DS ON CONDITIONS :I* 
ESCAPE CONSCI\S CONTROL4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE AWAIT$1 AS ! RESULT ( AN OBS]VABLE 
9T5SIFICATION ( ! CLASS CONTRADICTIONS EXI/+ )9 ! GIV5 SOCIAL 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT CAN BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ADVANCE IS ! LEAD]%IP 
REQUIR$ TO GIVE ! EXPECT$ REVOLUTION A DEF9ITE DIRECTION & A P>TICUL> 
GOAL4 ,ANY POLITICAL P>TY ?AT ?9KS 9 T]MS ( REVOLUTION CONC]NS ITSELF NOT 
) ITS PREP>ATION BUT ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ITS LEAD]%IP1 ! ONLY ?+ 
?AT IS ORGANIZABLE4 ,?IS 9VOLVES1 ( C\RSE1 A CONT9U\S ASSESSM5T & 
REASSESSM5T ( ! *ANG+ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 SO AS TO MAKE 
ITS CONTROL ( ! AWAIT$ REVOLUTION AS EFFECTIVE AS POSSIBLE4 ,PROPAG&A & 
AGITATION S]VE ! =MATION ( ORGANIZATIONS ASPIR+ TO REVOLUTION>Y 
LEAD]%IP1 BUT ONCE !SE ORGANIZATIONS EXI/1 !Y SEE !MSELVES AS ! 
IRREPLACEABLE PRESUPPOSITION ( A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION4 

,BUT H[ TO LEAD A REVOLUTION ?AT LACK$ ANY SORT ( HOMOG5EITY ( 9T]E/S 
)9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! V>IETY ( ORGANIZATIONS 
OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIAL /ATUS QUO8 ,! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA AT L>GE1 ) ITS 
DIFF]5T SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/S1 WAS REPEAT$ )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP4 
,ALL ITS ORGANIZATIONS - ! RI<T & ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 
7#f7 ! RE=MI/S & ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 & ! 
V>I\S IDEOLOGICAL GR\P+S BETWE5 !SE MAJOR ORGANIZATIONS - HAD !IR [N 
IDEAS ) RESPECT TO PROC$URES & ! DESIR$ \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESS1 ?US PRECLUD+ A UNIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y POLICY4 ,JU/ AS ONE CLASS HAD 
TO DOM9ATE ! REVOLUTION ITSELF1 SO ONE ( ! COMPET+ REVOLUTION>Y 
ORGANIZATIONS HAD TO /RIVE = SUPREMACY IF IT WAS TO REALIZE ITS [N PROGRAM4 

,AS ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD OPT$ = ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS ! 
LEAD+ ELEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT FOLL[$ ?AT ! P>TY ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 MU/ /RIVE TO MONOPOLIZE POLITICAL 
P[]1 IF ONLY TO SAFEGU>D ! PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,QUITE 
AP>T FROM ,L59'S ASSUMPTION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS UNABLE TO EVOLVE A 
POLITICAL REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ON ITS [N ACCORD1 ! FACT WAS ?AT ! 
M9ORITY POSITION ( ?IS CLASS1 TOGE!R ) ! EXI/5CE & ASPIRATIONS ( 
O!R CLASSES & !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 PRECLUD$ A DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION>Y 
DEVELOPM5T ) AN \TCOME FAVORABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS & SOCIALISM4 ,ONLY A 
DICTATOR%IP1 AS ,L59 SAW IT1 C\LD MA9TA9 ! PROLET>IAN IMPETUS ( ! 
REVOLUTION & CREATE PRECONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 CONJUNCTION 
) ! EXPECT$ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! DEVELOP$ NATIONS ( ! ,WE/4 
,H[EV]1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME DEMON/RAT$ ?AT IT WAS 
POSSIBLE TO HOLD POLITICAL P[] 9 SPITE ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! MO/ V>I$ 
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ?AT 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R OPPOS$ ! 
ANA*RONI/IC AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,IF A BACKW>D & DECAY+ POLITICAL REGIME 
HAD BE5 ABLE TO KEEP ITSELF 9 P[]1 ?IS %\LD BE EV5 MORE POSSIBLE = A 
DICTATORIAL REGIME GE>$ TO A PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 H>MONY ) 
! GLOBAL C\RSE ( EVOLUTION4 ,RUSSIA1 ,L59 ONCE SAID1 0WAS ACCU/OM$ TO 
BE+ RUL$ BY #a#e1 L& [N]S4 ,:Y CAN #b#d1 ,BOL%EVIKS NOT TAKE OV] ! 
TASK80 7#g7 ,9 ANY CASE1 E/ABLI%+ SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD MEAN HAV+ AT 
LEA/ A FOOT 9 ! DOOR LEAD+ TO WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,ALREADY BE=E ! ,M5%EVIK-,BOL%EVIK SPLIT ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 
#a#i#c1 ,L59 HAD %IFT$ ! QUE/ION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AWAY FROM PURELY 
!ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS T[>D ITS PRACTICAL PROBLEMS1 ?AT IS1 ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE87#h7 H[EV]1 HE 
PRES5T$ HIS CONC]N ) ORGANIZATION AS A !ORETICAL PROBLEM1 =1 9 HIS 
VIEW1 0!RE CAN BE NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T )\T A REVOLUTION>Y !ORY40 
,BY ?IS HE DID NOT MEAN ?AT M5 CONCEPTUALIZE !IR ACTIVITIES1 BUT REF]R$ TO 
! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 AS A DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL WORK1 AS 
IT PREVAILS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,LIKE ALL !ORY1 ! !ORY ( SOCIALISM1 
ACCORD+ TO ,L591 0GREW \T ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC 
!ORIES ?AT W]E ELABORAT$ BY ! $UCAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( PROP]TI$ 
CLASSES1 ! 9TELLECTUALS407#i7 ,DUE TO ITS SUBORD9ATE POSITION 9 SOCIETY1 ! 
WORK+ CLASS MAY SPONTANE\SLY EVOLVE A TRADE-UNION CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT NOT A 
REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ABLE TO LEAD TO A *ANGE ( SOCIETY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 
!ORY IS NOT AN \TGR[? ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 BUT A RESULT ( 
SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY & !IR PRACTITION]S' [N DISSATISFACTION ) !SE 
RELATIONS & ! PRIVILEGES B\ND UP ) !M4 ,IT IS1 !N1 ! CONSCI5CE1 
! MORAL SCRUPLES1 ! IDEALI/IC DISPOSITION1 ! KN[L$GE ( ! 
9TELLECTUALS ?AT PROVIDE ! PROLET>IAT ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IT IS 
UNABLE TO DEVELOP BY ITSELF4 ,?US ! UNHAPP9ESS ( ! 9TELLECTUALS ) ! 
REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY YIELDS ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ON :I* ALL 
REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE IS BAS$4 

,L59 DID NOT1 AS IS (T5 ASSUM$1 D]IVE ?IS /RANGE 9V]SION ( ,M>XIAN 
!ORY FROM ! PECULI> CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT FROM A G5]AL 
PR9CIPLE1 AS IS OBVI\S 9 HIS APPLICATION ( ?IS ANALYSIS TO ,WE/]N 
SOCIALISM4 ,H]E TOO1 9 ,L59'S VIEW1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T RE/RICT$ ITSELF TO 
PURELY RE=MI/ =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE BECAUSE !IR 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]S HAD 
0BETRAY$0 !IR COMRADES & ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION BY LEAV+ ! PA? ( 
REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,AL?\< ! REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA IS A NECESS>Y 
PRESUPPOSITION ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 APP>5TLY IT CAN LOSE ITS 
REVOLUTION>Y 9CL9ATIONS & CEASE BE+ ! F]M5T ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 
,TO AVOID SU* 0BETRAYALS10 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO =GE A TYPE ( 
REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT ALL[$ ONLY ! MO/ /EADFA/ REVOLUTION>IES 
9TO ITS RANKS4 ,9 ,L59'S VIEW1 ?IS WAS MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< ! CREATION ( 
! 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y10 :OSE :OLE EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON HIS 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY - 9 O!R WORDS1 SOMEONE LIKE HIMSELF1 :O KN[S ( NO 
DI/9CTION BETWE5 HIS 9DIVIDUAL & HIS ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE & :OSE SOLE 
FUNCTION IS ! PROMOTION ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,L59 ALSO PO9T$ TO 
! REQUIREM5T ( ILLEGALITY )9 ! ,RUSSIAN SETT+1 BUT AS AN ADDITIONAL 
>GUM5T1 NOT AS ! BASIC RATIONALE = HIS ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT4 ,= HIM1 
! ORGANIZATIONS ( REVOLUTIONI/S >E NOT ID5TICAL ) WORK+-CLASS 
ORGANIZATIONS BUT >E NECESS>ILY SEP>AT$ FROM ! LATT] PRECISELY BECAUSE ( 
!IR PR(ESSIONAL *>ACT]4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 
REPRES5T+ ! 0VANGU>D0 ( ! REVOLUTION1 DEP5DS ON C5TRALIZ$ 
LEAD]%IP1 5DORS$ BY ALL ITS MEMB]S1 ?US COMB9+ 9TRAP>TY DEMOCRACY 
) C5TRALIZATION1 OR1 9 BRIEF1 EMBODY+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 0DEMOCRATIC 
C5TRALISM40 ,:AT ALL ?IS AM\NT$ TO WAS ! =MATION ( A P>TY OP]AT+ AS 
A K9D ( /ATE MA*9]Y1 LONG BE=E ! QUE/ION ( ! ACTUAL CAPTURE ( 
/ATE P[] >OSE4 ,! P>TY WAS TO BE BUILT UP AS A C\NT]-/ATE TO ! 
EXI/+ /ATE1 READY TO DISPLACE ! LATT] AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 ,! 
CON/RUCTION ( ?IS TYPE ( P>TY WAS ?US ! PRACTICAL PREP>ATION = ITS 
ASSUMPTION ( ! P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,H]E !ORY & PRACTICE FELL TOGE!R4 

,BECAUSE ( ! APP>5T REMOT5ESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 OR ANY O!R1 REVOLUTION1 
,L59'S CONCEPT ( ! P>TY-/ATE WAS NOT GRASP$ 9 ITS FULL MEAN+ BY ! 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 BUT ONLY AS A RA!R QUE] IDEA ( ! RELATION%IP 
BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & ORGANIZATION1 P>TY & CLASS1 DEMOCRATIC & 
C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP1 & WAS L>GELY ADJUDG$ AS AN AB]RATION FROM A TRULY 
,M>XIAN POSITION4 ,WE/]N ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS ITSELF HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 AS >E 
ALL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,L59'S QUE/ = AN EV5 MORE 
/R+5T C5TRALIZATION C\LD H>DLY BE UND]/OOD1 EXCEPT AS AN >GUM5T = 
AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL & ONE-MAN RULE4 ,EV]YONE KNEW FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE 
?AT 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 AS IT IS A PRACTICAL 
IMPOSSIBILITY TO REA* A REAL CONS5SUS 9 A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION :]E9 
! P[] ( P]SUASION IS ALSO VE/$ 9 ! ORGANIZ$ LEAD]%IP4 ,IT MADE 9 
P>TICUL> NO S5SE FROM ,L59'S [N PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* D5I$ ! 0PLA9 & 
SIMPLE0 WORK] ! ABILITY TO =M HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y OP9IONS & ?US 
CONDEMN$ HIM 9 ADVANCE TO ACCEPT :ATEV] ! $UCAT$ LEAD]%IP PROPOS$4 
,MOREOV]1 ! MANY ?\S&S ( PAID ORGANIZ]S & FUNCTION>IES 9 ! 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS C\LD SEE NOT MU* DIFF]5CE BETWE5 
!MSELVES & ! 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES0 ( ,L59'S ORGANIZATION4 ,! 
ORGANIZATION WAS ALSO !IR LIVELIHOOD1 BUT IT DID NOT FOLL[ ?AT ?IS 
DET]M9$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y OR ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDES4 ,9 ! FACE ( 
?IS OPPOSITION1 FROM ! RI<T AS WELL AS ! LEFT W+ ( 9T]NATIONAL 
SOCIALISM1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT OV]/RESS !IR ORGANIZATIONAL 
PR9CIPLES BUT FOLL[$ !M NONE!LESS 9 ! BUILD+ UP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 
FACTION ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY - A PROCESS ?AT ALSO ASSUR$ ,L59'S UNIQUE 
POSITION )9 ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,! PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURE ( ORGANIZATIONS IS 
NOT SIMPLY ! WAY !Y >E =M$ BUT ALSO A MEANS TO !IR CONTROL4 ,! HI<] ONE 
CLIMBS UP ! ORGANIZATIONAL LADD]1 ! GREAT] ! 9FLU5CE HE CAN EX]T & 
! MORE DIFFICULT IT BECOMES TO BE REPLAC$ BY ?OSE OCCUPY+ ! L[] RUNGS4 
,?IS IS NOT AUTOMATICALLY SO1 BUT IS DELIB]ATELY BUILT 9TO ! ORGANIZATION1 
SO AS TO ASSURE ITS CONTROL BY ?OSE :O >E NE>1 OR HAVE REA*$1 ITS TOP4 
,AL?\< NOT TOTALLY FOOLPRO( ! SY/EM WORKS WELL1 = :I* ! :OLE ( 
CAPITALISM BE>S WITNESS AS WELL AS ITS MANIFOLD SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONS :I* 
9CLUDE ?OSE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZATION ONCE GA9$1 
?IS DOM9ATION IS R>ELY1 IF EV]1 REL9QUI%$ ?R\< PRESSURES FROM BEL[4 
,UNLESS ! ORGANIZATION IS DE/ROY$1 9 MO/ CASES1 ONLY DEA? CAN P>T IT FROM 
ITS E/ABLI%$ LEAD]%IP4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ?IS IS AS IT %\LD BE1 = IF 
! LEAD]%IP IS ! CORRECT ONE1 IT W\LD BE SILLY TO REPLACE IT A NEW & 
UNTRI$ ONE4 ,OBS]VE1 HE WROTE1 H[ 9 ,G]MANY ?IS VA/ CR[D ( 
MILLIONS VALUES ITS 0DOZ50 TRI$ POLITICAL 
LEAD]S1 H[ FIRMLY IT CL+S TO !M4 ,MEMB]S ( ! HO/ILE P>TIES 9 
P>LIAM5T (T5 TEASE ! SOCIALI/S BY EXCLAIM+3 

0,F9E DEMOCRATS Y\ >E 
9DE$6 ,Y\R MOVEM5T IS A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ONLY 9 NAME2 AS A MATT] ( 
FACT IT IS ! SAME CLIQUE ( LEAD]S ?AT IS ALWAYS 9 EVID5CE1 ,BEBEL & 
,LIEBKNE*T1 YE> 9 YE> \T1 & ?AT GOES ON = DECADES4 ,Y\R DEPUTIES >E 
SUPPOS$ TO BE ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! WORK]S1 BUT !Y >E MORE P]MAN5T 
?AN ! (FICIALS APPO9T$ BY ! ,EMP]OR4 

0,BUT ! ,G]MANS ONLY SMILE ) CONTEMPT AT !SE DEMAGOGIC 
ATTEMPTS TO SET ! 0CR[D0 AGA9/ ! 'LEAD]S1' TO >\SE TURBID & VA9 
9/9CTS 9 ! =M]1 & TO ROB ! MOVEM5T ( ITS SOLIDITY & /ABILITY 
BY UND]M9+ ! CONFID5CE ( ! MASSES 9 ! 'DOZ5 ( WISE M54' ,! 
POLITICAL IDEAS ( ! ,G]MANS HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ SUFFICI5TLY1 & !Y 
HAVE ACQUIR$ 5\< POLITICAL EXP]I5CE TO 5ABLE !M TO UND]/& ?AT 
)\T ! 'DOZ5' ( TRI$ & TAL5T$ LEAD]S1 PR(ESSIONALLY TRA9$1 
S*OOL$ BY LONG EXP]I5CE & WORK+ 9 P]FECT H>MONY1 NO CLASS 9 MOD]N 
SOCIETY IS CAPABLE ( CONDUCT+ A DET]M9$ /RUGGLE4 444 ,\R 7,RUSSIAN7 
WISE-ACRES1 H[EV]1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS 
PASS+ ?R\< A CRISIS 5TIRELY DUE TO \R LACK ( A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( 
TRA9$1 DEVELOP$ & EXP]I5C$ LEAD]S TO GUIDE ! SPONTANE\S F]M5T ( 
! MASSES1 CRY \T ) ! PR(UNDITY ( FOOLS1 IT IS A BAD BUS9ESS :5 
! MOVEM5T DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM ! RANK & FILE40 7#a7 

,IT W\LD ( C\RSE BE UNFAIR TO PO9T TO ,L59'S E>LY & RA!R SILLY 
RUM9ATIONS ON ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION1 AS PRES5T$ 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE 
,DONE8 W]E IT NOT = ! FACT ?AT !Y CONT9U$ TO MOTIVATE HIM 
?R\<\T HIS LIFE & GUID$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,ON ?IS 
PO9T1 :I* =M$ ! />T+ PO9T ( ! ,L59I/ TYPE ( ORGANIZATION1 & 
:I* OCCASION$ ! SPLIT )9 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,L59 NEV] WAV]$1 
BR++ IT TO ITS FULL REALIZATION 9 ! /RICTLY C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE ( HIS 
P>TY & ! LATT]'S DICTATOR%IP OV] ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! NAME ( 
SOCIALISM4 ,H[EV] /RANGE !SE RUM9ATIONS MAY HAVE S\ND$ 9 ! E>S ( 
SOCIALI/S1 = :OM ! LABOR MOVEM5T IMPLI$ ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 !Y W]E AT ! SAME TIME DEVOID ( ALL ORIG9ALITY1 AS !Y 
M]ELY COPI$ ! PREVAL5T POLITICAL PROC$URES )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
& TRI$ TO UTILIZE !M = ITS OV]?R[4 ,:AT ,L59 PROPOS$ APPE>$ TO HIM 
TO BE A REALI/IC APPROA* TO ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! 
EFFECTIV5ESS ( :I* C\LD BE QUE/ION$ ONLY BY ?OSE :O M]ELY TALK$ AB\T 
REVOLUTION BUT DID NO?+ TO BR+ IT AB\T4 ,AS ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY HAD TO 
BE C\NT]$ BY A SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY1 SO ! C5TRALISM ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL 
RULE HAD TO BE COMBAT$ BY ! C5TRALIZ$ DET]M9ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
P>TY4 ,AL?\< )9 ! G5]AL SETT+ ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS1 ! 
REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE :I* C\LD YIELD PRACTICAL RESULTS WAS1 ACCORD+ TO 
,L591 MA9LY A FI<T BETWE5 ! EXI/+ /ATE MA*9]Y & ! P>TY 
DET]M9$ TO DE/ROY IT4 ,! LATT] WAS ?US ! PRECONDITION = ! 
ANTICIPAT$ NEW /ATE & ! GU>ANTEE ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT DISSIPATE 
9TO =MLESS UPHEAVALS BUT W\LD ISSUE 9TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY AS A 
PRESUPPOSITION = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! MEANS & ME?ODS ( 
?IS /RUGGLE W]E DET]M9$ BY ! PREVI\S /RUCTURE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 
ITSELF1 BUT C\LD BE TURN$ AGA9/ IT1 IF US$ 9TELLIG5TLY BY A TRULY 
REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP1 SU* AS ,L59 & ! 
,BOL%EVIKS 5DEAVOR$ TO CON/RUCT4 

,!RE WAS ( C\RSE A WIDE GAP BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' 9T5TIONS & !IR 
ACTUAL A*IEVEM5TS4 ,IF /ATI/ICS CAN BE TRU/$1 >\ND #aie !RE W]E AB\T 
#h1#d ORGANIZ$ ,BOL%EVIKS & MO/ PROBABLY ! SAME NUMB] ( ,M5%EVIKS4 ,BY 
#a#i#f1 MEMB]%IP HAD GR[N TO #a#c1 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS & #a#h1 = ! 
,M5%EVIKS - 0ONE MAY FAIRLY SAFELY CONCLUDE ?AT BO? FACTIONS COMPRIS$ AB\T 
#d1 MEMB]S 9 #a#i#g4 .<,?US.> ONE \<T NOT TO VIEW ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY AS 
SOME?+ C5T]$ ON ! CAFES ( ,G5EVA & COMPOS$ ( AN 'ELITE MO/LY 9 
EXILE'0 7#a#a7 ,BUT IT IS /ILL A/ONI%+ ?AT ?IS SMALL NUMB]1 SPREAD OV] ( 
,RUSSIA1 %\LD BE CONSID]$ ! 0VANGU>D0 ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE1 A 
RAPID GR[? 9 NUMB]S C\LD BE EXPECT$ ) 9CREAS+ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 
CAPITALIZATION1 & RADICALIZATION BUT EV5 SO ?IS GR[? WAS LIMIT$ BY ! 
G5]AL BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 

,AS TO ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 IT C\LD BE 
CONSID]$ A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 EV5 IF TOP-HEAVY ) ELEM5TS FROM ! 
MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT ,L59'S CONC]N WAS NOT ) :AT HE CALL$ ! 0PLA9 & 
SIMPLE0 WORK]S1 BUT ) ! 0WISE M510 DESIGNAT$ TO LEAD ?OSE WORK]S AWAY 
FROM ! RE=MI/ 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PA? ( ACTIVITY4 ,AP>T FROM ! 
IMPOSSIBILITY ( TRANS=M+ ALL P>TY MEMB]S 9TO 0PR(ESSIONAL 
REVOLUTION>IES10 :I* W\LD RELEASE !M FROM !IR WORK+-CLASS /ATUS1 & 
:I* WAS ANYWAY PRECLUD$ = F9ANCIAL REASONS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 
C5TRALIZATION ITSELF EXCLUD$ MORE ?AN CONC5TRATION UPON ! LEAD]%IP4 
,L59 TRU/$ 9 ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 BR\<T AB\T ?R\< 
SOCIETY'S CONTRADICTORY DEVELOPM5T1 BUT HE MI/RU/$ ! IDEA ?AT ! 
OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS W\LD ALSO BR+ =? A SUBJECTIVE READ9ESS = 
REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,BY & L>GE1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS = HIM A P>T ( ! 
OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 NOT ( ! SUBJECTIVE REQUIREM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION4 
,H[EV] NECESS>Y ! >\S$ MASSES W]E1 !IR WANT ( PROP] KN[L$GE & 
IDEOLOGICAL CONSI/5CY C\LD EASILY LEAD TO A FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE !IR 
0HI/ORIC MISSION10 OR TO ! SUBMISSION TO & BETRAYAL BY MISLEAD]S ( ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 :O EI!R CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY PUT !MSELVES AT ! 
S]VICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y PHASE ( ,BOL%EVISM1 ,L59'S ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS 
MU/ HAVE HAD A RA!R COMICAL T+E1 BECAUSE ( ! 5ORM\S DI/ANCE ! P>TY 
W\LD /ILL HAVE TO TRAVEL TO REA* ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4 ,AL?\< ACTUALLY IT 
FUNCTION$ NOT MU* DIFF]5TLY FROM ANY O!R SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 IT 
PRES5T$ ITSELF FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+ AS ! P>TY ?AT W\LD ACTUALLY LEAD 
! REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! ONLY ONE 9 POSSESSION ( ! !ORY ?AT 
ASSUR$ ITS SUCCESS4 ,?IS CLAIM ALREADY IMPLI$ A REL5TLESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
ALL O!R ORGANIZATIONS & ! DEM& = SOLE CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! 
P>TY'S AU?ORIT>IANISM CAN ?US NOT BE BLAM$ ON UNEXPECT$ DIFFICULTIES ?AT 
>OSE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 = IT CON/ITUT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ,BOL%EVISM FROM 
! DAY ( ITS 9ITIATION4 

,AT ! TOP ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL LADD] !RE IS ONLY ROOM = ONE4 ,BUT ?IS 
MAY HAVE ONLY ORNAM5TAL MEAN+ & NE$ NOT IMPLY AN ULTIMATE C5T] ( 
DECISION-MAK+ P[]4 ,9 NOTICEABLE CONTRA/ TO O!R SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 
( ! TIME1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS FROM ! V]Y \TSET UND] ,L59'S COMPLETE 
& UNDIVID$ CONTROL4 ,IT WAS NOT ?9KABLE UND] ANY O!R LEAD]%IP4 ,MO/ 
!ORETICIANS LEAVE ! PRACTICAL EXECUTION ( !IR IDEAS TO O!RS1 BUT 9 
,L59 ! !ORETICAL & ! PRACTICAL W]E COMB9$ 9 HIS [N P]SON4 ,HE 
WAT*$ OV] BO? ) EQUAL F]VOR1 AS IF 9CAPABLE ( DELEGAT+ ANY DEGREE ( 
RESPONSIBILITY TO O!R PEOPLE4 ,!RE WAS ( C\RSE DISS5SION 9 ! P>TY1 BUT 
IT WAS ALWAYS RESOLV$ TO ,L59'S SATISFACTION4 ,AN ALT]NATIVE SOLUTION C\LD 
ONLY SPLIT ! P>TY1 AS ,L59 SEEM$ TO BE UNABLE TO ADMIT TO ]RORS DETECT$ 
BY O!RS ?AN HIMSELF4 ,HE WAS CAPABLE ( SELF-CRITICISM & SUDD5 REV]SALS 
BUT NOT ( ACCEPT+ CORRECTIONS BY O!R PEOPLE4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 ,A4 ,N4 ,POTRESOV1 

:O HAD KN[N ,L59 S9CE #a#h#i#d1 & ORGANIZ$ & $IT$ ,ISKRA 
TOGE!R ) HIM1 BUT LAT] ON1 DUR+ ! FIR/ & SECOND REVOLUTIONS1 CAME 
TO DETE/ HIM1 & WAS ?R[N 9TO PRISON UND] ,L59'S DICTATOR%IP1 WAS 
IMP>TIAL 5\< TO WRITE ! FOLL[+ WORDS AB\T HIM 4443 

0,NO ONE C\LD SWEEP PEOPLE AWAY SO MU* BY HIS PLANS1 IMPRESS !M 
BY HIS /R5G? ( WILL1 & W9 !M OV] BY HIS P]SONALITY AS ?IS MAN1 :O 
AT FIR/ SI<T SEEM$ SO UNPREPOSSESS+ & CRUDE1 &1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 
HAD NONE ( ! ?+S ?AT MAKE = P]SONAL *>M40 ,NEI!R ,PLEKHANOV NOR 
,M>TOV1 NOR ANYONE ELSE HAD ! SECRET ( ?AT HYPNOTIC 9FLU5CE ON OR RA!R 
ASC5DANCY OV] PEOPLE1 :I* ,L59 RADIAT$4 ,ONLY ,L59 WAS FOLL[$ 
UNQUE/IONABLY AS ! 9DISPUTABLE LEAD]1 AS IT WAS ONLY ,L59 :O WAS ?AT 
R>E PH5OM5ON1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,RUSSIA - A MAN ( IRON WILL & 9DOMITABLE 
5]GY1 CAPABLE ( 9/ILL+ FANATICAL FAI? 9 ! MOVEM5T & ! CAUSE1 
& POSSESS$ ( EQUAL FAI? 9 HIMSELF0' 7#a#b7 

,!RE >E SU* M51 =TUNATELY NOT ALWAYS AT ! HEAD ( A MOVEM5T4 ,! 
COMPETITIVE AGGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ,L59 CANNOT BE D5I$2 IT COMES TO ! =E 
NOT ONLY 9 HIS TOTAL RULE OV] HIS [N ORGANIZATION1 BUT 9 ALL HIS WRIT+S1 
:I* - NO MATT] :AT ! SUBJECT MATT] - W]E ALWAYS ( A POLEMICAL NATURE1 
DESIGN$ TO DE/ROY REAL OR IMAG9>Y 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,MO/ PROBABLY 
HE SUFF]$ FROM SOME =M ( P>ANOIA1 = HIS SELF-CONFID5CE WAS AS EXCESSIVE 
AS HIS FE> ( POLITICAL RIVALS4 ,BUT ?IS IS NEI!R H]E NOR !RE1 AS IT IS 
QUITE POSSIBLE TO %>E HIS ATTITUDES & CONVICTIONS )\T BE+ OBSESS$ BY 
!M TO ! SAME DEGREE4 ,! WORLD IS SW>M+ ) 0*>ISMATIC0 PEOPLE1 SANE 
OR 9SANE :O W\LD LIKE TO HEAD A SOCIAL MOVEM5T & TO SYMBOLIZE IT 9 !IR 
[N P]SON4 ,BUT EA* MOVEM5T CAN HAVE ONLY ONE SUPREME LEAD]1 :O MU/ CLAW 
HIS WAY TO ! TOP & MU/ COMM& ! NECESS>Y QUALIFICATIONS4 ,?US M5 ) 
DISPOSITIONS TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE *>ACT]I/IC ( ,L591 SU* AS 
,TROTSKY OR ,/AL91 ,HITL] OR ,MUSSOL9I1 MAY DO AS WELL 9 REA*+ & HOLD+ 
SUPREME P[] & 9 W9N+ ! ADMIRATION ( ! MULTITUDE AS WELL AS ?AT ( 
!IR UND]L+S4 

,!RE MU/ ( C\RSE ALSO BE PEOPLE :O ACCEPT !IR SUBORD9ATION WILL+LY 
& >E READY TO 0FOLL[ ! L9E0 DRAWN BY LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT 9 A P>TY ?AT 
EXPECTS TO BECOME ! RUL+ P>TY1 EV5 SUBORD9ATION MAY APPE> AS A GOOD 
?+1 TO ASSURE CONC]T$ ACTIONS LEAD+ TO ! DESIR$ GOAL4 ,AFT] ALL1 ?IS 
IS H[ BUS9ESS IS DONE & IS ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* /ATE P[] RE/S1 A 
SITUATION TO :I* MO/ PEOPLE HAVE BE5 HABITUAT$ & :I* !Y REG>D AS 
UNAVOIDABLE4 ,JU/ AS ! WORLD ( BUS9ESS COMPETITION LEADS TO MONOPOLIZATION1 
! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL LEAD]%IP 5G5D]S A POLITICAL MONOPOLY1 :I* MU/ 
!N BE DEF5D$ ?R\< ! EXCLUSION ( ANY FUR!R OPPOSITION4 ,9 O!R 
WORDS1 POLITICAL MONOPOLY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$1 & ?US :ILE ! /RUGGLE = 
P[] MAY ISSUE 9TO ONE-MAN RULE1 ! LATT] MU/ BE RETA9$ BY 5D+ ALL 
S]I\S CONT5TION )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ,L59I/ 
ORGANIZATION WAS A FULL SUCCESS1 = IT WAS ABLE TO REA* A CONS5SUS ( ITS 
MEMB]%IP DESPITE ITS HI< C5TRALIZATION DOM9AT$ BY A S+UL> WILL4 ,MORE 
?AN ?AT1 ! SITUATION WAS IDEALIZ$ BY A RITUAL ADULATION ( ,L59 ?AT WAS 
BO? E>NE/LY FELT & DELIB]ATELY FO/]$ AS AN EXP$I5T WAY TO MA9TA9 
9T]NAL COHESION4 ,:AT SEEM$ ABNORMAL = A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BECAME ! 
NORM1 =E%AD[+ ! FUTURE T]ROR ( ,/AL9'S 0P]SONALITY CULT10 & WAS 
ADOPT$ BY ALL ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ ORGANIZATIONS =M$ AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK 
,REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS ! ,BOL%EVIK TYPE ( ORGANIZATION ?AT EXPLA9S ,L59'S EXTRAORD9>Y 
P]SONAL ROLE 9 ! DET]M9ATION ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y 
,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,L59'S UNCONTE/$ LEAD]%IP IMPLI$ ( C\RSE POLITICAL 
P>ALYZES ON ! P>T ( ?OSE ,BOL%EVIKS ACCU/OM$ TO FOLL[ ! *]I%$ 
0OLD MAN'S0 ADVICE & B\ND TO IT BY P>TY DISCIPL9E4 ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE 
D\BT ?AT !RE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,OCTOB] )\T ,L59'S 
DET]M9ATION TO GRASP POLITICAL P[]1 :I*1 HE ?\<T1 WAS !RE = ! 
ASK+1 & 9 :I* HE WAS PROV5 RI<T4 ,! EV5TS ( ,OCTOB] MU/ BE CR$IT$ 
TO ,L59'S LEAD]%IP1 AL?\< EXECUT$ BY ,TROTSKY1 ! P>TY1 & ITS MANY 
SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,AFT] ?AT1 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 NO?+ SUCCE$S LIKE SUCCESS4 

,! WILL TO ASSUME POLITICAL P[] BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS MAY ALWAYS BE 
PRES5T BUT HAS TO AWAIT A HI/ORICAL OPPORTUNITY TO BE EX]CIS$4 ,:AT MAKES A 
REVOLUTION>Y IS ( C\RSE HIS IMPATI5CE ) ! SL[ C\RSE ( SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T & HIS DESIRE TO HA/5 ITS PACE4 ,HE WILL !RE=E (T5 5D[ HIS 
ANTICIPATIONS 9 REG>D TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS ) A GREAT] 
REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITY ?AN !Y ACTUALLY POSSESS4 ,AL?\< ,L59 & HIS 
COLLEAGUES DID NOT OBJECT TO ! POLICIES ADOPT$ BY ,WE/]N SOCIALISM1 :I*1 
= ! TIME BE+1 CONSI/$ 9 ! UTILIZATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ! 
LABOR M>KET = PURPOSES ( FO/]+ PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 
BUILD+ UP AN 9DEP5D5T LABOR MOVEM5T1 !Y SAW ?IS AS A TIME-CONDITION$ 
5DEAVOR :I* DID NOT EXHAU/ ! POSSIBILITIES = WORK+-CLASS ACTION4 
,AL?\< VAGUELY1 ,L59 RECOGNIZ$ AFT] ! EXP]I5CE ( #aie ?AT JU/ AS IT 
SEEM$ NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO TAKE P[] 9 ! CONTEXT ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 
& 9 CONJUNCTION ) A ,WE/]N REVOLUTION TO ANNUL ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( 
SU* A REVOLUTION1 SO IT W\LD ALSO BE POSSIBLE TO SET ASIDE ! TRADITIONAL 
ACTIVITIES ( ,WE/]N SOCIALISM & TO REPLACE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY ) A 
SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP1 :I* W\LD TURN ! NOM9AL 9TO A REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS 
VIEW WAS ALSO %>$1 ) GREAT] CONSI/5CY1 BY PEOPLE \TSIDE ! ,BOL%EVIK 
,P>TY1 SU* AS = 9/ANCE1 ,A4 ,I4 ,HELPH& 7,P>VUS7 & ,L4 ,TROTSKY 9 !IR 
CONCEPT ( ! 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION40 

,AS PO9T$ \T BE=E1 ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY >\ND #aie WAS TOO SMALL AN 
ORGANIZ$ =CE TO HAVE MORE ?AN A M>G9AL EFFECT UPON ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS ( 
?AT YE>4 ,!RE W]E AB\T #c MILLION 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 MORE ?AN #b MILLION ( 
:OM P>TICIPAT$ 9 A WAVE ( /RIKES :I* SOON TOOK ON A POLITICAL *>ACT] 
AS !Y TOOK PLACE )9 G5]AL CRISIS CONDITIONS AGGRAVAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN 
DEFEAT 9 ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W>4 ,AL?\< ! REVOLUTION 9VOLV$ 
NONPROLET>IAN LAY]S ( ! POPULATION1 AS WELL AS SEGM5TS ( ! PEASANTRY1 
! >MY1 & ! NAVY1 IT F\ND 9 ! /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ! BIG CITIES1 
P>TICUL>LY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[1 ITS MO/ DECISIVE ELEM5T4 ,! /RIKES 
W]E SPONTANE\S 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y W]E NOT CALL$ BY POLITICAL 
ORGANIZATIONS OR TRADE UNIONS BUT 9 ! MA9 W]E LAUN*$ BY WORK]S :O HAD 
NO *OICE BUT TO LOOK UPON !IR WORKPLACE AS ! SPR+BO>D ( !IR ACTIONS 
& ! C5T] ( ORGANIZATIONAL EF=TS4 ,! LOCAL COORD9ATION ( ! 
ACTIVITIES DEM&$ REPRES5TATION ?R\< CITY-WIDE SOVIETS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS 
OR WORK]S' DEPUTIES1 TO =MULATE POLICIES & TO NEGOTIATE ) ! 
AU?ORITIES4 ,( ALL ! SOVIETS =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y 
EV5TS1 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET1 :I* LA/$ FROM ,OCTOB] TO ,DECEMB] #a#i#e1 
WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE4 ,IT F\ND ITS FIR/ HI/ORIAN 9 ,LEON 
,TROTSKY - HIMSELF ONE ( ! LEAD+ MEMB]S - :O SAW ! SOVIETS 

0AS A RESPONSE TO AN OBJECTIVE NE$ - A NE$ BORN ( ! C\RSE ( 
EV5TS4 ,IT WAS AN ORGANIZATION :I* WAS AU?ORITATIVE & YET HAD NO 
TRADITION1 :I* C\LD IMM$IATELY 9VOLVE A SCATT]$ MASS ( HUNDR$S ( 
?\S&S ( PEOPLE :ILE HAV+ VIRTUALLY NO ORGANIZATIONAL MA*9]Y2 :I* 
UNIT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS )9 ! PROLET>IAT2 :I* WAS CAPABLE ( 
9ITIATIVE & SPONTANE\S SELF-CONTROL - & MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 :I* 
C\LD BE BR\<T \T FROM UND]GR\ND )9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS40 
7#a#c7 

,! SOVIETS ATTRACT$ ! MO/ >TICULATE & !RE=E1 G5]ALLY1 ! MO/ 
POLITICALLY AL]T ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION1 & !Y F\ND SUPPORT 9 ! 
SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & 9CIPI5T TRADE UNIONS47#a#d7 ,! CITY-WIDE SOVIETS 
COMPRIS$ DELEGATES ( V>I\S FACTORIES1 =M+ A K9D ( 0WORK]S' 
P>LIAM5T0 ) AN ELECT$ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE4 ,! DELEGATES C\LD AT ANY TIME 
BE RECALL$4 ,! SOVIETS W]E IMP>TIAL ) RESPECT TO SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 
ALL[+ !M TO S5D DELEGATES :O C\LD ADVISE BUT HAD NO VOT+ RI<TS4 ,! 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !SE TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! SOVIETS WAS SUMM$ UP 
9 ,TROTSKY'S REM>K1 ?AT :ILE ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E ORGANIZATIONS 
)9 ! PROLET>IAT1 & !IR IMM$IATE AIM WAS TO A*IEVE 9FLU5CE 
OV] ! MASSES1 ! SOVIET WAS1 FROM ! />T1 0! ORGANIZATION ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 & ITS AIM WAS ! /RUGGLE = REVOLUTION>Y P[]40 7#a#e7 

,= ,L591 ! SOVIETS ( #aie W]E 0ORGANS ( DIRECT MASS /RUGGLE04 
,!Y ORIG9AT$ AS ORGANS ( ! /RIKE /RUGGLE4 ,BY =CE ( 
CIRCUM/ANCES !Y V]Y QUICKLY BECAME ! ORGANS ( ! G5]AL 
REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4444 ,IT WAS NOT SOME !ORY1 
NOT APPEALS ON ! P>T ( SOMEONE1 OR TACTICS 9V5T$ BY SOMEONE1 NOT P>TY 
DOCTR9E1 BUT ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT L$ !SE NONP>TY MASS ORGANS TO 
REALIZE ! NE$ = AN UPRIS+ & TRANS=M$ !M 9TO ORGANS ( AN 
UPRIS+40 7#a#f7 ,L59 SAW ! SOVIETS AS 0! EMBRYOS ( A PROVISIONAL 
GOV]NM5T0 BECAUSE 0P[] W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE PASS$ TO !M HAD ! 
UPRIS+ BE5 VICTORI\S10 & SPOKE ( ! NE$ TO %IFT ! C5T] ( 
ATT5TION 0TO /UDY+ !SE EMBRYONIC ORGANS ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ?AT HI/ORY 
HAS BR\<T 9TO BE+1 TO /UDY+ ! CONDITIONS = !IR WORK & !IR 
SUCCESS40 7#a#g7 ,BUT HE /ILL 9SI/$ ON ! UNDIVID$ REVOLUTION>Y 
LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,! SOVIETS W]E = ,L59 0NOT AN 
ORGAN ( PROLET>IAN SELF-GOV]NM5T1 NOR AN ORGAN ( SELF-GOV]NM5T AT ALL1 
BUT A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION = ! A*IEVEM5T ( DEF9ITE AIMS40 7#a#h7 ,AL?\< 
! P>TY 0HAS NEV] R5\NC$ ITS 9T5TION ( US+ NONP>TY ORGANIZATIONS1 
SU* AS ! SOVIETS10 HE SAID1 0IT %\LD DO SO 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N ITS [N 
9FLU5CE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS & TO 9CREASE ITS [N P[]40 7#a#i7 

,FROM ?IS POSITION ,L59 NEV] DEVIAT$ EV5 :5 HE PROCLAIM$ ! SLOGAN 
0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS0 9 ORD] TO BREAK UP ! DUAL P[] ( ! SOVIETS 
& ! LIB]AL ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 
( #a#i#a#g4 ,! SOVIETS W]E1 9 ,L59'S VIEW1 TO BE 9DUC$ TO ELIM9ATE ! 
PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 BUT ONLY TO =M A NEW GOV]NM5T1 BAS$ ON ! SOVIETS 
9/EAD ( ON ! CONTEMPLAT$ ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,?IS W\LD EXCLUDE ! 
NONWORK+ POPULATION FROM DIRECT OR 9DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 /ATE ACTIVITIES 
& ?US REALIZE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! NEW GOV]NM5T W\LD 
BE SUBJECT TO ! CONTROL ( ! SOVIETS1 NOT TO ?AT ( ANY P>TICUL> P>TY4 
,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 :ILE ASK+ = A SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 ,L59 WAS /ILL 
?9K+ 9 T]MS ( A ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ) OR )\T ! CONS5T ( ! 
SOVIETS4 ,AT ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#a#g1 ,TS]ETELLI1 A 
,M5%EVIK ,M9I/] 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 MADE ! REM>K ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA 
AT ?AT TIME !RE EXI/$ NOT ONE POLITICAL P>TY ?AT W\LD SAY1 GIVE US ! 
P[] 9TO \R H&S4 0,I ANSW] !RE IS10 ,L59 RETORT$4 0,NO P>TY CAN DECL9E 
TO DO ?AT1 & \R P>TY DOES NOT DECL9E4 ,IT IS READY AT ANY M9UTE TO TAKE 
! :OLE P[]40' 7#b7 

,AT ?IS TIME ! SITUATION WAS /ILL 9 FLUX2 ! W> WAS CONT9U+ DESPITE 
! PROGRESSIVE DISSOLUTION ( ! >MY2 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PLOTS W]E BE+ 
HAT*$2 ! ECONOMY WAS DIS9TEGRAT+ ) 9CREAS+ SPE$2 & ! ,BOL%EVIK 
FACTION 9 ! SOVIETS WAS /ILL A SMALL M9ORITY1 UNABLE TO TURN ! SITUATION 
TO ITS [N ACC\NT4 ,IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO TELL1 FROM ! EXI/+ POLITICAL 
CON/ELLATION1 :I* WAY ! :EEL W\LD TURN4 ,W\LD ! COALITION ( ! 
SOVIETS ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T LA/ UNTIL ! CALL+ ( ! 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY - TO :I* ALL P>TIES HAD COMMITT$ !MSELVES - & LEAD TO 
! =MATION ( A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T & ! COMPLETION ( ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION8 ,OR W\LD A *ANGE 9 ! EXT]NAL SITUATION1 OR 9 ! COMPOSITION 
( ! SOVIETS1 5D ! COALITION & ISSUE 9TO A R5EWAL ( ! CIVIL W>8 ,OR 
W\LD ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ) ! AID ( LOYAL P>TS ( ! >MY1 
SUBDUE ! SOVIETS TO ITS [N WILL ?R\< SOME =M ( DICTATOR%IP8 ,! MANY 
P>TIES OP]AT+ )9 ! SOVIETS & !IR WIDELY DIV]G+ POLITICAL & 
ECONOMIC PROGRAMS1 AS WELL AS FRICTIONS )9 ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 MADE = A 
*AOTIC POLITICAL SITUATION 9 :I* EV]Y?+ & NO?+ SEEM$ POSSIBLE4 
,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD COME TO P[] EI!R BY GA9+ ! 
MAJORITY 9 ! SOVIETS & !N TRY+ TO DISLODGE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 
OR BY RISK+ A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ) !IR [N LIMIT$ =CES1 )\T 
C\NT+ ON ! SOVIETS' SUPPORT4 ,EI!R WAY WAS FEASIBLE & ! BE/ SOLUTION 
W\LD BE TO PREP>E = BO?4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ A C]TA9 AMBIVAL5CE T[>D ! 
SOVIETS1 :I* ,L59 ?US AT TIMES F\ND 9DISP5SABLE & AT O!R TIMES SAW AS 
A H9DRANCE TO ! EXECUTION ( A SECOND REVOLUTION4 ,BUT NO MATT] :AT ROLE ! 
SOVIETS W\LD COME TO PLAY1 IT WAS P[] = ! P>TY ?AT DET]M9$ ,L59'S 
POLICY1 AS MAY EASILY BE SURMIS$ FROM ALL ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,?IS WAS 
( C\RSE ONLY CONSI/5T ) BO? HIS G5]AL PHILOSOPHY & HIS CONCEPTION ( 
! P>TY AS ! DET]M9+ ELEM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,BECAUSE 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiag SOLDI]S W5T OV] TO ! REVOLUTION1 ! FIR/ 
SOVIETS W]E COMPOS$ ( SOLDI]S' & WORK]S' C\NCILS ) ! =M] 9 ! 
GREAT MAJORITY4 ,! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 9 ! SECOND P>T ( ,M>* #a#i#a#g1 = 
9/ANCE1 HAD #c1 DELEGATES1 #b1 ( :OM W]E SOLDI]S4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS F> GREAT] 9 #aiag ?AN 9 #a#i#e1 AS MAY BE 
SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT ( ! #db MEMB]S ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET'S ,EXECUTIVE 
,COMMITTEE ONLY SEV5 W]E FACTORY WORK]S4 ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 
W]E AT FIR/ PR$OM9ANT4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK FRACTION 9 ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 
CONSI/$ ( #d \T ( ! #c1 DELEGATES4 ,BY ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g1 H[EV]1 ! 
,BOL%EVIKS HAD GA9$ ! MAJORITY4 ,!IR GR[+ /R5G? )9 ! 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T WAS DUE TO !IR [N UNCONDITIONAL ADAPTATION TO ! 
REAL GOALS ( ! REBELLI\S MASSES4 ,AP>T FROM ! LATT]'S N>R[] DEM&S 
= ! RELIEF ( IMM$IATE MIS]IES1 !IR WID] DEM&S EMBRAC$ ! 5D+ ( 
! W> & ! EXPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&$ E/ATES4 ,! 
,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION WAS AT ONCE A B\RGEOIS1 A PROLET>IAN1 & A PEASANT 
REVOLUTION1 BUT IT WAS ITS PEASANT ASPECT ?AT ASSUR$ ITS SUCCESS4 ,( ,RUSSIA'S 
#agd MILLION POPULATION ONLY #bd MILLION LIV$ 9 CITIES1 & IT WAS ! T]RIBLE 
PLI<T ( ! PEASANTRY ?AT ALLI$ IT TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,AL?\< 
! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS READY TO 9/ITUTE A S]IES ( AGRICULTURAL 
RE=MS1 IT WAS NOT WILL+ TO ASS5T TO ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! BIG L&[N]S 
)\T COMP5SATION1 = ?IS W\LD VIOLATE ! PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 
ON :I* ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS BAS$4 ,NEI!R WAS IT WILL+ TO SUE = 
PEACE1 = IT /ILL HOP$ = AN ALLI$ VICTORY & P>TICIPATION 9 ! SPOILS 
( W>4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 H[EV]1 W]E = ! IMM$IATE 5D+ ( ! W> & 
= ! DI/RIBUTION ( L& TO ! PEASANTRY4 ,BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( ! 
SOLDI]S CAME FROM ! PEASANTRY1 ! SOLDI]S' C\NCILS NO LESS ?AN ! 
WORK]S' C\NCILS %IFT$ !IR ALLEGIANCE FROM ! B\RGEOISIE & SOCIAL 
RE=MI/ P>TIES TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,IT WAS NOT ! ,M>XI/ AGR>IAN PROGRAM ?AT ATTRACT$ ! PEASANTS BUT ?AT 
( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 :I* DEM&$ ! NATIONALIZATION ( ALL L& 
UND] ! CONTROL ( DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ VILLAGE COMMUNES ON ! BASIS ( 
EQUAL L& HOLD+S4 ,FROM A ,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW SU* A PROGRAM WAS UTOPIAN4 
,M>XISM FAVORS L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION ?AT DOES AWAY ) 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT 
F>M+4 ,BECAUSE IT 5VISION$ SOCIALISM AS ! SUCCESSOR TO CAPITALISM1 & 
BECAUSE 9 ITS VIEW CAPITALISM ITSELF IS DO+ AWAY ) SMALL-SCALE PEASANT 
F>M+1 IT EXPECT$ ?AT ! PEASANT QUE/ION W\LD L>GELY BE SOLV$ )9 
CAPITALISM SO AS NOT TO CON/ITUTE A MAJOR PROBLEM = SOCIALISM4 ,L59'S E>LY 
OPPOSITION TO ,N>ODNISM & ITS ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y HEIRS WAS BAS$ ON ! 
BELIEF ?AT AN EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( L& TO ! PEASANTS WAS NOT ONLY HI<LY 
UNREALI/IC BUT 9 CONTRADICTION TO A SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,HE ALSO 
FAVOR$ ! BREAK+ UP ( ! SEMIFEUDAL E/ATES BUT ONLY TO HA/5 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/IC AGRICULTURE1 :I* W\LD RE/ORE ! CONC5TRATION 
( L&[N]%IP UND] PROGRESSIVE CONDITIONS4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ?IS WAS A PROBLEM 
( ! FUTURE1 ( FUR!R CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PEASANTRY1 ,L59 SAID1 
0CAN FREE ITSELF FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITAL BY ASSOCIAT+ ) ! WORK+-CLASS 
MOVEM5T1 BY HELP+ ! WORK]S 9 !IR /RUGGLE = ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 = 
TRANS=M+ ! L&1 AS WELL AS ! O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7FACTORIES1 
WORKS MA*9ES1 ETC7 9TO SOCIAL PROP]TY4 ,TRY+ TO SAVE ! PEASANTRY BY 
PROTECT+ SMALL-SCALE F>M+ & SMALL HOLD+ FROM ! ONSLAU<T ( 
CAPITALISM W\LD BE A USELESS RET>D+ ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T40 7#b#a7 

,AP>T FROM ALL PROGRAMS1 H[EV]1 SOON AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 ! 
PEASANTS BEGAN TO EXPROPRIATE & DIVIDE ! L& ON !IR [N ACCORD4 ,UNTIL 
!N1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T HAD PAID LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! PEASANT 
QUE/ION4 ,IT ONLY BEGAN TO CONSID] IT S]I\SLY 9 ! FACE ( UPHEAVALS 9 ! 
C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 IT ONLY BR\<T =? VAGUE SUGGE/IONS REG>D+ ! 
EXPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&1 ! 5ACTM5T ( :I* 9TO LAW WAS 
LEFT TO ! =?COM+ ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,BECAUSE ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL 
,REVOLUTION>IES W]E N[ REPRES5T$ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! LATT]'S 
AMBIGU\S ATTITUDE & 9ACTIVITY REG>D+ ! L& PROBLEM CO/ !SE P>TIES 
! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! PEASANTS40,WE W]E VICTORI\S 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ) SU* 
EASE10 ,L59 PO9T$ \T AT A LAT] DATE1 

BECAUSE WE PREP>$ \R REVOLUTION DUR+ ! IMP]IALI/ 
W>444 ,T5 MILLION WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ,RUSSIA W]E >M$1 & \R SLOGAN 
WAS AN IMM$IATE PEACE AT ALL CO/S4 ,WE W]E VICTORI\S BECAUSE ! VA/ 
MASSES ( ! PEASANTS W]E REVOLUTION>ILY DISPOS$ AGA9/ ! L&-[N]S4 
,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 444 DEM&$ REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS1 444 BUT LACK$ 
! C\RAGE TO ACT 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY4 ,WE W]E VICTORI\S 444 NOT ONLY 
BECAUSE ! UNDISPUT$ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ON \R SIDE 444 BUT 
ALSO BECAUSE HALF ! >MY1 IMM$IATELY AFT] \R SEIZURE ( P[]1 & 
N9E-T5?S ( ! PEASANTS1 9 ! C\RSE ( SOME WEEKS1 CAME OV] TO \R 
SIDE2 WE W]E VICTORI\S BECAUSE WE ADOPT$ ! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ( ! 
,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 9/EAD ( \R [N40 7#b#b7 

,9 ! QUE/ = /ATE P[]1 IT WAS CLE> TO ,L59 ?AT IT WAS ABSOLUTELY 
ESS5TIAL TO W9 ! PEASANTS' SUPPORT1 EV5 IF ONLY !IR PASSIVE SUPPORT4 ,! 
,M>XI/ AGR>IAN PROGRAM HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( ! ,SOCIAL 
,REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT AT A TIME :5 ! PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( ! REVOLUTION 
W]E NOT YET ACUTE4 ,UND] ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS ?IS PROGRAM WAS TOTALLY 
UNREALI/IC4 ,ALL AB/RACT CONSID]ATIONS ( ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM BECAME 
MEAN+LESS :5 ! PEASANTS SIMPLY SEIZ$ :AT WAS SEIZABLE4 ,IT WAS NOT 
BECAUSE 0! ,BOL%EVIKS AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ! AGR>IAN PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL 
,REVOLUTION>IES ?AT !Y W]E VICTORI\S10 BUT BECAUSE !Y M]ELY SANCTION$ 
:AT WAS TAK+ PLACE ANYWAY4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT 9 ?IS WAY !Y WON 
! 0GOOD WILL0 ( ! PEASANTS & ?US HAD AN EASI] TIME ( GA9+ & 
HOLD+ /ATE P[]4 ,BUT ,L59'S PRES5TATION MAKES IT APPE> AS IF A TIMELY 
OPPORTUNI/IC MOVE1 A P>T ( A G5]AL /RATEGY1 L$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS' 
TRIUMPH1 ?US JU/IFY+ OPPORTUNISM AS A WEAPON ( REVOLUTION4 ,! ACQUIESC5CE 
9 ! PEASANTS' SEIZURE ( L&1 ?\< RECOGNIZ$ AS A VIOLATION ( ,M>XIAN 
PR9CIPLES1 WAS NONE!LESS SE5 AS A CLEV] RUSE TO HELP ! 0,M>XI/0 
REVOLUTION ALONG4 ,AL?\< REL5TLESSLY D5\NC+ ! OPPORTUNISM ( !IR 
POLITICAL ADV]S>IES1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS PRID$ !MSELVES ON !IR 
G5]AL WILL+NESS TO RESORT TO ALL K9DS ( TEMPOR>Y CONCESSIONS & 
COMPROMISES1 SACRIFIC+ !IR [N PR9CIPLES TO GA9 A GREAT] ADVANTAGE 9 ! 
LONG RUN4 

,AL?\< ,L59 WAS ! DEADLY 5EMY ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 HIS POLITICS 
W]E ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOIS M9D2 ?AT IS1 HE SAW ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASSES 
& NATIONS AS DEP5D5T UPON ! /RATEGIES & TACTICS ( POLITICAL LEAD]S 
& /ATESM51 :O DET]M9E ! MOVEM5TS ( ! POPULATIONS4 ,IT WAS A QUE/ION 
( \TMANEUV]+ & \TWITT+ ONE'S ADV]S>IES1 A GAME TO BE WON BY ?OSE 
MO/ ADEPT 9 ! MANIPULATION ( EV5TS4 ,POLITICS & REVOLUTION W]E AN 0>T10 
:I* W\LD GIVE ! PALM ( VICTORY TO ! MO/ V]SATILE & MO/ 
KN[L$GEABLE ( ! COMPET+ CONTE/ANTS - NOT AN 0>T0 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 
RIGIDITIES ( SCI5CE1 OR ! DULLNESS ( ! COMMONPLACE1 BUT AS A MAT*+ ( 
TAL5TS ?AT W\LD BR+ ! BE/ MAN TO ! TOP4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! GAME HAD TO BE 
PLAY$ UND] ! V>Y+ H&ICAPS SET BY ! PREVAIL+ OBJECTIVE SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS1 BUT EV5 SO1 )9 !SE CONDITIONS IT WAS /ILL A QUE/ION ( 0:O 
WAS GO+ TO DE/ROY :OM0 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]4 ,IT WAS ?IS ?AT 
,L59 MEANT BY ! PREPOND]ANCE ( !ORY OV] PRACTICE1 OR ?AT ( ! LEAD]S 
OV] ! MORE OR LESS UN$UCAT$ MASSES1 :O C\LD ONLY REACT BL9DLY TO 
SITUATIONS BEYOND !IR COMPREH5SION4 

,NOT D5Y+ ! OBJECTIVE LIMITATIONS SET = ! HI/ORY-MAK+ SOCIAL 
PROCESS BY CLASS RELATIONS & ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 ,L59 
SUCCE$$ 9 CONV9C+ HIMSELF ?AT ?\< HI/ORY IS MADE BY M51 IT IS 
ACTUALLY MADE BY ONLY A FEW ( !M1 :O BY ID5TIFY+ !MSELVES ) 
P>TICUL> CLASS 9T]E/S1 ALT] ! C\RSE ( EV5TS ?R\< !IR P[]S ( 
P]SUASION & !IR EXCEPTIONAL ABILITIES4 ,BUT EV]Y B\RGEOIS KN[S ?AT %E] 
>BITR>9ESS IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY 9SI/ UPON ! 
HI/ORY-MAK+ CAPACITY ( 9DIVIDUALS & CR$IT HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS TO ! 
EXI/5CE ( GREAT M54 ,HE OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT MAN IS SU* ONLY 
BECAUSE ! APEX ( ! PYRAMIDAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE DEM&S HIS EXI/5CE1 NO 
MATT] :AT HIS P>TICUL> QUALIFICATIONS 7AL?\< COMPETITION MAY ON OCCASION 
BR+ SOME \T/&+ P]SONALITY TO ! TOP ( ! PYRAMID74 ,9 A CLASS-RIDD5 
SOCIETY ! ROLE ( ! GREAT MAN IS NOT ONLY FILL$ AUTOMATICALLY1 IT MU/ BE 
9SI/$ UPON TO KEEP ! SOCIAL FABRIC TOGE!R4 ,NO CLASS SOCIETY CAN EXI/ 
)\T ITS GREAT M51 = ?IS IS ONLY ! O!R SIDE ( ! SAME CO94 ,BY ! 
SAME TOK51 H[EV]1 ! GREAT M5 >E LIMIT$ 9 !IR REA* BY ! G5]AL 
SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* !Y COME TO SYMBOLIZE4 ,!IR 9T]F]5CE 9 
EV5TS IS CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY :AT IS HI/ORICALLY POSSIBLE4 ,BUT :AT IS 
HI/ORICALLY POSSIBLE IS NOT DET]M9$ BY :AT MAY BE POLITICALLY 
POSSIBLE1 BUT BY ! ACTUAL LEVEL ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! 
SOCIAL RELATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M4 

,IT WAS POLITICAL EV5TS ?AT FAVOR$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AT ! ,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN 
,SOVIET ,CONGRESS1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CONTROLL$ #ac P]C5T ( ! #gi 
DELEGATES2 AT ! SECOND CONGRESS1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 !Y CONTROLL$ #ea P]C5T 
( ! #fge DELEGATES4 ,H[EV]1 ?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ! MAJORITY 9 ! 
SOVIETS ( ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[ AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g1 ,L59 W\LD HAVE 
BE5 READY TO TAKE P[] EV5 IF IT HAD BE5 O!RWISE4 0,IT W\LD BE NAIVE10 HE 
WROTE1 0TO WAIT = A '=MAL' MAJORITY = ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,NO REVOLUTION EV] 
WAITS = ?AT40 7#b#c7 ,DESPITE OPPOSITION )9 HIS [N P>TY1 HE 
DEM&$ AN >M$ 9SURRECTION PRIOR TO ! CONVOCATION ( ! ,SECOND 
,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,A FAIT ACOMPLI W\LD MAKE IT EASI] TO 
GET ! CONGRESS'S SUPPORT = ! ELIM9ATION ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,TO 
?AT 5D1 ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ORGANIZ$ A MILIT>Y-REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE 
UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,TROTSKY1 :I* W5T 9TO ACTION ON ! TW5TY-FIF? ( 
,OCTOB]4 ,)9 A FEW H\RS ( ! C\P D'ETAT1 ,L59 WAS ABLE TO CLAIM VICTORY 
= ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTION1 &1 LAT] 9 ! DAY1 TO W9 ! 
APPROVAL ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,?IS WAS ! EASI] BECAUSE ! 
RI<T ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & ! ,M5%EVIKS HAD LEFT ! CONGRESS 9 PROTE/ 
AGA9/ ! C\P D'ETAT4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY ! FIR/ ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' 
,GOV]NM5T WAS =M$4 

,L59'S TIM+ ( ! 9SURRECTION PROV$ TO BE CORRECT4 ,IT F\ND ! 
,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T DEF5SELESS & ASSUR$ AN ALMO/ BLOODLESS TRANSF] ( 
P[] TO ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,SUPPOS$LY1 IT ALSO *ANG$ ! HI!RTO 
B\RGEOIS 9TO A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 EV5 ?\< ?IS WAS BR\<T AB\T NOT 
BY A SPONTANE\S RIS+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT BY A CONSPIRATORIALLY ORGANIZ$ 
MILIT>Y =CE ( >M$ ,BOL%EVIK WORK]S & MILIT>Y DETA*M5TS SID+ ) 
! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AL?\< A P>TY AFFAIR1 IT UND\BT$LY CO9CID$ ) ! REAL 
DEM&S ( ! WORK]S1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! %IFT ( POLITICAL ALLEGIANCES 
)9 ! SOVIETS & 9 ! G5]AL ATTITUDE ( ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,L59 
HAD ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION = ! 
WORK]S1 ?US SUB/ANTIAT+ HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS4 ,H[EV]1 :5 HE 
DEM&$ ! PREP>ATION = ! 9SURRECTION1 HE DID NOT SPEAK ( ! EX]CISE 
( /ATE P[] BY ! SOVIETS BUT ( ?AT BY ! P>TY4 ,) ! MAJORITY ( ! 
SOVIET DEPUTIES BE+ ,BOL%EVIK1 OR SUPPORT+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE TOOK = 
GRANT$ ?AT ! NEW GOV]NM5T W\LD BE A ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,& ?AT WAS 
! CASE ( C\RSE1 EV5 ?\< SOME LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & LEFT 
,SOCIALI/S OBTA9$ POSITIONS 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 

,AT FIR/1 H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROCE$$ RA!R CAUTI\SLY1 EMPHASIZ+ 
! DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( !IR NEW REGIME & !IR WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT ! 
DECISIONS ( ! POPUL> MASSES EV5 IF NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) !M4 ,!Y DID NOT 
AT ONCE REPUDIATE ! ELECTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :I*1 AS IT TURN$ 
\T1 GAVE A L>GE MAJORITY TO ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & PUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 
9 ! M9ORITY4 ,BUT DESPITE !IR ELECTION SUCCESS1 DUE TO !IR TRADITIONAL 
EMPA?Y ) ! PEASANTS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES W]E NOT A UNIFI$ P>TY1 
P>TICUL>LY ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ! CONT9UATION ( W>4 ,! LEFT 
,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES W]E 9 CLOS] ACCORD ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?AN ) ! 
RI<T W+ ( !IR [N P>TY4 ,:ILE ! ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 
W]E BE+ HELD1 AN ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANT ,DEPUTIES WAS ALSO 9 
PROGRESS4 ,! CONGRESS SPLIT ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & ! LEFT W+ 
5T]$ A COALITION ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ELECTION RESULTS HAD MADE CLE> 
?AT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY W\LD DE/ROY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY'S POLITICAL 
DOM9ANCE & ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! REVOLUTION AS WELL4 ,) ! CONS5T ( 
! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & SOME LEFT ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SIMPLY DROVE 
! ASSEMBLY AWAY4 

,! WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 WORK]S & PEASANTS1 TO REA* 
= PEACE1 L&1 BREAD1 & LIB]TY1 F\ND A COMPLETE C\NT]P>T 9 ! 
POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! E>LY B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC 
ASPIRATION = A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAD LO/ ITS APP>5T IMPORTANCE1 NOT ONLY 
= ! ,BOL%EVIKS BUT = ! BROAD MASSES AS WELL4 ,NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA BUT 
9T]NATIONALLY REVOLUTION>IES HAIL$ SOVIET RULE AS AN ACCOMPLI%M5T ( 
HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,EV5 SU* A SKEPTICAL SOCIALI/ AS ,LUXEMBURG /AT$ 
?AT BY SEIZ+ P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD 0= ! FIR/ TIME PROCLAIM$ ! 
F9AL AIM ( SOCIALISM AS ! DIRECT PROGRAM ( PRACTICAL POLICIES40 7#b#d7 ,!Y 
HAD DONE SO BY 0SOLV+ ! FAM\S PROBLEM ( W9N+ A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE0 
BY REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS ?AT L$ TO A MAJORITY1 9/EAD ( WAIT+ = LATT] TO 
EVOLVE A REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC47#b#e7 ,9 H] VIEW1 AT LEA/ F> AS ! URBAN 
MASSES W]E CONC]N$1 ,L59'S P>TY HAD GRASP$ !IR TRUE 9T]E/S BY PLAY+ 
ALL P[] 9TO ! H&S ( SOVIETS4 

,FROM HIS [N PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 ,L59 EQUAT$ SOVIET P[] ) ! 
P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY2 HE SAW 9 ! LATT]'S MONOPOLY ( ! /ATE ! 
REALIZATION ( ! RULE ( ! SOVIETS4 ,AFT] ALL1 !RE WAS ONLY ! *OICE 
BETWE5 A CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T & A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T ABLE TO 
PREV5T ! RETURN ( ! B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,BUT TO CONT9UE ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ATION 
( ! GOV]NM5T & ITS /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS W\LD HAVE 
TO CONT9UE TO ELECT ,BOL%EVIKS TO ! SOVIETS4 ,= ?AT !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE4 
,JU/ AS ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ONCE 9 ! MAJORITY1 N[ 
F\ND !MSELVES 9 A M9ORITY POSITION1 SO ?+S C\LD *ANGE AGA9 = ! 
,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT WAS ?US NECESS>Y TO PREV5T A REEM]G5CE ( ! SOVIETS1 :I* 
MI<T FAVOR A RETURN TO B\RGEOIS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LEFT TO !MSELVES1 
! SOVIETS W]E QUITE CAPABLE ( ABDICAT+ !IR P[] POSITION = ! 
PROMISES ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE & !IR SOCIAL RE=MI/ ALLIES4 ,TO SECURE 
! SOCIALI/ *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION DEM&$1 !N1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL 
ANTI-,BOL%EVIK =CES )9 & \TSIDE ! SOVIET SY/EM4 ,9 A %ORT TIME ! 
SOVIET REGIME BECAME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! EMASCULAT$ 
SOVIETS W]E RETA9$1 ?\< ONLY =MALLY1 TO HIDE ?IS FACT4 

,QUITE AP>T FROM ! TACTICAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & ! OCCASIONAL LIP S]VICE PAID TO ?IS B\RGEOIS 
9/ITUTION1 ,L59 HAD ALREADY1 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,APRIL ,!SES0 PROPOS$ TO HIS 
ORGANIZATION AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,RUSSIA1 >GU$ ?AT A P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC 
WAS UNNECESS>Y BECAUSE ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! SOVIETS1 :I* 9 HIS 
VIEW W\LD ALL[ = A TYPE ( /ATE SU* AS HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,P>IS 
,COMMUNE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS IDEA1 HE DID NOT ?9K ?AT SOCIALISM WAS ! 
IMM$IATE TASK1 BUT ?AT ! 0TRANSITION TO ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & ! 
DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS BY ! SOVIET ( WORK]S' DEPUTIES0 SUFFIC$ TO S]VE 
! IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS ( =EMO/ IMPORTANCE WAS ! 
NATURE ( ! /ATE1 ( POLITICAL P[]1 FROM :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE W\LD FL[ 
9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS10 DID NOT 9CLUDE 
POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 OR ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR4 ,! 
WORK]S W]E NOT EXPECT$ TO ADM9I/] BUT M]ELY TO OV]SEE ! 9DU/RIAL 
5T]PRISES4 ,! FIR/ DECREE ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL EXT5D$ IT 

OV] ! PRODUCTION1 /OR+1 BUY+ & SELL+ ( RAW MAT]IALS 
& F9I%$ GOODS AS WELL AS OV] ! F9ANCES ( ! 5T]PRISES4 ,! 
WORK]S EX]CISE ?IS CONTROL ?R\< !IR ELECT$ ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS 
FACTORY & %OP COMMITTEES1 SOVIET ELD]S1 ETC4 ,! (FICE EMPLOYES & ! 
TE*NICAL P]SONNEL >E ALSO TO HAVE REPRES5TATION 9 !SE COMMITTEES4 444 
,! ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAVE ! RI<T TO SUP]VISE PRODUCTION4 
,COMM]CIAL SECRETS >E ABOLI%$4 ,! [N]S HAVE TO %[ TO ! ORGANS ( 
WORK]S' CONTROL ALL !IR BOOKS & /ATEM5TS = ! CURR5T YE> & = 
! PA/ YE>40 7#b#f7 

,H[EV]1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & WORK]S' CONTROL >E 9COMPATIBLE & ?IS 
MAKE%IFT AFFAIR1 :]EBY ! ,BOL%EVIKS HOP$ TO RETA9 ! AID ( ! 
CAPITALI/ ORGANIZ]S ( PRODUCTION & YET SATISFY ! YE>N+S ( ! WORK]S 
TO TAKE POSSESSION ( 9DU/RY1 C\LD NOT LA/ = LONG4 0,WE DID NOT DECREE 
SOCIALISM ALL AT ONCE ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( 9DU/RY10 ,L59 EXPLA9$ A YE> 
LAT]1 

BECAUSE SOCIALISM CAN TAKE %APE & BECOME F9ALLY E/ABLI%$ 
ONLY :5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS LE>N$ TO RUN ! ECONOMY4 444 ,?AT IS :Y WE 
9TRODUC$ WORK]S' CONTROL1 KN[+ ?AT IT WAS A CONTRADICTORY & P>TIAL 
MEASURE4 ,BUT WE CONSID] IT MO/ IMPORTANT & VALUABLE ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE 
!MSELVES TACKL$ ! JOB1 ?AT FROM WORK]S' CONTROL1 :I* 9 ! PR9CIPAL 
9DU/RIES WAS B\ND TO BE *AOTIC1 AMATEURI% & P>TIAL1 WE HAVE PASS$ TO 
WORK]S' ADM9I/RATION ( 9DU/RY ON A NATION-WIDE SCALE40 7#b#g7 

,! *ANGE FROM 0CONTROL0 TO 0ADM9I/RATION0 TURN$ \T 5TAIL ! ABOLITION 
( BO?4 ,TO BE SURE1 JU/ AS ! EMASCULATION ! SOVIETS TOOK SOME TIME1 = IT 
REQUIR$ ! =MATION & CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE APP>ATUS1 SO 
! WORK]S 9FLU5CE 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS WAS ONLY GRADUALLY ELIM9AT$ 
?R\< SU* ME?ODS AS %IFT+ ! CONTROLL+ RI<TS FROM ! FACTORY 
COMMITTEES TO ! TRADE UNIONS & !N TRANS=M+ ! LATT] 9TO AG5CIES ( 
! /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 WORK]S' CONTROL BY FACTORY C\NCILS OR %OP /EW>DS 
PREC$$ ! GOV]NM5TAL DECREE4 ,!SE COMMITTEES >OSE SPONTANE\SLY DUR+ 
! ,REVOLUTION1 AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE =M ( WORK]S' REPRES5TATION DUE TO ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! TRADE UNIONS DUR+ ! W>4 ,! LATT] HAD BE51 ( C\RSE1 
! C\NT]P>T ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & W]E A /RON<OLD ( ITS 
,M5%EVIK W+4 ,!Y RAPIDLY REVIV$ AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION BUT F\ND N[ 
/RONG OPPOSITION 9 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES1 :I* HELD ! UNIONS TO BE 
SUP]FLU\S UND] ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS4 ,G5]ALLY ! FACTORY C\NCILS SID$ 
) ! ,BOL%EVIKS & CONSID]$ !MSELVES A MORE ADEQUATE =M ( 
ORGANIZATION1 NOT ONLY 9 ! FI<T = IMM$IATE DEM&S1 = WORK]S' CONTROL1 
BUT ALSO AS NEWLY F\ND$ SY/EM = ! ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION 9 ! 
5T]PRISE & 9 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 

,) ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & EV5 BE=E S]I\S 
ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO 9TEGRATE ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9TO A C5TRALIZ$ NETWORK 
SO AS TO SECURE BO? ! EXI/5CE ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! UNDIVID$ 
CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 :I* W\LD 
PRACTICALLY MEAN ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR4 ,BUT EV5 AS A M]E T5D5CY1 & A 
RA!R WEAK ONE1 CONSID]+ ! ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 ?IS PROJECT WAS AT ONCE 
\TLAW$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME UND] ! SUBT]FUGE ?AT IT W\LD IMPAIR 
ECONOMIC REVIVAL & R$UCE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,AL?\< ! FACTORY 
COMMITTEES HAD BE5 ONE ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ASSUMPTION ( P[]1 
!IR CONTEMPLAT$ SELF-DET]M9ATION N[ 5DANG]$ & CONTRADICT$ ! 
DICTATORIAL RULE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,) ! ,M5%EVIKS' LOSS ( P[] 
W5T ALSO !IR CONTROL ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 :I* W]E TAK5 OV] BY ! 
,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E 9DUC$ TO SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! 
TRADE UNIONS1 9 FACT1 TO TURN !MSELVES 9TO A TRADE-UNION 9/RUM5T = ! 
ASS]TION ( ! LATT]'S WILL 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,! TRADE UNIONS1 ) !IR 
BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 W]E LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO 9DEP5D5T ACTIONS & 
C\LD MORE EASILY BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! EM]G+ ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,&1 AS IT 
WAS PO9T$ \T AT ! TIME1 0! OBJECTIVE C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION DEM&$ 
! TRANSITION TO GOV]NM5T CONTROL & REGULATION ( 9DU/RY40 7#b#h7 

,9 ?IS WAY1 WORK]S' CONTROL REV]S$ ITSELF1 BECOM+ CONTROL OV] ! 
WORK]S & !IR PRODUCTION4 ,! BASIC NE$ WAS = GREAT] PRODUCTION &1 
BECAUSE M]E EXHORTATION C\LD NOT 9DUCE ! WORK]S TO EXPLOIT !MSELVES MORE 
?AN HAD BE5 CU/OM>Y1 ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE EXT5D$ ITSELF 9TO ! ECONOMIC 
SPH]E1 9SI/+ ALL ! :ILE ?AT ECONOMIC CONTROL BY ! /ATE ACTUALLY 
MEANT CONTROL BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS DID NOT H9D] ,L59 FROM DECL>+ ?AT 
IT WAS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL ?AT ! TE*NICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTION ( 
PRODUCTION MU/ BE ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( ! /ATE-APPO9T$ MANAG]S & 
DIRECTORS1 = 

! F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM CALLS = ABSOLUTE & /RICT UNIFY ( 
WILL :I* DIRECTS ! JO9T LABORS ( HUNDR$S1 ?\S&S1 & T5S ( ?\S&S 
( PEOPLE 444 ,H[ CAN /RICT UNITY ( WILL BE ASSUR$8 ,BY ?\S&S 
SUBORD9AT+ !IR WILLS TO ! WILL ( ONE4 ,GIV5 IDEAL CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS 
& DISCIPL9E ON ! P>T ( ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 ! COMMON WORK1 ?IS 
SUBORD9ATION W\LD BE QUITE LIKE ! MILD LEAD]%IP ( A CONDUCTOR ( AN 
OR*E/RA4 ,IT MAY ASSUME ! %>P =M ( DICTATOR%IP IF IDEAL DISCIPL9E 
& CLASS CONSCI\SNESS >E LACK+4 ,BUT BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 UNQUE/ION+ 
SUBORD9ATION TO A S+LE WILL IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( 
PROCESSES ORGANIZ$ ON ! PATT]N ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 7#b#i7 

,IF ?IS /ATEM5T IS TAK5 S]I\SLY1 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS MU/ HAVE BE5 
TOTALLY LACK+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 = CONTROL ( PRODUCTION1 & ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 
G5]AL1 TOOK ON DICTATORIAL =MS EXCE$+ ANY?+ EXP]I5C$ 9 CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS & EXCLUD+ ANY MEASURE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! 
WORK]S D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,NOTES 

  
#a4 ,CF4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,! ,ROAD TO ,P[] 7#a#i#i74 

  
#b4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS REF]R$ TO H]E REPRES5T NOT ONLY !MSELVES BUT 
CURR5TS )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 9 :I* !Y PLAY$ \T/&+ ROLES 
?R\< !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! MOVEM5T'S !ORY & PRACTICE4 

  
#c4 ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 #ce 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #g#f4 

  
#d4 ,! LIT]ATURE & DOCUM5TATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS SO IMM5SE 
?AT H>DLY ANY?+ CAN OR NE$ BE ADD$ TO IT AP>T FROM ! WORK ( 
PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORIANS1 ESPECIALLY AS ?IS UPHEAVAL HAS BE5 TREAT$ FROM EV]Y 
CONCEIVABLE PO9T ( VIEW1 PRO & CONTRA1 AS WELL AS ) RESPECT TO ITS IMPACT 
UPON ! WORLD AT L>GE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,WE WILL !RE=E 
DEAL ONLY ) ASPECTS ( ?IS REVOLUTION RELEVANT TO UND]/&+ ITS EFFECT 
UPON ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL & ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ,M>XISM 9 
P>TICUL>4 

  
#e4 ,MY ,PA/ & ,?\<TS4 ,! ,MEMOIRS ( ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 7,B]KELEY3 
,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #e4 

  
#f4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANTRY 
9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 #aie ?R\< ! UNIFICATION ( A 
NUMB] ( ,POPULI/ GR\PS4 ,ITS PROGRAM DEM&$ A F$]AT$ REPUBLIC BAS$ ON A 
G5]AL FRAN*ISE1 & /RESS$ ! 0SOCIALIZATION0 ( ALL L&1 ?AT IS1 ITS 
[N]%IP & CONTROL BY DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES ON ! BASIS ( 
EQUAL HOLD+S & ! ABOLITION ( HIR$ LABOR4 ,AL?\< IT 9CLUD$ WORK]S 
& 9TELLECTUALS1 ! P>TY DID NOT CONC]N ITSELF ) ! NATIONALIZATION ( 
9DU/RY1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ABOLITION ( L&[N]%IP W\LD BY ITSELF 
PREV5T ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 
,H[EV]1 ITS LEFT W+1 ! 0,MAXIMALI/S10 ADVOCAT$ ! 9CLUSION 9 ITS 
PROGRAM ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY UND] ! EGIS ( A ,WORK]S' ,REPUBLIC4 
,IT ALSO DIFF]5TIAT$ ITSELF FROM ! PRO-W> RI<T W+ ( ! P>TY BY ITS 
9T]NATIONALI/ /& ON ! W> ISSUE4 ,=M+ A POLITICAL BLOC ) ! 
,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES DOM9AT$ ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET2 BY 
!MSELVES !Y CONTROLL$ ! ,SOVIET ( ,PEASANT ,DEPUTIES4 ,9 ! ELECTION = 
! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 !Y RECEIV$ #ag MILLION 
\T ( #d#a1#g1 VOTES1 & ! P>TY'S *AIRMAN1 ,V4 ,M4 ,*]NOV1 WAS ELECT$ 
,PRESID5T ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,PRIOR TO ?IS1 ! P>TY WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ! 
,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T =M$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,ITS LEFT 
W+ SUPPORT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & TOOK P>T 9 ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 
AS WELL AS 9 ! DISP]SAL ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

  
#g4 ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4 #ba 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS1 #a#i#f#d71 P4 #c#c#f4 

  
#h4 ,:AT IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#i71 WRITT5 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b4 

  
#i4 ,IBID41 P4 #c#c4 

  
#a4 ,IBID41 PP4 #a#a#c#d4 

  
#a#a4 ,DAVID ,LANE1 ,! ,ROOTS ( ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM 7,/ATE ,COLLEGE1 
,PA43 ,P5NSYLVANIA ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 PP4 #a#b-#a#e4 ,?IS IS AN EXT5SIVE 
ANALYSIS - ) RESPECT TO ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE & TO SPECIFIC DI/RICTS - ( 
! SOCIAL COMPOSITION1 /RUCTURE1 MEMB]%IP1 & POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ,RUSSIAN 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\PS FROM #ahhi TO #a#i#g4 

  
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