,*APT] #b 
,RE=M & ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL REVOLUTION WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A DRAWN\T PROCESS 
( SOCIAL *ANGES 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION4 ,:]E ! ASC5D+ CAPITALI/ 
CLASS GA9$ COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 ?IS ASSUR$ A RAPID UNFOLD+ ( 
! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION4 ,FEUDALI/IC RESI/ANCE TO ?IS TRANS=MATION 
V>I$ 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,?\< CAPITALISM WAS ON ! RISE G5]ALLY1 ITS 
GE/ATION 9VOLV$ BO? =CE & COMPROMISE1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN OV]LAPP+ 
( ! NEW & ! OLD BO? POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES 
DIVID$ 9TO A REACTION>Y & A PROGRESSIVE W+1 ! LATT] /RIV+ = 
POLITICAL CONTROL ?R\< A DEMOCRATIC CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 
AN 5TR5*$ AUTOCRACY & ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE REFLECT$ ! UNEV5 PACE 
( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & EXT5D$ ! 9T]NAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 
REACTION & PROGRESS TO ! NATIONS !MSELVES & TO !IR POLITICAL 
9/ITUTIONS4 

,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T >OSE 9 AN 9COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 A WORLD 
( NATIONS /ILL MORE OR LESS 9 ! ?RALL ( ! REACTION>Y =CES ( ! 
PA/4 ,?IS SITUATION L$ TO AN EXP$I5T BUT UNNATURAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 
B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! OPPOSITION ( LABOR & CAPITAL 
HAD FIR/ TO APPE> AS AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S1 SO AS TO RELEASE ! =CES ( 
PRODUCTION ?AT W\LD TURN ! PROLET>IAT 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL CLASS4 ,TO 
P>TAKE 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ) !IR [N DEM&S DID NOT CONTRADICT 
! PO/ULAT$ 0HI/ORICAL GOAL0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT WAS AN 
UNAVOIDABLE PRECONDITION ( ITS FUTURE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,AL?\< IT HAS (T5 BE5 ASS]T$ ?AT IT WAS FE> ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT 
9DUC$ ! B\RGEOISIE TO LIMIT ITS [N /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FEUDAL AUTOCRACY1 
IT WAS RA!R ! RECOGNITION ( ITS [N AS YET RE/RICT$ P[] VIS-A-VIS ! 
REACTION>Y FOE ?AT MADE IT DRAW BACK FROM RADICAL MEASURES 9 FAVOR ( ITS 
[N POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,:ILE ! B\RGEOISIE F\ND SUPPORT 9 ! LABOR+ 
POPULATION1 IT WAS C]TA9 ?AT IT W\LD F9D ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! REACTION>Y 
=CES %\LD ?IS PROVE NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE ( 
! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 TIME WAS ON ! SIDE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! 
FEUDAL LAY]S ( SOCIETY ADAPT$ TO ! CAPITALIZATION PROCESS & 9TEGRAT$ 
!MSELVES 9TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( ! 
APP>5TLY IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S ( ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS1 L>GELY BAS$ 
ON AGRICULTURE1 & ! PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRATIC =CES1 REPRES5T+ 9DU/RIAL 
CAPITAL1 F9ALLY REALIZ$ ! GOALS ( ! FAIL$ B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( 
#a#h#d#h1 :I* HAD GRIPP$ ALMO/ ALL ! NATIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,EI<TE5 
=TY-EI<T HAD RAIS$ HOPES = AN E>LY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 P>TICUL>LY 
BECAUSE ( ! DEVA/AT+ ECONOMIC CRISIS CONDITIONS ?AT HAD CAUS$ ! 
POLITICAL F]M5T 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,BUT ! YE>S ( DEPRESSION PASS$ & 
) !M ALSO ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS AGA9/ EV]Y?+ ?\<T TO /& 9 ! 
WAY ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ NO LESS )9 C\NTRIES RUL$ BY 
POLITICALLY REACTION>Y REGIMES ?AN 9 ?OSE :]E ! /ATE FAVOR$ ! 
LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 

,! MOD]N NATION-/ATE IS A CREATION ( CAPITALISM1 :I* DEM&S ! 
TRANS=MATION ( WEAK 9TO VIABLE /ATES1 SO AS TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS ( 
PRODUCTION ?AT ALL[ = SUCCESSFUL COMPETITION ON ! WORLD M>KET4 
,NATIONALISM WAS !N ! PR$OM9ANT CONC]N ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4 
,CAPITALI/ EXPANSION & NATIONAL UNIFICATION W]E SE5 AS COMPLEM5T>Y 
PROCESSES1 AL?\< NATIONALISM 9 ITS IDEOLOGICAL =M WAS HELD TO BE A VALUE 
9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,9 ?IS =M1 IT TOOK ON REVOLUTION>Y CONNOTATIONS :]EV] 
P>TICUL> NATIONS1 SU* AS ,IREL& & ,POL&1 HAD COME UND] =EIGN RULE4 
,BECAUSE CAPITALISM IMPLI$ ! =MATION ( NATIONS1 ?OSE :O FAVOR$ ! 
FIR/ NECESS>ILY FAVOR$ ! SECOND1 EV5 IF ONLY AS ANO!R PRESUPPOSITION ( 
A FUTURE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION :I*1 = ITS P>T1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO 5D ! 
NATIONAL SEP>ATIONS ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,M>X & 
,5GELS ADVOCAT$ ! =MATION ( NATIONS P[]FUL 5\< TO ASSURE A RAPID 
CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 

,( C\RSE1 IT DID NOT REALLY MATT] :E!R OR NOT ,M>X & ,5GELS FAVOR$ 
! =MATION ( CAPITALI/ICALLY VIABLE NATION-/ATES1 = !IR 9FLU5CE 
UPON ACTUAL EV5TS WAS LESS ?AN M9IMAL4 ,ALL !Y C\LD DO WAS EXPRESS !IR 
[N S5TIM5TS & PREF]5CES ) REG>D TO ! V>I\S NATIONAL /RUGGLES 
?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! CAPITALIZATION ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,9 !SE 
/RUGGLES ! WORK]S C\LD AS YET PROVIDE ONLY CANNON FODD] = CLASS 
9T]E/S ?AT W]E NOT !IR [N1 OR W]E SO ONLY 9DIRECTLY1 9 ?AT A RAPID 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T PROMIS$ TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITIONS )9 !IR 
WAGE-LABOR DEP5D5CY4 ,ONLY 9 A HI/ORICAL S5SE WAS !IR P>TICIPATION 9 
! NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( ! TIME1 & 9 ! 5SU+ NATIONAL 
W>S1 JU/IFIABLE1 = AT ! TIME1 !Y C\LD S]VE ONLY ! SPECIFIC CLASS 
9T]E/S ( ! RIS+ & COMPET+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?\< HI/ORY 
WAS MADE BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! FACT ?AT ! LATT]'S EXI/5CE IMPLI$ 
! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT MADE IT OBLIGATORY TO VIEW 
?IS PROCESS ALSO FROM ! POSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & TO =MULATE 
POLICIES ?AT W\LD PRESUMABLY ADVANCE ITS 9T]E/S )9 ! CAPITALI/IC 
DEVELOPM5T4 

,AS ! =MATION ( VIABLE NATIONAL /ATES 9VOLV$ ! ABSORPTION ( LESS 
VIABLE NATIONAL 5TITIES1 A DI/9CTION WAS MADE BETWE5 NATIONS POSSESS+ ! 
POT5TIAL = A VA/ CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T & O!RS NOT SO 5D[$4 
,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 = 9/ANCE1 DIFF]5TIAT$ BETWE5 NATIONS DE/9$ TO 
AFFECT ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & O!RS UNABLE TO PLAY AN 9DEP5D5T ROLE 9 
HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T47#a7 ,9 HIS OP9ION1 NATIONALISM AS 
SU* WAS NOT A REVOLUTION>Y =CE1 EXCEPT 9DIRECTLY 9 SITUATIONS :]E IT 
S]V$ A RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE WAS NO ROOM = SMALL OR BACKW>D 
NATIONS )9 ! UNFOLD+ CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS C\LD ?US 
BE EI!R REVOLUTION>Y OR REACTION>Y1 DEP5D+ UPON !IR POSITIVE OR 
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON ! GR[+ SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONLY 9S(> AS 
NATIONAL MOVEM5TS SUPPORT$ ! G5]AL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T C\LD !SE 
MOVEM5TS BE SE5 AS PROGRESSIVE & SO ( 9T]E/ TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 = 
NATIONALISM WAS ONLY ! CAPITALI/ICALLY CONTRADICTORY =M ( A DEVELOPM5T 
PREP>+ ! WAY = ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & 
!RE=E ALSO = PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,( C\RSE1 ?IS G5]AL CONCEPTION HAD TO BE SPELL$ \T EMPIRICALLY1 BY 
TAK+ SIDES1 AT LEA/ V]BALLY1 9 ! ACTUAL NATIONAL MOVEM5TS & NATIONAL 
W>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE ( !IR CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T1 OR ! CLE> NE$ & DESIRE = SU* NATION'S COMPETITIVE 
POSITION )9 ! WORLD ECONOMY1 !IR DEF5SE IMPLI$ ! DEF5SE ( ! 
NATION1 IF ONLY TO SAFEGU>D :AT HAD ALREADY BE5 GA9$4 ,! MORE ADVANC$ 
! WORK+ CLASS ?\<T ITSELF TO BE1 ! MORE \TSPOK5 ITS ID5TIFICATION 
) ! PREVAIL+ NATIONALISM4 ,:]E ! WORK]S DID NOT *ALL5GE CAPITALI/ 
SOCIAL RELATIONS AT ALL1 AS 9 ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !IR ACCEPTANCE 
( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM ) ITS IMP]IALI/ IMPLICATIONS WAS COMPLETE4 ,:]E 
!RE WAS AT LEA/ IDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 AS 9 ! 
,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 NATIONALI/ S5TIM5TS W]E EXTOLL$ 9 A MORE HYPOCRITICAL 
FA%ION1 NAMELY AS A MEANS TO TRANS=M ! NATION 9TO A SOCIALI/ NATION 
P[]FUL 5\< TO )/& A POSSIBLE ONSLAU<T ( EXT]NAL 
C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,A DI/9CTION WAS N[ MADE BETWE5 NATIONS CLE>LY 
ON ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM1 AS ATTE/$ BY ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATIONS & !IR GR[+ 9FLU5CE UPON SOCIETY AT L>GE1 & NATIONS 
/ILL COMPLETELY UND] ! SWAY ( !IR TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES & 
TRAIL+ BEH9D ! G5]AL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ALONG ! SOCIALI/ PA?4 

,A P>TICUL> NATION C\LD ?US BECOME A K9D ( 0VANGU>D 
NATION10 DE/9$ BY ITS EXAMPLE TO LEAD O!R NATIONS4 ,?IS ROLE1 PLAY$ 
BY ,FRANCE 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 WAS N[ CLAIM$1 ) RESPECT TO ! 
SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 = ,G]MANY1 ?ANKS TO H] QUICK CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 
H] GEOPOLITICAL LOCATION1 & H] LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! PRIDE ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A DEFEAT ( ?IS NATION 9 A CAPITALI/ W> W\LD SET BACK NOT 
ONLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,G]MANY & ITS LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT ALONG ) IT ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM AS SU*4 ,IT WAS ?US 9 ! NAME ( SOCIALISM ?AT 
,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 = 9/ANCE1 ADVOCAT$ ! DEF5SE ( ! ,G]MAN NATION 
AGA9/ LESS ADVANC$ C\NTRIES SU* AS ,RUSSIA1 & EV5 AGA9/ MORE ADVANC$ 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 SU* AS ,FRANCE1 W]E !Y TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ! 
POT5TIAL ,RUSSIAN ADV]S>Y4 ,& IT WAS ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 ! POPUL> LEAD] ( 
,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :O ANN\NC$ HIS READ9ESS TO FI<T = ! ,G]MAN 
FA!RL& %\LD ?IS BE NECESS>Y TO SECURE ITS UN9T]RUPT$ SOCIALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ CAPITALI/ NATIONS ! GA9S ( SOME NATIONS >E ! 
LOSSES ( O!RS1 EV5 IF ALL ( !M 9CREASE !IR CAPITAL ) ! 
5L>GEM5T ( ! WORLD M>KET4 ,! CAPITAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS PROCE$S 
9T]NATIONALLY AS WELL AS NATIONALLY4 ,AS COMPETITION LEADS TO MONOPOLIZATION1 
! !ORETICALLY 0FREE WORLD M>KET0 BECOMES A P>TIALLY 
CONTROLL$ M>KET1 & ! 9/RUM5TALITIES TO ?IS 5D - PROTECTIONISM1 
COLONIALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 & IMP]IALISM - >E EMPLOY$ TO ASSURE 
NATIONAL PRIVILEGES )9 ! EXP&+ CAPITALI/ WORLD ECONOMY4 
,MONOPOLIZATION & IMP]IALISM ?US PROVIDE A DEGREE ( CONSCI\S 9T]F]5CE 
9 ! M>KET ME*ANISM1 ?\< ONLY = PURPOSES ( NATIONAL AGGR&IZEM5T4 
,H[EV]1 AS CONSCI\S CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY IS ALSO A GOAL ( SOCIALISM1 ! 
ECONOMIC REGULATION DUE TO ! MONOPOLIZATION ( CAPITAL & ITS IMP]IALI/ 
ACTIVITIES WAS HELD BY SOME SOCIALI/S & SOCIAL RE=M]S1 SU* AS ! 
,FABIANS ( ,5GL&1 TO BE A PROGRESSIVE /EP T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MORE 
RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,BECAUSE A RELATIVELY UNDI/URB$ GR[? ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ASC5D+ 
CAPITALISM PRESUPPOSES A RATE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ALL[+ AT ! SAME TIME 
= SUFFICI5T PR(ITS & = ! GRADUAL IMPROVEM5T ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! 
LABOR+ CLASSES1 ! NATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T1 B5T ON SOCIAL 
RE=MS OR M]ELY ON HI<] WAGES1 CANNOT HELP FAVOR+ ! EXPANSION ( ! 
NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,:E!R ! FACT IS ACKN[L$G$ OR NOT1 9T]NATIONAL 
CAPITAL COMPETITION AFFECTS ! WORK+ CLASS AS WELL AS CAPITAL4 ,EV5 ! 
SOCIALI/ W+ ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T WILL NOT BE IMMUNE TO ?IS EXT]NAL 
PRESSURE1 9 ORD] NOT TO LOSE CONTACT ) REALITY & TO MA9TA9 ITS 
9FLU5CE UPON ! WORK+ CLASS1 REG>DLESS ( ALL ! IDEOLOGICAL LIP S]VICE 
PAID TO PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM AS ! F9AL BUT DI/ANT GOAL ( ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,! NATIONAL DIVISION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ALSO NATIONALIZES ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS IS NOT A M]E QUE/ION ( IDEOLOGY - 
?AT IS1 ( ! UNCRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM BY ! WORK+ 
CLASS - BUT IS ALSO A PRACTICAL NE$1 = IT IS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( 
! NATIONAL ECONOMY ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS F\<T4 ,) ! UNITY ( 
MANK9D A DI/ANT & P]HAPS UTOPIAN GOAL1 ! HI/ORICALLY EVOLV+ 
NATION-/ATE & ITS SUCCESS ) RESPECT TO ! COMPETITIVE PURSUIT ( CAPITAL 
DET]M9E ! DE/9Y ( ITS LABOR MOVEM5T TOGE!R ) ?AT ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS AS REG>DS ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,LIKE ALL IDEOLOGIES1 9 ORD] 
TO BE EFFECTIVE NATIONALISM TOO MU/ HAVE SOME DEF9ITE CONTACT ) REAL NE$S 
& POSSIBILITIES1 NOT ONLY = ! CLASS 9T]E/S DIRECTLY ASSOCIAT$ ) IT 
BUT ALSO = ?OSE SUBJECT$ TO !IR RULE4 

,ONCE E/ABLI%$ & SY/EMATICALLY P]PETUAT$1 ! IDEOLOGY ( 
NATIONALISM1 LIKE MONEY1 TAKES ON AN 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE & ASS]TS ITS 
P[] )\T DISCLOS+ ! SPECIFIC MAT]IAL CLASS 9T]E/S ?AT L$ TO ITS 
=MATION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,AS IT IS NOT ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS BUT 
ITS FETI%I/IC =M ( APPE>ANCE ?AT /RUCTURES ! CONSCI\S APPREH5SION 
( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 SO IT IS ! NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY1 DIVORC$ FROM ITS 
UND]LY+ CLASS-DET]M9$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ?AT APPE>S AS A P>T ( ! 
FALSE CONSCI\SNESS DOM9AT+ ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,NATIONALISM APPE>S N[ AS 
A VALUE 9 ITSELF & AS ! ONLY =M 9 :I* SOME SORT ( 0SOCIALITY0 
CAN BE REALIZ$ 9 AN O!RWISE ASOCIAL & ATOMIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS AN AB/RACT 
=M ( SOCIALITY 9 LIEU ( A REAL SOCIALITY1 BUT IT ATTE/S TO ! SUBJECTIVE 
NE$ ( ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL TO ASS]T HIS HUMANITY AS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,AS 
SU*1 IT IS ! IDEOLOGICAL REFLEX ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A SY/EM ( SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION = PRIVATE GA91 BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R4 
,IT SUPPLEM5TS OR REPLACES RELIGION AS ! COHESIVE =CE ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 
S9CE NO O!R =M ( COHESION IS POSSIBLE AT ?IS /AGE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ?US A HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON1 :I* 
SEEMS TO BE AS 0NATURAL0 AS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF & L5DS 
TO ! LATT] AN AURA ( SOCIALITY IT DOES NOT REALLY POSSESS4 

,! AMBIGUITIES ( IDEOLOGIES1 9CLUD+ NATIONALISM1 >E BO? !IR 
WEAKNESS & !IR /R5G?4 ,TO RETA9 ITS EFFECTIV5ESS OV] TIME1 IDEOLOGY 
MU/ BE REL5TLESSLY CULTIVAT$4 ,! 9T]NALIZATION ( IDEOLOGICAL NATIONALISM 
CANNOT BE LEFT TO ! CONTRADICTORY SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ITSELF1 BUT MU/ BE 
SY/EMATICALLY PROPAGAT$ TO COMBAT ANY >IS+ D\BT AS TO ITS VALIDITY = 
SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,BUT AS ! MEANS ( 9DOCTR9ATION1 TOGE!R ) ?OSE ( 
PRODUCTION & ( DIRECT PHYSICAL CONTROL1 >E 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 
! IDEAS ( ! RUL+ CLASS >E ! SOCIALLY RUL+ IDEAS & 9 ?AT =M 
ANSW] ! SUBJECTIVE NE$ = ! 9DIVIDUAL'S 9TEGRATION 9TO A L>G] 
& PROTECTIVE COMMUNITY4 

,CAPITAL OP]ATES 9T]NATIONALLY BUT CONC5TRATES ITS PR(ITS NATIONALLY4 
,ITS 9T]NATIONALIZATION APPE>S ?US AS AN IMP]IALI/IC NATIONALISM AIM+ AT 
! MONOPOLIZATION ( ! S\RCES ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,?IS IS AT ONCE A POLITICAL 
& AN ECONOMIC PROCESS1 EV5 ?\< ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! TWO IS NOT 
ALWAYS CLE>LY DISC]NIBLE BECAUSE ( ! RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE ( 
NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY1 :I* HIDES ! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/IC 9T]E/S AT 
ITS BASE4 ,?IS CAM\FLAGE WORKS ! BETT] BECAUSE ! :OLE ( KN[N HI/ORY 
HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( PLUND] & W> ( V>I\S PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 BUILD+ 
UP1 OR 9 DE/ROY+1 ONE OR ANO!R E?NIC GR\P1 ONE OR ANO!R EMPIRE4 
0,NATIONAL0 SECURITY1 OR 0NATIONAL0 SECURITY BY WAY ( 
EXPANSION1 APPE>S TO BE ! /UFF ( HI/ORY1 A NEV]-5D+ 
0,D>W9IAN0 /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE REG>DLESS ( ! HI/ORICAL 
SPECIFICITY ( CLASS RELATIONS )9 ! 0NATIONAL0 5TITIES4 

,JU/ AS MONOPOLIZATION & COMPETITION1 OR FREE TRADE & PROTECTIONISM1 >E 
ASPECTS ( ONE & ! SAME HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 NATIONALISM & IMP]IALISM 
>E ALSO 9DIVISIBLE1 AL?\< ! LATT] MAY TAKE ON A V>IETY ( =MS1 FROM 
DIRECT DOM9ATION TO 9DIRECT ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL CONTROL4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! 
ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL APPE>S AS ! COMPETITIVE EXPANSION ( NATIONS & SO 
AS AN IMP]IALI/IC /RUGGLE = L>G] %>ES ( ! EXPLOITABLE RES\RCES ( 
! WORLD1 :E!R REAL OR IMAG9>Y4 ,?IS PROCESS1 IMPLICIT 9 CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION1 DIVIDES ! WORLD 9TO MORE OR LESS SUCCESSFUL CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 
,! SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ IMP]IALI/ IMP]ATIVE1 OR EV5 ! M]E 
OPPORTUNITY = IMP]IALI/ EXPANSION1 WAS TAK5 UP BY SOME NATIONS SOON] ?AN 
BY O!RS1 SU* AS ,5GL& & ,FRANCE 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & WAS 
DELAY$ BY NATIONS SU* AS ,G]MANY & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UNTIL ! N9ETE5? 
C5TURY4 ,SOME SMALL] NATIONS W]E NOT AT ALL ABLE TO 5T] 9TO IMP]IALI/ 
COMPETITION & HAD TO FIT !MSELVES 9TO A WORLD /RUCTURE DOM9AT$ BY ! 
GREAT CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,! *ANG+ =TUNES ( ! IMP]IALI/ NATIONS 9 
!IR /RUGGLE = L>G] %>ES ( ! WORLD'S PR(ITS APPE> 
ECONOMICALLY 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( ! WORLD'S GR[+ CAPITAL 9 A 
DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( NATIONS4 ,?IS W\LD ALSO RESULT EV5TUALLY FROM ! 
EXPANSION ( CAPITAL )\T IMP]IALI/IC 9T]V5TIONS ON ! P>T ( ! 
COMPET+ NATIONAL CAPITALS3 IT IS NOT COMPETITION :I* DET]M9ES ! C\RSE 
( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION :I* DET]M9ES ! 
C\RSE ( COMPETITION & CAPITALISM'S BLOODY HI/ORY4 

,! OBJECT ( NATIONAL RIVALRIES IS ! AMASS+ ( CAPITAL1 ON :I* ALL 
POLITICAL & MILIT>Y P[] RE/S4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM IS BAS$ NOT ON 
! EXI/5CE ( ! NATION BUT ON ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL & ON ITS 
SELF-EXPANSION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 NATIONALISM M$IATES ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION )\T LEAD+ TO A UNIFI$ WORLD ECONOMY1 JU/ AS ! 
CONC5TRATION & MONOPOLIZATION ( ! NATIONAL CAPITALS DOES NOT ELIM9ATE 
!IR PRIVATE PROP]TY *>ACT]4 ,NATIONALLY AS WELL AS 9T]NATIONALLY 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CREATES ! WORLD ECONOMY VIA ! CREATION ( ! WORLD 
M>KET4 ,AT ! BASE ( ?IS G5]AL COMPETITIVE PROCESS LIES AN ACTUAL1 IF 
/ILL AB/RACT1 NE$ = A WORLDWIDE ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & 
DI/RIBUTION B5EFICIAL TO ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! E>? 
IS F> BETT] ADAPT$ TO SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! SOCIAL 
PRODUCTIVE =CES CAN BE FUR!R DEVELOP$ & SOCIETY FRE$ FROM WANT & 
MIS]Y ONLY BY A FULLY 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION )\T REG>D TO 
P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S4 ,H[EV]1 ! COMPELL+ 9T]DEP5D5CY IMPLI$ 9 A 
PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ASS]TS ITSELF CAPITALI/ICALLY 9 AN UN5D+ 
/RUGGLE = IMP]IALI/ CONTROL4 ,IMP]IALISM1 NOT NATIONALISM1 WAS ! GREAT 
ISSUE >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,G]MAN 0NATIONALI/0 9T]E/S W]E 
N[ IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S1 COMPET+ ) ! IMP]IALISMS ( O!R NATIONS4 
,FR5* 0NATIONAL0 9T]E/S W]E ?OSE ( ! ,FR5* EMPIRE1 AS 
,BRITA9'S W]E ?OSE ( ! ,BRITI% EMPIRE4 ,CONTROL ( ! WORLD & ! 
DIVISION & RE-DIVISION ( ?IS CONTROL BETWE5 ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 
& EV5 BETWE5 LESS] NATIONS1 DET]M9$ 0NATIONAL0 POLICIES & 
CULM9AT$ 9 ! FIR/ WORLDWIDE W>4 

,AS CRISIS REVEALS ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 
CAPITALI/ W> REVEALS ! IMP]IALI/IC NATURE ( NATIONALISM4 ,IMP]IALISM 
PRES5TS ITSELF1 H[EV]1 AS A NATIONAL NE$ TO PREV5T1 OR TO OV]COME1 A 
CRISIS SITUATION 9 A DEF5SIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/IC DESIGNS ( 
O!R NATIONS4 ,:]E SU* NATIONS DO NOT EXI/ IMP]IALISM TAKES ON ! GUISE 
( A MEASURE TO MA9TA9 ! WELL-BE+ ( ! NATION &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO 
C>RY ITS 0CIVILIZ+0 MISSION 9TO NEW T]RITORIES4 ,IT IS NOT TOO 
DIFFICULT TO GET ! CONS5T ( A WORK+ CLASS MORE OR LESS HABITUAT$ TO 
CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 & ?US UND] ! SWAY ( NATIONALISM1 = ANY 
IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURE4 ,! WORK]S' /ATE ( ABSOLUTE DEP5D5CY ALL[S 
!M TO FEEL ?AT1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 !IR LOT IS 9DISSOLUBLY CONNECT$ 
) ?AT ( ! NATION4 ,UNABLE AS YET & !RE=E UNWILL+ TO FI<T = ANY 
K9D ( SELF-DET]M9ATION1 !Y MANAGE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ?AT ! 
CONC]NS ( !IR MA/]S >E ALSO !IR [N4 ,& ?IS ! MORE SO1 BECAUSE IT 
IS ONLY 9 ?IS FA%ION ?AT !Y >E ABLE TO SEE !MSELVES AS FULL-FL$G$ 
MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 GA9+ AS CITIZ5S ( ! /ATE ! 0DIGNITY0 
& 0APPRECIATION0 D5I$ TO !M AS MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS4 

,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 BE+ ANNOY$ BY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS & 9 
DISMISS+ ! WORK+ CLASS AS A /UPID CLASS1 UNABLE TO DI/+UI% ITS [N 
9T]E/S FROM ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT M]ELY %>ES ! 
NATIONAL IDEOLOGY ) ! RE/ ( SOCIETY1 :I* IS EQUALLY UNAW>E ?AT 
NATIONALISM1 LIKE RELIGION AT AN E>LI] TIME1 & LIKE ! FAI? 9 ! 
B5EFIC5CE ( M>KET RELATIONS1 IS ONLY AN IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION = ! 
SELF-EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 = ! HELPLESS SUBJECTION ( SOCIETY TO 
0ECONOMIC LAWS0 ?AT HAVE !IR S\RCE 9 ! EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL 
RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS1 AT LEA/1 
B5EFITS FROM SOCIETY'S ANTISOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS1 BUT IT DOES SO 
JU/ AS BL9DLY AS ! WORK+ CLASS ACCEPTS ITS SUFF]+4 ,IT IS ?IS 
BL9DNESS :I* ACC\NTS = ! APP>5TLY 9DEP5D5T =CE ( IDEOLOGICAL 
NATIONALISM1 :I* IS ?US ABLE TO TRANSC5D ! SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 

,! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 BO? ! 
P]SI/5CE ( A GIV5 SOCIETAL =M & ! REASONS = ITS POSSIBLE *ANGE4 
,ITS SUPPORT]S \<T NOT TO BE SURPRIS$ BY ! RESILI5CY ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1 
AS 9DICAT$ BY ITS CONT9UAL REPRODUCTION & ! CONSEQU5T RECREATION ( ITS 
RUL+ IDEOLOGY4 ,*ANGES )9 ! /ATUS QUO MAY BE = LONG TIMES ALMO/ 
IMP]CEPTIBLE1 OR UNRECOGNIZABLE AS REG>DS !IR FUTURE IMPLICATIONS4 ,! 
PRES5CE ( CLASS CONTRADICTIONS EXPLA9S BO? SOCIAL /ABILITY & 
9/ABILITY1 DEP5D+ UPON CONDITIONS \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( EI!R ! RUL]S 
OR ! RUL$4 ,9 DI/9CTION TO PREC$+ SOCIETAL =MS1 H[EV]1 ! 
CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION CONT9UALLY ACCEL]ATES *ANGES 9 
! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 :ILE MA9TA9+ ! BASIC SOCIAL RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION1 & ?US ALL[S = ! EXPECTATION ( AN E>LY CONFRONTATION ( 
! CONT5D+ SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ! ,M>XI/ 
MOVEM5T DREW FROM ! 9CREAS+ POL>IZATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & FROM 
! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ITS PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,CLASS 9T]E/S W\LD 
COME TO SUP]S$E B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY & ?US C\NT]POSE ! CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ) ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,AS /AT$ BE=E1 !SE EXPECTATIONS W]E NOT UNREALI/IC & W]E HELD BY 
! B\RGEOISIE AS WELL1 :I* REACT$ TO ! RISE ( SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS & 
! 9CREAS+ MILITANCY ( WAGE /RUGGLES ) REPRESSIVE MEASURES ?AT 
BETRAY$ ITS FE>S ( ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS SEEM$ 9DE$ TO DE/ROY ! NATIONAL CONS5SUS & ! HOLD ( 
B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY OV] ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,UNTIL AB\T #ahh ! !ORY ( 
! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\RSE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 
& ! CONSEQU5T %>P5+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 F\ND V]IFICATION 9 
ACTUAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 & ACC\NT$ = ! RADICALIZATION ( ! LABOR+ 
MASSES4 ,?IS SAME P]IOD1 H[EV]1 :I* RESEMBL$ A PROLONG$ SOCIAL CRISIS 
SITUATION1 ALSO LAID ! F\NDATION = A NEW & ACCEL]AT+ PHASE ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION :I* LA/$1 ) OCCASIONAL 9T]RUPTIONS1 ALMO/ TO ! EVE ( ! 
FIR/ WORLD W>4 ,IT PROVID$ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = ! LEGALIZATION ( 
ORGANIZ$ LABOR & ITS 9TEGRATION 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ECONOMIC AS 
WELL AS 9 POLITICAL T]MS4 

,( C\RSE1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS WAS 
NOT A GIFT FREELY (F]$ ! WORK+ CLASS BY A MORE G5]\S B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 
WAS ! RESULT ( CLASS /RUGGLES - ALBEIT ( A LIMIT$ NATURE - 
:I* WRE/$ CONCESSIONS FROM ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATE1 IMPROV+ ! 
MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S & ELEVAT+ !IR SOCIAL /ATUS )9 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,!SE CONCESSIONS C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MADE )\T A RAPID 
9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & A CONSEQU5T QUICK5+ ( ! 
ACCUMULATION PROCESS4 ,BUT !Y APPE>$ NONE!LESS AS RESULTS ( ! 
SELF-EX]TION ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION1 A CLASS RIS+ )9 ! CONF9ES ( 
CAPITALISM1 :I* 5C\RAG$ ! GR[+ ILLUSION ?AT ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( 
ORGANIZ$ LABOR W\LD EV5TUALLY TURN ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO ! SOCIALLY 
DOM9ANT CLASS1 DISPLAC+ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 REALITY1 ! IMPROV+ 
CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS IMPLI$ NO MORE ?AN ITS 9CREAS+ 
EXPLOITATION1 I4E41 ! DECREASE ( ! VALUE ( LABOR P[] ) RESPECT TO 
! TOTAL VALUE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,H[EV]1 BO? ! CAPITALI/S & ! 
WORK]S ?9K 9 EV]YDAY LIFE NOT AB\T SOCIAL VALUE RELATIONS BUT 9 T]MS ( 
QUANTITIES ( PRODUCTS AT !IR DISPOSAL = PURPOSES ( CAPITAL EXPANSION OR 
G5]AL CONSUMPTION4 ,?AT ! IMPROVEM5T 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS RESULT$ FROM ! ACCEL]AT$ GR[? ( !IR PRODUCTIVITY DID NOT 
DIM9I% ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BETT]M5T ( !IR LIV+ /&>DS & ITS 
REFLECTION 9 !IR IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5TS4 

,DISAPPO9T$ BY ! SL[ DEVELOPM5T ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 
! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ NATIONS & UPSET BY ! LATT]'S ABILITY TO 
WEA!R !IR CRISIS SITUATIONS1 & ?US TO REA* ALWAYS GREAT] HEI<TS ( 
SELF-EXPANSION1 ! SOCIALI/S HAD TO ADMIT ?AT ,M>X'S PR$ICTIONS ( 
! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y 
CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 AS AN \TGR[? ( ITS CLASS /RUGGLE1 SEEM$ 
UNSUB/ANTIAT$ BY ACTUAL EV5TS4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 = 9/ANCE1 TRI$ TO 
EXPLA9 ?IS DISMAL CONDITION ) ! ASS]TION 7LAT] TO BE P>ROT$ BY 
,L597 ( A DELIB]ATELY FO/]$ 0CORRUPTION0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
ON ! P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* ALL[$ A GR[+ SECTION ( ! 
9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT TO P>TAKE TO SOME EXT5T ( ! SPOILS ( IMP]IALISM4 
,9 ?IS VIEW1 A RIS+ 0LABOR >I/OCRACY0 )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL 
WORK+ CLASS WEAK5$ ! CLASS SOLID>ITY NECESS>Y = A CONSI/5T /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & C>RI$ ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 & H]E 
P>TICUL>LY ITS NATIONALI/ ASPECT1 9TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! 
DECL9E ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONSCI\SNESS %[$ ITSELF 9 ! /EADY GR[? 
( AN OPPORTUNI/IC RE=MISM BAS$ ON ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,9 ANY CASE1 !RE WAS NO DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC CLASS 
/RUGGLE & ! REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! WORK]S' CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! 
EXPECTATION ?AT ! RECURR5T CONFRONTATIONS ( LABOR & CAPITAL OV] PR(ITS 
& WAGES W\LD LEAD TO ! RECOGNITION ?AT ! WAGE SY/EM MU/ ITSELF BE 
ABOLI%$ TO 5D ! WORK]S' ,SISYPHEAN ACTIVITIES ON ITS BEHALF WAS 
DISAPPO9T$1 DUE TO ! SIMPLE FACT ?IS WAS NOT POSSIBLE AT ?IS P>TICUL> 
/AGE ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS LONG AS PR(ITS & WAGES C\LD RISE 
SIMULTANE\SLY - H[EV] DISPROPORTIONATELY - & ! CLASS 
DIVISION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BE AFFECT$ BY SOCIAL LEGISLATION1 EV5 ?\< 
?IS 9VOLV$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 ! *>ACT] ( !SE 
/RUGGLES WAS SET BY ! LIMIT$ DEM&S MADE BY ! P>T ( ! LABOR+ 
POPULATION /ILL UND] ! SWAY ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,AL?\< GR[+ 9 
NUMB]S & 9 SOCIAL 9FLU5CE1 TRADE UNIONS & SOCIALI/ P>TIES REMA9$ 9 
A M9ORITY POSITION )9 ! POPULATION AT L>GE & EV5 )9 ! WORK+ 
CLASS AS A :OLE4 

,NOT ONLY W]E EXPECTATIONS ( A POSSIBLE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE N[ RELEGAT$ 
TO A MORE REMOTE FUTURE1 BUT EV5 ! GR[? ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS SE5 
AS A LONG T]M1 PROSAIC $UCATIONAL EF=T TO W9 ! LABOR+ POPULATION TO AN 
ACCEPTANCE ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,NOT)/&+ ! /RUGGLES = WAGES & 
SOCIAL RE=MS1 :I* W]E !MSELVES CONCEIV$ ( AS LE>N+ PROCESSES1 ! 
CLASS /RUGGLE WAS MA9LY SE5 AS IDEOLOGICAL 9 NATURE3 9 ! 5D PEOPLE 
W\LD FAVOR SOCIALISM BECAUSE ( ITS MORE ACCURATE COMPREH5SION ( ! 
DEVELOP+ REALITY4 ,ONE SIMPLY HAD TO WAIT = ! TIME :5 OBJECTIVE 
CONDITIONS !MSELVES V]IFI$ ! SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 
?US 5D+ ! SUBJECTIVE SUBMISSION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! RUL+ 
IDEOLOGY4 

,AS AN ORGANIZ$ IDEOLOGY1 SOCIALISM OPPOS$ ! DOM9ANT B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY2 
! CLASS /RUGGLE BECAME BY & L>GE A /RUGGLE ( IDEAS & ?US ! 
PRES]VE ( ! PROPON5TS ( IDEOLOGIES4 ,IDEOLOGIES COMPET$ = ! 
ALLEGIANCE ( ! MASSES1 :O W]E SE5 AS RECIPI5TS1 NOT AS PRODUC]S1 ( ! 
CONTE/+ IDEOLOGIES4 ,IDEOLOGI/S F\ND !MSELVES 9 SE>* ( A FOLL[+1 
9 ORD] TO EFFECTUATE !IR GOALS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS - APP>5TLY UNABLE 
TO EVOLVE A SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY ON ITS [N - WAS SE5 AS DEP5D5T UPON 
! EXI/5CE ( AN IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP ABLE TO COMBAT ! SOPHI/RIES ( 
! RUL+ CLASS4 ,DUE TO ! SOCIAL CLASS /RUCTURE & ! ASSOCIAT$ DIVISION 
( LABOR1 IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP WAS DE/9$ TO BE 9 ! H&S ( $UCAT$ 
MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS COMMITT$ TO S]VE ! NE$S ( ! WORK]S & ! GOALS 
( SOCIALISM4 

,H[EV] LIMIT$ !Y W]E1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y SUCCESSES ( ! SOCIALI/ 
P>TIES1 :I* BR\<T AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS 9TO CAPITALISM'S POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 NOT ONLY 9DUC$ A 
GR[+ NUMB] ( $UCAT$ PR(ESSIONALS TO 5T] ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 
BUT ALSO PROVID$ ! LATT] ) A DEGREE ( RESPECTABILITY UNKN[N AT AN 
E>LI] /AGE ( ! DEVELOP+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,LEAV+ ECONOMIC /RUGGLES 
TO ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! SPREAD+ ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS N[ MEASUR$ 
BY ! NUMB] ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES 9 P>LIAM5T & BY !IR ABILITY TO 
PRES5T 0! CASE = SOCIALISM0 TO ! NATION & TO 9ITIATE & 
SUPPORT SOCIAL LEGISLATION = ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! 
LABOR+ CLASS4 ,POLITICAL ACTIONS W]E N[ CONCEIV$ ( AS P>LIAM5T>Y 
ACTIVITIES1 MADE = ! WORK]S BY !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 ) ! 0RANK 
& FILE0 LEFT NO O!R ROLE ?AN ?AT ( PASSIVE SUPPORT4 ,9 A RA!R 
%ORT TIME1 ! WORK]S' SUBMISSION TO !IR 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORS 9 
! P>LIAM5TS & ! P>TY HI]>*Y WAS COMPLETE 5\< TO TURN ?IS 
9CIPI5T CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS D]IV$ FROM ?AT 
( !IR ELECT$ LEAD]%IP4 

,:AT WAS AT FIR/ A T5D5CY )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 NAMELY ! 
SUB/ITUTION = PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION ( A NONPROLET>IAN LEAD]%IP 
ACT+ ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 LAT] BECAME ! CONVICTION & ! 
PRACTICE ( ALL BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM1 BO? RE=MI/ & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,NOT 
ONLY ITS RI<T-W+ REVISIONI/S BUT ! SO-CALL$ C5TRI/ ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & 
! LEFTI/ ,L59 W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS BY ITSELF WAS NOT ABLE 
TO EVOLVE A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 & ?AT ?IS HAD TO BE BR\<T TO IT1 
FROM \TSIDE1 BY MEMB]S ( ! $UCAT$ B\RGEOISIE1 :O ALONE HAD ! 
CAPACITY & OPPORTUNITY TO UND]/& ! 9TRICACIES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
& ?US TO DEVELOP A MEAN+FUL C\NT]-IDEOLOGY TO ! RUL+ CAPITALI/ 
IDEOLOGY & SO LEAD ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS ELITI/ 
IDEA WAS ITSELF A PRODUCT ( ! RAPID RISE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* 
ATTRACT$ A GR[+ NUMB] ( MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS 9TO ITS RANKS4 
,IDEOLOGICALLY1 AT ANY RATE1 SOCIALISM CEAS$ TO BE ! EXCLUSIVE CONC]N ( AN 
AWAK5+ PROLET>IAT1 BUT BECAME A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ) SOME APPEAL = 
MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,?IS CLASS F\ND ITSELF 9 A PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION1 CAU<T BETWE5 ! 
MILL/ONES ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION & SOCIAL POL>IZATION4 ,! OLD MIDDLE 
CLASS LO/ ITS PROP]TY-[N+ *>ACT] & BECAME 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE A 
SAL>I$ CLASS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATE APP>ATUS4 
,IT BECAME A MANAG]IAL CLASS FILL+ ! GAP ?AT DIVID$ ! B\RGEOISIE FROM 
! PROLET>IAT &1 9 ! V>I\S PR(ESSIONS1 A CLASS S]V+ ! P]SONAL 
& CULTURAL NE$S ( ! DIVID$ SOCIETY4 ,! M$IAT+ FUNCTIONS ( ! NEW 
MIDDLE CLASS 9 SUPPORT ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS WAS 
REFLECT$ 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BY ! DET]M9ATION ( ITS !ORY & 
PRACTICE BY ITS 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP4 ,AL?\< SOME WORK]S W]E ABLE TO 
ADVANCE 9TO LEAD+ POSITIONS )9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 ! TONE ( !IR 
POLITICS1 AS SUGGE/$ BY AN ALLEG$ PR$OM9ANCE ( !ORY OV] PRACTICE1 WAS 
SET BY ! 9TELLECTUALLY EMANCIPAT$ LEAD]%IP /EMM+ FROM ! MIDDLE 
CLASS4 ,?IS WAS A QUE/ION NOT SO MU* ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !ORY & 
PRACTICE AS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! LEAD]S & ! L$4 ,POLICIES W]E 
MADE BY AN ELECT$ LEAD]%IP & F\ND !IR P>LIAM5T>Y & 
EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y SUPPORT 9 ! DISCIPL9$ ADH]5CE ( ! MASS ( WORK]S 
TO !IR ORGANIZATIONS' PROGRAMS & !IR TIME-CONDITION$ V>IATIONS4 
,! DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 SO NECESS>Y = ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM1 WAS ?US ALSO A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! RAPID 9FLUX ( MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS 9TO ! LEAD+ POSITIONS ( ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T DI/URB$ EV5 ITS 9TELLECTUAL F\ND]S4 ,NOT)/&+ 
HIS [N RE=MI/ 9CL9ATIONS1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS GREATLY 
WORRI$ AB\T ! 9CREAS+ SUBJUGATION ( ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS TO ! POLITICAL 9ITIATIVE ( ! WELL-MEAN+ PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 ,HIS 
[N RE=MISM1 AS HE SAW IT1 WAS AFT] ALL A M]E /RATEGEM1 NOT A MATT] ( 
PR9CIPLE1 :]EAS ! RE=MISM ( ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE T5D$ TO ELIM9ATE 
! CLASS /RUGGLE ALTOGE!R 9 OBEISANCE TO ! RULES0 ( B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 0,S9CE ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL10 HE WROTE TO 
,AUGU/ ,BEBEL1 0\R W> CRY HAS BE53 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS CAN ONLY BE ! WORK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,WE SIMPLY CANNOT 
COLLABORATE ) PEOPLE :O DECL>E OP5LY ?AT ! WORK]S >E NOT 
SUFFICI5TLY $UCAT$ TO BE ABLE TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES1 & = ?AT REASON 
HAVE TO BE FRE$ FROM ABOVE BY A PHILAN?ROPIC B\RGEOISIE407#b7 ,HE SUGGE/$ ?R[+ !SE ELEM5TS \T ( ! SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATIONS SO AS TO SAFEGU>D ITS PROLET>IAN *>ACT]4 

,! WORK]S !MSELVES1 H[EV]1 W]E UNP]TURB$ IF NOT FLATT]$ BY ! 
ATT5TION GIV5 TO !M BY SOME ( ! 0BETT] K9D0 ( PEOPLE4 ,9 
ADDITION1 !Y FELT ! NE$ = ALLIES 9 !IR RA!R UNEQUAL CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 

,BUT 9 ANY CASE ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( SOCIALISM WAS NOT LO/ 
BECAUSE ( ! CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ IDEAS EVOLV$ BY ITS NONPROLET>IAN 
LEAD]%IP1 BUT BECAUSE ! 0/RATEGY0 ( RE=MISM1 AS ! ONLY 
POSSIBLE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 BECAME ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ORGANIZATIONS 9 !IR 
ATTEMPTS TO CONSOLIDATE & TO 5L>GE !IR 9FLU5CE )9 CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY4 ,) RESPECT TO ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 = 9/ANCE1 IT HAD BY #aiac 
A MEMB]%IP ( CLOSE TO A MILLION & WAS ABLE TO MU/] #d4#e MILLION VOTES 9 
NATIONAL ELECTIONS4 ,IT S5T #aa MEMB]S TO ! ,REI*/AG4 ,! TRADE UNIONS HAD 
A MEMB]%IP ( AB\T #b4#e MILLION & !IR F9ANCIAL ASSETS AM\NT$ TO #hh 
MILLION ,M>KS4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ITSELF 9VE/$ #b MILLION ,M>KS 9 
PRIVATE 9DU/RY & 9 /ATE LOANS4 ,IT EMPLOY$ MORE ?AN #d1 PR(ESSIONAL 
(FICIALS & #a#a1 SAL>I$ EMPLOYES1 & CONTROLL$ #id NEWSPAP]S & 
V>I\S O!R PUBLICATIONS4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! P>TY & TO ASSURE ITS UNDI/URB$ 
FUR!R GR[? WAS ! FIR/ CONSID]ATION ( ?OSE :O CONTROLL$ IT1 AN 
ATTITUDE EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ 9 ! PURELY PROLET>IAN TRADE UNIONS4 

,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 DESCRIB+ ?IS PROCESS 9 O!R NATIONS1 EV5 ?\< 
!IR LABOR MOVEM5TS V>I$ 9 ONE OR ANO!R RESPECT FROM ?AT 9 ,G]MANY4 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & TRADE UNIONISM ADVANC$ - AL?\< MORE (T5 ?AN 
NOT AT A SL[] PACE ?AN 9 ,G]MANY - 9 ALL ! DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS1 ?US RAIS+ ! SPECT] ( A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ?AT MI<T 
EV5TUALLY1 BY RE=MI/ OR REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 OR BO?1 TRANS=M CAPITALISM 
9TO A CLASSLESS1 NONEXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 ?IS MOVEM5T 
WAS ALL[$1 & 9DE$ COMPELL$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO 9TEGRATE ITSELF AS 
?OR\<LY AS IT C\LD 9TO ! CAPITALI/ FABRIC AS ONE SPECIAL 9T]E/ GR\P 
AMONG ?OSE :I* TOGE!R CON/ITUTE ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ECONOMY4 ,! 
SPECT] ( SOCIALISM1 ?\< US$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO DELIMIT ! POLITICAL 
& ECONOMIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 REMA9$ A M]E APP>ITION1 
UNABLE TO DE/ROY ! SELF-CONFID5CE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ) REG>D TO 
EI!R !IR MAT]IAL OR !IR IDEOLOGICAL CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 ,DRESS$ 9 
:ATEV] G>B1 ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T REMA9$ A SMALL M9ORITY )9 
! WORK+ CLASSES1 ?US 9DICAT+ ?AT A DECISIVE WEAK5+ ( B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY PRESUPPOSES ! ACTUAL DECAY ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY :5 ! DISCREPANCY 
BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & REALITY F9DS AN OBVI\S DISPLAY 9 P]SI/5TLY 
DET]IORAT+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 WILL ! O!RWISE RA!R 
COM=TABLE IDEOLOGICAL CONS5SUS GIVE WAY TO NEW IDEAS CORRESPOND+ TO NEW 
NECESSITIES4 

,!RE IS ALSO QUITE A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN IDEOLOGY BAS$ ON TRADITION & 
ON ACTUAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ONE BAS$ ON NONEXI/+ CONDITIONS1 ) 
RELEVANCE TO A FUTURE :I* MAY OR MAY NOT BE A REASONABLE EXPECTATION4 ,9 ?IS 
RESPECT1 SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY IS AT A DISADVANTAGE VIS-A-VIS ! RUL+ 
CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,A P[]FUL EX]TION ( ! LATT]1 = PURPOSES ( WAG+ 
W>1 OR EV5 = 9T]NAL REASONS1 WILL CREATE S]I\S D\BTS REG>D+ ! 
VALIDITY OR ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY EV5 9 SOME ( ITS 
MORE CONSI/5T SUPPORT]S4 ,! EM]G+ FEEL+ ( UNC]TA9TY MIX$ ) ! 
FE> ( ! UNKN[N1 :I* ACC\NTS = ! MASS HY/]IA ACCOMPANY+ ! 
\TBREAK ( W>1 WILL AFFECT ! SOCIALI/S TOO & 9DUCE !M TO QUE/ION 
!IR [N IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5TS ANEW4 ,!IR CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>DS ! 
RUL+ IDEOLOGY1 TO REIT]ATE1 DOES NOT FREE !M FROM ACT+ AS IF !Y W]E 
UND] ITS SWAY1 :ILE !IR SOCIALI/ CONVICTIONS CANNOT BE ACTUALIZ$ )9 
! GIV5 CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,!Y CAN BE C>RI$ AWAY BY ! 
APP>5T EUPHORIA ( ! AGITAT$ MASSES & DR[N !IR [N AMBIGUITIES 9 ! 
MURKY SEA ( NATIONALISM 9 A SPONTANE\S REASS]TION ( LOYALTIES LAT5T BUT 
NOT YET LO/4 

,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS ! OBJECTIVE FACT ( ! NATIONAL =M ( CAPITALISM1 
& !RE=E ( ITS LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* CANNOT BE OV]COME BY A M]E 
IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5T TO 9T]NATIONALISM1 SU* AS CAN BE GA9$ BY A LOOSE 
CONSULTATIVE BODY AS WAS ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! V>I\S NATIONAL 
ORGANIZATIONS COMPRIS+ ?IS 9/ITUTION DIFF]$ AMONG !MSELVES ) REG>D 
TO !IR EFFECTIVE P[]S 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES & ?US ALSO ) 
REG>D TO !IR OPPORTUNITIES TO 9FLU5CE NATIONAL POLICIES4 ,:AT W\LD HAPP5 
IF ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( A P>TICUL> C\NTRY %\LD SUCCE$ 9 PREV5T+ 
ITS B\RGEOISIE FROM WAG+ W> :ILE ?AT ( ANO!R C\NTRY DID NOT8 ,EV5 
?\< 0! MA9 5EMY RESIDES 9 ONE'S [N C\NTRY10 A 
=EIGN 5EMY MAY NONE!LESS ATTACK A NATION MADE DEF5SELESS BY ITS SOCIALI/ 
OPPOSITION4 

,IT WAS ! RECOGNITION ?AT ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM F9DS A B>RI] 9 UNEQUAL 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* ALSO %[S ITSELF 9 ! UNEQUAL CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION1 ?AT 9DUC$ ,M>X & ,5GELS TO FAVOR 
ONE OR ANO!R C\NTRY 9 IMP]IALI/IC CONFLICTS1 SID+ ) ?OSE BE>+ 
! GREATE/ PROMISE = A SOCIALI/ FUTURE4 ,!Y C\LD NOT 5VISION A 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T )\T NATIONAL W>S & !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO /ATE 
!IR PREF]5CES AS TO !IR \TCOME4 ,PACIFISM IS NOT A ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,IT 
WAS !N NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO RATIONALIZE ! SOCIALI/ ACCEPTANCE ( W> & 
EV5 TO 9VOKE ! NAMES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ITS SUPPORT4 

,NOT)/&+ ! APP>5TLY G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT 9 ! AGE ( 
IMP]IALISM ALL W>S >E W>S ( CONQUE/1 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE = SOCIALI/S 
TO ASS]T ?AT1 FROM !IR PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y MAY ALSO BE DEF5SIVE 9 NATURE 
9S(> AS !Y PREV5T ! DE/RUCTION ( MORE PROGRESSIVE NATIONS BY SOCIALLY 
LESS-ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 :I* W\LD BE A SETBACK = SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,9 
FACT1 ?IS BECAME ! FLACCID JU/IFICATION = P>TICIPATION 9 ! 
IMP]IALI/ W> = ! MAJORITY ( SOCIALI/S 9 ALL ! W>R+ NATIONS1 EA* 
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION DEF5D+ ITS [N MORE ADVANC$ CONDITIONS1 AGA9/ ! 
BACKW>DNESS ( ! 5EMY C\NTRY4 ,SUPPOS$LY1 IT WAS ! B>B>ISM ( ! 
,RUSSIAN AUTOCRATIC ADV]S>Y ?AT DEM&$ ! DEF5SE ( A CULTUR$ NATION 
SU* AS ,G]MANY1 AS IT WAS ! B>B>IC AGGRESSIVE MILIT>ISM ( ! /ILL 
SEMIFEUDAL ,G]MANY ?AT JU/IFI$ ! DEF5SE ( MORE DEMOCRATIC NATIONS SU* 
AS ,5GL& & ,FRANCE4 ,BUT SU* RATIONALIZATIONS M]ELY COV]$ UP AN ACTUAL 
9ABILITY AS WELL AS UNWILL+NESS TO OPPOSE ! CAPITALI/ W> 9 ! ONLY 
EFFECTIVE WAY POSSIBLE1 NAMELY BY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL 
LABOR MOVEM5T WAS NO LONG]1 OR NOT AS YET1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT ONE 
FULLY SATISFI$ ) SOCIAL RE=MS & = ?AT REASON TOL]AT$ BY A 
B\RGEOISIE /ILL ABLE TO GRANT !SE CONCESSIONS )\T ANY LOSS TO ITSELF4 
,! ANTIW> RESOLUTIONS PASS$ AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S CONGRESSES MEANT NO 
MORE ?AN A :I/LE 9 ! D>K & W]E COMPOS$ 9 SU* AN OPAQUE FA%ION AS 
TO BE PRACTICALLY NONCOMMITTAL4 

,9 #a#i#i1 9 ! FIR/ BLOOM ( HIS SOCIALI/ CONV]SION1 ,UPTON ,S9CLAIR 
WROTE A MANIFE/O CALL+ UPON SOCIALI/S & ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE & ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO REALIZE ! P]IL ( ! APPROA*+ WORLD W> & TO PL$GE 
!MSELVES TO PREV5T ?IS CALAMITY BY ! ?REAT ( A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ALL 
C\NTRIES4 ,HE S5T ! MANIFE/O TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY = PUBLICATION 9 ! 
SOCIALI/ PRESS4 ,H]E IS ,KAUTSKY'S REPLY3 

,Y\R MANIFE/O AGA9/ W> ,I HAVE READ ) GREAT 9T]E/ 
& W>M SYMPA?Y4 ,NEV]!LESS ,I AM NOT ABLE TO PUBLI% IT & Y\ WILL NOT 
F9D ANYBODY 9 ,G]MANY1 NOR 9 ,AU/RIA OR ,RUSSIA1 :O W\LD D>E TO PUBLI% 
Y\R APPEAL4 ,HE W\LD BE >RE/$ AT ONCE & GET SOME YE>S IMPRISONM5T = 
HI< TREASON4444 ,BY PUBLI%+ ! MANIFE/O WE W\LD MISLEAD \R [N COMRADES1 
PROMISE TO !M MORE ?AN WE CAN FULFILL4 ,NOBODY1 & NOT ! MO/ 
REVOLUTION>Y AMONG ! SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY1 ?9KS TO OPPOSE W> BY 
9SURRECTION & G5]AL /RIKE4 ,WE >E TOO WEAK TO DO ?AT4444 ,I HOPE1 AFT] A 
W>1 AFT] ! DEBACLE ( A GOV]NM5T1 WE MAY GET /R5G? 5\< TO CONQU] 
! POLITICAL P[]4444 ,?AT'S NOT MY P]SONAL OP9ION ONLY1 9 ?AT 
PO9T ! :OLE P>TY1 )\T ANY EXCEPTION1 IS UNANIM\S4444 ,Y\ MAY BE SURE 
!RE WILL NEV] COME ! DAY :5 ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S WILL ASK !IR FOLL[]S 
TO TAKE UP >MS = ! ,FA!RL&4 ,:AT ,BEBEL ANN\NC$ WILL NEV] HAPP51 
BECAUSE TODAY !RE IS NO FOE :O ?REAT5S ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,FA!RL&4 
,IF !RE WILL BE W> TODAY1 IT WON'T BE A W> = ! DEF5SE ( ! 
,FA!RL&1 IT WILL BE = IMP]IALI/IC PURPOSES1 & SU* A W> WILL F9D ! 
:OLE SOCIALI/ P>TY ( ,G]MANY 9 5]GETIC OPPOSITION4 ,?AT WE MAY PROMISE4 
,BUT WE CANNOT GO SO F> & PROMISE ?AT ?IS OPPOSITION %ALL TAKE ! =M ( 
9SURRECTION OR G5]AL /RIKE1 IF NECESS>Y1 NOR CAN WE PROMISE ?AT \R 
OPPOSITION WILL 9 EV]Y CASE BE /RONG 5\< TO PREV5T W>4 ,IT W\LD BE 
WORSE ?AN USELESS TO PROMISE MORE ?AN WE CAN FULFILL4 7#c7 

,:ILE ,KAUTSKY'S PESSIMISM ) RESPECT TO ! POSSIBILITY ( 
PREV5T+ ! APPROA*+ W> PROV$ TO BE CORRECT1 HIS OPTIMI/IC ASSESSM5T 
( ! ANTIW> POSITION ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T TURN$ \T TO BE TOTALLY 
]RONE\S4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS WAS NOT A ,G]MAN PECULI>ITY BUT HAD ITS EQUIVAL5T1 
) SOME SLI<T MODIFICATIONS1 9 ALL ! W>R+ NATIONS4 ,!RE W]E ( 
C\RSE EXCEPTIONS TO ! RULE1 BUT ! ACTUAL \TBREAK ( W> F\ND ! L>GE 
MAJORITIES )9 ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 & )9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 NOT 
ONLY READY TO SUPPORT ! IMP]IALI/ W> BUT READY TO DO SO 5?USIA/ICALLY1 
:I* IMPELL$ ,KAUTSKY TO RESIGN HIMSELF TO ! FACT ?AT 0! 
,9T]NATIONAL WAS AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE BUT UNWORKABLE 9 TIMES ( W>40 
,AS EASY AS IT HAD BE5 TO DISCUSS ! PREV5TION ( W>1 SO DIFFICULT IT PROV$ 
TO ACT :5 IT >RIV$4 ,! FAIT ACOMPLI ( ! RUL+ CLASSES WAS 
5\< TO CREATE CONDITIONS ?AT DE/ROY$ OV]NI<T AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T 
?AT HAD TRI$ = DECADES TO OV]COME B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM ?R\< ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,P>APHRAS+ AN OLD SLOGAN REF]R+ TO ! ,FR5* NATION1 ,M>X ONCE 
DECL>$ ?AT 0! PROLET>IAT IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+40 
,9 #aiad IT WAS OBVI\SLY NO?+1 AS IT PREP>$ TO LAY D[N ITS LIFE = ! 
IMP]IALI/ NOTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY PROV$ TO BE 
ONLY SK9-DEEP1 P[]LESS TO )/& ! CONC]T$ ONSLAU<T ( ! 
ACCU/OM$ B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 :I* ID5TIFIES ! NATIONAL ) ! G5]AL 
9T]E/S4 ,AS = ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 IT PUT ITSELF AT ! DISPOSAL 
( ! RUL+ CLASSES = PURPOSES ( W>1 AS IT ACCEPT$ ITS CLASS POSITION 9 
TIMES ( PEACE4 ,! CAPITALI/ REALITY WEI<$ HEAVI] ?AN ! SOCIALI/ 
IDEOLOGY1 :I* AS YET REPRES5T$ NOT AN ACTUAL BUT ONLY A POT5TIAL SOCIAL 
=CE4 ,H[EV] DIFFICULT IT IS TO UND]/& ! UNIFY+ P[] ( B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY & ITS HOLD UPON ! BROAD MASSES1 ?IS DIFFICULTY ITSELF 9 NO WAY 
ALT]S ! =CE ( ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY4 ,:AT WAS MORE A/ONI%+ WAS ! 
RAPIDITY ) :I* ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF SUCCUMB$ TO ! REQUIREM5TS 
( ! IMP]IALI/ W>1 & !REBY CEAS$ TO BE A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS 
AS IF !RE HAD BE5 NO SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AT ALL BUT M]ELY A MAKE-BELIEVE 
MOVEM5T ) NO 9T5TION TO ACT UPON ITS BELIEFS4 

,! COLLAPSE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAS BE5 
PROPAG&I/ICALLY DESCRIB$ AS A 0BETRAYAL0 ( PR9CIPLES & ( 
! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE A REC\RSE TO IDEALISM & A D5IAL ( ! 
MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY4 ,ACTUALLY1 AS WE OBS]V$ ABOVE1 ! *ANGES 
! MOVEM5T HAD GONE ?R\<1 )9 ! G5]AL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 HAD 
LONG S9CE RELEGAT$ ALL PROGRAMMATIC PR9CIPLES TO ! PURELY IDEOLOGICAL 
SPH]E1 :]E !Y LO/ ANY CONNECTION ) ! OPPORTUNI/IC BEHAVIOR ( ! 
MOVEM5T4 ,! PRAGMATIC OPPORTUNISM ( ! RE=MI/ MOVEM5T NO LONG] 
POSSESS$ PR9CIPLES IT C\LD 0BETRAY10 BUT ADJU/$ ITS ACTIVITIES 
9 CON=MITY ) :AT WAS POSSIBLE )9 ! FRAME ( CAPITALISM4 ,NO D\BT1 
! ANTIW> S5TIM5TS DISPLAY$ AT 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 & 9 EA* 
NATION SEP>ATELY1 W]E TRUE CONVICTIONS & ! LONG+ = P]PETUAL PEACE A 
G5U9E DESIRE1 ALREADY BECAUSE ( WIDESPREAD FE> ?AT W> W\LD LEAD TO ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 AS ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MI<T SUPPRESS 
ITS 9T]NAL OPPOSITION 9 ORD] TO WAGE W> MORE EFFECTIVELY4 ,NOT TO OPPOSE 
! W> SEEM$ TO BE ONE WAY TO ASSURE P]SONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY1 
BUT ?IS ALONE DOES NOT EXPLA9 ! EAG]NESS ) :I* ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 
& TRADE UNIONS (F]$ !IR S]VICES TO ! W> EF=T & ITS HOP$-= 
VICTORI\S 5D4 ,BEH9D ?IS LAY ! FACT ?AT !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAD BECOME 
QUITE =MIDABLE BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ) !IR [N VE/$ 9T]E/S 9 
! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,?IS ACCOMPLI%M5T 9 TURN HAD 
*ANG$ BO? ! LIFE/YLE & ! G5]AL \TLOOK ( ?OSE :O FILL$ ! 
BUREAUCRATIC POSITIONS )9 ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IF !Y HAD ONCE BE5 
PROLET>IANS CONSCI\S ( !IR CLASS 9T]E/S1 !Y W]E SO NO LONG] BUT 
FELT !MSELVES TO BE MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & *ANG$ !IR MORES & 
HABITS ACCORD+LY4 ,SET AP>T FROM ! WORK+ CLASS PROP]1 & ADDICT$ TO A 
COM=TABLE R\T9ISM1 !Y W]E NEI!R WILL+ NOR ABLE TO LEAD !IR 
FOLL[+ 9TO ANY S]I\S ANTIW> ACTIVITY4 ,EV5 !IR H>MLESS EXHORTATIONS 
9 FAVOR ( PEACE F\ND AN ABRUPT 5D ) ! DECL>ATION ( W>4 

,TO BE SURE1 !RE W]E M9ORITIES )9 ! LEAD]%IP1 ! RANK & FILE1 
& ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT REMA9$ IMMUNE TO ! W> HY/]IA GRIPP+ ! 
BROAD MASSES1 BUT !Y F\ND NO WAY TO TURN !IR /EADFA/NESS 9TO 
SIGNIFICANT ACTIONS4 ,) ! W> A REALITY1 EV5 ! MORE CONSI/5T 
9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/S1 SU* AS ,KEIR ,H>DIE ( ! ,BRITI% ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR 
,P>TY1 F\ND !MSELVES =C$ TO ADMIT 0?AT ONCE ! LADS HAD GONE 
=? TO FI<T !IR C\NTRY'S BATTLES !Y MU/ NOT BE DI%E>T5$ BY 
DISS5SION AT HOME407#d7 ,) SOCIALI/S & 
NONSOCIALI/S TOGE!R 9 ! OPPOS+ TR5*ES1 IT SEEM$ ONLY REASONABLE TO 
RALLY TO 0! LADS0 SUPPORT & TO PROVIDE !M ) ! ESS5TIALS 
= WAG+ W>4 ,! W> AGA9/ ! =EIGN FOE1 9 %ORT1 REQUIR$ ! 5D ( 
! CLASS /RUGGLE AT HOME4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ABSOLUTE AS IT WAS G5]AL4 ,( C\RSE1 
?AT M9ORITY ?AT UPHELD SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES BEGAN AT ONCE1 IF ONLY 
CL&E/9ELY1 TO ORGANIZE OPPOSITION TO ! W> & TO RECON/ITUTE ! 
9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT TOOK YE>S BE=E !IR EF=TS F\ND 
AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE1 FIR/ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ?AN !N 9 ! POPULATION 
AT L>GE4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

  
#a4 ,5GELS'S POSITION ON ?IS QUE/ION HAS BE5 PASSIONATELY CRITICIZ$ BY ! 
,L59I/ & ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/ ,ROMAN ,ROSDOLSKY 9 HIS BOOK ,FRI$RI* 
,5GELS UND DAS ,PROBLEM D] 0,GES*I*TSLOS5 ,VOLK]0 7,FRANKFURT3 ,>*IV FUR 
,SOZIALGES*I*TE1 ,BD4 #d1 #a#i#f#d74 

  
#b4 ,F4 ,5GELS1 ,BRIEFE AN ,BEBEL 7#a#h#g#i7 7,B]L93 ,DIETZ1 #a#i#e#h71 P4 #d#a4 

  
#c4 ,UPTON ,S9CLAIR1 ,MY ,LIFETIME 9 ,LETT]S 7,COLUMBIA1 ,MO43 ,UNIV]SITY ( 
,MISS\RI ,PRESS1 #a#i#f71 PP4 #g#e-#g#f4 

  
#d4 ,W4 ,T4 ,RODG]S & ,B4 ,DON\<UE1 ,! ,PEOPLE 9TO ,P>LIAM5T 7,NEW 
,YORK3 ,VIK+1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #g#c4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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