,*APT] #a 
,CAPITALISM & ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,:]EAS ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 
CAPITALISM REF]S TO ! G5]AL TR5D ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 ! ACTUAL 
CLASS /RUGGLE IS A DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIR & NECESS>ILY ADJU/S ITSELF TO 
*ANG+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,!SE ADJU/M5TS >E B\ND TO F9D A REFLECTION 9 
,M>XIAN !ORY4 ,! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM IS ?US ALSO ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM4 
,AL?\< 9T]RUPT$ BY P]IODS ( CRISIS & DEPRESSION1 CAPITALISM WAS ABLE 
TO MA9TA9 ITSELF UNTIL N[ BY ! CONT9U\S EXPANSION ( CAPITAL & ITS 
EXT5SION 9TO SPACE ?R\< AN ACCEL]AT+ 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR4 ,IT PROV$ POSSIBLE NOT ONLY TO REGA9 A TEMPOR>ILY LO/ PR(ITABILITY 
BUT TO 9CREASE IT SUFFICI5TLY TO CONT9UE ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS AS WELL AS 
TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION4 
,! ECONOMIC CLASS /RUGGLE )9 RIS+ CAPITALISM1 F> FROM 5DANG]+ ! 
LATT]1 PROVID$ AN ADDITIONAL CAPITALI/ 9C5TIVE = HA/5+ ! EXPANSION 
( CAPITAL ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS & ! 
9CREASE ( LABOR EFFICI5CY BY ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS4 ,:ILE ! ORGANIZ$ 
LABOR MOVEM5T GREW & ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS IMPROV$1 ?IS FACT 
ITSELF /R5G!N$ ! CAPITALI/ ADV]S>Y & WEAK5$ ! OPPOSITIONAL 
9CL9ATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT )\T REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS 
ACTIONS1 ,M>XISM REMA9S JU/ ! !ORETICAL COMPREH5SION ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT 
IS ?US NOT ! !ORY ( AN ACTUAL SOCIAL PRACTICE1 ABLE TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 
BUT FUNCTIONS AS AN IDEOLOGY 9 ANTICIPATION ( SU* A PRACTICE4 ,ITS 
9T]PRETATION ( REALITY1 H[EV] CORRECT1 DOES NOT AFFECT ?IS REALITY TO ANY 
IMPORTANT EXT5T4 ,IT M]ELY DESCRIBES ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT 
F9DS ITSELF1 LEAV+ !IR *ANGE TO ! 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE4 ,! V]Y 
CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT F9DS ITSELF 9 AN ASC5D+ CAPITALISM 
SUBJECT IT TO ! RULE ( CAPITAL & TO AN IMPOT5T1 M]ELY IDEOLOGICAL 
OPPOSITION AT BE/4 

,! SUCCESSFUL EXPANSION ( CAPITAL & ! AMELIORATION ( ! CONDITIONS 
( ! WORK]S L$ TO A SPREAD+ D\BT REG>D+ ! VALIDITY ( ,M>X'S 
AB/RACT !ORY ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AP>T FROM RECURR+ CRISIS 
SITUATIONS1 EMPIRICAL REALITY SEEM$ 9 FACT TO CONTRADICT ,M>X'S 
EXPECTATIONS4 ,EV5 :]E HIS !ORY WAS UPHELD1 IT WAS NO LONG] ASSOCIAT$ 
) A PRACTICE IDEOLOGICALLY AIM$ AT ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,M>XISM 
TURN$ 9TO AN EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 EXPRESS+ ! WI% TO TRANSC5D ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY WAY ( CON/ANT RE=MS FAVOR+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 
,M>XIAN REVISIONISM1 9 BO? COV]T & OV]T =M1 L$ TO A K9D ( SYN!SIS 
( ,M>XISM & B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 AS ! !ORETICAL COROLL>Y TO ! 
9CREAS+ PRACTICAL 9TEGRATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY4 

,AS AN ORGANIZ$ MASS MOVEM5T )9 ASC5D+ CAPITALISM1 SOCIALISM C\LD 
BE 0SUCCESSFUL0 ONLY AS A RE=MI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BY ADAPT+ ITSELF 
POLITICALLY TO ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ECONOMICALLY TO ?AT ( 
! LABOR M>KET1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T *ALL5G$ NEI!R ! BASIC SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION RELATIONS NOR ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES EVOLV$ BY !SE RELATIONS4 
,AS REG>DS ITS SIGNIFICANCE1 FUR!RMORE1 ,M>XISM HAS BE5 MORE ( A REGIONAL 
?AN AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 AS MAY BE SURMIS$ FROM ITS PREC>I\S HOLD 9 
! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES4 ,IT WAS ABOVE ALL A MOVEM5T ( A CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 
EV5 ?\< IT DEVELOP$ ITS !ORY BY REFLECTION ON CAPITALI/ICALLY MORE 
ADVANC$ ,5GL&4 ,:ILE 9 ! LATT] C\NTRY CAPITALISM WAS ALREADY ! 
DOM9ANT MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! B\RGEOISIE ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE WAS /ILL 
/RUGGL+ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! REMA9+ %ACKLES ( ! FEUDAL REGIME & 
TO CREATE NATIONAL 5TITIES )9 :I* CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION C\LD PROGRESS4 
,! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL TURMOIL ACCOMPANY+ ! =MATION ( ! V>I\S 
,EUROPEAN NATIONAL /ATES 9VOLV$ ! PROLET>IAT ALONG ) ! B\RGEOISIE 
& CREAT$ A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ORI5T$ T[>D SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,:ILE 
OPPOS+ ! 5TR5*$ REACTION>Y =CES ( ! PA/1 ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE 
ALSO CONFRONT$ ! WORK+ CLASS 9S(> AS ?IS CLASS TRI$ TO R$UCE ! 
DEGREE ( ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,DESPITE ?IS E>LY CONFRONTATION1 ! WORK+ CLASS 
WAS =C$ TO SUPPORT ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IF ONLY TO CREATE ! 
CONDITIONS = ITS [N EMANCIPATION4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! 
WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 !RE=E1 !RE EXI/$ 
SIMULTANE\SLY ! NE$ TO FI<T AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & NE$ TO 
SUPPORT ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS IT 
CREAT$ = ITSELF4 ,! COMMON 9T]E/ ( ! EM]G+ CLASSES - ! 
B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT - 9 OV]COM+ ! VE/$ 9T]E/S ( 
! PA/ WAS ALREADY A =M ( 9TEGRATION ?AT F\ND ITS REFLECTION 9 ! 
/RATEGY & TACTICS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 9 ITS /RIV+ = 
POLITICAL P[] )9 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ! ALLEVIATION ( ECONOMIC 
CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS )9 ! CONF9ES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,AS A 
POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 ,M>XISM C\LD NOT DISP5SE ) ITS SOCIALI/ 
GOAL1 EV5 ?\< PRACTICALLY IT C\LD GA9 NO MORE = ! WORK+ CLASS ?AN 
ANY ( ! APOLITICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT >OSE 9 ! E/ABLI%$ CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS1 SU* AS ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* RE/RICT$ !MSELVES TO 
! FI<T = HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS )\T *ALL5G+ 
! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,IT WAS ?US HI/ORICAL PECULI>ITIES ?AT DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE - ?AT IS1 ! P>TIAL ID5TITY 
( PROLET>IAN & B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS )9 ! RIS+ 
CAPITALISM4 ,M>XIAN !ORY IMPLI$ PREP>ATION = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 
)9 A G5]AL REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT C\LD AS YET ONLY ISSUE 9TO ! 
TRIUMPH ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SEMIFEUDAL /ATE1 & ! 
DOM9ANCE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,AFT] !SE ACCOMPLI%M5TS1 ! ROAD W\LD BE 
OP5 = A /RUGGLE RE/RICT$ TO ! LABOR-CAPITAL ANTAGONISM1 :I* W\LD 
FIR/ POSE ! QUE/ION ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! WAY TO FO/] ?IS G5]AL DEVELOPM5T WAS BY P>TAK+ 9 ! AS YET 
9COMPLETE B\RGEOIS TRANS=MATION & BY PU%+ =W>D ! CAPITALI/ 
=CES ( PRODUCTION1 ?R\< ECONOMIC DEM&S ?AT C\LD BE MET ONLY BY AN 
ACCEL]AT$ 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & ! RAPID ACCUMULATION ( 
CAPITAL4 ,9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES1 H[EV]1 ! SPECIAL ISSUES ?AT 
AGITAT$ ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T NO LONG] EXI/$1 OR DID NOT >ISE AT 
ALL1 AS ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & B\RGEOIS RULE CON/ITUT$ ! 
UNCONTE/$ SOCIAL REALITY4 ,H]E ! CONDITIONS ?AT W]E GOALS = ! 
,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T W]E ALREADY AN E/ABLI%$ FACT & R$UC$ ! 
/RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 
F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 PURE TRADE UNIONISM2 ! ONGO+ MONOPOLIZATION ( 
CAPITAL WAS E*O$ BY ! ATTEMPT$ 0MONOPOLIZATION0 ( LABOR1 AS 
ONE ( ! DEVELOP$ =MS ( G5]AL COMPETITION 9 EXP&+ CAPITALISM4 ,?IS 
SITUATION =E%AD[$ ! CONT95TAL LABOR MOVEM5T'S FUR!R 
DEVELOPM5T & ) IT ?AT ( ITS ,M>XI/1 OR SOCIALI/1 W+4 ,! MORE 
CAPITALISM CAME 9TO ITS [N1 ! MORE ! IDEA ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE FELL BY 
! WAYSIDE4 ,! GR[+ TRADE UNIONS SEV]$ !IR E>LY CLOSE RELATION%IP 
) ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 & ! LATT] !MSELVES CONC5TRAT$ !IR 
EF=TS ON PURELY P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES TO PRESS = SOCIAL LEGISLATION 
FAVORABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?R\< ! EXT5SION1 NOT ! ABOLITION1 ( 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 & ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 AS ,$U>D 
,B]N/E91 ONE ( ! LEAD+ 0REVISIONI/S0 ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 PUT IT1 0! MOVEM5T WAS 
EV]Y?+ & ! GOAL NO?+40 

,H[EV]1 ORGANIZ$ IDEOLOGIES DO NOT ABDICATE EASILY1 & ?IS ! LESS SO 
AS !IR PROPON5TS DEF5D NOT ONLY !IR CONVICTIONS BUT ALSO !IR POSITIONS 
)9 ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E SUPPOS$ TO REALIZE ! IDEOLOGICAL GOALS4 
,! RA!R QUICK RISE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ALL[$ = AN ORGANIZATIONAL 
/RUCTURE 9CREAS+LY ATTRACTIVE TO 9TELLECTUALS & CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A 
BUREAUCRACY :OSE EXI/5CE WAS B\ND UP ) ! /EADY GR[? & P]MAN5CE 
( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY REPEAT$ 
ITSELF 9 ?AT ( ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & TRADE UNIONS AS ! 
DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! COMM&+ LEAD]%IP & ! OBEY+ RANK & 
FILE4 ,& JU/ AS ! WORK]S ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! G5]AL CONDITIONS 
( CAPITALISM1 SO !Y ACCEPT$ ! SIMIL> /RUCTURE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 
AS AN UNAVOIDABLE REQUIREM5T = EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY4 

,AL?\< 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T S5SE FROM ! WAY ! PHRASE IS USUALLY 
UND]/OOD1 ?IS F\ND A RA!R APT EXPRESSION 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRACY AS 0A /ATE )9 ! /ATE40 ,AS 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 
AT L>GE1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T TOO !RE WAS A RI<T W+1 A 
C5T]1 & A LEFT W+1 AL?\< ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE T5D5CIES 
REMA9$ PURELY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( ! MOVEM5T WAS RE=MI/1 
UNT\*$ BY LEFT-W+ RHETORIC & 9DIRECTLY AID$ BY IT1 AS IT PROVID$ A 
SOCIALI/ LABEL = OPPORTUNI/IC ACTIVITIES AIM$ NO LONG] AT ! OV]?R[ 
( CAPITALISM BUT AT ORGANIZATIONAL GR[? )9 ! SY/EM4 ,SUPPOS$LY1 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM ITSELF W\LD ?R\< !IR [N DYNAMICS 
PREP>E ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS = A QUALITATIVE *ANGE CORRESPOND+ TO A /ATE 
( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS COM=TABLE IDEA WAS HELD BY ALL ! T5D5CIES )9 ! 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :E!R !Y /ILL BELIEV$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION TO 
ACCOMPLI% ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM1 OR ASSUM$ ! 
POSSIBILITY ( A PEACEFUL NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?R\< 
! W9N+1 ) A SOCIALI/ MAJORITY1 ( CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION WAS CA/ 9TO ! F>-AWAY FUTURE & 
PLAY$ NO P>T 9 ! EV]YDAY ACTIVITY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,CAPITALISM W\LD 
HAVE TO RUN ITS C\RSE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ALREADY HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ 
NATIONS BUT EV5 9 ?OSE JU/ 9 ! PROCESS ( EVOLV+ ! CAPITALI/ 
RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT REMA9$ TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT DEVA/AT+ CRISES 
9T]RUPT$ ! /EADY CAPITALIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY1 BUT LIKE ! SOCIAL 
MIS]IES ACCOMPANY+ ! E>LY /AGES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ITS 
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CRISES & DEPRESSIONS WAS N[ ALSO ADJUDG$ A M>K ( ITS 
9FANCY1 :I* W\LD BE LO/ AS IT MATUR$4 ,) ! CONC5TRATION & 
C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL BY WAY ( COMPETITION1 COMPETITION ITSELF W\LD BE 
PROGRESSIVELY ELIM9AT$ & ) IT ! AN>*Y ( ! CAPITALI/ 
M>KET4 ,C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY ON A NATIONAL & EV5TUALLY AN 
9T]NATIONAL SCALE W\LD ALL[ = CONSCI\S SOCIAL REGULATION ( BO? 
PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & CREATE ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = A PLANN$ 
ECONOMY NO LONG] SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY ! LAW ( VALUE4 

,?IS IDEA WAS =CEFULLY EXPRESS$ BY ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 :OSE ECONOMIC 
WRIT+S W]E WIDELY REG>D$ AS A CONT9UATION ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL47#a7 ,LEAN+ HEAVILY ON ! WORK ( ,MI*AEL ,TUGAN-,B>AN[SKY1 :O 
D$UC$ FROM ! 0EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS0 ( ,M>X'S 
REPRODUCTION S*EMATA 79 ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL7 ! !ORETICAL 
FEASIBILITY ( A LIMITLESS EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 7#b7 
,HILF]D+ SAW ?IS POSSIBILITY /ILL V]Y MU* IMPAIR$ BY DIFFICULTIES 9 
! CAPITALI/ CIRCULATION PROCESS :I* H9D]$ ! FULL REALIZATION ( 
SURPLUS VALUE4 ,HE P]CEIV$ ! CAPITAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS 9 ! C\RSE ( 
ACCUMULATION AS A M]G+ ( BANK+ CAPITAL ) 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL TO CREATE 
A =M ( CAPITAL BE/ DESCRIB$ AS 0F9ANCIAL CAPITAL40 ,IT 
IMPLI$ ! PROGRESSIVE C>TELIZATION ( CAPITAL1 T5D+ T[>D A S+LE 
,G5]AL ,C>TEL ?AT W\LD GA9 COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! /ATE & ! 
ECONOMY4 ,AS ! PROGRESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( COMPETITION MEANT AN 9CREAS+ 
DI/URBANCE ( ! OBJECTIVE PRICE RELATIONS1 ?IS W\LD MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT 
! PRICE ME*ANISM ( CLASSICAL !ORY W\LD CEASE TO BE OP]ATIVE & ?AT 
! LAW ( VALUE W\LD !RE=E BE UNABLE TO S]VE AS ! REGULATOR ( ! 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,WE >E H]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ,HILF]D+'S RA!R CONFUS$ !ORY ( 
CRISIS AS A PROBLEM ( ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 DUE TO 
DISPROPORTIONALITIES BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & BETWE5 
PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 BECAUSE 9 HIS VIEW !SE DIFFICULTIES DO NOT 
>RE/ ! TR5D T[>DS ! COMPLETE C>TELIZATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 
7#c7 ,) ! COM+ TO PASS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C>TEL1 PRICES 
W\LD BE CONSCI\SLY DET]M9$ SO AS TO ASSURE ! SY/EM'S VIABILITY4 
,!Y W\LD NO LONG] EXPRESS VALUE RELATIONS BUT ! CONSCI\SLY ORGANIZ$ 
DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 9 T]MS ( PRODUCTS4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 
MONEY AS ! UNIV]SAL & MO/ G5]AL =M ( VALUE C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 ,! 
CONT9U+ SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS W\LD NO LONG] >ISE FROM ! SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION1 :I* W\LD BE COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$1 BUT EXCLUSIVELY FROM ?AT ( 
DI/RIBUTION1 :I* W\LD RETA9 ITS CLASS *>ACT]4 ,9 ?IS FA%ION 
CAPITALISM W\LD BE OV]COME ?R\< ITS [N DEVELOPM5T2 ! AN>*Y ( 
PRODUCTION & ?AT TYPE ( CAPITALISM ANALYZ$ BY ,M>X 9 ,CAPITAL W\LD BE 
5D$4 ,! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL OR1 :AT IS ! SAME1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( 
PRODUCTION1 WILL ?US BE CAPITALISM'S [N ACCOMPLI%M5T4 

,( C\RSE1 LIKE ,M>X'S 0LOGICAL0 5D RESULT ( ! 
CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION PROCESS1 ! CONCEPT ( ! ,G5]AL ,C>TEL M]ELY 
S]VES TO ILLU/RATE ! TR5D ( CONCRETE CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT :ILE 
9 ,M>X'S MODEL CAPITALISM F9DS AN 9EVITABLE 5D 9 DECREAS+ 
PR(ITABILITY1 ,HILF]D+'S ,G5]AL ,C>TEL PO9TS TO AN 
0ECONOMICALLY CONCEIVABLE0 CAPITALI/ SY/EM ABLE TO MA9TA9 
ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY ?R\< ! CONTROL ( ! :OLE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,IF 
CAPITALISM T5DS T[>D COLLAPSE1 ?IS IS NOT = ECONOMIC REASONS BUT MU/ BE 
SE5 AS A POLITICAL PROCESS1 AS DEP5D5T ON ! CONSCI\S RESOLVE TO EXT5D 
! CAPITALI/ICALLY A*IEV$ SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! SPH]E ( 
DI/RIBUTION4 ,SU* A TRANS=MATION IS POSSIBLE ONLY ?R\< A SUDD5 POLITICAL 
*ANGE ?AT TRANSF]S CONTROL ( PRODUCTION FROM ! H&S ( ! C>TELIZ$ 
PRIVATE CAPITAL 9TO ?OSE ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ?US REQUIRES ! 
SOCIALI/ CAPTURE ( POLITICAL P[] )9 O!RWISE UN*ANG$ PRODUCTION 
RELATIONS 

,SU* A DEVELOPM5T SEEMS CONCEIVABLE GIV5 ! CON/ANT GR[? ( SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATION1 /RIV+ = POLITICAL P[] )9 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ABLE 
TO W9 ! ALLEGIANCE ( ALWAYS L>G] MASSES ( ! ELECTORATE1 & F9ALLY 
LEAD+ TO A SOCIALI/ P>LIM5T>Y MAJORITY & TO ! CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T4 
,! SOCIALI/ /ATE W\LD !N 9/ITUTE SOCIALISM BY DECREE1 ?R\< ! 
NATIONALIZATION1 OR - :AT IS ?\<T TO BE ! SAME - ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( ! DECISIVE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,?IS W\LD SUFFICE TO 
EXT5D ! SOCIALI/ TYPE ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION GRADUALLY TO ! :OLE 
SOCIETY4 ,DUE TO CAPITALISM'S SPECIFIC =M AS F9ANCIAL CAPITAL1 
,HILF]D+ SUGGE/$ ?AT IT W\LD BE 5\< TO NATIONALIZE ! L>G] BANKS TO 
9ITIATE ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,) ?IS1 ! ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP ( 
CAPITAL W\LD BE TURN$ 9TO :AT ,HILF]D+ - 9 DEF]5CE TO ,M>X & 
,5GELS - CALL$ ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,ALL ?IS W\LD ( C\RSE DEP5D ON ! P]SI/5CE ( ! POLITICAL 
9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & ! LABOR MOVEM5T'S FIDELITY TO 
ITS SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,W\LD ! B\RGEOISIE HONOR ! P>LIAM5T>Y GAME IF 
IT F\ND ITSELF ON ! LOS+ SIDE8 ,W\LD ! *>ACT] ( ! SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T REMA9 ! SAME DESPITE ITS 9CREAS+ 9FLU5CE & ORGANIZATIONAL 
P[] )9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME8 ,EV5 AP>T FROM SU* UNASK$ QUE/IONS1 IT 
IS UNCLE> :Y1 IF !RE IS NO 0ECONOMICALLY CONCEIVABLE0 5D TO 
CAPITALISM1 !RE %\LD >ISE A POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY = ITS ABOLITION4 ,AN 
ECONOMICALLY SECURE CAPITALISM W\LD GU>ANTEE ITS POLITICAL SECURITY4 
,MOREOV]1 IF CAPITALISM SOCIALIZES ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ON ITS [N1 ?IS 
0SOCIALIZATION0 9CLUDES ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
RELATIONS AS CLASS RELATIONS1 TO BE C>RI$ OV] 9TO ! NATIONALIZ$ =M ( 
SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 9 ,HILF]D+'S EXPOSITION1 ! *ANGE FROM 
PRIVATE TO GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL DOES NOT AFFECT ! RELATION BETWE5 WAGE LABOR 
& CAPITAL1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS ECONOMIC CONTROL IS TRANSF]R$ FROM ! 
B\RGEOISIE TO ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,?US SOCIALISM1 9 HIS VIEW1 MEANS ! 
COMPLETION ( ! C5TRALIZATION PROCESS 9H]5T 9 COMPETITIVE CAPITAL 
EXPANSION1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PRIVATE 9TO 0SOCIAL0 CAPITAL & 
ITS CONTROL BY ! /ATE1 & !RE) ! POSSIBILITY = C5TRALLY PLANN$ 
PRODUCTION1 :I* W\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM MA9LY BY 
ALL[+ = A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION4 

,! !ORETICAL PROGRESS MADE 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T S9CE ITS BEG9N+S 
)9 ! 9COMPLETE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ?US CONSI/$ 9 ! ASS]TION 
?AT1 JU/ AS ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T FO/]$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 FULLY 
DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY W]E N[ OP5+ ! WAY TO 
SOCIALISM4 ,IF ! WORK]S1 = HI/ORICAL REASONS1 & H[EV] RELUCTANTLY1 
AID$ ! RISE ( DEMOCRATIC CAPITALISM1 ?IS V]Y SAME CAPITALISM WAS N[ 
PREP>+ ) EQUAL RELUCTANCE1 BUT UNAVOIDABLY1 ! CONDITIONS = A 
SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL WAS ?US A 
RECIPROCATIVE EVOLUTION1 9 :I* BO? WORK]S & CAPITALI/S FUNCTION$ AS 
PRECURSORS ( SOCIALISM ?R\< ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ALL ?AT WAS 
NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO PLAY AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL PROCESS WAS TO 
9CREASE G5]AL AW>5ESS ( ITS HAPP5+ SO AS TO HA/5 ITS COMPLETION4 

,= ,HILF]D+ CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY REA*$ ITS HI<E/ /AGE ( 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,NOT)/&+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> & ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ITS 
WAKE1 ! PREVAIL+ 0LATE CAPITALISM0 WAS = HIM AN ORGANIZ$ 
CAPITALISM1 NO LONG] DET]M9$ BY 0ECONOMIC LAWS0 BUT BY 
POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! CAPITALI/ PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION WAS MAK+ 
ROOM = ! SOCIALI/ PLANN+ PR9CIPLE ?R\< /ATE 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! 
ECONOMY4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLES OV] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS *ANG$ 9TO 
POLITICAL /RUGGLES & ! WAGE ITSELF 9TO A 0POLITICAL WAGE10 
BY WAY ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! 
FIELD ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION1 SU* AS >BITRATION LAWS1 COLLECTIVE B>GA9+1 
UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE1 & SO =?1 :I* AUGM5T$ ! 0ECONOMIC 
WAGE0 & FRE$ IT FROM ITS VALUE DET]M9ATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HILF]D+1 
! /ATE WAS NOT SIMPLY1 AS ,M>X HAD CALL$ IT1 ! 0EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
( ! RUL+ CLASS10 BUT REFLECT$1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( POLITICAL 
P>TIES1 ! *ANG+ P[] RELATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T CLASSES - ALL ( 
!M %>+ 9 /ATE P[]4 ,! WORK]S' CLASS /RUGGLE TURNS 9TO A 
FI<T = ! DET]M9ATION ( SOCIAL POLICY & F9ALLY = ! CONTROL ( 
0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY10 OR 0=MAL DEMOCRACY10 BECAUSE 
DEMOCRACY BELONGS TO NONE BUT ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* FIR/ HAD MADE IT A 
REALITY ?R\< ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?R\< DEMOCRACY ! 
WORK]S WILL GA9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ! >MY1 ! POLICE1 & ! JUDICI>Y1 & 
?US REALIZE !IR LONG+ = A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 7#d7 

,9 VIEW ( ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 ,HILF]D+'S RATIONALIZATION 
( ! PRECAPITALI/IC POLICIES ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES SEEMS TO BE ( NO 
9T]E/ AT ALL4 ,! 0DEMOCRATIC ROAD TO SOCIALISM0 L$ DIRECT TO 
! FASCI/ DICTATOR%IPS & TO ,HILF]D+'S [N MIS]ABLE 5D4 ,H[EV]1 
HIS CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM AS A PLANN$ ECONOMY UND] GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL1 ONE 
?AT ASSUMES ! FUNCTIONS PREVI\SLY EX]CIS$ BY ! C5TRALIZ$ BUT PRIVATE 
CAPITAL1 *>ACT]IZES ALMO/ ALL ( ! EXI/+ IMAGES ( A SOCIALI/ 
SOCIETY4 

,AS ,M>X /OPP$ HIS ANALYSIS %ORT ( ! EXPECT$ OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM &1 ASIDE FROM OCCASIONAL V]Y G5]AL REM>KS AB\T ! BASIC 
*>ACT] ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 LEFT ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM TO ! FUTURE1 
SO ,HILF]D+ /OPP$ %ORT AT CAPITALISM'S 0LA/ /AGE10 
)\T 5T]+ 9TO A MORE DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! 
TRANS=MATION ( 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 9TO ! SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,HIS P>TY COLLEAGUE ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 H[EV]1 AS ! MO/ 
EM95T ( ,M>XI/S AFT] ,M>X & ,5GELS1 FELT OBLIG$ TO (F] SOME 
SPECULATIONS AB\T ! POSSIBLE PO/REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 7#e7 ,HE TOO SAW ! 0EXPROPRIATION ( ! 
EXPROPRIATORS0 9 ! COMPLETION ( SOCIETY'S DEMOCRATIZATION1 TO 
BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! IMM$IATE MEASURES TO BE TAK5 W]E 
= HIM ?OSE DEMOCRATIC GOALS ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF HAD FAIL$ TO BR+ AB\T 
- ?AT IS1 ! UNRE/RICT$ VOTE1 A FREE PRESS1 SEP>ATION ( *UR* & 
/ATE1 DIS>MAM5T1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! >MY BY A MILITIA1 & PROGRESSIVE 
TAXATION4 ,BECAUSE CLASS RELATIONS HAD EXI/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S & W]E 
/ILL DEEPLY +RA9$ 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 ,KAUTSKY FELT ?AT !Y W\LD NOT 
BE OV]COME ALL AT ONCE4 ,ONLY EQUALITY 9 $UCATION W\LD GRADUALLY DO AWAY 
) CLASS PREJUDICES4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 H[EV]1 UNEMPLOYM5T W\LD HAVE TO BE 
ABOLI%$ ?R\< A SY/EM ( UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE ?AT W\LD RAISE ! 
M>KET VALUE ( LABOR P[]4 ,WAGES W\LD RISE & PR(ITS DIM9I% OR DISAPPE> 
ALTOGE!R4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ TO *ASE ! CAPITALI/S AWAY FROM !IR 
LEAD+ POSITION 9 9DU/RY1 BECAUSE UND] ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ! 
B\RGEOISIE W\LD MO/ LIKELY PREF] TO SELL !IR PROP]TY RI<TS1 RECOGNIZ+ 
?AT POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A 
CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

,A JE/ ON ! P>T ( ,M>X - TO ! EFFECT ?AT P]HAPS ! *EAPE/ 
WAY TO SOCIALISM W\LD BE ! BUY+-\T ( ! CAPITALI/S-,KAUTSKY ELEVAT$ 
9TO A POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,BUT :O W\LD BUY ! CAPITALI/ PROP]TY8 ,P>T ( 
IT1 ,KAUTSKY RELAT$1 C\LD BE B\<T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 O!R P>TS BY 
COOP]ATIVES1 & ! RE/ BY GOV]NM5TAL AG5CIES ON ! LOCAL & NATIONAL 
LEVEL4 ,! BIG MONOPOLIES1 H[EV]1 C\LD BE EXPROPRIAT$ \TRI<T AS 
DETRIM5TAL TO ALL SOCIAL CLASSES1 9CLUD+ ! SMALL] CAPITALI/S4 ,& 
BECAUSE ! MONOPOLIES CON/ITUTE SU* A L>GE P>T ( ! ECONOMY1 !IR 
EXPROPRIATION W\LD 5HANCE ! O!RWISE MORE GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( 
PRIVATE 9TO PUBLIC PROP]TY4 ,IT W\LD ALSO ALL[ = A CONSCI\S REGULATION ( 
PRODUCTION & ?US 5D ITS DET]M9ATION BY VALUE RELATIONS4 ,AL?\< 
LABOR-TIME CALCULATION W\LD CONT9UE TO AID ! =MATION ( PRICES1 IT W\LD 
NO LONG] RULE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,MONEY TOO W\LD LOSE ITS COMMODITY 
& CAPITAL *>ACT] BY BE+ R$UC$ TO A M]E MEANS ( CIRCULATION4 ,! 
CONT9U$ UTILIZATION ( PRICES & MONEY W\LD IMPLY1 ( C\RSE1 ! 
CONT9UATION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 EV5 ?\< WAGES W\LD NO LONG] REFLECT 
SUPPLY & DEM& 9 ! LABOR M>KET4 ,!RE W\LD ALSO BE WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1 
9 ORD] TO FACILITATE ! ALLOCATION ( ! SOCIAL LABOR1 :I* W\LD NOT1 
H[EV]1 PREV5T A G5]AL RISE ( ALL WAGES4 ,( C\RSE1 CAPITAL W\LD HAVE TO 
BE ACCUMULAT$ & COMP5SATION W\LD HAVE TO BE PAID = ! LOSS ( ! 
PROP]TY RI<TS ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,TAXES W\LD HAVE TO BE RAIS$1 = ! 
V>I\S & 5L>G$ /ATE FUNCTIONS4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS1 PRODUCTIVITY W\LD 
HAVE TO BE 9CREAS$ BEYOND ! LEVEL A*IEV$ 9 ! OLD CAPITALISM1 SO AS TO 
MAKE A HI<] LIV+ /&>D POSSIBLE4 

,AL?\< PREF]R+ COMP5SATION = ! LOSS ( ! CAPITALI/S' 
PROP]TY1 ,KAUTSKY IS NOT SURE ?AT ?IS WILL ACTUALLY BE DONE1 BUT LEAVES ?IS 
ISSUE = ! FUTURE TO DECIDE4 ,HE REALIZES ?AT ) COMP5SATION1 SURPLUS 
VALUE1 ONCE DIRECTLY EXTRACT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S1 W\LD /ILL FALL TO !M 9 
T]MS ( CLAIMS ON ! GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS EXTRA EXP5SE W\LD DISAPPE> 
) ! ACCUMULATION ( ADDITIONAL CAPITAL1 ?US 5D+ ! CONT9U$ 
EXPLOITATION4 ,BESIDES1 ,KAUTSKY REM>KS SLYLY1 IF CAPITALI/ PROP]TY W]E TO 
EXI/ ONLY 9 ! =M ( CLAIMS ON ! NEW PUBLIC [N]S1 ?IS UNE>N$ 9COME 
C\LD EASILY BE TAX$ AWAY4 ,COMP5SATION W\LD AFT] ALL AM\NT TO 
CONFISCATION1 ALBEIT 9 A LESS BRUTAL =M4 

,! WAT*WORD ( SOCIALISM IS1 !N3 MORE WORK & HI<] PRODUCTIVITY4 ,9 
?IS RESPECT1 ACCORD+ TO ,KAUTSKY1 SOCIALI/S C\LD LE>N A LOT FROM ! 
PRODUCTION ME?ODS ( ! L>GE ,U4,S4 CORPORATIONS4 ,:AT IS MORE1 !SE 
ME?ODS1 AS YET LIMIT$ TO ! GIGANTIC TRU/S1 C\LD BE EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE 
:5 EXT5D$ TO ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION 
IS ?US WELL PREP>$ BY CAPITALISM & NE$ NOT BE NEWLY 9V5T$4 ,! ONLY 
REQUIREM5T IS TO *ANGE ! ACCID5TAL & AN>*IC *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION 
9TO A CONSCI\SLY REGULAT$ PRODUCTION CONC]N$ ) SOCIAL NE$S4 

,KAUTSKY'S EXCE$+LY TAME VISION ( ! /ATE ( ! FUTURE1 ITS 
RELATION TO ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMY WAS /ILL CONSID]$ BY RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S 
AS UNW>RANT$ & EV5 DANG]\S1 A ?REAT TO ! /EADY PROGRESS ( ! 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T 5VISION$ ?IS PROGRESS 9 T]MS ( A PURE TRADE 
UNIONISM ( ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN TYPE1 & A PURE P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :I* W\LD 
5ABLE ! P>TY TO 5T] 9TO COALITIONS ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES &1 SOON] OR 
LAT]1 P]HAPS1 9TO GOV]NM5T POSITIONS4 ,TO ?AT 5D1 ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY W\LD 
HAVE TO BE SACRIFIC$ 9 FAVOR SU* EVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES AS ?OSE PROP\ND$ 
BY ,$U>D ,B]N/E94 ,BUT ,KAUTSKY WAS ! LEAD+ ,M>XI/ AU?ORITY & QUITE 
UNWILL+ TO D5\NCE ! ,M>XI/ H]ITAGE4 ,HE WAS ALSO IMPRESS$ BY ! #aie 
REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 ,RUSSIA & BY ! MASS /RIKES ?AT OCCURR$ >\ND 
! SAME TIME 9 A NUMB] ( ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 
APPE>$ TO HIM1 :ILE NOT AN IMM$IATE1 NEV]!LESS A FUTURE POSSIBILITY4 ,9 
?IS SPIRIT1 HE WROTE HIS MO/ RADICAL WORK1 ,! ,ROAD TO ,P[]1 AGA9/ ! 
PURE RE=MISM ?AT ACTUAT$ ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES47#f7 

,SOCIALISM & ITS PRESUPPOSITION1 POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! 
PROLET>IAN /ATE1 ,KAUTSKY WROTE 9 ?IS WORK1 C\LD NOT BE REA*$ BY AN 
IMP]CEPTIBLE1 GRADUAL1 & PEACEFUL TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM ?R\< 
SOCIAL RE=MS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! MANN] =ESE5 BY ,M>X4 ,/ATE P[] MU/ BE 
CONQU]$4 ,ON ?IS PO9T !RE EXI/$ AN AFF9ITY BETWE5 ! IDEAS ( ,M>X 
& ,5GELS & ?OSE ( ,BLANQUI1 ) ! SOLE DIFF]5CE ?AT :ILE ! LATT] 
RELI$ ON ! C\P D'ETAT1 EXECUT$ BY A M9ORITY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS LOOK$ 
TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS BY ! BROAD MASSES ( ! WORK+ CLASS - ! 
ONLY REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 MOD]N CAPITALISM - TO LEAD TO A PROLET>IAN 
/ATE1 ?AT IS1 TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,KAUTSKY'S 9SI/5CE UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T ( ! LABOR 
MOVEM5T L$ TO A DIVISION ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 9 A G5]AL WAY1 9TO AN 
0OR?ODOX0 & A 0REVISIONI/0 W+1 :]EBY ! FIR/ 
SEEM+LY DOM9AT$ IDEOLOGICALLY :ILE ! O!R DET]M9$ ! ACTUAL 
PRACTICE4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS DIVISION WAS NOT PECULI> TO ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 
BUT1 VIA ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 PLAY$ A P>T 9 ALL SOCIALI/ 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE W]E O!R MOVEM5TS OPPOS+ ,M>XI/ !ORY 
& PRACTICE1 SU* AS ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S1 ! SYNDICALI/S1 & ! 
APOLITICAL LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES4 ,BUT IT WAS ! ,M>XI/ 
MOVEM5T :I* ! B\RGEOISIE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?REAT TO ITS 
RULE1 = IT HAD DEVELOP$ AN EFFECTIVE C\NT]-IDEOLOGY ABLE TO SUBV]T ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! SUCCESS ( ! APP>5TLY 
0,M>XI/0 REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ITS REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! 
,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 & F9ALLY1 ! SUBSEQU5T DIVISION ( ! WORLD 
9TO CAPITALI/ & 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES1 L$ TO A SITUATION 
:]E9 ANY K9D ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL 9 ANY P>T ( ! WORLD RECEIV$ & /ILL 
RECEIVES ! LABEL 0,M>XISM40 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 H[EV]1 WE >E /ILL DEAL+ ) ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* F\ND 9 ,HILF]D+ & ,KAUTSKY ITS MO/ EXEMPL>Y 
SPOKESM54 ,IT WAS !IR 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM1 9 ! LI<T ( *ANG$ 
SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ?AT DOM9AT$ ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,= BO?1 SOCIALISM 
IMPLI$ ! CAPTURE ( POLITICAL P[] ?R\< ! CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE1 
EI!R BY AN EVOLUTION>Y OR A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,= BO? ( !M1 TOO1 
CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY PREP>$ ! GR\ND = A SOCIALI/ SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS TO REMOVE ! VALUE DET]M9ATION ( 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ITS SUBJUGATION TO ! COMMODITY FETI%ISM ( ! 
COMPETITIVE M>KET1 & TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 ACCORDANCE 
) ! ASC]TA9ABLE NE$S ( SOCIETY4 

,IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS ACKN[L$G$ ! OBVI\S1 NAMELY1 
?AT ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM DEM&S ! OV]?R[ ( ITS /ATE4 ,= !M1 
! POLITICAL ASPECT ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION EXHAU/S ITSELF 9 
OV]:ELM+ ! CAPITALI/ /ATE APP>ATUS ) ALL ! MEANS REQUIR$ TO ?IS 
5D4 ,! VICTORI\S WORK+ CLASS W\LD NEI!R 9/ITUTE A NEW /ATE NOR SEIZE 
CONTROL ( ! EXI/+ /ATE1 BUT EX]CISE ITS DICTATOR%IP SO AS TO BE ABLE 
TO REALIZE ITS REAL GOAL1 ! APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 
!IR IRREVOCABLE TRANS=MATION 9TO SOCIAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! MO/ 
LIT]AL S5SE1 ?AT IS1 AS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ASSOCIATION ( FREE & 
EQUAL PRODUC]S4 ,AL?\< ASSUM+ FUNCTIONS PREVI\SLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ?OSE 
( ! /ATE1 ?IS DICTATOR%IP IS NOT TO BECOME A NEW /ATE1 BUT A MEANS TO 
! ELIM9ATION ( ALL SUPPRESSIVE MEASURES ?R\< ! 5D+ ( CLASS 
RELATIONS4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM = A 0SOCIALI/ /ATE0 9 SOCIALISM1 
EV5 ?\< !RE IS ! NE$ = A C5TRAL DIRECTION ( ! SOCIALIZ$ 
ECONOMY1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS ITSELF A P>T ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ASSOCIAT$ 
PRODUC]S & NOT AN 9DEP5D5T 5TITY SET AGA9/ !M4 

,( C\RSE1 = REASONS NOT AS YET DISC]NIBLE1 ?IS MI<T BE UTOPIAN1 AS 
?US W\LD BE A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,IT HAS TO BE TRI$ 9 A 
REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION IF A S]I\S EF=T IS TO BE MADE TO REA* ! 
CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,IT MAY BE =C$ ! WORK]S BY OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 QUITE 
ASIDE FROM :E!R NOT !Y UND]/& ALL ITS IMPLICATIONS4 ,BUT IT MAY ALSO 
FAIL1 IF PROLET>IAT ABDICATES ITS [N DICTATOR%IP TO A SEP>ATELY OR NEW 
/ATE MA*9E ?AT USURPS CONTROL OV] SOCIETY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO =ESEE 
UND] :AT P>TICUL> CONCRETE SOCIAL CONDITIONS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 
MI<T UNFOLD1 & :E!R OR ! M]E EXT5SION & 9T5SIFICATION ( 
DICTATORIAL RULE WILL DEG5]ATE 9TO A NEW /ATE ASSUM+ 9DEP5D5T P[]S4 
,:ATEV] ! CASE MAY BE1 IT IS NOT ?R\< ! /ATE ?AT SOCIALISM CAN 
REALIZ$1 AS ?IS W\LD EXCLUDE ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! CLASS1 :I* IS 
! ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM4 ,/ATE RULE P]PETUATES ! DIVORCE ( ! WORK]S FROM 
! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ON :I* !IR DEP5D5CE & EXPLOITATION RE/S1 & 
?US ALSO P]PETUATES SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 IT WAS PRECISELY ! ATTEMPT TO OV]COME ! APP>5TLY UTOPIAN 
ELEM5TS ( ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E :I* 9DUC$ ! !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL TO 9SI/ UPON ! /ATE AS ! 9/RUM5T = ! REALIZATION ( 
SOCIALISM4 ,AL?\< !Y W]E DIVID$ ON ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO A*IEVE CONTROL 
( ! /ATE1 !Y W]E UNIT$ 9 !IR CONVICTION ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 
NEW SOCIETY IS ! /ATE'S RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IT WAS !IR S5SE ( REALITY 
?AT MADE !M QUE/ION ,M>X'S AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( ! REVOLUTION & 
! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM1 BR++ !SE IDEAS D[N TO E>? & 9 CLOS] 
RELATION TO ! CONCRETELY GIV5 POSSIBILITIES4 

,9DE$1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ SY/EM IS NO D\BT A MO/ =MIDABLE 
UND]TAK+4 ,EV5 TO ?9K AB\T IT IS ALREADY ( A BEWILD]+ COMPLEXITY 
DEFY+ EASY OR CONV9C+ SOLUTIONS4 ,IT C]TA9LY SEEMS TO BE \T ( REA* 
= ! RELATIVELY UN$UCAT$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT W\LD REQUIRE ! GREATE/ 
EXP]TIZE 9 ! UND] /&+ & MANAGEM5T ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A & ! MO/ 
C>EFUL APPROA* TO ALL REORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS1 IF IT IS NOT TO 5D 9 
DISMAL FAILURE4 ,IT DEM&S AN OV]ALL VIEW ( SOCIAL NE$S1 AS WELL AS SPECIAL 
QUALIFICATIONS = ?OSE ATT5D+ TO !M1 & ?US 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO 
ASSURE ! SOCIAL REPRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONS MU/ HAVE 5\< 
AU?ORITY TO )/& ALL IRRATIONAL OBJECTIONS & ?US MU/ HAVE ! SUPPORT 
( GOV]NM5T :I*1 BY SANCTION+ !SE DECISIONS1 MAKES !M ITS [N4 ,MO/ 
( ALL1 ! EV5 FL[ ( PRODUCTION MU/ NOT BE 9T]F]$ ) & ALL 
UNNECESS>Y EXP]IM5TATION MU/ BE AVOID$1 SO ?AT IT W\LD BE BE/ TO 
CONT9UE ) PROV5 ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTION RELATIONS ON 
:I* !Y W]E BAS$4 

,9 ,M>XIAN !ORY1 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 5SUES :5 ! EXI/+ 
SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BECOME A H9DRANCE TO ! UTILIZATION & 
FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS BY A *ANGE ( 
! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT ! HAMP]$ SOCIAL P[]S ( 
PRODUCTION F9D !IR RELEASE4 ,!IR FUR!R EXPANSION MI<T1 BUT NE$ NOT1 
REQUIRE A QUANTITATIVE 9CREASE 9 ! SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION4 ,BY 5D+ 
! DRIVE TO 0ACCUMULATE = ! SAKE ( ACCUMULATION0 & ) IT 
! V>I\S RE/RICTIONS DUE TO ?IS TYPE ( AB/RACT WEAL? PRODUCTION1 ! 
AVAILABLE PRODUCTIVE P[] ( SOCIAL LABOR IS SET FREE 9 A QUALITATIVELY 
DIFF]5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION GE>$ TO ! RATIONALLY CONSID]$ NE$S ( 
SOCIETY4 

,9 CAPITALISM ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIAL LABOR1 :I* APPE> AS ! 
PRODUCTIVE P[] ( CAPITAL1 LIMIT !IR [N EXPANSION ?R\< ! DECREASE ( 
SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! C\RSE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,! APPLICATIONS ( 
SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY M]ELY HA/5 ?IS PROCESS & BECOME !MSELVES 
B>RI]S TO ! =MATION ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT )\T ?IS =MATION1 PRODUCTION 
MU/ DECL9E EV5 ) RESPECT TO ! CAPITALI/ICALLY DET]M9$ SOCIAL NE$S1 
FIR/ ) RESPECT TO ! 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL1 & !N ALSO ) 
REG>D TO SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 :I* W\LD MEAN ! 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SY/EM4 ,CONCRETELY1 ?IS PROCESS TAKES ! =M NOT ONLY ( RECURR5T P]IODS 
( DEPRESSIONS & ALONG-T]M TR5D ( ECONOMIC DECL9E1 BUT ALSO ( 
CAPITALISM'S 9ABILITY TO AVAIL ITSELF EV5 ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 
DEVELOP$ DUR+ ITS REL5TLESS DRIVE = SURPLUS VALUE4 ,P>T ( ! EXI/+ 
PRODUCTIVE =CES >E SU* ONLY POT5TIALLY1 AS !Y FAIL TO 9CREASE ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL 9 SUFFICI5T MEASURE1 OR AT ALL1 & = ?AT REASON 
>E NOT EMPLOY$4 ,9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL REMA9 IDLE 
BECAUSE1 IF NOT US$ CAPITALI/ICALLY1 !Y CANNOT BE US$ AT ALL4 ,!IR FULL 
UTILIZATION W\LD REQUIRE A *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION :I* W\LD 
DIS5CUMB] SOCIAL PRODUCTION ( ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! CREATION ( SURPLUS 
VALUE4 

,BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/IC 9CREASE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION HAS ! 
=M ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 SCI5CE & S]VE ?IS P>TICUL> BR& ( 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! LATT] AS SU*4 ,& BECAUSE SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 
>E LIMITLESS 9 EV]Y DIRECTION1 !Y CAN *ANGE !IR DIRECTION ?R\< A 
*ANGE ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 AWAY FROM ITS NE$ TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL1 TO 
! REAL PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION REQUIREM5TS ( A SOCIETY NOT ONLY 
0SOCIALIZ$0 9 ! LIMIT$ S5SE ?AT ITS DEVELOPM5T IS 
DET]M9$ BY ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! SEP>AT$ COMMODITY PRODUC]S1 BUT 9 
A TRULY SOCIAL S5SE1 IMPLY+ ! PREV5TION ( SPECIAL PRIVATE OR CLASS 
9T]E/S FROM 9T]F]+ 9 ! CONSCI\SLY RECOGNIZ$ NE$S ( SOCIETY AS A 
:OLE4 ,SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY W\LD MOVE 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS ?AN ?OSE 
REQUIR$ BY SOCIETY4 

,MOREOV]1 AL?\< AN EXPRESSION ( ! RAPID ACCUMULATION CAPITAL1 ITS 
9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION IMPLIES ! MONOPOLIZATION ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 
& !IR SUBORD9ATION TO ! SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( ! C5TRALIZ$ CAPITALS4 
,?IS H9D]S ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY 9 ! REMA9+ COMPETITIVE SECTORS 
( ! ECONOMY & PREV5TS ! GR[? ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 
CAPITALI/ICALLY UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS ?IS MAY SUIT ! 
SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! C5TRALIZ$ CAPITALS 9 ! DOM9AT+ CAPITALI/ 
C\NTRIES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! MONOPOLIZATION ( ! WORLD M>KET PLAYS ! BULK ( 
! PRODUC$ SURPLUS VALUE WORLD-WIDE 9TO ! H&S ( A DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( 
9T]NATIONALLY OP]AT+ CAPITALS1 AT ! PRICE ( ! 9CREAS+ 
PAUP]IZATION ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NATIONAL 
=M ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION PREV5TS ITS 9T]NATIONALIZATION = AN ALL-R\ND 
EXPANSION ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* W\LD REQUIRE CONSID]ATION 
( ! REAL NE$S ( ! WORLD POPULATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIALIZ$ 
WORLD ECONOMY4 ,UNABLE TO PROCE$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVE 
P[] ( CAPITAL TURNS 9TO A DE/RUCTIVE P[]1 :I* TODAY ?REAT5S NOT ONLY 
! SETBACKS ( NEW & WORLDWIDE W>S1 BUT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORLD 
ITSELF4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS CEAS$ TO BE A VEHICLE 
= ! GR[? ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT M]ELY PROVIDES ! /AGE 
= ! *ANGE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT IS ! PRECONDITION = ! RESUMPTION 
( ! CIVILIZ+ PROCESS ( SOCIAL LABOR4 

,= ! !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL AS WELL1 SOCIALISM MEANT A 
*ANGE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT !Y SAW ?IS *ANGE NOT 9 
! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR BUT 9 ! SUDD5 OR GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( 
PRIVATE 9TO SOCIAL CAPITAL UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 
!Y ALSO SPOKE ( ! 5D ( WAGE LABOR1 BUT ?IS IMPLI$ NO MORE ?AN ! 
NEGATIVE ACT ( ! /ATE'S EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 :I* W\LD1 
PRESUMABLY1 AUTOMATICALLY *ANGE ! SOCIAL /ATUS ( ! LABOR+ CLASS4 ,IT 
DID NOT 5T] !IR M9DS ?AT ! WORK]S !MSELVES W\LD HAVE TO TAKE 
POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ?AT !Y !MSELVES W\LD HAVE TO 
DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! ALLOCATION ( SOCIAL LABOR1 ! 
PRIORITIES ( PRODUCTION1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 ?R\< 
! CREATION ( ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT C\LD ASSURE ?AT DECISION-MAK+ 
P[]S W\LD REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! ACTUAL PRODUC]S4 ,9 ! /ATI/ 
CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALISM IT IS NOT ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF ?AT RE>RANGES 
SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS DONE = IT1 ?R\< SUB/ITUTION = IT ( A SPECIAL SOCIAL 
GR\P1 ORGANIZ$ AS ! /ATE1 :I* IMAG9ES ?AT BY ?IS TOK5 IT REMOVES ! 
/IGMA ( EXPLOITATION FROM WAGE LABOR4 

,ON ! :OLE1 IT IS ( C\RSE TRUE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S !MSELVES 
%>$ ?IS CONCEPT ) !IR LEAD]S & ASSUM$ ?AT ! ACT ( 
SOCIALIZATION W\LD BE A FUNCTION ( GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS TURN$ \T TO BE AN 
ILLUSION1 BUT AN ILLUSION ?AT HAD BE5 SY/EMATICALLY 9DOCTR9AT$ 9TO ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,! 9DOCTR9ATION WAS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE ! PROC$URE IT 
PR$ICT$ APPE>$ LOGICAL 9 VIEW ( ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION & ! DEMOCRATIC =M ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,! GREAT DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM WAS ?US P]CEIV$ AS ! M]E ELIM9ATION ( 
! PRIVATE PROP]TY *>ACT] ( CAPITAL1 OR AS ! COMPLETE MONOPOLIZATION ( 
CAPITAL UND] C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T CONTROL1 :I* W\LD S]VE NO LONG] ! 
SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS BUT ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT TO 
?AT 5D1 ! /ATE W\LD HAVE TO REGULATE PRODUCTION & ?US ! LABOR 
PROCESS1 :I*1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 SEEM$ FEASIBLE ONLY ?R\< ! 
MA9T5ANCE ( WAGE LABOR4 

,H[EV]1 WAGE LABOR IS ONLY ! O!R SIDE ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION 
?AT *>ACT]IZES CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & DET]M9ES ITS PRODUCTIVE P[]S4 ,! 
COMPLETE MONOPOLIZATION ( CAPITAL DOES DO AWAY1 AT LEA/ IDEALLY1 ) 
COMPETITIVE M>KET RELATIONS & DOES ALL[ = A MEASURE ( CONSCI\S CONTROL 
( ! ECONOMY1 & ?US IMPAIRS OR 5DS ! VALUE-DET]M9ATION ( SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION4 ,?IS MAY OR MAY NOT 9CREASE ! P[]S ( SOCIAL LABOR1 BUT IT 
LEAVES ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9TACT4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( 
PRODUCTION REMA9S 9COMPLETE1 AS IT DOES NOT AFFECT ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION4 ,! REMOVAL ( ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION ?R\< ITS 
CONSCI\S CONTROL ALSO REMOVES ! FETI%I/IC *>ACT] ( WAGE LABOR BUT NOT 
WAGE LABOR ITSELF4 ,IT CONT9UES TO EXPRESS ! LACK ( SOCIAL P[] ON ! P>T 
( ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS C5TRALIZATION 9TO ! H& ( ! CONTROLL+ 
/ATE4 ,! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION HAS BE5 MODIFI$ BUT NOT ABOLI%$2 !RE 
HAS BE5 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT NOT A WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION4 

,NOTES 

  
#a4 ,DAS ,F9ANZKAPITAL 7#a#i#i72 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 ,F9ANCE ,CAPITAL 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 #a#i#h#a74 

  
#b4 ,/UDI5 ZUR ,!ORIE UND ,GES*I*TE D] ,H&ELSKRIS5 7#a#i#a72 ,!ORETIS*E ,GRUNDLAG5 DES 
,M>XISMUS 7#a#i#e74 

  
#c4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,HILF]D+ HAS NO CRISIS !ORY2 HE M]ELY DESCRIBES ! DIFF]5CES 9 M>KET 
CONDITIONS ?AT DI/+UI% P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY FROM ?OSE ( DEPRESSION4 ,9S(> AS HE ATTEMPTS 
AN EXPLANATION1 IT IS CLE>LY SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE MA9TA9S ) ,M>X ?AT ! 
CAUSE ( CRISIS MU/ BE LOOK$ = 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! RECURR+ DIFFICULTY ( 
PRODUC+ ! SURPLUS VALUE NECESS>Y = A FUR!R PR(ITABLE EXPANSION ( CAPITAL2 ON ! O!R 
H&1 HE SPEAKS ( A LACK ( COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! EXP&+ CAPITAL & ! GR[+ 
CONSUMPTION1 :I* DI/URBS ! SUPPLY & DEM& RELATIONS 9 T]MS ( PRICES1 !REBY 
IMPAIR+ ! REALIZATION ( ! PRODUC$ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BESIDES ?IS P>TICUL> 
DISPROPORTIONALITY1 ,HILF]D+ M5TIONS A NUMB] ( O!RS1 SU* AS MAY >ISE BETWE5 FIX$ & 
CIRCULAT+ CAPITAL2 BETWE5 TE*NICAL & VALUE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION2 BETWE5 
! FUNCTIONS ( MONEY AS A HO>D & AS M$IUM ( EX*ANGE2 BETWE5 UNEQUAL *ANGES 9 ! 
TURNOV] ( ! DIFF]5T CAPITAL 5TITIES1 & SO =? 

 ,AL?\< ,HILF]D+ REF]S TO ! LAW ( ! FALL+ 
RATE ( PR(IT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! RIS+ ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL & 
= ?AT REASON REJECTS ! POPUL> UND]CONSUMPTION !ORIES1 HE ASS]TS 
NEV]!LESS ?AT ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( ! DIV]SE 
CAPITALS DISPLAY !MSELVES 9 DISCREPANCIES >IS+ BETWE5 PRODUCTION & 
CONSUMPTION 9 T]MS ( PRICE RELATIONS4 ,HE =GETS ?AT IT IS ! G5]AL1 OR 
AV]AGE1 RATE ( PR(IT ?AT REGULATES ! PRICES ( PRODUCTION1 REG>DLESS ( 
DIFF]5CES 9 ! ORGANIC COMPOSITIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 & ?AT IT 
IS ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS ITSELF ?AT ALLOCATES SOCIAL LABOR 9 FAVOR ( A 
MORE RAPID GR[? ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 SE>*+ = ! CAUSE ( 
CRISIS 9 ! CIRCULATION PROCESS1 ,HILF]D+ SPEAKS ( A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 
M>KET PRICES & ! PRICES ( PRODUCTION4 ,HE SAYS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT SOME 
CAPITALI/S REALIZE PR(ITS BEYOND ?AT CONTA9$ 9 ! PRICE ( PRODUCTION1 
:ILE O!RS REALIZE CORRESPOND+LY LESS ?AN ! PR(IT IMPLI$ 9 ! PRICE 
( PRODUCTION1 AS DET]M9$ BY ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL 
CAPITAL ,?IS IMPLIES1 ( C\RSE1 AN IMPAIRM5T ( ! FUNCTION ( ! AV]AGE 
RATE ( PR(IT AS A RESULT ( ! 9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION ( CAPITAL1 :I*1 
H[EV]1 DOES NOT ALT] ! SIZE ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL PR(IT1 OR SURPLUS VALUE1 
) RESPECT TO ! ACCUMULATION REQUIREM5TS ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL ON 
:I* ,M>X'S CRISIS !ORY IS BAS$4 ,:]EAS 9 ,M>X'S !ORY ! 
VALUE RELATIONS REGULATE ! PRICE RELATIONS1 9 ,HILF]D+'S 
9T]PRETATION ! ACTUAL PRICE RELATIONS DISRUPT ! REGULATORY =CE ( ! 
VALUE RELATIONS1 BECAUSE PRICES DO NOT REGI/] ! VALUE REQUIREM5TS = ! 
EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS ( ! EXP&$ REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL4 

  
#d4 ,9 A SPEE* DELIV]$ AT ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 9 ,KIEL1 #a#i#b#g4 ,CF4 ,PROTOKOLL D] ,V]H&LUNG5 DES SOZIALDEMOKRATIS*5 ,P>TEITAGES #aibg 9 ,KIEL 7,B]L93 #a#i#b#g71 PP4 #a#f#e-#b#b#d4 

  
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#f4 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,D] ,WEG ZUR ,MA*T 7#a#i#i73 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 ,! ,ROAD TO ,P[] 7,*ICAGO3 ,S4 ,A4 ,BLO*1 #a#i#i74 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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