,*APT] #d 
,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! SECOND CONDITION ( ! GRADUAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM IS ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,IT HAS BECOME A COMMONPLACE TO SAY ?AT ! PRES5T ,/ATE IS A CLASS ,/ATE4 ,?IS1 TOO1 LIKE REF]R+ TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 %\LD NOT BE UND]/OOD 9 A RIGOR\S ABSOLUTE MANN]1 BUT DIALECTICALLY4 

,! ,/ATE BECAME CAPITALI/ ) ! POLITICAL VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MODIFIES ESS5TIALLY ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 WID5+ ITS SPH]E ( ACTION1 CON/ANTLY IMPOS+ ON IT NEW FUNCTIONS 7ESPECIALLY ?OSE AFFECT+ ECONOMIC LIFE71 MAK+ MORE & MORE NECESS>Y ITS 9T]V5TION & CONTROL 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T PREP>ES LITTLE BY LITTLE ! FUTURE FUSION ( ! ,/ATE TO SOCIETY4 ,IT PREP>ES1 SO TO SAY1 ! RETURN ( ! FUNCTION ( ! /ATE TO SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( ?\<T1 ONE CAN SPEAK ( AN EVOLUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE 9TO SOCIETY1 & IT IS UND\BT$LY :AT ,M>X HAD 9 M9D :5 HE REF]R$ TO LABOR LEGISLATION AS ! FIR/ CONSCI\S 9T]V5TION ( 0SOCIETY0 9 ! VITAL SOCIAL PROCESS1 A PHRASE UPON :I* ,B]N/E9 LEANS HEAVILY4 

,BUT ON ! O!R H& ! SAME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T REALIZES ANO!R TRANS=MATION 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! PRES5T ,/ATE IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 AN ORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT ASSUMES FUNCTIONS FAVOR+ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE1 & 9 ! MEASURE ?AT1 !SE 9T]E/S & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS CO9CIDE1 9 A G5]AL FA%ION1 ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,LABOR LEGISLATION IS 5ACT$ AS MU* 9 ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 ,BUT ?IS H>MONY 5DURES ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAS REA*$ A C]TA9 LEVEL1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS A CLASS1 & ! NE$S ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS BEG9 TO CLA% EV5 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ?IS PHASE HAS ALREADY BEGUN4 ,IT %[S ITSELF 9 TWO EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PH5OM5A ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL LIFE3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! POLICY ( T>IFF B>RI]S1 & ON ! O!R1 MILIT>ISM4 ,!SE TWO PH5OM5A HAVE PLAY$ AN 9DISP5SABLE1 & 9 ?AT S5SE A PROGRESSIVE & REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,)\T T>IFF PROTECTION ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE 9DU/RY W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES4 ,BUT N[ ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 

,AT PRES5T1 PROTECTION DOES NOT S]VE SO MU* TO DEVELOP Y\NG 9DU/RY AS TO MA9TA9 >TIFICIALLY C]TA9 AG$ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 

,FROM ! ANGLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( WORLD ECONOMY1 IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R ,G]MANY EXPORTS MORE M]*&ISE 9TO ,5GL& OR ,5GL& EXPORTS MORE M]*&ISE 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! BLACKAMOOR HAS DONE HIS WORK & IT IS TIME = HIM TO GO HIS WAY4 ,GIV5 ! CONDITION ( RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CE 9 :I* ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY F9D !MSELVES1 A PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF ON ANY COMMODITY NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 RAIS+ ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION ( O!R COMMODITIES 9SIDE ! C\NTRY4 ,IT !RE=E IMP$ES 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT SO FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,:ILE 9DU/RY DOES NOT NE$ T>IFF B>RI]S = ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! 5TREPR5EURS NE$ T>IFFS TO PROTECT !IR M>KETS4 ,?IS SIGNIFIES ?AT AT PRES5T T>IFFS NO LONG] S]VE AS A MEANS ( PROTECT+ A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SECTION AGA9/ A MORE ADVANC$ SECTION4 ,!Y >E N[ ! >M US$ BY ONE NATIONAL GR\P ( CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ANO!R GR\P4 ,FUR!RMORE1 T>IFFS >E NO LONG] NECESS>Y AS AN 9/RUM5T ( PROTECTION = 9DU/RY 9 ITS MOVEM5T TO CREATE & CONQU] ! HOME M>KET4 ,!Y >E N[ 9DISP5SABLE MEANS = ! C>TELIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 ?AT IS1 MEANS US$ 9 ! /RUGGLE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUC]S AGA9/ CONSUM+ SOCIETY 9 ! AGGREGATE4 ,:AT BR+S \T 9 AN EMPHATIC MANN] ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( CONTEMPOR>Y CU/OMS POLICIES IS ! FACT ?AT TODAY NOT 9DU/RY1 BUT AGRICULTURE PLAYS ! PR$OM9ANT ROLE 9 ! MAK+ ( T>IFFS4 ,! POLICY ( CU/OMS PROTECTION HAS BECOME A TOOL = CONV]T+ & EXPRESS+ ! FEUDAL 9T]E/S 9 CAPITALI/ =M4 

,! SAME *ANGE HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 MILIT>ISM4 ,IF WE CONSID] HI/ORY AS IT WAS - NOT AS IT C\LD HAVE BE5 OR %\LD HAVE BE5 - WE MU/ AGREE ?AT W> HAS BE5 AN 9DISP5SABLE FEATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES1 ,POL&1 ALL [E ! CONDITION OR ! RISE ( !IR CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO W>S1 :E!R RESULT+ 9 VICTORY OR DEFEAT4 ,AS LONG AS !RE W]E C\NTRIES M>K$ BY 9T]NAL POLITICAL DIVISION OR ECONOMIC ISOLATION :I* HAD TO BE DE/ROY$1 MILIT>ISM PLAY$ A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE1 CONSID]$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT AT PRES5T ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 ,IF WORLD POLITICS HAVE BECOME ! /AGE ( M5AC+ CONFLICTS1 IT IS NOT SO MU* A QUE/ION ( ! OP5+ ( NEW C\NTRIES TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( ALREADY EXI/+ ,EUROPEAN ANTAGONISMS1 :I*1 TRANSPORT$ 9TO O!R L&S1 HAVE EXPLOD$ !RE4 ,! >M$ OPPON5TS WE SEE TODAY 9 ,EUROPE & ON O!R CONT95TS DO NOT RANGE !MSELVES AS CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ON ONE SIDE & BACKW>D C\NTRIES ON ! O!R4 ,!Y >E ,/ATES PU%$ TO W> ESPECIALLY AS A RESULT ( !IR SIMIL>LY ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS1 AN EXPLOSION IS C]TA9 TO BE FATAL TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT MU/ PROVOKE AN EXTREMELY PR(\ND DI/URBANCE & TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,H[EV]1 ! MATT] APPE>S 5TIRELY DIFF]5T :5 CONSID]$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,= ! LATT] MILIT>ISM HAS BECOME 9DISP5SABLE4 ,FIR/1 AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE = ! DEF5SE ( 0NATIONAL0 9T]E/S 9 COMPETITION AGA9/ O!R 0NATIONAL0 GR\PS4 ,SECOND1 AS A ME?OD ( PLACEM5T = F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IRD1 AS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS DOM9ATION OV] ! LABOR+ POPULATION 9SIDE ! C\NTRY4 ,9 !MSELVES1 !SE 9T]E/S HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT DEMON/RATES BE/ ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( PRES5T DAY MILIT>ISM IS ! FACT ?AT IT DEVELOPS G5]ALLY 9 ALL C\NTRIES AS AN EFFECT1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ITS [N 9T]NAL1 ME*ANICAL1 MOTIVE P[]1 A PH5OM5ON ?AT WAS COMPLETELY UNKN[N SEV]AL DECADES AGO4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?IS 9 ! FATAL *>ACT] ( ! IMP5D+ EXPLOSION :I* IS 9EVITABLE 9 SPITE ( ! COMPLETE IMP5D+ EXPLOSION :I* IS 9EVITABLE 9 SPITE ( ! COMPLETE 9DECISIV5ESS ( ! OBJECTIVES & MOTIVES ( ! CONFLICT4 ,FROM A MOTOR ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MILIT>ISM HAS *ANG$ 9TO A CAPITALI/ MALADY4 

,9 ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ! 9T]E/ ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS1 ! ,/ATE TAKES A POSITION ALONGSIDE ( ! LATT]4 ,ITS POLICY1 LIKE ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 COMES 9TO CONFLICT ) SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT ?US LOSES MORE & MORE ( ITS *>ACT] AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY & IS TRANS=M$1 AT ! SAME RATE 9TO A PURE CLASS /ATE4 ,OR1 TO SPEAK MORE EXACTLY1 !SE TWO QUALITIES DI/+UI% !MSELVES MORE FROM EA* O!R & F9D !MSELVES 9 A CONTRADICTORY RELATION 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY %>P]4 ,= ON ONE H&1 WE HAVE ! GR[? ( ! FUNCTIONS ( A G5]AL 9T]E/ ON ! P>T ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 ITS 0CONTROL0 OV] SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ITS CLASS *>ACT] OBLIGES ! ,/ATE TO MOVE ! PIVOT ( ITS ACTIVITY & ITS MEANS ( CO]CION MORE & MORE 9TO DOMA9S :I* >E USEFUL ONLY TO ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOISIE & HAVE = SOCIETY AS A :OLE ONLY A NEGATIVE IMPORTANCE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( MILIT>ISM & T>IFF & COLONIAL POLICIES4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 EX]CIS$ BY ?IS ,/ATE IS AT ! SAME TIME P5ETRAT$ ) & DOM9AT$ BY ITS CLASS *>ACT] 7SEE H[ LABOR LEGISLATION IS APPLI$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES74 

,! EXT5SION ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* ,B]N/E9 SEES AS A MEANS ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM BY DEGREES1 DOES NOT CONTRADICT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CORRESPONDS P]FECTLY TO ! TRANS=MATION REALIZ$ 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,KONRAD ,S*MIDT DECL>ES ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY 9 ,P>LIAM5T LEADS DIRECTLY TO ! GRADUAL 0SOCIALIZATION0 ( SOCIETY4 ,N[1 ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( POLITICAL LIFE >E )\T A QUE/ION A PH5OM5ON EXPRESS+ CLE>LY ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE1 TO ?AT EXT5T1 A MOVE T[>D A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,BUT ! CONFLICT )9 ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 MANIFE/S ITSELF EV5 MORE EMPHATICALLY 9 MOD]N P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,9DE$1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS =M1 P>LIAM5T>ISM S]VES TO EXPRESS1 )9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,BUT :AT P>LIAM5T>ISM EXPRESSES H]E IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S PR$OM9ATE4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 DEMOCRATIC 9 =M1 >E 9 CONT5T ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?IS MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A TANGIBLE FA%ION 9 ! FACT ?AT AS SOON AS DEMOCRACY %[S ! T5D5CY TO NEGATE ITS CLASS *>ACT] & BECOME TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION1 ! DEMOCRATIC =MS >E SACRIFIC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & BY ITS ,/ATE REPRES5TATIVES4 ,?AT IS :Y ! IDEA ( ! CONQUE/ ( A P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MI/ MAJORITY IS A CALCULATION :I*1 5TIRELY 9 ! SPIRIT ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 PRE-OCCUPIES ITSELF ONLY ) ONE SIDE - ! =MAL SIDE - ( DEMOCRACY1 BUT DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! O!R SIDE1 ITS REAL CONT5T4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 P>LIAM5T>ISM IS NOT A DIRECTLY SOCIALI/ ELEM5T IMPREGNAT+ GRADUALLY ! :OLE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SPECIFIC =M ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ,/ATE1 HELP+ TO RIP5 & DEVELOP ! EXI/+ ANTAGONISMS ( CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! LI<T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,B]N/E9'S & ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT'S BELIEF ?AT 9CREAS$ 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 RESULTS 9 ! DIRECT 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A =MULA ?AT F9DS ITSELF FROM DAY TO DAY 9 GREAT] CONTRADICTION ) REALITY4 

,! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM PROPOSES PROGRESSIVE RE=M ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! OBJECTIVE LAWS ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 ONE & ! O!R DEVELOP 9 A PRECISELY OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+LY SOCIALIZ$1 & ,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE OV] ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 IS EXT5D$4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 PRIVATE PROP]TY BECOMES MORE & MORE ! =M ( OP5 CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR ( O!RS1 & ,/ATE CONTROL IS P5ETRAT$ ) ! EXCLUSIVE 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM1 & ! PROP]TY RELATIONS1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! JURIDICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM1 BECOME MORE CAPITALI/ & NOT MORE SOCIALI/1 OPPOS+ TO ! !ORY ( ! PROGRESSIVE 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM TWO 9SURM\NTABLE DIFFICULTIES4 

,F\RI]'S S*EME ( *ANG+1 BY MEANS ( A SY/EM ( PHALAN/]IES1 ! WAT] ( ALL ! SEAS 9TO TA/Y LEMONADE WAS SURELY A FANTA/IC IDEA4 ,BUT ,B]N/E91 PROPOS+ TO *ANGE ! SEA ( CAPITALI/ BITT]NESS 9TO A SEA ( SOCIALI/ SWEETNESS1 BY PROGRESSIVELY P\R+ 9TO IT BOTTLES ( SOCIAL RE=MI/ LEMONADE1 PRES5TS AN IDEA ?AT IS M]ELY MORE 9SIPID BUT NO LESS FANTA/IC4 

,! PRODUCTION RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY APPROA* MORE & MORE ! PRODUCTION RELATIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ITS POLITICAL & JURIDICAL RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & SOCIALI/ SOCIETY A /EADILY RIS+ WALL4 ,?IS WALL IS NOT OV]?R[N1 BUT IS ON ! CONTR>Y /R5G!N$ & CONSOLIDAT$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL RE=MS & ! C\RSE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,ONLY ! HAMM] BL[ ( REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS TO DAY1 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT CAN BREAK D[N ?IS WALL4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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