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,! ,REALISATION ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< ,SOCIAL ,RE=MS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,B]N/E9 REJECTS ! 0!ORY ( COLLAPSE0 AS AN HI/ORIC ROAD T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,N[ :AT IS ! WAY TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AT IS PROPOS$ BY HIS 0!ORY ( ADAPTATION TO CAPITALISM08 ,B]N/E9 ANSW]S ?IS QUE/ION ONLY BY ALLUSION4 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT1 H[EV]1 ATTEMPTS TO DEAL ) ?IS DETAIL 9 ! MANN] ( ,B]N/E94 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 0! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE = H\RS & WAGES & ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE = RE=MS WILL LEAD TO A PROGRESSIVELY MORE EXT5SIVE CONTROL OV] ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION10 & 0AS ! RI<TS ( ! CAPITALI/ PROPRIETOR WILL BE DIM9I%$ ?R\< LEGISLATION1 HE WILL BE R$UC$ 9 TIME TO ! ROLE ( A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR40 0,! CAPITALI/ WILL SEE HIS PROP]TY LOSE MORE & MORE VALUE TO HIMSELF0 TILL F9ALLY 0! DIRECTION & ADM9I/RATION ( EXPLOITATION WILL BE TAK5 FROM HIM 5TIRELY0 & 0COLLECTIVE EXPLOITATION0 9/ITUT$4 

,!RE=E TRADE UNIONS1 SOCIAL RE=MS &1 ADDS ,B]N/E91 ! POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,/ATE >E ! MEANS ( ! PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM4 

,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT ! PR9CIPAL FUNCTION ( TRADE UNIONS 7& ?IS WAS BE/ EXPLA9$ BY ,B]N/E9 HIMSELF 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT 9 #a#h#i#a7 CONSI/S 9 PROVID+ ! WORK]S ) A MEANS ( REALIZ+ ! CAPITALI/ LAW ( WAGES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! SALE ( !IR LABOR P[] AT CURR5T M>KET PRICES4 ,TRADE UNIONS 5ABLE ! PROLET>IAT TO UTILIZE AT EA* 9/ANT1 ! CONJUNCTURE ( ! M>KET4 ,BUT !SE CONJUNCTURES - 7#a7 ! LABOR DEM& DET]M9$ BY ! /ATE ( PRODUCTION1 7#b7 ! LABOR SUPPLY CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! MIDDLE /RATA ( SOCIETY & ! NATURAL REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & 7#c7 ! MOM5T>Y DEGREE ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR - !SE REMA9 \TSIDE ( ! SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONS CANNOT SUPPRESS ! LAW ( WAGES4 ,UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! BE/ !Y CAN DO IS TO IMPOSE ON CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ! 0NORMAL0 LIMIT ( ! MOM5T4 ,!Y HAVE NOT1 H[EV]1 ! P[] TO SUPPRESS EXPLOITATION ITSELF1 NOT EV5 GRADUALLY4 

,S*MIDT1 IT IS TRUE1 SEES ! PRES5T TRADE UNION MOVEM5T 9 A 0FEEBLE 9ITIAL /AGE40 ,HE HOPES ?AT 09 ! FUTURE0 ! 0TRADE UNION MOVEM5T WILL EX]CISE A PROGRESSIVELY 9CREAS$ 9FLU5CE OV] ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION40 ,BUT BY ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION WE CAN ONLY UND]/& TWO ?+S3 9T]V5TION 9 ! TE*NICAL DOMA9 ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & FIX+ ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY TRADE UNIONS 9 !SE TWO DEP>TM5TS8 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ! TE*NIQUE ( PRODUCTION1 ! 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ AGREES1 UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 ) ! PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS HIS [N 9T]E/ ?AT PU%ES HIM TO MAKE TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,BUT ! ISOLAT$ WORK] F9DS HIMSELF 9 A DECID$LY DIFF]5T POSITION4 ,EA* TE*NICAL TRANS=MATION CONTRADICTS HIS 9T]E/S4 ,IT AGGRAVATES HIS HELPLESS SITUATION BY DEPRECIAT+ ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR P[] & R5D]+ HIS WORK MORE 9T5SE1 MORE MONOTON\S & MORE DIFFICULT4 

,9S(> AS TRADE UNIONS CAN 9T]V5E 9 ! TE*NICAL DEP>TM5T ( PRODUCTION1 !Y CAN ONLY OPPOSE TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,BUT H]E !Y DO NOT ACT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS & ITS EMANCIPATION1 :I* ACCORDS RA!R ) TE*NICAL PROGRESS &1 !RE=E1 ) ! 9T]E/ ( ! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/4 ,!Y ACT H]E 9 A REACTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,& 9 FACT1 WE F9D EF=TS ON ! P>T ( WORK]S TO 9T]V5E 9 ! TE*NICAL P>T ( PRODUCTION NOT 9 ! FUTURE1 :]E ,S*MIDT LOOKS = IT1 BUT 9 ! PA/ ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,SU* EF=TS *>ACT]IZ$ ! OLD PHASE ( ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONISM 7UP TO #a#h#f71 :5 ! ,BRITI% ORGANIZATIONS W]E /ILL TI$ TO M$IEVAL 0CORPORATIVE0 VE/IGES & F\ND 9SPIRATION 9 ! \TWORN PR9CIPLE ( 0A FAIR DAY'S WAGE = A FAIR DAY'S LABOR10 AS EXPRESS$ BY ,WEBB 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! EF=T ( ! LABOR UNIONS TO FIX ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION & ! PRICES ( COMMODITIES IS A REC5T PH5OM5ON4 ,ONLY REC5TLY HAVE WE WITNESS$ SU* ATTEMPTS - & AGA9 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 !IR NATURE & T5D5CIES1 !SE EF=TS RESEMBLE ?OSE DEALT ) ABOVE4 ,:AT DOES ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( TRADE UNIONS 9 FIX+ ! SCALE & CO/ ( PRODUCTION AM\NT TO8 ,IT AM\NTS TO A C>TEL ( ! WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS 9 A COMMON /& AGA9/ ! CONSUM] & ESPECIALLY RIVAL 5TREPR5EURS4 ,9 NO WAY IS ! EFFECT ( ?IS ANY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ORD9>Y EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BASICALLY WE NO LONG] HAVE H]E A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 BUT ! SOLID>ITY ( ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR AGA9/ ! TOTAL CONSUM]S4 ,CONSID]$ = ITS SOCIAL WOR?1 IT IS SE5 TO BE A REACTION>Y MOVE ?AT CANNOT BE A /AGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BECAUSE IT CONNOTES ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,CONSID]$ FROM ! ANGLE ( PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 IT IS F\ND TO BE A UTOPIA :I*1 AS %[N BY A RAPID EXAM9ATION1 CANNOT BE EXT5D$ TO ! L>GE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY PRODUC+ = ! WORLD M>KET4 

,SO ?AT ! SCOPE ( TRADE UNIONS IS LIMIT$ ESS5TIALLY TO A /RUGGLE = AN 9CREASE ( WAGES & ! R$UCTION ( LABOR TIME1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO EF=TS AT REGULAT+ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION AS !Y >E MADE NECESS>Y BY ! MOM5T>Y SITUATION ( ! OLD WORLD M>KET4 ,BUT LABOR UNIONS CAN 9 NO WAY 9FLU5CE ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,MOREOV]1 TRADE UNION DEVELOPM5T MOVES - CONTR>Y TO :AT IS ASS]T$ BY ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT - 9 ! DIRECTION ( A COMPLETE DETA*M5T ( ! LABOR M>KET FROM ANY IMM$IATE RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! M>KET4 

,?AT IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 ATTEMPTS TO RELATE LABOR CONTRACTS TO ! G5]AL SITUATION ( PRODUCTION BY MEANS ( A SY/EM ( SLID+ WAGE SCALES HAVE BE5 \TMOD$ ) HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,BRITI% LABOR UNIONS >E MOV+ F>!R & F>!R AWAY FROM SU* EF=TS4 

,EV5 )9 ! EFFECTIVE B\ND>IES ( ITS ACTIVITY ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T CANNOT SPREAD 9 ! UNLIMIT$ WAY CLAIM$ = IT BY ! !ORY ( ADAPTATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF WE EXAM9E ! L>GE FACTORS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WE SEE ?AT WE >E NOT MOV+ T[>D AN EPO* M>K$ BY A VICTORI\S DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE UNIONS1 BUT RA!R T[>D A TIME :5 ! H>D%IPS ( LABOR UNIONS WILL 9CREASE4 ,ONCE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS ATTA9$ ITS HI<E/ POSSIBLE P9T & CAPITALISM HAS 5T]$ ITS DESC5D+ PHASE ON ! WORLD M>KET1 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE WILL BECOME D\BLY DIFFICULT4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! OBJECTIVE CONJUNCTURE ( ! M>KET WILL BE LESS FAVORABLE TO ! SELL]S ( LABOR P[]1 BECAUSE ! DEM& = LABOR P[] WILL 9CREASE AT A SL[] RATE & LABOR SUPPLY MORE RAPIDLY ?AN AT PRES5T4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES1 9 ORD] TO MAKE UP = LOSSES SUFF]$ ON ! WORLD M>KET1 WILL MAKE EV5 GREAT] EF=TS ?AN AT PRES5T TO R$UCE ! P>T ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT GO+ TO ! WORK]S 79 ! =M ( WAGES74 ,! R$UCTION ( WAGES IS1 AS PO9T$ \T BY ,M>X1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( RET>D+ ! FALL ( PR(IT4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,5GL& ALREADY (F]S US A PICTURE ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND /AGE ( TRADE UNION DEVELOPM5T4 ,TRADE UNION ACTION IS R$UC$ ( NECESSITY TO ! SIMPLE DEF5SE ( ALREADY REALIZ$ GA9S1 & EV5 ?AT IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE DIFFICULT4 ,SU* IS ! G5]AL TR5D ( ?+S 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,! C\NT]P>T ( ?IS T5D5CY %\LD BE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL SIDE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,KONRAD ,S*MIDT COMMITS ! SAME ]ROR ( HI/ORIC P]SPECTIVE :5 HE DEALS ) SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,HE EXPECTS ?AT SOCIAL RE=MS1 LIKE TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 WILL 0DICTATE TO ! CAPITALI/S ! ONLY CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y WILL BE ABLE TO EMPLOY LABOR P[]40 ,SEE+ RE=M 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,B]N/E9 CALLS LABOR LEGISLATION A PIECE ( 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 & AS SU*1 A PIECE ( SOCIALISM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT ALWAYS USES ! T]M 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 :5 HE REF]S TO LABOR PROTECTION LAWS4 ,ONCE HE HAS ?US HAPPILY TRANS=M$ ! ,/ATE 9TO SOCIETY1 HE CONFID5TLY ADDS3 0,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! RIS+ WORK+ CLASS40 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS TRICK ( SUB/ITUTION1 ! 9NOC5T LABOR LAWS 5ACT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL >E TRANS=M$ 9TO TRANSITORY SOCIALI/ MEASURES SUPPOS$LY 5ACT$ BY ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 

,! MY/IFICATION IS OBVI\S4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! PRES5T ,/ATE IS NOT 0SOCIETY0 REPRES5T+ ! 0RIS+ WORK+ CLASS40 ,IT IS ITSELF ! REPRES5TATIVE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS A CLASS /ATE4 ,!RE=E ITS RE=M MEASURES >E NOT AN APPLICATION ( 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 ?AT IS1 ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY WORK+ FREELY 9 ITS [N LABOR PROCESS4 ,!Y >E =MS ( CONTROL APPLI$ BY ! CLASS ORGANIZATION ( ,CAPITAL TO ! PRODUCTION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,! SO-CALL$ SOCIAL RE=MS >E 5ACT$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,CAPITAL4 ,YES1 ,B]N/E9 & ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SEE AT PRES5T ONLY 0FEEBLE BEG9N+S0 ( ?IS CONTROL4 ,!Y HOPE TO SEE A LONG SUCCESSION ( RE=MS 9 ! FUTURE1 ALL FAVOR+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT H]E !Y COMMIT A MI/AKE SIMIL> TO !IR BELIEF 9 ! UNLIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 

,A BASIC CONDITION = ! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM ?R\< SOCIAL RE=MS IS A C]TA9 OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & ( ! ,/ATE4 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SAYS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ PROPRIETOR T5DS TO LOSE HIS SPECIAL RI<TS ) HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T1 & IS R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CANNOT POSSIBLY BE EFFECT$ AS A S+LE HI/ORIC ACT4 ,HE !RE=E RESORTS TO ! !ORY ( EXPROPRIATION BY /AGES4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 HE DIVIDES ! RI<T TO PROP]TY 9TO 7#a7 ! RI<T ( 0SOV]EIGNTY0 7[N]%IP7 - :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO A ?+ CALL$ 0SOCIETY0 & :I* HE WANTS TO EXT5D - & 7#b7 ITS OPPOSITE1 ! SIMPLE RI<T ( USE1 HELD BY ! CAPITALI/1 BUT :I* IS SUPPOS$LY BE+ R$UC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S TO ! M]E ADM9I/RATION ( !IR 5T]PRISES4 

,?IS 9T]PRETATION IS EI!R A SIMPLE PLAY ON WORDS1 & 9 ?AT CASE ! !ORY ( GRADUAL EXPROPRIATION HAS NO REAL BASIS1 OR IT IS A TRUE PICTURE ( JUDICIAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* CASE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! !ORY ( GRADUAL EXPROPRIATION IS 5TIRELY FALSE4 

,! DIVISION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9TO SEV]AL COMPON5T RI<TS1 AN >RANGEM5T S]V+ ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT AS A %ELT] :]E9 HE MAY CON/RUCT HIS !ORY ( 0EXPROPRIATION BY /AGES10 *>ACT]IZ$ FEUDAL SOCIETY1 F\ND$ ON NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,9 FEUDALISM1 ! TOTAL PRODUCT WAS %>$ AMONG ! SOCIAL CLASSES ( ! TIME ON ! BASIS ( ! P]SONAL RELATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 ! FEUDAL LORD & HIS S]FS OR T5ANTS4 ,! DECOMPOSITION ( PROP]TY 9TO SEV]AL P>TIAL RI<TS REFLECT$ ! MANN] ( DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,) ! PASSAGE TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES & ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL P]SONAL BONDS AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 ! RELATION BETWE5 M5 & ?+S 7?AT IS TO SAY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY7 BECAME RECIPROCALLY /RONG]4 ,S9CE ! DIVISION IS NO LONG] MADE ON ! BASIS ( P]SONAL RELATIONS BUT ?R\< EX*ANGE1 ! DIFF]5T RI<TS TO A %>E 9 ! SOCIAL WEAL? >E NO LONG] MEASUR$ AS FRAGM5TS ( PROP]TY RI<TS HAV+ A COMMON 9T]E/4 ,!Y >E MEASUR$ ACCORD+ TO ! VALUES BR\<T BY EA* ON ! M>KET4 

,! FIR/ *ANGE 9TRODUC$ 9TO JURIDICAL RELATIONS ) ! ADVANCE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! M$IEVAL CITY COMMUNES1 WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! LATT] APPE>$ 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( ! FEUDAL JURIDICAL RELATIONS4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS PROGRESS$ AT A RAPID PACE 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! MORE ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS SOCIALIZ$1 ! MORE ! PROCESS ( DI/RIBUTION 7DIVISION ( WEAL?7 RE/S ON EX*ANGE4 ,& ! MORE PRIVATE PROP]TY BECOMES 9VIOLABLE & CLOS$1 ! MORE CAPITALI/ PROP]TY BECOMES TRANS=M$ FROM ! RI<T TO ! PRODUCT ( ONE'S [N LABOR TO ! SIMPLE RI<T TO APPROPRIATE SOMEBODY ELSE'S LABOR4 ,AS LONG AS ! CAPITALI/ HIMSELF MANAGES HIS [N FACTORY1 DI/RIBUTION IS /ILL1 UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 TI$ TO HIS P]SONAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT AS ! P]SONAL MANAGEM5T ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ BECOMES SUP]FLU\S - :I* IS ! CASE 9 ! %>E-HOLD+ SOCIETIES TODAY - ! PROP]TY ( CAPITAL1 SO F> AS ITS RI<T TO %>E 9 ! DI/RIBUTION 7DIVISION ( WEAL?7 IS CONC]N$1 BECOMES SEP>AT$ FROM ANY P]SONAL RELATION ) PRODUCTION4 ,IT N[ APPE>S 9 ITS PURE/ =M4 ,! CAPITALI/ RI<T TO PROP]TY REA*ES ITS MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T 9 CAPITAL HELD 9 ! %APE ( %>ES & 9DU/RIAL CR$IT4 

,SO ?AT ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT'S HI/ORIC S*EMA1 TRAC+ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ 0FROM A PROPRIETOR TO A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR10 BELIES ! REAL HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 HI/ORIC REALITY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CAPITALI/ T5DS TO *ANGE FROM A PROPRIETOR & ADM9I/RATOR TO A SIMPLE PROPRIETOR4 ,:AT HAPP5S H]E TO ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT1 HAPP5$ TO ,GOE!3 

,:AT IS1 HE SEES AS 9 A DREAM4 

,:AT NO LONG] IS1 BECOMES = HIM REALITY4 

,JU/ AS ,S*MIDT'S HI/ORIC S*EMA TRAVELS1 ECONOMICALLY1 BACKW>DS FROM A MOD]N %>E-HOLD+ SOCIETY TO AN >TISAN'S %OP1 SO1 JURIDICALLY1 HE WI%ES TO LEAD BACK ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 9TO ! OLD FEUDAL %ELL ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,ALSO FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 APPE>S 9 REALITY UND] A DIFF]5T ASPECT ?AN SE5 BY ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT4 ,:AT FUNCTIONS TODAY AS 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 - LABOR LEGISLATION1 ! CONTROL ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS ?R\< %>E HOLD+1 ETC4 - HAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) HIS 0SUPREME [N]%IP40 ,F> FROM BE+1 AS ,S*MIDT BELIEVES1 A R$UCTION ( CAPITALI/ [N]%IP1 HIS 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A PROTECTION ( SU* [N]%IP4 ,OR1 EXPRESS$ FROM ! ECONOMIC VIEWPO9T1 IT IS NOT A ?REAT TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT SIMPLY ! REGULATION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,:5 ,B]N/E9 ASKS IF !RE IS MORE OR LESS ( SOCIALISM 9 A LABOR PROTECTIVE LAW1 WE CAN ASSURE HIM ?AT1 9 ! BE/ ( LABOR PROTECTIVE LAWS1 !RE IS NO MORE 0SOCIALISM0 ?AN 9 A MUNICIPAL ORD9ANCE REGULAT+ ! CLEAN+ ( /REETS OR ! LI<T+ ( /REET LAMPS4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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