,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,GUILLOT9E 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,CAMUS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #a 

,%ORTLY BE=E ! W> ( #a#i#a#d1 AN ASSASS9 :OSE CRIME WAS P>TICUL>LY REPULSIVE 7HE HAD SLAU<T]$ A FAMILY ( F>M]S1 9CLUD+ ! *ILDR57 WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? 9 ,ALGI]S4 ,HE WAS A F>M WORK] :O HAD KILL$ 9 A SORT ( BLOOD?IR/Y FR5ZY BUT HAD AGGRAVAT$ HIS CASE BY ROBB+ HIS VICTIMS4 ,! AFFAIR CREAT$ A GREAT /IR4 ,IT WAS G5]ALLY ?\<T ?AT DECAPITATION WAS TOO MILD A PUNI%M5T = SU* A MON/]4 ,?IS WAS ! OP9ION1 ,I HAVE BE5 TOLD1 ( MY FA!R1 :O WAS ESPECIALLY >\S$ BY ! MURD] ( ! *ILDR54 ,ONE ( ! FEW ?+S ,I KN[ AB\T HIM1 9 ANY CASE1 IS ?AT HE WANT$ TO WITNESS ! EXECUTION1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HIS LIFE4 ,HE GOT UP 9 ! D>K TO GO TO ! PLACE ( EXECUTION AT ! O!R 5D ( T[N AMID A GREAT CR[D ( PEOPLE4 ,:AT HE SAW ?AT MORN+ HE NEV] TOLD ANYONE4 ,MY MO!R RELATES M]ELY ?AT HE CAME RU%+ HOME1 HIS FACE DI/ORT$1 REFUS$ TO TALK1 LAY D[N = A MOM5T ON ! B$1 & SUDD5LY BEGAN TO VOMIT4 ,HE HAD JU/ DISCOV]$ ! REALITY HIDD5 UND] ! NOBLE PHRASES ) :I* IT WAS MASK$4 ,9/EAD ( ?9K+ ( ! SLAU<T]$ *ILDR51 HE C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BUT ?AT QUIV]+ BODY ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 DROPP$ ONTO A BO>D TO HAVE ITS HEAD CUT (F4 

,PRESUMABLY ?AT RITUAL ACT IS HORRIBLE 9DE$ IF IT MANAGES TO OV]COME ! 9DIGNATION ( A SIMPLE1 /RAI<T=W>D MAN & IF A PUNI%M5T HE CONSID]$ RI*LY DES]V$ HAD NO O!R EFFECT 9 ! 5D ?AN TO NAUSEATE HIM4 ,:5 ! EXTREME P5ALTY ,SIMPLY CAUSES VOMIT+ ON ! P>T ( ! RESPECTABLE CITIZ5 IT IS SUPPOS$ TO PROTECT1 H[ CAN ANYONE MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS LIKELY1 AS IT \<T TO BE1 TO BR+ MORE PEACE & ORD] 9TO ! COMMUNITY8 ,RA!R1 IT IS OBVI\SLY NO LESS REPULSIVE ?AN ! CRIME1 & ?IS NEW MURD]1 F> FROM MAK+ AM5DS = ! H>M DONE TO ! SOCIAL BODY1 ADDS A NEW BLOT TO ! FIR/ ONE4 ,9DE$1 NO ONE D>ES SPEAK DIRECTLY ( ! C]EMONY4 ,(FICIALS & J\RNALI/S :O HAVE TO TALK AB\T IT1 AS IF !Y W]E AW>E ( BO? ITS PROVOCATIVE & ITS %AMEFUL ASPECTS1 HAVE MADE UP A SORT ( RITUAL LANGUAGE1 R$UC$ TO /]EOTYP$ PHRASES4 ,H5CE WE READ AT BREAKFA/ TIME 9 A CORN] ( ! NEWSPAP] ?AT ! CONDEMN$ 0HAS PAID HIS DEBT TO SOCIETY0 OR ?AT HE HAS 0ATON$0 OR ?AT 0AT FIVE A4M4 JU/ICE WAS DONE40 ,! (FICIALS CALL ! CONDEMN$ MAN 0! 9T]E/$ P>TY0 OR 0! PATI5T0 OR REF] TO HIM BY A NUMB]4 ,PEOPLE WRITE ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T AS IF !Y W]E :ISP]+4 ,9 \R WELL-POLIC$ SOCIETY WE RECOGNIZE ?AT AN ILLNESS IS S]I\S FROM ! FACT ?AT WE DON'T D>E SPEAK ( IT DIRECTLY4 ,= A LONG TIME1 9 MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES PEOPLE SAID NO MORE ?AN ?AT ! ELD] DAU<T] HAD A 0SUSPICI\S C\<0 OR ?AT ! FA!R HAD A 0GR[?0 BECAUSE TUB]CULOSIS & CANC] W]E LOOK$ UPON AS SOME:AT %AMEFUL MALADIES4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY EV5 TRU] ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T S9CE EV]YONE /RIVES TO REF] TO IT ONLY ?R\< EUPHEMISMS4 ,IT IS TO ! BODY POLITIC :AT CANC] IS TO ! 9DIVIDUAL BODY1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE3 NO ONE HAS EV] SPOK5 ( ! NECESSITY ( CANC]4 ,!RE IS NO HESITATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 AB\T PRES5T+ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T AS A REGRETTABLE NECESSITY1 A NECESSITY ?AT JU/IFIES KILL+ BECAUSE IT IS NECESS>Y1 & LET'S NOT TALK AB\T IT BECAUSE IT IS 0REGRETTABLE4 

,BUT IT IS MY 9T5TION TO TALK AB\T IT CRUDELY4 ,NOT BECAUSE ,I LIKE SC&AL1 NOR1 ,I BELIEVE1 BECAUSE ( AN UNHEAL?Y /REAK 9 MY NATURE4 ,AS A WRIT]1 ,I HAVE ALWAYS LOA!D AVOID+ ! ISSUE2 AS A MAN1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! REPULSIVE ASPECTS ( \R CONDITION1 IF !Y >E 9EVITABLE1 MU/ M]ELY BE FAC$ 9 SIL5CE4 ,BUT :5 SIL5CE OR TRICKS ( LANGUAGE CONTRIBUTE TO MA9TA9+ AN ABUSE ?AT MU/ BE RE=M$ OR A SUFF]+ ?AT CAN BE RELIEV$1 !N !RE IS NO O!R SOLUTION BUT TO SPEAK \T & %[ ! OBSC5ITY HIDD5 UND] ! V]BAL CLOAK4 ,FRANCE %>ES ) ,5GL& & ,SPA9 ! HONOR ( BE+ ONE ( ! LA/ C\NTRIES ?IS SIDE ( ! IRON CURTA9 TO KEEP CAPITAL PUNI%M5T 9 ITS >S5AL ( REPRESSION4 ,! SURVIVAL ( SU* A PRIMITIVE RITE HAS BE5 MADE POSSIBLE AMONG US ONLY BY ! ?\<TLESSNESS OR IGNORANCE ( ! PUBLIC1 :I* REACTS ONLY ) ! C]EMONIAL PHRASES ?AT HAVE BE5 DRILL$ 9TO IT4 ,:5 ! IMAG9ATION SLEEPS1 WORDS >E EMPTI$ ( !IR MEAN+3 A DEAF POPULATION ABS5T-M9D$LY REGI/]S ! CONDEMNATION ( A MAN4 ,BUT IF PEOPLE >E %[N ! MA*9E1 MADE TO T\* ! WOOD & /EEL & TO HE> ! S\ND ( A HEAD FALL+1 !N PUBLIC IMAG9ATION1 SUDD5LY AWAK5$1 WILL REPUDIATE BO? ! VOCABUL>Y & ! P5ALTY4 

,:5 ! ,NAZIS 9 ,POL& 9DULG$ 9 PUBLIC EXECUTIONS ( HO/AGES1 TO KEEP ?OSE HO/AGES FROM %\T+ WORDS ( REVOLT & LIB]TY !Y MUZZL$ !M ) A PLA/]-COAT$ GAG4 ,IT W\LD BE %OCK+ TO COMP>E ! FATE ( ?OSE 9NOC5T VICTIMS ) ?AT ( CONDEMN$ CRIM9ALS4 ,BUT1 ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT CRIM9ALS >E NOT ! ONLY ONES TO BE GUILLOT9$ 9 \R C\NTRY1 ! ME?OD IS ! SAME4 ,WE SMO!R UND] PADD$ WORDS A P5ALTY :OSE LEGITIMACY WE C\LD ASS]T ONLY AFT] WE HAD EXAM9$ ! P5ALTY 9 REALITY4 ,9/EAD ( SAY+ ?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY IS FIR/ ( ALL NECESS>Y & !N ADD+ ?AT IT IS BETT] NOT TO TALK AB\T IT1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO SAY :AT IT REALLY IS & !N SAY :E!R1 BE+ :AT IT IS1 IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ AS NECESS>Y4 

,SO F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ,I CONSID] IT NOT ONLY USELESS BUT DEF9ITELY H>MFUL1 & ,I MU/ RECORD MY OP9ION H]E BE=E GETT+ TO ! SUBJECT ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE FAIR TO IMPLY ?AT ,I REA*$ ?IS CONCLUSION AS A RESULT ( ! WEEKS ( 9VE/IGATION & RESE>* ,I HAVE JU/ DEVOT$ TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE JU/ AS UNFAIR TO ATTRIBUTE MY CONVICTION TO M]E MAWKI%NESS4 ,I AM F> FROM 9DULG+ 9 ! FLABBY PITY *>ACT]I/IC ( HUMANIT>IANS1 9 :I* VALUES & RESPONSIBILITIES FUZE1 CRIMES >E BALANC$ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 & 9NOC5CE F9ALLY LOSES ITS RI<TS4 ,UNLIKE MANY ( MY WELL KN[N CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT MAN IS BY NATURE A SOCIAL ANIMAL4 ,TO TELL ! TRU?1 ,I ?9K JU/ ! REV]SE4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE1 & ?IS IS QUITE DIFF]5T1 ?AT HE CANNOT LIVE H5CE=? \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 :OSE LAWS >E NECESS>Y TO HIS PHYSICAL SURVIVAL4 ,H5CE ! RESPONSIBILITIES MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ BY SOCIETY ITSELF ACCORD+ TO A REASONABLE & WORKABLE SCALE4 ,BUT ! LAW'S F9AL JU/IFICATION IS 9 ! GOOD IT DOES OR FAILS TO DO TO ! SOCIETY ( A GIV5 PLACE & TIME4 ,= YE>S ,I HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO SEE ANY?+ 9 CAPITAL PUNI%M5T BUT A P5ALTY ! IMAG9ATION C\LD NOT 5DURE & A LAZY DISORD] ?AT MY REASON CONDEMN$4 ,YET ,I WAS READY TO ?9K ?AT MY IMAG9ATION WAS 9FLU5C+ MY JUDGM5T4 ,BUT1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 ,I F\ND DUR+ MY REC5T RESE>* NO?+ ?AT DID NOT /R5G!N MY CONVICTION1 NO?+ ?AT MODIFI$ MY >GUM5TS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO ! >GUM5TS ,I ALREADY HAD O!RS WE'RE ADD$4 ,TODAY ,I %>E ABSOLUTELY ,KOE/L]'S CONVICTION2 ! DEA? P5ALTY BESMIR*ES \R SOCIETY1 & ITS UPHOLD]S CANNOT REASONABLY DEF5D IT4 ,)\T REPEAT+ HIS DECISIVE DEF5SE1 )\T PIL+ UP FACTS & FIGURES ?AT W\LD ONLY DUPLICATE O!RS 7& ,JEAN ,BLO*-,MI*EL'S MAKE !M USELESS71 ,I %ALL M]ELY /ATE REASONS TO BE ADD$ TO ,KOE/L]'S2 LIKE HIS1 !Y >GUE = AN IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY4 

,WE ALL KN[ ?AT ! GREAT >GUM5T ( ?OSE :O DEF5D CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS ! EXEMPL>Y VALUE ( ! PUNI%M5T4 ,HEADS >E CUT (F NOT ONLY TO PUNI% BUT TO 9TIMIDATE1 BY A FRI<T5+ EXAMPLE1 ANY :O MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO IMITATE ! GUILTY4 ,SOCIETY IS NOT TAK+ REV5GE2 IT M]ELY WANTS TO =E/ALL4 ,IT WAVES ! HEAD 9 ! AIR SO ?AT POT5TIAL MURD]]S WILL SEE !IR FATE & RECOIL FROM IT4 

,?IS >GUM5T W\LD BE IMPRESSIVE IF WE W]E NOT OBLIG$ TO NOTE3 

#a7 ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ! EXEMPL>Y VALUE IT TALKS AB\T2 

#b7 ?AT !RE IS NO PRO( ?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY EV] MADE A S+LE MURD]] RECOIL :5 HE HAD MADE UP HIS M9D1 :]EAS CLE>LY IT HAD NO EFFECT BUT ONE ( FASC9ATION ON ?\S&S ( CRIM9ALS2 

#c7 ?AT1 9 O!R REG>DS1 IT CON/ITUTES A REPULSIVE EXAMPLE1 ! CONSEQU5CES ( :I* CANNOT BE =ESE54 

,TO BEG9 )1 SOCIETY DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 :AT IT SAYS4 ,IF IT REALLY BELIEV$ :AT IT SAYS1 IT W\LD EXHIBIT ! HEADS4 ,SOCIETY W\LD GIVE EXECUTIONS ! B5EFIT ( ! PUBLICITY IT G5]ALLY USES = NATIONAL BOND ISSUES OR NEW BR&S ( DR9KS4 ,BUT WE KN[ ?AT EXECUTIONS 9 \R C\NTRY1 9/EAD ( TAK+ PLACE PUBLICLY1 >E N[ P]PETRAT$ 9 PRISON C\RTY>DS BE=E A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( SPECIALI/S4 ,WE >E LESS LIKELY TO KN[ :Y & S9CE :54 ,?IS IS A RELATIVELY REC5T MEASURE4 ,! LA/ PUBLIC EXECUTION1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#c#i1 BEHEAD$ ,WEIDMANN ! AU?OR ( SEV]AL MURD]S1 :O WAS NOTORI\S = HIS CRIMES4 ,?AT MORN+ A L>GE CR[D GA!R$ AT ,V]SAILLES1 9CLUD+ A L>GE NUMB] ( PHOTOGRAPH]S4 ,BETWE5 ! MOM5T :5 ,WEIDMANN WAS %[N TO ! CR[D & ! MOM5T :5 HE WAS DECAPITAT$1 PHOTOGRAPHS C\LD BE TAK54 ,A FEW H\RS LAT] ,P>IS-,SOIR PUBLI%$ A PAGE ( ILLU/RATIONS ( ?AT APPETIZ+ EV5T4 ,?US ! GOOD PEOPLE ( ,P>IS C\LD SEE ?AT ! LI<T PRECISION 9/RUM5T US$ BY ! EXECUTION] WAS AS DIFF]5T FROM ! HI/ORICAL SCAFFOLD AS A ,JAGU> IS FROM ONE ( \R OLD ,PI]CE-,>R[S4 ,! ADM9I/RATION & ! GOV]NM5T1 CONTR>Y TO ALL HOPE1 TOOK SU* EXCELL5T PUBLICITY V]Y BADLY & PROTE/$ ?AT ! PRESS HAD TRI$ TO SATISFY ! SADI/IC 9/9CTS ( ITS READ]S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT EXECUTIONS W\LD NO LONG] TAKE PLACE PUBLICLY1 AN >RANGEM5T ?AT1 SOON AFT]1 FACILITAT$ ! WORK ( ! OCCUPATION AU?ORITIES4 ,LOGIC1 9 ?AT AFFAIR1 WAS NOT ON ! SIDE ( ! LAWMAK]4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SPECIAL DECORATION %\LD HAVE BE5 AW>D$ TO ! $ITOR ( ,P>IS-,SOIR1 !REBY 5C\RAG+ 44O4 HIM TO DO BETT] ! NEXT TIME4 ,IF ! P5ALTY IS 9T5D$ TO BE EXEMPL>Y1 !N1 NOT ONLY %\LD ! PHOTOGRAPHS BE MULTIPLI$1 BUT ! MA*9E %\LD EV5 BE SET ON A PLAT=M 9 ,PLACE DE LA ,CONCORDE AT TWO ,P4,M41 ! 5TIRE POPULATION %\LD BE 9VIT$1 & ! C]EMONY %\LD BE PUT ON TELEVISION = ?OSE :O C\LDN'T ATT5D4 ,EI!R ?IS MU/ BE DONE OR ELSE !RE MU/ BE NO MORE TALK ( EXEMPL>Y VALUE4 ,H[ CAN A FURTIVE ASSASS9ATION COMMITT$ AT NI<T 9 A PRISON C\RTY>D BE EXEMPL>Y8 ,AT MO/1 IT S]VES ! PURPOSE ( P]IODICALLY 9=M+ ! CITIZ5S ?AT !Y WILL DIE IF !Y HAPP5 TO KILL A FUTURE ?AT CAN BE PROMIS$ EV5 TO ?OSE :O DO NOT KILL4 ,= ! P5ALTY TO BE TRULY EXEMPL>Y IT MU/ BE FRI<T5+4 ,TUAUT DE ,LA ,B\V]IE1 REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE 9 #agia & A P>TISAN ( PUBLIC EXECUTIONS1 WAS MORE LOGICAL :5 HE DECL>$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY3 0,IT TAKES A T]RIFY+ SPECTACLE TO HOLD ! PEOPLE 9 *ECK40 

,TODAY !RE IS NO SPECTACLE1 BUT ONLY A P5ALTY KN[N TO ALL BY HE>SAY &1 FROM TIME TO RIME1 ! NEWS ( AN EXECUTION DRESS$ UP 9 SOO?+ PHRASES4 ,H[ C\LD 4A FUTURE CRIM9AL KEEP 9 M9D1 AT ! MOM5T ( HIS CRIME1 A SANCTION ?AT EV]YONE /RIVES TO MAKE MORE & MORE AB/RACT8 ,& IF IT IS REALLY DESIR$ ?AT HE CON/ANTLY KEEP ?AT SANCTION 9 M9D SO ?AT IT WILL FIR/ BALANCE & LAT] REV]SE A FR5ZI$ DECISION1 %\LD !RE NOT BE AN EF=T TO 5GRAVE ?AT SANCTION & ITS DREADFUL REALITY 9 ! S5SITIVITY ( ALL BY EV]Y VISUAL & V]BAL MEANS8 

,9/EAD ( VAGUELY EVOK+ A DEBT ?AT SOMEONE ?IS V]Y MORN+ PAID SOCIETY1 W\LD IT NOT BE A MORE EFFECTIVE EXAMPLE TO REM9D EA* TAXPAY] 9 DETAIL ( :AT HE MAY EXPECT8 ,9/EAD ( SAY+3 0,IF Y\ KILL1 Y\ WILL ATONE = IT ON ! SCAFFOLD10 W\LDN'T IT BE BETT] TO TELL HIM1 = PURPOSES ( EXAMPLE3 0,IF Y\ KILL1 Y\'LL BE IMPRISON$ = MON?S OR YE>S1 TORN BETWE5 AN IMPOSSIBLE DESPAIR & A CON/ANTLY R5EW$ T]ROR1 UNTIL ONE MORN+ WE %ALL SLIP 9TO Y\R CELL AFT] REMOV+ \R %OES ! BETT] TO TAKE Y\ BY SURPRISE :ILE Y\ >E S\ND ASLEEP AFT] ! NI<T'S ANGUI%4 ,WE %ALL FALL ON Y\1 TIE Y\R H&S BEH9D Y\R BACK1 CUT ) SCISSORS Y\R %IRT COLL> & Y\R HAIR IF NE$ BE4 ,P]FECTIONI/S ?AT WE >E1 WE %ALL B9D Y\R >MS ) A /RAP SO ?AT Y\ >E =C$ TO /OOP & Y\R NECK WILL BE MORE ACCESSIBLE4 ,!N WE %ALL C>RY Y\1 AN ASSI/ANT ON EA* SIDE SUPPORT+ Y\ BY ! >M1 ) Y\R FEET DRAGG+ BEH9D ?R\< ! CORRIDORS4 ,!N1 UND] A NI<T SKY1 ONE ( ! EXECUTION]S WILL F9ALLY SEIZE Y\ BY ! SEAT ( Y\R PANTS & ?R[ Y\ HORIZONTALLY ON A BO>D :ILE ANO!R WILL /EADY Y\R HEAD 9 ! LUNETTE & A ?IRD WILL LET FALL FROM AT HEI<T ( SEV5 FEET A HUNDR$-&-TW5TY-P\ND BLADE ?AT WILL SLICE (F Y\R HEAD LIKE A RAZOR40 

,= ! EXAMPLE TO BE EV5 BETT]1 = ! T]ROR TO IMPRESS EA* ( US SUFFICI5TLY TO \TWEI< AT ! RI<T MOM5T AN IRRESI/IBLE DESIRE = MURD]1 IT W\LD BE ESS5TIAL TO GO /ILL FUR!R4 ,9/EAD ( BOA/+1 ) ! PRET5TI\S ?\<TLESSNESS *>ACT]I/IC ( US1 ( HAV+ 9V5T$ ?IS RAPID & HUMANE.<#a.> ME?OD ( KILL+ CONDEMN$ M51 WE %\LD PUBLI% ?\S&S ( COPIES ( ! EYEWITNESS ACC\NTS & M$ICAL REPORTS DESCRIB+ ! /ATE ( ! BODY AFT] ! EXECUTION1 TO BE READ 9 S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES4 ,P>TICUL>LY SUITABLE = ?IS PURPOSE ! REC5T REPORT TO ! ,ACADEMY ( ,M$IC9E MADE BY ,DOCTORS ,PI$ELIEVRE & ,F\RNI]4 ,?OSE C\RAGE\S DOCTORS1 9VIT$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( SCI5CE TO EXAM9E ! BODIES ( ! GUILLOT9$ AFT] ! EXECUTION CONSID]$ IT !IR DUTY TO SUM UP !IR DREADFUL OBS]VATIONS3 0,IF WE MAY BE P]MITT$ TO GIVE \R OP9ION1 SU* SI<TS >E FRI<TFULLY PA9FUL4 ,! BLOOD ,R[S FROM ! BLOOD VESSELS AT ! SPE$ ( ! SEV]$ C>OTIDS1 !N IT COAGULATES4 ,! MUSCLES CONTRACT & !IR FIBRILLATION IS /UPEFY+2 ! 9TE/9ES RIPPLE & ! HE>T MOVES IRREGUL>LY1 9COMPLETELY1 FASC9AT+LY4 ,! M\? PUCK]S AT C]TA9 MOM5TS 9 A T]RIBLE P\T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 9 ?AT SEV]$ HEAD ! EYES >E MOTIONLESS ) DILAT$1 PUPILS2 =TUNATELY !Y LOOK AT NO?+ &1 IF !Y >E DEVOID ( ! CL\D9ESS & OPALESC5CE ( ! CORPSE1 !Y HAVE NO MOTION2 !IR TRANSP>5CE BELONGS TO LIFE1 BUT !IR FIXITY BELONGS TO DEA?4 ,ALL ?IS CAN LA/ M9UTES1 EV5 H\RS1 9 S\ND SPECIM5S3 DEA? IS NOT IMM$IATE444 ,?US1 EV]Y VITAL ELEM5T SURVIVES DECAPITATION4 ,! DOCTOR IS LEFT ) ?IS IMPRESSION ( A HORRIBLE EXP]I5CE1 ( A MURD]\S VIVISECTION1 FOLL[$ BY A PREMATURE BURIAL40.<#b.> 

,I D\BT ?AT !RE >E MANY READ]S :O CAN READ ?AT T]RIFY+ REPORT )\T BLAN*+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ITS EXEMPL>Y P[] & ITS CAPACITY TO 9TIMIDATE CAN BE C\NT$ ON4 ,!RE IS NO REASON NOT TO ADD TO IT EYEWITNESS ACC\NTS ?AT CONFIRM ! DOCTORS' OBS]VATIONS4 ,*>LOTTE ,CORDAY'S SEV]$ HEAD BLU%$1 IT IS SAID1 UND] ! EXECUTION]'S SLAP4 ,?IS WILL NOT %OCK ANYONE :O LI/5S TO MORE REC5T OBS]V]S4 ,AN EXECUTION]'S ASSI/ANT 7H5CE H>DLY SUSPECT ( 9DULG+ 9 ROMANTICIZ+ & S5TIM5TALITY7 DESCRIBES 9 !SE T]MS :AT HE WAS =C$ TO SEE3 0,IT WAS A MADMAN UND]GO+ A REAL ATTACK ( DELIRIUM TREM5S ?AT WE DROPP$ UND] ! BLADE4 ,! HEAD DIES AT ONCE4 ,BUT ! BODY LIT]ALLY JUMPS AB\T 9 ! BASKET1 /RA9+ ON ! CORDS4 ,TW5TY M9UTES LAT]1 AT ! CEMET]Y1 IT IS /ILL QUIV]+40 .<#c.> ,! PRES5T *APLA9 ( ! ,SANTE PRISON1 ,FA!R ,DEVOYOD 7:O DOES NOT SEEM OPPOS$ TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T71 GIVES 9 HIS BOOK1 ,LES ,DEL9QUANTS1.<#d.> AN ACC\NT ?AT GOES RA!R F> & R5EWS ! /ORY ( ,LANGUILLE1 :OSE DECAPITAT$ HEAD ANSW]$ ! CALL ( HIS NAME4.<#e.> 0,! MORN+ ( ! EXECUTION1 ! CONDEMN$ MAN WAS 9 A V]Y BAD MOOD & REFUS$ ! CONSOLATIONS ( RELIGION4 ,KN[+ HIS HE>T ( HE>TS & ! AFFECTION HE HAD = HIS WIFE1 :O WAS V]Y DEV\T1 WE SAID TO HIM3 ',COME N[1 \T ( LOVE = Y\R WIFE1 COMMUNE ) Y\RSELF A MOM5T BE=E DY+1' & ! CONDEMN$ MAN ACCEPT$4 ,HE COMMUN$ AT L5G? BE=E ! CRUCIFIX1 !N HE SEEM$ TO PAY NO FUR!R ATT5TION TO \R PRES5CE4 ,:5 HE WAS EXECUT$1 WE W]E A %ORT DI/ANCE FROM HIM4 ,HIS HEAD FELL 9TO ! TR\< 9 FRONT ( ! GUILLOT9E & ! BODY WAS IMM$IATELY PUT 9TO ! BASKET2 BUT1 BY SOME MI/AKE1 ! BASKET WAS CLOS$ BE=E ! HEAD WAS PUT 94 ,! ASSI/ANT :O WAS C>RY+ ! HEAD HAD TO WAIT A MOM5T UNTIL ! BASKET WAS OP5$ AGA92 N[1 DUR+ ?AT BRIEF SPACE ( TIME WE C\LD SEE ! CONDEMN$ MAN'S EYES FIX$ ON ME ) A LOOK ( SUPPLICATION1 AS IF TO ASK =GIV5ESS4 ,9/9CTIVELY4 WE MADE ! SIGN ( ! CROSS TO BLESS ! HEAD1 & !N ! LIDS BL9K$1 ! EXPRESSION ( ! EYES S(T5$1 & F9ALLY ! LOOK1 ?AT HAD REMA9$ FULL ( EXPRESSION1 BECAME VAGUE3 4 4 40 ,! READ] MAY OR MAY NOT1 ACCORD+ TO HIS FAI?1 ACCEPT ! EXPLANATION PROVID$ BY ! PRIE/4 ,AT LEA/ ?OSE EYES ?AT 0HAD REMA9$ FULL ( EXPRESSION0 NE$ NO 9T]PRETATION4 

,I C\LD ADDUCE O!R FIR/-H& ACC\NTS ?AT W\LD BE JU/ AS HALLUC9AT+4 ,BUT ,I1 = ONE1 C\LD NOT GO ON4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS EXEMPL>Y1 & ! P5ALTY SEEMS TO ME JU/ :AT IT IS1 A CRUDE SURG]Y PRACTIC$ UND] CONDITIONS ?AT LEAVE NO?+ $IFY+ AB\T IT4 ,SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 & ! ,/ATE1 :I* IS NOT SO IMPRESSIONABLE1 CAN V]Y WELL PUT UP ) SU* DETAILS &1 S9CE !Y EXTOLL AN EXAMPLE1 \<T TO TRY TO GET EV]YONE PUT UP ) !M SO ?AT NO 4ONE WILL BE IGNORANT ( !M & ! POPULATION1 T]RORIZ$ ONCE & = ALL1 WILL BECOME ,FRANCISCAN ONE & ALL4 ,:OM DO !Y HOPE TO 9TIMIDATE1 O!RWISE1 BY ?AT EXAMPLE =EV] HIDD51 BY ! ?REAT ( A PUNI%M5T DESCRIB$ AS EASY & SWIFT & EASI] TO BE>1 AFT] ALL1 ?AN CANC]1 BY A P5ALTY SUBM]G$ 9 ! FL[]S ( RHETORIC8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ?OSE :O >E CONSID]$ RESPECTABLE 7SOME ( !M >E7 BECAUSE !Y >E SLEEP+ ,JT ?AT H\R1 & ! GREAT EXAMPLE HAS NOT BE5 ANN\NC$ TO !M1 & !Y WILL BE EAT+ !IR TOA/ & M>MALADE AT ! TIME ( ! PREMATURE BURIAL1 & !Y WILL BE 9=M$ ( ! WORK ( JU/ICE1 IF P]*ANCE !Y READ ! NEWSPAP]S1 BY AN 9SIPID NEWS ITEM ?AT WILL MELT LIKE SUG> 9 !IR MEMORY4 ,&1 YET1 ?OSE PEACEFUL CREATURES >E ! ONES :O PROVIDE ! L>GE/ P]C5TAGE4 ( HOMICIDES4 ,MANY4 SU* RESPECTABLE PEOPLE >E POT5TIAL CRIM9ALS4 ,ACCORD+ TO A MAGI/RATE1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( MURD]]S HE HAD KN[N DID NOT KN[ :5 %AV+ 9 ! MORN+ ?AT !Y W]E GO+ TO KILL LAT] 9 ! DAY4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE & = ! SAKE ( SECURITY1 IT W\LD BE WIS]1 9/EAD ( HID+ ! EXECUTION1 TO HOLD UP ! SEV]$ HEAD 9 FRONT ( ALL :O >E %AV+ 9 ! MORN+4 

,NO?+ ( ! SORT HAPP5S4 ,! ,/ATE DISGUISES EXECUTIONS & KEEPS SIL5T AB\T !SE /ATEM5TS & EYE-WITNESS ACC\NTS4 ,H5CE IT DOESN'T BELIEVE 9 ! EXEMPL>Y VALUE ( ! P5ALTY1 EXCEPT BY TRADITION & BECAUSE IT HAS NEV] BO!R$ TO ?9K AB\T ! MATT]4 ,! CRIM9AL IS KILL$ BECAUSE ?IS HAS BE5 DONE = C5TURIES &1 BESIDES1 HE IS KILL$ 9 A WAY ?AT WAS SET AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,\T ( HABIT1 PEOPLE WILL TURN TO >GUM5TS ?AT W]E US$ C5TURIES AGO1 EV5 ?\< !SE >GUM5TS MU/ BE CONTRADICT$ BY MEASURES ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( PUBLIC S5SITIVITY HAS MADE 9EVITABLE4 ,A LAW IS APPLI$ )\T BE+ ?\<T \T & ! CONDEMN$ DIE 9 ! NAME ( A !ORY 9 :I* ! EXECUTION]S DO NOT BELIEVE4 ,IF !Y BELIEV$ 9 IT1 ?IS W\LD BE OBVI\S TO ALL4 ,BUT PUBLICITY NOT ONLY >\SES SADI/IC 9/9CTS ) 9CALCULABLE REP]CUSSIONS EV5TUALLY LEAD+ TO ANO!R MURD]2 IT ALSO RUNS ! RISK ( PROVOK+ REVOLT & DISGU/ 9 ! PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,IT W\LD BECOME H>D] TO EXECUTE M5 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 AS IS DONE 9 \R C\NTRY TODAY1 IF ?OSE EXECUTIONS W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO VIVID IMAGES 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION4 ,! MAN :O 5JOYS HIS C(FEE :ILE READ+ ?AT JU/ICE HAS BE5 DONE W\LD SPIT IT \T AT ! LEA/ DETAIL4 ,& ! TEXTS ,I HAVE QUOT$ MI<T SEEM TO V9DICATE C]TA9 PR(ESSORS ( CRIM9AL LAW :O1 9 !IR OBVI\S 9ABILITY TO JU/IFY ?AT ANA*RONI/IC P5ALTY1 CONSOLE !MSELVES BY DECL>+1 ) ! SOCIOLOGI/ ,T>DE1 ?AT IT IS BETT] TO CAUSE DEA? )\T CAUS+ SUFF]+ ?AN IT IS TO CAUSE SUFF]+ )\T CAUS+ DEA?4 ,?IS IS :Y WE MU/ APPROVE ! POSITION ( ,GAMBETTA1 :O1 AS AN ADV]S>Y ( ! DEA? P5ALTY1 VOT$ AGA9/ A BILL 9VOLV+ SUPPRESSION ( PUBLICITY = EXECUTIONS1 DECL>+3 0,IF Y\ SUPPRESS ! HORROR ( ! SPECTACLE1 IF Y\ EXECUTE 9SIDE PRISONS1 Y\ WILL SMO!R ! PUBLIC \TBUR/ ( REVOLT ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE ( LATE & Y\ WILL /R5G!N ! DEA? P5ALTY40 

,9DE$1 ONE MU/ KILL PUBLICLY OR CONFESS ?AT ONE DOES4 NOT FEEL AU?ORIZ$ TO KILL4 ,IF SOCIETY JU/IFIES ! DEA? P5ALTY BY ! NECESSITY ( ! EXAMPLE1 IT MU/ JU/IFY ITSELF BY MAK+ ! PUBLICITY NECESS>Y4 ,IT MU/ %[ ! EXECUTION]'S H&S EA* TIME & =CE EV]YONE TO LOOK AT !M-! OV]-DELICATE CITIZ5S & ALL ?OSE :O HAD ANY RESPONSIBILITY 9 BR++ ! EXECUTION 9TO BE+4 ,O!RWISE1 SOCIETY ADMITS ?AT IT KILLS )\T KN[+ :AT IT IS SAY+ OR DO+4 ,OR ELSE IT ADMITS ?AT SU* REVOLT+ C]EMONIES CAN ONLY EXCITE CRIME ,OR COMPLETELY UPSET OP9ION4 ,:O C\LD BETT] /ATE ?IS ?AN A MAGI/RATE AT ! 5D ( HIS C>E]1 ,JUDGE ,FALCO1 :OSE BRAVE CONFESSION DES]VES S]I\S REFLECTION3 0,! ONLY TIME 9 MY LIFE :5 ,I DECID$ AGA9/ A COMMUTATION ( P5ALTY & 9 FAVOR ( EXECUTION1 ,I ?\<T ?AT1 DESPITE MY POSITION1 ,I C\LD ATT5D ! EXECUTION & REMA9 UTT]LY IMPASSIVE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CRIM9AL WAS NOT V]Y 9T]E/+3 HE HAD TORM5T$ HIS DAU<T] & F9ALLY ?R[N H] 9TO A WELL4 ,BUT1 AFT] HIS EXECUTION1 = WEEKS & EV5 MON?S1 MY NI<TS W]E HAUNT$ BY ?AT RECOLLECTION444 ,LIKE EV]YONE ELSE1 ,I S]V$ 9 ! W> & SAW AN 9NOC5T G5]ATION DIE1 BUT ,I CAN /ATE ?AT NO?+ GAVE ME ! SORT ( BAD CONSCI5CE ,I FELT 9 ! FACE ( ! K9D ( ADM9I/RATIVE MURD] ?AT IS CALL$ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T40 .<#f.> 

,BUT1 AFT] ALL1 :Y %\LD SOCIETY BELIEVE 9 ?AT EXAMPLE :5 IT DOES NOT /OP CRIME1 :5 ITS EFFECTS1 IF !Y EXI/1 >E 9VISIBLE8 ,TO BEG9 )1 CAPITAL PUNI%M5T C\LD NOT 9TIMIDATE ! MAN :O DOESN'T KN[ ?AT HE IS GO+ TO KILL1 :O MAKES UP HIS M9D TO IT 9 A FLA% & COMMITS HIS CRIME 9 A /ATE ( FR5ZY OR OBSESSION1 NOR ! MAN :O1 GO+ TO AN APPO9TM5T TO HAVE IT \T ) SOMEONE1 TAKES ALONG A WEAPON TO FRI<T5 ! FAI?LESS ONE OR ! OPPON5T & USES IT AL?\< HE DIDN'T WANT TO OR DIDN'T ?9K HE WANT$ TO4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT C\LD NOT 9TIMIDATE ! MAN :O IS HURL$ 9TO CRIME AS IF 9TO A CALAMITY4 ,?IS IS TANTAM\NT TO SAY+ ?AT IT IS P[]LESS 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES4 ,IT IS ONLY FAIR TO PO9T \T ?AT 9 \R C\NTRY CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS R>ELY APPLI$ 9 SU* CASES4 ,BUT ! WORD 0R>ELY0 ITSELF MAKES ONE %UDD]4 

,DOES IT FRI<T5 AT LEA/ ?AT RACE ( CRIM9ALS ON :OM IT CLAIMS TO OP]ATE & :O LIVE (F CRIME8 ,NO?+ IS LESS C]TA94 ,WE CAN READ 9 ,KOE/L] ?AT AT A TIME :5 PICKPOCKETS W]E EXECUT$ 9 ,5GL&1 O!R PICKPOCKETS EX]CIS$ !IR TAL5TS 9 ! CR[D SURR\ND+ ! SCAFFOLD :]E !IR COLLEAGUE WAS BE+ HANG$4 ,/ATI/ICS DRAWN UP AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY 9 ,5GL& %[ ?AT \T ( #be :O W]E HANG$1 #ag HAD PREVI\SLY ATT5D$ ONE OR MORE EXECUTIONS4 ,& 9 #a#h#h#f1 \T ( #afg CONDEMN$ M5 :O HAD GONE ?R\< ! ,BRI/OL PRISON1 #afd HAD WITNESS$ AT LEA/ ONE EXECUTION4 ,SU* /ATI/ICS >E NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO GA!R 9 ,FRANCE BECAUSE ( ! SECRECY SURR\ND+ EXECUTIONS4 ,BUT !Y GIVE CAUSE TO ?9K ?AT >\ND MY FA!R1 ! DAY ( ?AT EXECUTION1 !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 A RA!R L>GE NUMB] ( FUTURE CRIM9ALS1 :O DID NOT VOMIT4 ,! P[] ( 9TIMIDATION REA*ES ONLY ! QUIET 9DIVIDUALS :O >E NOT DRAWN T[>D CRIME & HAS NO EFFECT ON ! H>D5$ ONES :O NE$ TO BE S(T5$4 ,9 ,KOE/L]'S ESSAY & 9 ! DETAIL$ /UDIES WILL BE F\ND ! MO/ CONV9C+ FACTS & FIGURES ON ?IS ASPECT ( ! SUBJECT4 

,IT CANNOT BE D5I$1 H[EV]1 ?AT M5 FE> DEA?4 ,! PRIVATION ( LIFE IS 9DE$ ! SUPREME P5ALTY & \<T TO EXCITE 9 !M A DECISIVE FE>4 ,! FE> ( DEA?1 >IS+ FROM ! MO/ OBSCURE DEP?S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 RAVAGES HIM2 ! 9/9CT TO LIVE1 :5 IT IS ?REAT5$1 PANICS & /RUGGLES 9 AGONY4 ,!RE=E ! LEGISLATOR WAS RI<T 9 ?9K+ ?AT HIS LAW WAS BAS$ UPON ONE ( ! MO/ MY/]I\S & MO/ P[]FUL 9C5TIVES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,BUT LAW IS ALWAYS SIMPL] ?AN NATURE4 ,:5 LAW V5TURES1 9 ! HOPE ( DOM9AT+1 9TO ! D>K REGIONS ( CONSCI\SNESS1 IT HAS LITTLE *ANCE ( BE+ ABLE TO SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEXITY IT WANTS TO CODIFY4 

,IF FE> ( DEA? IS1 9DE$1 A FACT1 ANO!R FACT IS ?AT SU* FE>1 H[EV] GREAT IT MAY BE1 HAS NEV] SUFFIC$ TO QUELL HUMAN PASSIONS4 ,BACON IS RI<T 9 SAY+ ?AT !RE IS NO PASSION SO WEAK ?AT IT CANNOT CONFRONT & OV]P[] FE> ( DEA?4 ,REV5GE1 LOVE1 HONOR1 PA91 ANO!R FE> MANAGE TO OV]COME IT4 ,H[ C\LD CUPIDITY1 HATR$1 JEAL\SY FAIL TO DO :AT LOVE ( A P]SON OR A C\NTRY1 :AT A PASSION = FRE$OM MANAGE TO DO8 ,= C5TURIES ! DEA? P5ALTY1 (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY B>B>\S REF9EM5TS1 HAS BE5 TRY+ TO HOLD CRIME 9 *ECK2 YET CRIME P]SI/S4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE ! 9/9CTS ?AT >E W>R+ 9 MAN >E NOT1 AS ! LAW CLAIMS1 CON/ANT =CES 9 A /ATE ( EQUILIBRIUM4 ,!Y >E V>IABLE =CES CON/ANTLY WAX+ & WAN+1 & !IR REPEAT$ LAPSES FROM EQUILIBRIUM N\RI% ! LIFE ( ! M9D AS ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS1 :5 CLOSE 5\<1 SET UP A CURR5T4 ,JU/ IMAG9E ! S]IES ( OSCILLATIONS1 FROM DESIRE TO LACK ( APPETITE1 FROM DECISION TO R5UNCIATION1 ?R\< :I* EA* ( US PASSES 9 A S+LE DAY1 MULTIPLY !SE V>IATIONS 9F9ITELY1 & Y\ WILL HAVE AN IDEA4 ( PSY*OLOGICAL PROLIF]ATION4 ,SU* LAPSES FROM EQUILIBRIUM >E G5]ALLY TOO FLEET+ TO ALL[ A S+LE =CE TO DOM9ATE ! :OLE BE+4 ,BUT IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT ONE ( ! S\L'S =CES BREAKS LOOSE UNTIL IT FILLS ! :OLE FIELD ( CONSCI\SNESS2 AT SU* A MOM5T NO 9/9CT1 NOT EV5 ?AT ( LIFE1 CAN OPPOSE ! TYRANNY ( ?AT IRRESI/IBLE =CE4 ,= CAPITAL PUNI%M5T TO BE REALLY 9TIMIDAT+1 HUMAN NATURE W\LD HAVE TO BE DIFF]5T2 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE AS /ABLE & S]5E AS ! LAW ITSELF4 ,BUT !N HUMAN NATURE W\LD BE DEAD4 

,IT IS NOT DEAD4 ,?IS IS :Y1 H[EV] SURPRIS+ ?IS MAY SEEM TO ANYONE :O HAS NEV] OBS]V$ OR DIRECTLY EXP]I5C$ HUMAN COMPLEXITY1 ! MURD]]1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 FEELS 9NOC5T :5 HE KILLS4 ,EV]Y CRIM9AL ACQUITS HIMSELF BE=E HE IS JUDG$4 ,HE CONSID]S HIMSELF1 IF NOT )9 HIS RI<T1 AT LEA/ EXCUS$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,HE DOES NOT ?9K OR =ESEE2 :5 HE ?9KS1 IT IS TO =ESEE ?AT HE WILL BE =GIV5 ALTOGE!R OR 9-P>T4 ,H[ C\LD HE FE> :AT HE CONSID]S HI<LY IMPROBABLE8 ,HE WILL FE> DEA? AFT] ! V]DICT BUT NOT BE=E ! CRIME4 ,H5CE ! LAW1 TO BE 9TIMIDAT+1 %\LD LEAVE ! MURD]] NO *ANCE1 %\LD BE IMPLACABLE 9 ADVANCE & P>TICUL>LY ADMIT NO EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,BUT :O AMONG US W\LD D>E ASK ?IS8 

,IF ANYONE DID1 IT W\LD /ILL BE NECESS>Y TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ANO!R P>ADOX ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IF ! 9/9CT TO LIVE IS FUNDAM5TAL1 IT IS NO MORE SO ?AN ANO!R 9/9CT ( :I* ! ACADEMIC PSY*OLOGI/S DO NOT SPEAK3 ! DEA? 9/9CT1 :I* AT C]TA9 MOM5TS CALLS = ! DE/RUCTION ( ONESELF & ( O!RS4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT ! DESIRE TO KILL (T5 CO9CIDES ) ! DESIRE TO DIE OR TO ANNIHILATE ONESELF4.<#g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

,SU* PECULI>ITIES SUFFICE TO EXPLA9 :Y A P5ALTY ?AT SEEMS CALCULAT$ TO FRI<T5 NORMAL M9DS IS 9 REALITY ALTOGE!R UNRELAT$ TO ORD9>Y PSY*OLOGY4 ,ALL /ATI/ICS )\T EXCEPTION1 ?OSE CONC]N+ C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE ABOLI%$ EXECUTION AS WELL AS ! O!RS1 %[ ?AT !RE IS NO CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY & CRIM9ALITY4.<#h.> ,CRIM9AL /ATI/ICS NEI!R 9CREASE NOR DECREASE4 ,! GUILLOT9E EXI/S1 & DOES CRIME2 BETWE5 ! TWO !RE IS NO O!R APP>5T CONNECTION ?AN ?AT ( ! LAW4 ,ALL WE CAN CONCLUDE FROM ! FIGURES1 SET D[N AT L5G? 9 /ATI/ICAL TABLES IS ?IS3 = C5TURIES CRIMES O!R ?AN MURD] W]E PUNI%$ ) DEA?1 & ! SUPREME PUNI%M5T1 REPEAT$ OV] & OV] AGA91 DID NOT DO AWAY ) ANY ( ?OSE CRIMES4 ,= C5TURIES N[1 ?OSE CRIMES HAVE NO LONG] BE5 PUNI%$ ) DEA?4 ,YET !Y HAVE NOT 9CREAS$2 M FACT1 SOME ( !M4 HAVE DECREAS$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 MURD] HAS BE5 PUNI%$ ) EXECUTION = C5TURIES & YET ! RACE ( ,CA9 HAS NOT DISAPPE>$4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! ?IRTY-?REE NATIONS ?AT HAVE ABOLI%$ ! DEA? P5ALTY OR NO LONG] USE IT1 ! NUMB] ( MURD]S HAS NOT 9CREASE4 ,:O C\LD D$UCE FROM ?IS ?AT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS REALLY 9TIMIDAT+8 

,CONS]VATIVES CANNOT D5Y !SE FACTS OR !SE FIGURES4 ,!IR ONLY & F9AL REPLY IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,!Y EXPLA9 ! P>ADOXICAL ATTITUDE ( A SOCIETY ?AT SO C>EFULLY HIDES ! EXECUTION1 IT CLAIMS TO BE EXEMPL>Y4 0,NO?+ PROVES1 9DE$1 SAY ! CONS]VATIVES 0?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY IS EXEMPL>Y2 AS A MATT] ( FACT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ?\S&S ( MURD]]S HAVE NOT BE5 9TIMIDAT$4 BY IT4 ,BUT !RE IS NO WAY ( KN[+ ?OSE IT HAS 9TIMIDAT$2 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO?+ PROVES ?AT IT IS NOT EXEMPL>Y40 ,?US1 ! GREATE/ ( PUNI%M5TS1 ! ONE ?AT 9VOLVES ! LA/ DI%ONOR = ! CONDEMN$ & GRANTS ! SUPREME PRIVILEGE TO SOCIETY1 RE/S ON NO?+ BUT AN UNDEF9ABLE POSSIBILITY4 ,DEA?1 ON ! O!R H&1 DOES NOT 9VOLVE DEGREES OR PROBABILITIES4 ,IT SOLIDIFIES ALL ?+S1 CULPABILITY & ! BODY1 9 A DEF9ITIVE RIGIDITY4 ,YET IT IS ADM9I/]$ AMONG US 9 ! NAME ( *ANCE & A CALCULATION4 ,EV5 IF ?AT CALCULATION W]E REASONABLE1 %\LD !RE NOT BE A C]TA9TY TO AU?ORIZE ! MO/ C]TA9 ( DEA?S8 ,H[EV]1 ! CONDEMN$ IS CUT 9 TWO1 NOT SO MU* = ! CRIME HE COMMITT$ BUT BY VIRTUE ( ALL ! CRIMES ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 & W]E NOT COMMITT$1 ?AT CAN BE & WILL NOT BE COMMITT$4 ,! MO/ SWEEP+ UNC]TA9TY 9 ?IS CASE AU?ORIZES ! MO/ IMPLACABLE C]TA9TY4 

,I AM NOT ! ONLY ONE TO BE AMAZ$ BY SU* A DANG]\S CONTRADICTION4 ,EV5 ! ,/ATE CONDEMNS IT1 & SU* BAD CONSCI5CE EXPLA9S 9 TURN ! CONTRADICTION ( ITS [N ATTITUDE4 ,! ,/ATE DIVE/S ITS EXECUTIONS ( ALL PUBLICITY BECAUSE IT CANNOT ASS]T1 9 ! FACE ( FACTS1 ?AT !Y EV] S]V$ TO 9TIMIDATE CRIM9ALS4 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT ESCAPE ! DILEMMA ,BECC>IA DESCRIB$ :5 HE WROTE3 0,IF IT IS IMPORTANT TO GIVE ! PEOPLE PRO(S ( P[] (T51 !N EXECUTIONS MU/ BE FREQU5T2 BUT CRIMES WILL HAVE TO BE FREQU5T TOO1 & ?IS WILL PROVE ?AT ! DEA? P5ALTY DOES NOT MAKE ! COMPLETE IMPRESSION ?AT IT %\LD1 :5CE IT RESULTS ?AT IT IS BO? USELESS & NECESS>Y40 ,:AT CAN ! ,/ATE DO ) A P5ALTY ?AT IS USELESS & NECESS>Y1 EXCEPT TO HIDE IT )\T ABOLI%+ IT8 ,! ,/ATE WILL KEEP IT !N1 A LITTLE \T ( ! WAY1 NOT )\T EMB>RASSM5T1 9 ! BL9D HOPE ?AT ONE MAN AT LEA/1 ONE DAY AT LEA/1 WILL BE /OPP$ FROM HIS MURD]\S GE/URE BY ?\<T ( ! PUNI%M5T &1 )\T ANYONE'S EV] KN[+ IT1 WILL JU/IFY A LAW ?AT HAS NEI!R REASON NOR EXP]I5CE 9 ITS FAVOR4 ,9 ORD] TO CONT9UE CLAIM+ ?AT ! GUILLOT9E IS EXEMPL>Y1 ! ,/ATE IS CONSEQU5TLY L$ TO MULTIPLY V]Y REAL MURD]S 9 ! HOPE ( AVOID+ A POSSIBLE MURD] :I*1 AS F> AS IT KN[S OR EV] WILL KN[1 MAY NEV] BE P]PETRAT$4 ,AN ODD LAW1 TO BE SURE1 :I* KN[S ! MURD] IT COMMITS & WILL NEV] KN[ ! ONE IT PREV5TS4 

,:AT WILL BE LEFT ( ?AT P[] ( EXAMPLE IF IT IS PROV$ ?AT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T HAS ANO!R P[]1 & A V]Y REAL ONE1 :I* DEGRADES M5 TO ! PO9T ( %AME1 MADNESS1 & MURD]8 

,IT IS ALREADY POSSIBLE TO FOLL[ ! EXEMPL>Y EFFECTS ( SU* C]EMONIES ON PUBLIC OP9ION1 ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( SADISM !Y >\SE1 ! HIDE\S VA+LORY !Y EXCITE 9 C]TA9 CRIM9ALS4 ,NO NOBILITY 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! GALL[S1 BUT DISGU/1 CONTEMPT1 OR ! VILE/ 9DULG5CE ( ! S5SES4 ,!SE EFFECTS >E WELL KN[N4 ,DEC5CY =C$ ! GUILLOT9E TO EMIGRATE FROM ,PLACE DE L',HOTEL DE ,VILLE TO ! CITY GATES1 !N 9TO ! PRISONS4 ,WE >E LESS 9=M$ AS TO ! FEEL+S ( ?OSE :OSE ,JOB IT IS TO ATT5D SU* SPECTACLES4 ,JU/ LI/5 !N TO ! W>D5 ( AN ,5GLI% PRISON :O CONFESSES TO 0A KE5 S5SE ( P]SONAL %AME0 & TO ! *APLA9 :O SPEAKS ( 0HORROR1 %AME1 & HUMILIATION40 .<#i.> 

,P>T #b 

,JU/ IMAG9E ! FEEL+S ( ! MAN :O KILLS UND] ORD]S-,I MEAN ! EXECUTION]4 ,:AT CAN WE ?9K ( ?OSE (FICIALS :O CALL ! GUILLOT9E 0! %UNT+ 5G9E10 ! CONDEMN$ M5 0! CLI5T0 OR 0! P>CEL80 ,! PRIE/ ,BELA ,JU/1 :O ACCOMPANI$ MORE ?AN ?IRTY CONDEMN$ M51 WRITES3 0,! SLANG ( ! ADM9I/RATORS ( JU/ICE IS QUITE AS CYNICAL & VULG> AS ?AT ( ! CRIM9ALS40.<#a.> ,& H]E >E ! REM>KS ( ONE ( \R ASSI/ANT EXECUTION]S ON HIS J\RNEYS TO ! PROV9CES3 ',:5 WE W\LD />T ON A TRIP1 IT WAS ALWAYS A L>K ) TAXIS & ! BE/ RE/AURANTS P>T ( ! SPREE60.<#a#a.> ,! SAME ONE SAYS1 BOA/+ ( ! EXECUTION]'S SKILL 9 RELEAS+ ! BLADE3 0,Y\ C\LD ALL[ Y\RSELF ! FUN ( PULL+ ! CLI5T'S HAIR40 ,! DISSOLUT5ESS EXPRESS$ H]E HAS O!R1 DEEP] ASPECTS4 ,! CLO?+ ( ! CONDEMN$ BELONGS 9 PR9CIPLE TO ! EXECUTION]4 ,! ELD] ,DEIBL] US$ TO HANG ALL SU* >TICLES ( CLO?+ 9 A %$ & N[ & !N W\LD GO & LOOK AT !M4 ,BUT !RE >E MORE S]I\S ASPECTS4 ,H]E IS :AT \R ASSI/ANT EXECUTION] DECL>ES3 ',! NEW EXECUTION] IS BATTY AB\T ! GUILLOT9E4 ,HE SOMETIMES SP5DS DAYS ON 5D AT HOME SITT+ ON A *AIR1 READY ) HAT & COAT ON1 WAIT+ = A SUMMONS FROM ! ,M9I/RY40 .<#a#b.> 

,YES1 ?IS IS ! MAN ( :OM ,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE SAID ?AT1 = HIM TO EXI/1 !RE HAD TO BE A SPECIAL DECREE FROM ! DIV9E P[] & ?AT1 )\T HIM1 0ORD] YIELDS TO *AOS1 ?RONES COLLAPSE1 & SOCIETY DISAPPE>S40 ,?IS IS ! MAN ?R\< :OM SOCIETY RIDS ITSELF ALTOGE!R ( ! GUILTY MAN1 = ! EXECUTION] SIGNS ! PRISON RELEASE & TAKES *>GE ( A FREE MAN4 ,! L9E & SOLEMN EXAMPLE1 ?\<T UP BY \R LEGISLATORS1 AT LEA/ PRODUCES ONE SURE EFFECT-TO DEPRECIATE OR TO DE/ROY ALL HUMANITY & REASON 9 ?OSE :O TAKE P>T 9 IT DIRECTLY4 ,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID1 !SE >E EXCEPTIONAL CREATURES :O F9D A VOCATION 9 SU* DI%ONOR4 ,!Y SEEM LESS EXCEPTIONAL :5 WE LE>N ?AT HUNDR$S ( P]SONS (F] TO S]VE AS EXECUTION]S )\T PAY4 ,! M5 ( \R G5]ATION1 :O HAVE LIV$ ?R\< ! HI/ORY ( REC5T YE>S1 WILL NOT BE A/ONI%$ BY ?IS BIT ( 9=MATION4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT BEH9D ! MO/ PEACEFUL & FAMILI> FACES SLUMB]S ! IMPULSE TO TORTURE & MURD]4 ,! PUNI%M5T ?AT AIMS TO 9TIMIDATE AN UNKN[N MURD]] C]TA9LY CONF]S A VOCATION ( KILL] ON MANY ANO!R MON/] AB\T :OM !RE IS NO D\BT4 ,& S9CE WE >E BUSY JU/IFY+ \R CRUELE/ LAWS ) PROBABLE CONSID]ATIONS1 LET !RE BE NO D\BT ?AT \T ( ?OSE HUNDR$S ( M5 :OSE S]VICES W]E DECL9$1 ONE AT LEA/ MU/ HAVE SATISFI$ O!RWISE ! BLOOD?IR/Y 9/9CTS ! GUILLOT9E EXCIT$ 9 HIM4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 !RE IS A DESIRE TO MA9TA9 ! DEA? P5ALTY1 LET US AT LEA/ BE SP>$ ! HYPOCRISY ( A JU/IFICATION BY EXAMPLE4 ,LET US BE FRANK AB\T ?AT P5ALTY :I* CAN HAVE NO PUBLICITY1 ?AT 9TIMIDATION :I* WORKS ONLY ON RESPECTABLE PEOPLE1 SO LONG AS !Y >E RESPECTABLE1 :I* FASC9ATES ?OSE :O HAVE CEAS$ TO BE RESPECTABLE & DEBASES OR D]ANGES ?OSE :O TAKE P>T 9 IT4 ,IT IS A P5ALTY1 TO BE SURE1 A FRI<TFUL TORTURE1 BO? PHYSICAL & MORAL1 BUT IT PROVIDES NO SURE EXAMPLE EXCEPT A DEMORALIZ+ ONE4 ,IT PUNI%ES1 BUT IT =E/ALLS NO?+2 9DE$1 IT MAY EV5 >\SE ! IMPULSE TO MURD]4 ,IT H>DLY SEEMS TO EXI/1 EXCEPT = ! MAN :O SUFF]S IT-9 HIS S\L = MON?S & YE>S1 9 HIS BODY DUR+ ! DESP]ATE & VIOL5T H\R :5 HE IS CUT 9 TWO )\T SUPPRESS+ HIS LIFE4 ,LET US CALL IT BY ! NAME :I*1 = LACK ( ANY O!R NOBILITY1 WILL AT LEA/ GIVE ! NOBILITY ( TRU?1 & LET US RECOGNIZE IT = :AT IT IS ESS5TIALLY2 A REV5GE4 

,A PUNI%M5T ?AT P5ALIZES )\T =E/ALL+ IS 9DE$ CALL$ REV5GE4 ,IT IS A QUASI->I?METICAL REPLY MADE BY SOCIETY TO :OEV] BREAKS ITS PRIMORDIAL LAW4 ,?AT REPLY IS AS OLD AS MAN2 IT IS CALL$ ! LAW ( RETALIATION4 ,:OEV] HAS DONE ME H>M MU/ SUFF] H>M2 :OEV] HAS PUT \T MY EYE MU/ LOSE AN EYE2 & :OEV] HAS KILL$ MU/ DIE4 ,?IS IS AN EMOTION1 & A P>TICUL>LY VIOL5T ONE1 NOT A PR9CIPLE4 ,RETALIATION IS RELAT$ TO NATURE & 9/9CT1 NOT TO LAW4 ,LAW1 BY DEF9ITION1 CANNOT OBEY ! SAME RULES AS NATURE4 ,IF MURD] IS 9 ! NATURE ( MAN1 ! LAW IS NOT 9T5D$ TO IMITATE OR REPRODUCE ?AT NATURE4 ,IT IS 9T5D$ TO CORRECT IT4 ,N[1 RETALIATION DOES NO MORE ?AN RATIFY & CONF] ! /ATUS ( A LAW ON A PURE IMPULSE ( NATURE4 ,WE HAVE ALL KN[N ?AT IMPULSE1 (T5 TO \R %AME1 & WE KN[ ITS P[]1 = ,IT COMES D[N TO US FROM ! PRIMITIVE =E/S4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 WE ,FR5*1 :O >E PROP]LY 9DIGNANT UPON SEE+ ! OIL K+ 9 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA PREA* 9T]NATIONAL DEMOCRACY & CALL 9 A BUT*] TO CUT (F A ?IEF'S H& ) A CLEAV]1 LIVE ALSO 9 A SORT ( ,MIDDLE ,AGES )\T EV5 ! CONSOLATIONS ( FAI?4 ,WE /ILL DEF9E JU/ICE ACCORD+ TO ! RULES ( A CRUDE >I?METIC4.<#a#c.> ,CAN IT BE SAID AT LEA/ ?AT ?AT >I?METIC IS EXACT & ?AT ,JU/ICE1 EV5 :5 ELEM5T>Y1 EV5 :5 LIMIT$ TO LEGAL REV5GE1 IS SAFEGU>D$ BY ! DEA? P5ALTY8 ,! ANSW] MU/ BE NO4 

,LET US LEAVE ASIDE ! FACT ?AT ! LAW ( RETALIATION IS 9APPLICABLE & ?AT IT W\LD SEEM JU/ AS EXCESSIVE TO PUNI% ! 9C5DI>Y BY SETT+ FIRE TO HIS H\SE AS ,IT W\LD BE 9SUFFICI5T TO PUNI% ! ?IEF BY D$UCT+ FROM HIS BANK ACC\NT A SUM EQUAL TO HIS !FT4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT IT IS JU/ & NECESS>Y TO COMP5SATE = ! MURD] ( ! VICTIM BY ! DEA? ( ! MURD]]4 ,BUT BEHEAD+ IS NOT SIMPLY DEA?4 ,IT IS JU/ AS DIFF]5T1 9 ESS5CE1 FROM ! PRIVATION ( LIFE AS A CONC5TRATION CAMP IS FROM PRISON4 ,IT IS A MURD]1 TO BE SURE1 & ONE ?AT >I?METICALLY PAYS = ! MURD] COMMITT$4 ,BUT IT ADDS TO DEA? A RULE1 A PUBLIC PREM$ITATION KN[N TO ! FUTURE VICTIM1 AN ORGANIZATION1 9 %ORT1 :I* IS 9 ITSELF A S\RCE ( MORAL SUFF]+S MORE T]RIBLE ?AN DEA?4 ,H5CE !RE IS NO EQUIVAL5CE4 ,MANY LAWS CONSID] A PREM$ITAT$ CRIME MORE S]I\S ?AN A CRIME ( PURE VIOL5CE4 ,BUT :AT !N IS CAPITAL PUNI%M5T BUT ! MO/ PREM$ITAT$ ( MURD]S1 TO :I* NO CRIM9AL'S DE$1 H[EV] CALCULAT$ IT MAY BE1 CAN BE COMP>$8 ,= !RE TO BE EQUIVAL5CE1 ! DEA? P5ALTY W\LD HAVE TO PUNI% A CRIM9AL :O HAD W>N$ HIS VICTIM ( ! DATE AT :I* HE W\LD 9DICT A HORRIBLE DEA? ON HIM & :O1 FROM ?AT MOM5T ONW>D1 HAD CONF9$ HIM AT HIS M]CY = MON?S4 ,SU* A MON/] IS NOT 5C\NT]$ 9 PRIVATE LIFE4 

,!RE1 TOO1 :5 \R (FICIAL JURI/S TALK ( PUTT+ TO DEA? )\T CAUS+ SUFF]+1 !Y DON'T KN[ :AT !Y >E TALK+ AB\T &1 ABOVE ALL1 !Y LACK IMAG9ATION4 ,! DEVA/AT+1 DEGRAD+ FE> ?AT IS IMPOS$ ON ! CONDEMN$ = MON?S OR YE>S.<#a#d.> IS A PUNI%M5T MORE T]RIBLE ?AN DEA?1 & ONE ?AT WAS NOT IMPOS$ ON ! VICTIM4 ,EV5 9 ! FRI<T CAUS$ BY ! MORTAL VIOL5CE BE+ DONE TO HIM1 MO/ ( ! TIME ! VICTIM IS HA/5$ TO HIS DEA? )\T KN[+ :AT IS HAPP5+ TO HIM4 ,! P]IOD ( HORROR IS C\NT$ \T ) HIS LIFE1 & HOPE ( ESCAP+ ! MADNESS ?AT HAS SWEPT D[N UPON ?AT LIFE PROBABLY NEV] LEAVES HIM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! HORROR IS P>CEL$ \T TO ! MAN :O IS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,TORTURE ?R\< HOPE ALT]NATES ) ! PANGS ( ANIMAL DESPAIR4 ,! LAWY] & *APLA91 \T ( M]E HUMANITY1 & ! JAIL]S1 SO ?AT ! CONDEMN$ MAN WILL KEEP QUIET1 >E UNANIM\S 9 ASSUR+ HIM ?AT HE WILL BE REPRIEV$4 ,HE BELIEVES ?IS ) ALL HIS BE+ & !N HE CEASES TO BELIEVE IT4 ,HE HOPES BY DAY & DESPAIRS ( IT BY NI<T4.<#a#e.> ,AS ! WEEKS PASS1 HOPE & DESPAIR 9CREASE & BECOME EQUALLY UNBE>ABLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ALL ACC\NTS1 ! COLOR ( ! SK9 *ANGES1 FE> ACT+ LIKE AN ACID4 0,KN[+ ?AT Y\ >E GO+ TO DIE IS NO?+10 SAID A CONDEMN$ MAN 9 ,FRESNES4 0,BUT NOT KN[+ :E!R OR NOT Y\ >E GO+ TO LIVE1 ?AT'S T]ROR & ANGUI%40 ,C>T\*E SAID ( ! SUPREME PUNI%M5T3 ',:Y1 IT'S JU/ A FEW M9UTES ?AT HAVE TO BE LIV$ ?R\<40 ,BUT IT IS A MATT] ( MON?S1 NOT ( M9UTES4 ,LONG 9 ADVANCE ! CONDEMN$ MAN KN[S ?AT HE IS GO+ TO BE KILL$ & ?AT ! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN SAVE HIM IS A REPRIEVE1 RA!R SIMIL>1 = HIM1 TO ! DECREES ( HEAV54 ,9 ANY CASE1 HE CANNOT 9T]V5E1 MAKE A PLEA HIMSELF1 OR CONV9CE4 ,EV]Y?+ GOES ON \TSIDE ( HIM4 ,HE IS NO LONG] A MAN BUT A ?+ WAIT+ TO BE H&L$ BY ! EXECUTION]S4 ,HE IS KEPT AS IF HE W]E 9]T MATT]1 BUT HE /ILL HAS A CONSCI\SNESS :I* IS HIS *IEF 5EMY4 

,:5 ! (FICIALS :OSE JOB IT IS TO KILL ?AT MAN CALL HIM A P>CEL1 !Y KN[ :AT !Y >E SAY+4 ,TO BE UNABLE TO DO ANY?+ AGA9/ ! H& ?AT MOVES Y\ FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R1 HOLDS Y\ OR REJECTS Y\1 IS ?IS NOT 9DE$ BE+ A P>CEL1 OR A ?+1 OR1 BETT]1 A HOBBL$ ANIMAL8 ,EV5 !N AN ANIMAL CAN REFUSE TO EAT4 ,! CONDEMN$ MAN CANNOT4 ,HE IS GIV5 ! B5EFIT ( A SPECIAL DIET 7AT ,FRESNES1 ,DIET ,NO4 #d ) EXTRA MILK1 W9E1 SUG>1 JAM1 BUTT]72 !Y SEE TO IT ?AT HE N\RI%ES HIMSELF4 ,IF NE$ BE1 HE IS =C$ TO DO SO4 ,! ANIMAL ?AT IS GO+ TO BE KILL$ MU/ BE 9 ! BE/ CONDITION4 ,! ?+ OR ! ANIMAL HAS A RI<T ONLY TO ?OSE DEBAS$ FRE$OMS ?AT >E CALL$ :IMS4 ',!Y >E V]Y T\*Y10 A TOP-S]GEANT AT ,FRESNES SAYS )\T ! LEA/ IRONY ( ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,( C\RSE1 BUT H[ ELSE CAN !Y HAVE CONTACT ) FRE$OM & ! DIGNITY ( ! WILL ?AT MAN CANNOT DO )\T8 ,T\*Y OR NOT1 ! MOM5T ! S5T5CE HAS BE5 PRON\NC$ ! CONDEMN$ MAN 5T]S AN IMP]TURBABLE MA*9E4 ,= A C]TA9 NUMB] ( WEEKS HE TRAVELS ALONG 9 ! 9TRICATE MA*9]Y ?AT DET]M9ES HIS EV]Y GE/URE & EV5TUALLY H&S HIM OV] TO ?OSE :O WILL LAY HIM D[N ON ! KILL+ MA*9E4 ,! P>CEL IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO ! LAWS ( *ANCE ?AT HANG OV] ! LIV+ CREATURE BUT TO ME*ANICAL LAWS ?AT ALL[ HIM TO =ESEE ACCURATELY ! DAY ( HIS BEHEAD+4 

,?AT DAY HIS BE+ AN OBJECT COMES TO AN 5D4 ,DUR+ ! ?REE QU>T]S ( AN H\R SEP>AT+ HIM FROM ! 5D1 ! C]TA9TY ( A P[]LESS DEA? /IFLES EV]Y?+ ELSE2 ! ANIMAL1 TI$ D[N & AM5ABLE1 KN[S A HELL ?AT MAKES ! HELL HE IS ?REAT5$ ) SEEM RIDICUL\S4 ,! ,GREEKS1 AFT] ALL1 W]E MORE HUMANE ) !IR HEMLOCK4 ,!Y LEFT !IR CONDEMN$ A RELATIVE FRE$OM1 ! POSSIBILITY ( PUTT+ (F OR HA/5+ ! H\R ( HIS DEA?4 ,!Y GAVE HIM A *OICE BETWE5 SUICIDE & EXECUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ORD] TO BE D\BLY SURE1 WE DEAL ) ! CULPRIT \RSELVES4 ,BUT !RE C\LD NOT REALLY BE ANY JU/ICE UNLESS ! CONDEMN$1 AFT] MAK+ KN[N HIS DECISION MON?S 9 ADVANCE1 HAD APPROA*$ HIS VICTIM1 B\ND HIM FIRMLY1 9=M$ HIM ?AT HE W\LD BE PUT TO DEA? 9 AN H\R1 & HAD F9ALLY US$ ?AT H\R TO SET UP ! APP>ATUS ( DEA?4 ,:AT CRIM9AL EV] R$UC$ HIS VICTIM TO SU* A DESP]ATE & P[]LESS CONDITION8 

,?IS D\BTLESS EXPLA9S ! ODD SUBMISSIV5ESS ?AT IS CU/OM>Y 9 ! CONDEMN$ AT ! MOM5T ( !IR EXECUTION4 ,!SE M5 :O HAVE NO?+0 MORE TO LOSE C\LD PLAY !IR LA/ C>D1 *OOSE TO DIE ( A *ANCE BULLET OR BE GUILLOT9$ 9 ! K9D ( FRANTIC /RUGGLE ?AT DULLS ALL ! FACULTIES4 ,9 A WAY1 ?IS W\LD AM\NT TO DY+ FREELY4 ,& YET1 ) BUT FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ! RULE IS = ! CONDEMN$ TO WALK T[>D DEA? PASSIVELY 9 A SORT ( DRE>Y DESPOND5CY4 ,?AT IS PROBABLY :AT \R J\RNALI/S MEAN :5 !Y SAY ?AT ! CONDEMN$ DI$ C\RAGE\SLY4 ,WE MU/ READ BETWE5 ! L9ES ?AT ! CONDEMN$ MADE NO NOISE1 ACCEPT$ HIS /ATUS AS A P>CEL1 & ?AT EV]YONE IS GRATEFUL TO HIM = ?IS4 ,9 SU* A DEGRAD+ BUS9ESS1 ! 9T]E/$ P>TY %[S A PRAISE-WOR?Y S5SE ( PROPRIETY BY KEEP+ ! DEGRADATION FROM LA/+ TOO LONG4 ,BUT ! COMPLIM5TS & ! C]TIFICATES ( C\RAGE BELONG TO ! G5]AL MY/IFICATION SURR\ND+ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,= ! CONDEMN$ WILL (T5 BE SEEMLY 9 PROPORTION TO ! FE> HE FEELS4 ,HE WILL DES]VE ! PRAISE ( ! PRESS ONLY IF HIS FE> OR HIS FEEL+ ( ISOLATION IS GREAT 5\< TO /]ILIZE HIM COMPLETELY4 ,LET !RE BE NO MISUND]/&+4 ,SOME AMONG ! CONDEMN$1 :E!R POLITICAL OR NOT1 DIE H]OICALLY1 & !Y MU/ BE GRANT$ ! PROP] ADMIRATION & RESPECT4 ,BUT ! MAJORITY ( !M KN[ ONLY ! SIL5CE ( FE>1 ONLY ! IMPASSIVITY ( FRI<T1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT SU* T]R9$ SIL5CE DES]VES EV5 GREAT] RESPECT4 ,:5 ! PRIE/ ,BELA ,JU/ (F]S TO WRITE TO ! FAMILY ( A Y\NG CONDEMN$ MAN A FEW MOM5TS BE=E HE IS HANG$ & HE>S ! REPLY3 0,I HAVE NO C\RAGE1 EV5 = ?AT10 H[ CAN A PRIE/1 HE>+ ?AT CONFESSION ( WEAKNESS1 FAIL TO HONOR ! MO/ WRET*$ & MO/ SACR$ ?+ 9 MAN8 ,?OSE :O SAY NO?+ BUT LEAVE A LITTLE POOL ON ! SPOT FROM :I* !Y >E TAK5-:O W\LD D>E SAY !Y DI$ AS C[>DS8 ,& H[ CAN WE DESCRIBE ! M5 :O R$UC$ !M TO SU* C[>DICE8 ,AFT] ALL1 EV]Y MURD]] :5 HE KILLS RUNS ! RISK ( ! MO/ DREADFUL ( DEA?S1 :]EAS ?OSE :O KILL HIM RISK NO?+ EXCEPT ADVANCEM5T4 

,NO1 :AT MAN EXP]I5CES AT SU* TIMES IS BEYOND AN MORALITY4 ,NOT VIRTUE1 NOR C\RAGE1 NOR 9TELLIG5CE1 NOR EV5 9NOC5CE HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,SOCIETY IS SUDD5LY R$UC$ TO A /ATE ( PRIMITIVE T]RORS :]E NO?+ CAN BE JUDG$4 ,ALL EQUITY & ALL DIGNITY HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ',! CONVICTION ( 9NOC5CE DOES NOT IMMUNIZE AGA9/ BRUTAL TREATM5T444 ,I HAVE SE5 AU!NTIC B&ITS DIE C\RAGE\SLY :]EAS 9NOC5T M5 W5T TO !IR DEA?S TREMBL+ 9 EV]Y MUSCLE40 .<#a#f.> ,:5 ! SAME MAN ADDS ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO HIS EXP]I5CE1 9TELLECTUALS %[ MORE WEAKNESS1 HE IS NOT IMPLY+ ?AT SU* M5 HAVE LESS C\RAGE ?AN O!RS BUT M]ELY ?AT !Y HAVE MORE IMAG9ATION4 ,HAV+ TO FACE AN 9EVITABLE DEA?1 ANY MAN1 :ATEV] HIS CONVICTIONS1 IS TORN ASUND] FROM HEAD TO TOE4.<#a#g.> ,! FEEL+ ( P[]LESSNESS & SOLITUDE4 ( !4 CONDEMN$ MAN1 B\ND & UP AGA9/ ! PUBLIC COALITION ?AT DEM&S HIS DEA?1 IS 9 ITSELF AN UNIMAG9ABLE PUNI%M5T4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 TOO1 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] = ! EXECUTION TO BE PUBLIC4 ,! ACTOR 9 EV]Y MAN C\LD !N COME TO ! AID ( ! T]RIFI$ ANIMAL & HELP HIM CUT A FIGURE1 EV5 9 HIS [N EYE4 ,BUT D>KNESS & SECRECY (F] NO REC\RSE4 ,9 SU*1 A DISA/]1 C\RAGE1 /R5G? ( S\L1 EV5 FAI? MAY BE DISADVANTAGES4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1 A MAN IS UNDONE BY WAIT+ = CAPITAL PUNI%M5T WELL BE=E HE DIES4 ,TWO DEA?S >E 9FLICT$ ON HIM1 ! FIR/ BE+ WORSE ?AN ! SECOND1 :]EAS HE KILL$ BUT ONCE4 ,COMP>$ TO SU* TORTURE1 ! P5ALTY ( RETALIATION SEEMS LIKE A CIVILIZ$ LAW4 ,IT NEV] CLAIM$ ?AT ! MAN :O G\G$ \T ONE ( HIS BRO!R'S EYES %\LD BE TOTALLY BL9D$4 

,SU* A BASIC 9JU/ICE HAS REP]CUSSIONS1 BESIDES1 ON ! RELATIVES ( ! EXECUT$ MAN4 ,! VICTIM HAS HIS FAMILY :OSE SUFF]+S >E G5]ALLY V]Y GREAT & :O1 MO/ (T51 WANT TO BE AV5G$4 ,!Y >E1 BUT ! RELATIVES ( ! CONDEMN$ MAN !N DISCOV] AN EXCESS ( SUFF]+ ?AT PUNI%ES !M BEYOND ALL JU/ICE4 ,A MO!R'S OR A FA!R'S LONG MON?S ( WAIT+1 ! VISIT+-ROOM1 ! >TIFICIAL CONV]SATIONS FILL+ UP ! BRIEF MOM5TS SP5T ) ! CONDEMN$ MAN1 ! VISIONS ( ! EXECUTION >E ALL TORTURES ?AT W]E NOT IMPOS$ ON ! RELATIVES ( ! VICTIM4 ,:ATEV] MAY BE ! FEEL+S ( ! LATT]1 !Y CANNOT WANT ! REV5GE TO EXT5D SO F> BEYOND ! CRIME & TO TORTURE PEOPLE :O %>E !IR [N GRIEF4 0,I HAVE BE5 REPRIEV$1 ,FA!R10 WRITES A CONDEMN$ MAN1 0,I CAN'T YET REALIZE ! GOOD =TUNE ?AT HAS COME MY WAY4 ,MY REPRIEVE WAS SIGN$ ON ,APRIL #c & ,I WAS TOLD ',W$NESDAY AS ,I CAME BACK FROM ! VISIT+-ROOM4 ,I IMM$IATELY 9=M$ ,PAPA & ,MAMA1 :O HAD NOT YET LEFT ! PRISON4 ,Y\ CAN IMAG9E !IR HAPP9ESS40 .<#a#h.> ,WE CAN 9DE$ IMAG9E IT1 BUT ONLY 9S(> AS WE CAN IMAG9E !IR UN9T]RUPT$ SUFF]+ UNTIL ! MOM5T ( ! REPRIEVE1 & ! F9AL DESPAIR ( ?OSE :O RECEIVE ! O!R NOTIFICATION1 :I* PUNI%ES1 9 9IQUITY1 !IR 9NOC5CE & !IR MIS=TUNE4 

,TO CUT %ORT ?IS QUE/ION ( ! LAW ( RETALIATION1 WE MU/ NOTE ?AT EV5 9 ITS PRIMITIVE =M IT CAN OP]ATE ONLY BETWE5 TWO 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ONE IS ABSOLUTELY 9NOC5T & ! O!R ABSOLUTELY GUILTY4 ,! VICTIM1 TO BE SURE1 IS 9NOC5T4 ,BUT CAN ! SOCIETY ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T ! VICTIM LAY CLAIM TO 9NOC5CE8 ,IS IT NOT RESPONSIBLE1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 = ! CRIME IT PUNI%ES SO SEV]ELY8 ,?IS !ME HAS (T5 BE5 DEVELOP$1 & ,I %ALL NOT REPEAT ! >GUM5TS ?AT ALL SORTS ( ?9K]S HAVE BR\<T =? S9CE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,!Y CAN BE SUMM$ LIP ANYWAY BY SAY+ ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY HAS ! CRIM9ALS IT DES]VES4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ,FRANCE IS CONC]N$1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO PO9T \T ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT \<T TO MAKE \R LEGISLATORS MORE MODE/4 ,ANSW]+ AN 9QUIRY ( ! ,FIG>O 9 #aieb ON ! DEA? P5ALTY1 A COLONEL ASS]T$ ?AT E/ABLI%+ H>D LABOR = LIFE AS ! MO/ SEV]E P5ALTY W\LD AM\NT TO SETT+ UP S*OOLS ( CRIME4 ,?AT HI<-RANK+ (FIC] SEEM$ TO BE IGNORANT1 & ,I CAN ONLY CONGRATULATE HIM4 ( ! FACT ?AT WE ALREADY HAVE \R S*OOLS ( CRIME4 :I* DIFF] FROM \R F$]AL PRISONS 9 ?IS NOTABLE REG>D3 IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEAVE !M AT ANY H\R ( ! DAY OR NI<T2 !Y >E ! TAV]NS & SLUMS1 ! GLORY ( \R ,REPUBLIC4 ,ON ?IS PO9T IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO EXPRESS ONESELF MOD]ATELY4 

,P>T #c 

,/ATI/ICS %[ #f#d1 OV]CR[D$ DWELL+S 7FROM ?REE TO FIVE P]SONS P] ROOM7 9 ! CITY ( ,P>IS ALONE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! KILL] ( *ILDR5 IS A P>TICUL>LY VILE CREATURE :O SC>CELY >\SES PITY4 ,IT IS PROBABLE1 TOO 7L SAY PROBABLE71 ?AT NONE ( MY READ]S1 =C$ TO LIVE 9 ! SAME CONDITIONS1 W\LD GO SO F> AS TO KILL *ILDR54 ,H5CE !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( R$UC+ ! CULPABILITY ( C]TA9 MON/]S4 ,BUT ?OSE MON/]S1 9 DEC5T DWELL+S1 W\LD P]HAPS HAVE HAD NO OCCASION TO GO SO F>4 ,! LEA/ ?AT CAN BE SAID IS ?AT !Y >E NOT ALONE GUILTY1 & IT SEEMS /RANGE ?AT ! RI<T TO PUNI% !M %\LD BE GRANT$ TO ! V]Y PEOPLE :O SUBSIDIZE1 NOT H\S+1 BUT ! GR[+ ( BEETS = ! PRODUCTION ( ALCOHOL4.<#a#i.> 

,BUT ALCOHOL MAKES ?IS SC&AL EV5 MORE %OCK+4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ! ,FR5* NATION IS SY/EMATICALLY 9TOXICAT$ BY ITS P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY1 = G5]ALLY VILE REASONS4 ,N[1 ! PROPORTION ( ALCOHOL'S RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! CAUSE ( BLOOD?IR/Y CRIMES IS %OCK+4 ,A LAWY] 7,MALTRE ,GUILLON7 E/IMAT$ IT AT #f P] C5T4 ,= ,DR4 ,LAGRIFFE ! PROPORTION EXT5DS FROM #d#a4#g TO #gb P] C5T4 ,AN 9VE/IGATION C>RI$ \T 9 #aiea 9 ! CLE>+-C5T] ( ! ,FRESNES PRISON1 AMONG ! COMMON-LAW CRIM9ALS1 %[$ #bi P] C5T TO BE *RONIC ALCOHOLICS & #bd P] C5T TO HAVE AN ALCOHOLIC 9H]ITANCE4 ,F9ALLY1 #ie P] C5T ( ! KILL]S ( *ILDR5 >E ALCOHOLICS4 ,!SE >E IMPRESSIVE FIGURES4 ,WE CAN BALANCE !M ) AN EV5 MORE MAGNIFIC5T FIGURE3 ! TAX REPORT ( A FIRM PRODUC+ AP]ITIFS1 :I* 9 #aiec %[$ A PR(IT ( #da MILLION FRANCS4 ,COMP>ISON ( !SE FIGURES JU/IFIES 9=M+ ! /OCKHOLD]S ( ?AT FIRM & ! ,DEPUTIES ) A F9ANCIAL 9T]E/ 9 ALCOHOL ?AT !Y HAVE C]TA9LY KILL$ MORE *ILDR5 ?AN !Y ?9K4 ,AS AN OPPON5T ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 ,I AM F> FROM ASK+ ?AT !Y BE CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,BUT1 TO BEG9 )1 IT /RIKES ME AS 9DISP5SABLE & URG5T TO TAKE !M UND] MILIT>Y ESCORT TO ! NEXT EXECUTION ( A MURD]] ( *ILDR5 & TO H& !M ON !IR WAY \T A /ATI/ICAL REPORT 9CLUD+ ! FIGURES ,I HAVE GIV54 

,! ,/ATE ?AT S[S ALCOHOL CANNOT BE SURPRIS$ TO REAP CRIME4.<#b.> ,9/EAD ( %[+4 SURPRISE1 IT SIMPLY GOES ON CUTT+ (F HEADS 9TO :I* ,IT HAS P\R$ SO MU* ALCOHOL4 ,IT METES \T JU/ICE IMP]TURBABLY & POSES AS A CR$ITOR3 ITS GOOD CONSCI5CE DOES NOT SUFF] AT ALL4 ,WITNESS ! ALCOHOL SALESMAN :O1 M ANSW] TO ! ,FIG>O'S 9QUIRY1 EXCLAIM$3 0,I KN[ JU/ :AT ! /AUN*E/ 5EMY ( ! DEA? P5ALTY W\LD DO ,IF1 HAV+ A WEAPON )9 REA*1 HE SUDD5LY SAW ASSASS9S ON ! PO9T ( KILL+ HIS FA!R1 HIS MO!R1 HIS *ILDR51 OR HIS BE/ FRI5D4 ,WELL6 ,?AT 0WELL0 9 ITSELF SEEMS SOME:AT ALCOHOLIZ$4 ,NATURALLY1 ! /AUN*E/ 5EMY ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T W\LD %OOT ?OSE MURD]]S1 & RI<TLY SO1 )\T !REBY LOS+ ANY ( HIS REASONS = /AUN*LY DEF5D+ ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,BUT IF HE W]E TO FOLL[ ?R\< HIS ?9K+ & ! A=EM5TION$ ASSASS9S REEK$ ( ALCOHOL1 HE W\LD !N GO & TAKE C>E ( ?OSE :OSE VOCATION IS TO 9TOXICATE FUTURE CRIM9ALS4 ,IT IS EV5 QUITE SURPRIS+ ?AT ! RELATIVES ( VICTIMS ( ALCOHOLIC CRIMES HAVE NEV] ?\<T ( GETT+ SOME 5LI<T5M5T FROM ! ,P>LIAM5T4 ,YET NO?+ ( ! SORT TAKES PLACE1 & ! ,/ATE1 5JOY+ G5]AL CONFID5CE1 EV5 SUPPORT$ BY PUBLIC OP9ION1 GOES ON *A/IS+ ASSASS9S 7P>TICUL>LY4 ! ALCOHOLICS7 SOME:AT 9 ! WAY ! PIMP *A/ISES ! H>D-WORK+ CREATURES :O ASSURE HIS LIVELIHOOD4 ,BUT ! PIMP AT LEA/ DOES NO MORALIZ+4 ,! ,/ATE DOES3 ,AL?\< JURISPRUD5CE ADMITS ?AT DRUNK5NESS SOMETIMES CON/ITUTES AN EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCE1 ! ,/ATE IS IGNORANT ( *RONIC ALCOHOLISM4 ,DRUNK5NESS1 H[EV]1 ACCOMPANIES ONLY CRIMES ( VIOL5CE1 :I* >E NOT PUNI%$ ) DEA?1 :]EAS ! *RONIC ALCOHOLIC IS CAPABLE ALSO ( PREM$ITAT$ CRIMES1 :I* WILL BR+ AB\T HIS DEA?4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,/ATE RES]VES ! RI<T TO PUNI% 9 ! ONLY CASE 9 :I* IT HAS A REAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,DOES ?IS AM\NT TO SAY+ ?AT EV]Y ALCOHOLIC MU/ HE DECL>$ IRRESPONSIBLE BY A ,/ATE ?AT WILL BEAT ITS BREA/ UNTIL ! NATION DR9KS NO?+ BUT FRUIT JUICE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,NO MORE ?AN ?AT ! REASONS BAS$ ON H]$ITY %\LD CANCEL AN CULPABILITY4 ,! REAL RESPONSIBILITY ( AN (F5D] CANNOT BE PRECISELY MEASUR$4 ,WE KN[ ?AT >I?METIC IS 9CAPABLE ( ADD+ UP ! NUMB] ( \R ANTEC$5TS1 :E!R ALCOHOLIC OR NOT4 ,GO+ BACK TO ! BEG9N+ ( TIME1 ! FIGURE W\LD BE TW5TY-TWO TIMES1 RAIS$ TO ! T5? P[]1 GREAT] ?AN ! NUMB] ( PRES5T 9HABITANTS ( ! E>?4 ,! NUMB] ( BAD OR MORBID PR$ISPOSITIONS \R ANTEC$5TS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO TRANSMIT TO US IS1 ?US1 9CALCULABLE4 ,WE COME 9TO ! WORLD LAD5 ) ! WEI<T ( AN 9F9ITE NECESSITY4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE TO GRANT US1 !RE=E1 A G5]AL IRRESPONSIBILITY4 ,LOGIC W\LD DEM& ?AT NEI!R PUNI%M5T NOR REW>D %\LD EV] BE MET$ \T1 &1 BY ! SAME TOK51 ALL SOCIETY W\LD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! 9/9CT ( PRES]VATION ( SOCIETIES1 & H5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 REQUIRES 9/EAD ?AT 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY BE PO/ULAT$ & ACCEPT$ )\T DREAM+ ( AN ABSOLUTE 9DULG5CE ?AT W\LD AM\NT TO ! DEA? ( ALL SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! SAME REASON+ MU/ LEAD US TO CONCLUDE ?AT !RE NEV] EXI/S ANY TOTAL RESPONSIBILITY OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ANY ABSOLUTE PUNI%M5T OR REW>D4 ,NO ONE CAN BE REW>D$ COMPLETELY1 NOT EV5 ! W9N]S ( ,NOBEL ,PRIZES4 ,BUT NO ONE %\LD BE PUNI%$ ABSOLUTELY IF HE IS ?\<T GUILTY1 & C]TA9LY NOT IF !RE IS A *ANCE ( HIS BE+ 9NOC5T4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY1 :I* REALLY NEI!R PROVIDES AN EXAMPLE NOR ASSURES DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE1 SIMPLY USURPS AN EXORBITANT PRIVILEGE BY CLAIM+ TO PUNI% AN ALWAYS RELATIVE CULPABILITY BY A DEF9ITIVE & IRREP>ABLE PUNI%M5T4 

,IF 9DE$ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T REPRES5TS A D\BTFUL EXAMPLE & AN UNSATISFACTORY JU/ICE1 WE MU/ AGREE ) ITS DEF5D]S ?AT IT IS ELIM9ATIVE4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY DEF9ITIVELY ELIM9ATES ! CONDEMN$ MAN4 ,?AT ALONE1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 \<T TO EXCLUDE1 = ITS P>TISANS ESPECIALLY1 ! REPETITION ( RISKY >GUM5TS :I*1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 CAN ALWAYS BE CONTE/$4 ,9/EAD1 ONE MI<T FRANKLY SAY ?AT IT IS DEF9ITIVE BECAUSE IT MU/ BE1 & AFFIRM ?AT C]TA9 M5 >E IRREM$IABLE 9 SOCIETY1 ?AT !Y CON/ITUTE A P]MAN5T DANG] = EV]Y CITIZ5 & = ! SOCIAL ORD]1 & ?AT !RE=E1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 !Y MU/ BE SUPPRESS$4 ,NO ONE1 9 ANY CASE1 CAN REFUTE ! EXI/5CE 9 SOCIETY ( C]TA9 WILD ANIMALS :OSE 5]GY & BRUTALITY NO?+ SEEMS CAPABLE ( BREAK+4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM !Y CREATE4 ,LET US AGREE1 AT LEA/1 ?AT IT SUPPRESSES ! PROBLEM4 

,I %ALL COME BACK TO SU* M54 ,BUT IS CAPITAL PUNI%M5T APPLI$ ONLY TO !M8 ,IS !RE ANY ASSURANCE ?AT NONE ( ?OSE EXECUT$ IS REM$IABLE8 ,CAN IT EV5 BE ASS]T$ ?AT NONE ( !M IS 9NOC5T8 ,9 BO? CASES1 MU/ IT NOT BE ADMITT$ ?AT CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS ELIM9ATIVE ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS IRREP>ABLE8 ,! #a#e? ( ,M>*1 #a#i#e#g1 ,BURTON ,ABBOTT WAS EXECUT$ 9 ,CALI=NIA1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = HAV+ MURD]$ A LITTLE GIRL ( F\RTE54 ,M5 :O COMMIT SU* A HE9\S CRIME >E1 ,I BELIEVE1 CLASSIFI$ AMONG ! IRREM$IABLE4 ,AL?\< ,ABBOTT CONT9UALLY PROTE/$ HIS 9NOC5CE1 HE WAS CONDEMN$4 ,HIS EXECUTION HAD BE5 SET = ! #a#e? ( ,M>* AT T5 O'CLOCK4 ,AT #i3#a A DELAY WAS GRANT$ TO ALL[ HIS ATTORNEYS TO MAKE A F9AL APPEAL4.<#b#a.> ,AT ELEV5 O'CLOCK ! APPEAL WAS REFUS$4 ,AT #a#a3#a#e ,ABBOTT 5T]$ ! GAS *AMB]4 ,AT #a#a3#a#h HE BREA!D 9 ! FIR/ :IFFS ( GAS4 ,AT #a#a3#b ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,REPRIEVES CALL$ ON ! TELEPHONE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE HAD *ANG$ ITS M9D4 ,!Y HAD TRI$ TO REA* ! ,GOV]NOR1 :O WAS \T SAIL+2 !N !Y HAD PHON$ ! PRISON DIRECTLY4 ,ABBOTT WAS TAK5 FROM ! GAS *AMB]4 ,IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,IF ONLY IT HAD BE5 CL\DY OV] ,CALI=NIA ?AT DAY1 ! ,GOV]NOR W\LD NOT HAVE GONE \T SAIL+4 ,HE W\LD HAVE TELEPHON$ TWO M9UTES E>LI]2 TODAY ,ABBOTT W\LD BE ALIVE & W\LD P]HAPS SEE HIS 9NOC5CE PROV$4 ,ANY O!R P5ALTY1 EV5 ! H>%E/1 W\LD HAVE LEFT HIM ?AT *ANCE4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY LEFT HIM NONE4 

,?IS CASE IS EXCEPTIONAL1 SOME WILL SAY4 ,\R LIVES >E EXCEPTIONAL1 TOO1 & YET1 9 ! FLEET+ EXI/5CE ?AT IS \RS1 ?IS TAKES PLACE NE> US1 AT SOME T5 H\RS' DI/ANCE BY AIR4 ,ABBOTT'S MIS=TUNE IS LESS AN EXCEPTION ?AN A NEWS ITEM LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 A MI/AKE ?AT IS NOT ISOLAT$ IF WE CAN BELIEVE \R NEWSPAP]S 7SEE ! ,DE%AYS CASE1 TO CITE BUT ! MO/ REC5T ONE74 ,! JURI/ ,OLIVECROIX1 APPLY+ ! LAW ( PROBABILITY TO ! *ANCE ( JUDICIAL ]ROR1 >\ND #a#h#f1 CONCLUD$ ?AT P]HAPS ONE 9NOC5T MAN WAS CONDEMN$ 9 EV]Y TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY-SEV5 CASES4 ,! PROPORTION IS SMALL8 ,IT IS SMALL 9 RELATION TO AV]AGE P5ALTIES4 ,IT IS 9F9ITE 9 RELATION TO CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,:5 ,HUGO WRITES ?AT TO HIM ! NAME ( ! GUILLOT9E IS ,LESURQUES1.<#b#b.> HE DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ALL ?OSE :O >E DECAPITAT$ >E ,LESURQUES1 BUT ?AT ONE ,LESURQUES IS 5\< = ! GUILLOT9E TO BE P]MAN5TLY DI%ONOR$4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ,BELGIUM GAVE UP ONCE & = ALL PRON\NC+ ! DEA? P5ALTY AFT] A JUDICIAL ]ROR & ?AT ,5GL& RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ABOLITION AFT] ! ,HAYES CASE4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! ,ATTORNEY ,G5]AL :O1 :5 CONSULT$ AS TO ! APPEAL ( A V]Y PROBABLY GUILTY CRIM9AL :OSE VICTIM HAD NOT BE5 F\ND1 WROTE3 ',! SURVIVAL ( ,X 4 4 4 GIVES ! AU?ORITIES ! POSSIBILITY ( EXAM9+ AT LEISURE ANY NEW CLUE ?AT MI<T EV5TUALLY BE BR\<T 9 AS TO ! EXI/5CE ( HIS WIFE4.<#b#c.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! EXECUTION1 BY CANCEL+ ?AT HYPO!TICAL POSSIBILITY ( EXAM9ATION1 W\LD1 ,I FE>1 GIVE TO ! SLI<TE/ CLUE A !ORETICAL VALUE1 A P[] ( REGRET ?AT ,I ?9K IT 9OPPORTUNE TO CREATE40 ,A LOVE ( JU/ICE & TRU? IS EXPRESS$ H]E 9 A MO/ MOV+ WAY1 & IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO QUOTE (T5 9 \R C\RTS ?AT 0P[] ( REGRET0 :I* SO VIVIDLY SUMS UP ! DANG] ?AT FACES EV]Y JUROR4 ,ONCE ! 9NOC5T MAN IS DEAD1 NO ONE CAN DO ANY?+ = HIM1 9 FACT1 BUT TO REHABILITATE HIM1 IF !RE IS /IL,I SOMEONE TO ASK = ?IS4 ,!N HE IS GIV5 BACK HIS 9NOC5CE1 :I*1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 HE HAD NEV] LO/4 ,BUT ! P]SECUTION ( :I* HE WAS A VICTIM1 HIS DREADFUL SUFF]+S1 HIS HORRIBLE DEA? HAVE BE5 GIV5 HIM =EV]4 ,IT REMA9S ONLY TO ?9K ( ! 9NOC5T M5 ( ! FUTURE1 SO ?AT !SE TORTURES MAY BE SP>$ !M4 ,?IS WAS DONE 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,9 ,FRANCE CONSCI5CES >E APP>5TLY UNTR\BL$4 

,PROBABLY ! ,FR5* TAKE COM=T FROM ! IDEA ?AT JU/ICE HAS PROGRESS$ H& 9 H& ) SCI5CE4 ,:5 ! LE>N$ EXP]T HOLDS =? 9 C\RT1 IT SEEMS AS IF A PRIE/ HAS SPOK51 & ! JURY1 RAIS$ 9 ! RELIGION ( SCI5CE1 EXPRESSES ITS OP9ION4 ,H[EV]1 REC5T CASES1 *IEF AMONG !M ! ,BESN>D CASE1 HAVE %[N US :AT A COM$Y ( EXP]TS IS LIKE4 ,CULPABILITY IS NO BETT] E/ABLI%$ = HAV+ BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 A TE/ TUBE1 EV5 A GRADUAT$ ONE4 ,A SECOND TE/ TUBE WILL TELL A DIFF]5T /ORY1 & ! P]SONAL EQUATION LOSES NONE ( ITS IMPORTANCE 9 SU* DANG]\S MA!MATICS4 ,! PROPORTION ( LE>N$ M5 :O >E REALLY EXP]TS IS ! SAME AS ?AT ( JUDGES :O >E PSY*OLOGI/S1 H>DLY ANY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( S]I\S & OBJECTIVE JURIES4 ,TODAY1 AS YE/]DAY1 ! *ANCE ( ]ROR REMA9S4 ,TOMORR[ ANO!R EXP]T TE/IMONY WILL DECL>E ! 9NOC5CE ( SOME ,ABBOTT OR O!R4 ,BUT ,ABBOTT WILL BE DEAD1 SCI5TIFICALLY DEAD1 & ! SCI5CE ?AT CLAIMS TO PROVE 9NOC5CE AS WELL AS GUILT HAS NOT YET REA*$ ! PO9T ( RESUSCITAT+ ?OSE IT KILLS4 

,AMONG ! GUILTY !MSELVES1 IS !RE ANY ASSURANCE ?AT NONE BUT ! IRRETRIEVABLE HAVE BE5 KILL$8 ,AN ?OSE :O1 LIKE ME1 HAVE AT A P]IOD ( !IR LIVES NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ ! ASSIZE C\RTS KN[ ?AT A L>GE ELEM5T ( *ANCE 5T]S 9TO ANY S5T5CE4 ,! LOOK ( ! ACCUS$1 HIS ANTEC$5TS 7ADULT]Y IS (T5 LOOK$ UPON AS AN AGGRAVAT+ CIRCUM/ANCE BY JURORS :O MAY OR MAY NOT ALL HAVE BE5 ALWAYS FAI?FUL71 HIS MANN] 7:I* IS 9 HIS FAVOR ONLY IF IT IS CONV5TIONAL-9 O!R WORDS1 PLAY-ACT+ MO/ ( ! TIME71 HIS V]Y ELOCUTION 7! OLD H&S KN[ ?AT ONE MU/ NEI!R /AMM] NOR BE TOO ELOQU5T71 ! MI%APS ( ! TRIAL 5JOY$ 9 A S5TIM5TAL KEY 7& ! TRU?1 ALAS1 IS NOT ALWAYS EMOTIONALLY EFFECTIVE73 SO MANY FLUKES ?AT 9FLU5CE ! F9AL DECISION ( ! JURY4 ,AT ! MOM5T ( ! DEA? V]DICT1 ONE MAY BE SURE ?AT TO >RIVE AT ! MO/ DEF9ITE ( P5ALTIES1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y COMB9ATION ( UNC]TA9TIES WAS NECESS>Y4 ,:5 IT IS KN[N ?AT ! SUPREME V]DICT DEP5DS ON ! JURY'S EVALUATION ( ! EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 :5 IT IS KN[N1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ! RE=M ( #ahcb GAVE \R JURIES ! P[] ( GRANT+ 9DET]M9ATE EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT IS POSSIBLE4 TO IMAG9E ! LATITUDE LEFT TO ! PASS+ MOOD ( ! ,JUROR4 ,! LAW NO LONG] =ESEES PRECISELY ! CASES 9 :I* DEA? IS TO BE ! \TCOME2 SO ! JURY DECIDES AFT] ! EV5T BY GUESSWORK4 ,9ASMU* AS !RE >E NEV] TWO COMP>ABLE JURIES1 ! MAN :O IS EXECUT$ MI<T WELL NOT HAVE BE54 ,BEYOND RECLAIM 9 ! EYES ( ! RESPECTABLE PEOPLE ( ,ILLE-ET-,VILA9E1 HE W\LD HAVE BE5 GRANT$ A SEMBLANCE1 ( EXCUSE BY ! GOOD CITIZ5S ( ! ,V>4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! SAME BLADE FALLS 9 ! TWO ,DEP>TEM5TS4 ,& ,IT MAKES NO DI/9CTION4 

,! TEMPORAL RISKS >E ADD$ TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS TO 9CREASE ! G5]AL ABSURDITY4 ,! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ WORKMAN :O HAS JU/ BE5 GUILLOT9$ 9 ,ALG]IA = HAV+ PUT A BOMB 7DISCOV]$ BE=E IT W5T (F7 9 A FACTORY LOCK] ROOM WAS CONDEMN$ AS MU* BECAUSE ( ! G5]AL CLIMATE AS BECAUSE ( :AT HE DID4 ,9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( M9D 9 ,ALG]IA1 !RE WAS A DESIRE AT ONE & ! SAME TIME TO PROVE TO ! ,>AB OP9ION ?AT ! GUILLOT9E WAS DESIGN$ = ,FR5*M5 TOO & TO SATISFY ! ,FR5* OP9ION WR\<T UP BY ! CRIME ( T]RORISM4 ,AT ! SAME MOM5T1 H[EV]1 ! ,M9I/] :O APPROV$ ! EXECUTION WAS ACCEPT+ ,COMMUNI/ VOTES 9 HIS ELECTORAL DI/RICT4 ,IF ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAD BE5 DIFF]5T1 ! ACCUS$ W\LD HAVE GOT (F EASY & HIS ONLY RISK1 ONCE HE HAD BECOME A ,DEPUTY ( ! P>TY1 W\LD BE F9D+ HIMSELF HAV+ A DR9K AT ! SAME B> AS ! ,M9I/] SOM$AY4 ,SU* ?\<TS >E BITT]1 & ONE W\LD LIKE !M TO REMA9 ALIVE 9 ! M9DS ( \R LEAD]S4 ,!Y MU/ KN[ ?AT TIMES & CU/OMS *ANGE2 A DAY COMES :5 ! GUILTY MAN1 TOO RAPIDLY EXECUT$1 DOES NOT SEEM SO BLACK4 ,BUT IT IS TOO LATE & !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO REP5T OR TO =GET4 ,( C\RSE1 PEOPLE =GET4 ,NONE!LESS1 SOCIETY IS NO LESS AFFECT$4 ,! UNPUNI%$ CRIME1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,GREEKS1 9FECT$ ! :OLE CITY4 ,BUT 9NOC5CE CONDEMN$ OR CRIME TOO SEV]ELY PUNI%$1 9 ! LONG RUN1 SOILS ! CITY JU/ AS MU*4 ,WE KN[ ?IS1 9 ,FRANCE4 

,SU*1 IT WILL BE SAID1 IS HUMAN JU/ICE1 &1 DESPITE ITS IMP]FECTIONS1 IT IS BETT] ?AN >BITR>9ESS4 ,BUT ?AT SAD EVALUATION IS BE>ABLE ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) ORD9>Y P5ALTIES4 ,IT IS SC&AL\S 9 ! FACE ( V]DICTS ( DEA?4 ,A CLASSIC TREATISE ON ,FR5* LAW1 9 ORD] TO EXCUSE ! DEA? P5ALTY = NOT 9VOLV+ DEGREES1 /ATES ?IS3 0,HUMAN JU/ICE HAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ DESIRE TO ASSURE SU* A PROPORTION4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE IT KN[S IT IS FRAIL40 ,MU/ WE !RE=E CONCLUDE ?AT SU* FRAILTY AU?ORIZES US TO PRON\NCE AN ABSOLUTE JUDGM5T & ?AT UNC]TA9 ( EV] A*IEV+ PURE JU/ICE1 SOCIETY MU/ RU% HEADLONG1 ?R\< ! GREATE/ RISKS1 T[>D SUPREME 9JU/ICE8 ,IF JU/ICE ADMITS ?AT IT IS FRAIL1 W\LD IT NOT BE BETT] = ,JU/ICE TO BE MODE/ & TO ALL[ ITS JUDGM5TS SUFFICI5T LATITUDE SO ?AT A MI/AKE CAN BE CORRECT$80 ,C\LD NOT JU/ICE CONC$E TO ! CRIM9AL ! SAME WEAKNESS 9 :I* SOCIETY H&S A SORT ( P]MAN5T EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCE = ITSELF8 ,CAN ! JURY DEC5TLY SAY3 0,IF ,I KILL Y\ BY MI/AKE1 Y\ WILL =GIVE ME :5 Y\ CONSID] ! WEAKNESSES ( \R COMMON NATURE4 ,BUT ,I AM CONDEMN+ Y\ TO DEA? )\T CONSID]+ ?OSE WEAKNESSES OR ?AT NATURE80 ,!RE IS A SOLID>ITY ( ALL M5 9 ]ROR & AB]RATION4 ,MU/ ?AT SOLID>ITY OP]ATE = ! TRIBUNAL & BE D5I$ ! ACCUS$8 ,NO1 & IF JU/ICE HAS ANY MEAN+ 9 ?IS WORLD1 IT MEANS NO?+ BUT ! RECOGNITION ( ?AT SOLID>ITY2 IT CANNOT1 BY ITS V]Y ESS5CE1 DIVORCE ITSELF FROM COMPASSION4 ,COMPASSION1 ( C\RSE1 CAN 9 ?IS 9/ANCE BE BUT AW>5ESS ( A COMMON SUFF]+ & NOT A FRIVOL\S 9DULG5CE PAY+ NO ATT5TION TO ! SUFF]+S & RI<TS ( ! VICTIM4 ,COMPASSION DOES NOT EXCLUDE PUNI%M5T1 BUT IT SUSP5DS ! F9AL CONDEMNATION4 ,COMPASSION LOA!S ! DEF9ITIVE1 IRREP>ABLE MEASURE ?AT DOES AN 9JU/ICE TO MANK9D AS A :OLE BECAUSE ( FAIL+ TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WRET*$NESS ( ! COMMON CONDITION4 

,TO TELL ! TRU?1 C]TA9 JURIES >E W5 AW>E ( ?IS1 = !Y (T5 ADMIT EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES 9 A CRIME ?AT NO?+ CAN EXT5UATE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! DEA? P5ALTY SEEMS EXCESSIVE TO !M 9 SU* CASES & !Y PREF] NOT PUNI%+ 5\< TO PUNI%+ TOO MU*4 ,! EXTREME SEV]ITY ( ! P5ALTY !N FAVORS CRIME 9/EAD ( P5ALIZ+ IT4 ,!RE IS NOT A C\RT SESSION DUR+ :I* WE DO NOT READ ,9 ! PRESS ?AT A V]DICT IS 9COH]5T & ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! FACTS1 IT SEEMS EI!R 9SUFFICI5T OR EXCESSIVE4 ,BUT ! JURORS >E NOT IGNORANT ( ?IS4 ,H[EV]1 FAC$ ) ! 5ORMITY ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 !Y PREF]1 AS WE TOO %\LD PREF]1 TO LOOK LIKE FOOLS RA!R ?AN TO COMPROMISE !IR NI<TS TO COME4 ,KN[+ !MSELVES TO BE FALLIBLE1 !Y AT LEA/ DRAW ! APPROPRIATE CONSEQU5CES4 ,& TRUE JU/ICE IS ON !IR SIDE PRECISELY 9S(> AS LOGIC IS NOT4 

,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 MAJOR CRIM9ALS :OM AN JURIES W\LD CONDEMN AT ANY TIME & 9 ANY PLACE :ATEV]4 ,!IR CRIMES >E NOT OP5 TO D\BT1 & ! EVID5CE BR\<T BY ! ACCUSATION IS CONFIRM$ BY ! CONFESSIONS ( ! DEF5SE4 ,MO/ LIKELY1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS ABNORMAL & MON/R\S 9 !M IS 5\< TO CLASSIFY !M AS PA?OLOGICAL4 ,BUT ! PSY*IATRIC EXP]TS1 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES1 AFFIRM !IR RESPONSIBILITY4 ,REC5TLY 9 ,P>IS A Y\NG MAN1 SOME:AT WEAK 9 *>ACT] BUT K9D & AFFECTIONATE1 DEVOT$ TO HIS FAMILY1 WAS1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N ADMISSION1 ANNOY$ BY A REM>K HIS FA!R MADE AB\T HIS COM+ HOME LATE4 ,! FA!R WAS SITT+ READ+ AT ! D9+-ROOM TABLE4 ,! Y\NG MAN SEIZ$ AN AX & DEALT HIS FA!R SEV]AL BL[S FROM BEH9D4 ,!N 9 ! SAME WAY HE /RUCK D[N HIS MO!R1 :O WAS 9 ! KIT*54 ,HE UNDRESS$1 HID HIS BLOOD/A9$ TR\S]S 9 ! CLOSET1 W5T TO MAKE A CALL ON ! FAMILY ( HIS FIANCEE1 )\T %[+ ANY SIGNS1 !N RETURN$ HOME & NOTIC$ ! POLICE ?AT HE HAD JU/ F\ND HIS P>5TS MURD]$4 ,! POLICE IMM$IATELY DISCOV]$ ! BLOOD-/A9$ TR\S]S &1 )\T DIFFICULTY1 GOT A CALM CONFESSION FROM ! P>RICIDE4 ,! PSY*IATRI/S DECID$ ?AT ?IS MAN :O MURD]$ ?R\< ANNOYANCE WAS RESPONSIBLE4 ,HIS ODD 9DIFF]5CE1 ( :I* HE WAS TO GIVE O!R 9DICATIONS 9 PRISON 7%[+ PLEASURE BECAUSE HIS P>5TS' FUN]AL HAD ATTRACT$ SO MANY PEOPLE-0,!Y W]E MU* LOV$10 HE TOLD HIS LAWY]71 CANNOT1 H[EV]1 BE CONSID]$ AS NORMAL4 ,BUT HIS REASON+ P[] WAS APP>5TLY UNT\*$4 

,MANY 0MON/]S0 (F] EQUALLY IMP5ETRABLE EXT]IORS4 ,!Y >E ELIM9AT$ ON ! M]E CONSID]ATION ( ! FACTS4 ,APP>5TLY ! NATURE OR ! MAGNITUDE ( !IR CRIMES ALL[S NO ROOM = IMAG9+ ?AT !Y CAN EV] REP5T OR RE=M4 ,!Y MU/ M]ELY BE KEPT FROM DO+ IT AGA91 & !RE IS NO O!R SOLUTION BUT TO ELIM9ATE !M4 ,ON ?IS FRONTI]1 & ON IT ALONE1 DISCUSSION AB\T ! DEA? P5ALTY IS LEGITIMATE4 ,9 ALL O!R CASES ! >GUM5TS = CAPITAL PUNI%M5T DO NOT /& UP TO ! CRITICISMS ( ! ABOLITIONI/S4 ,BUT 9 EXTREME CASES1 & 9 \R /ATE ( IGNORANCE1 WE MAKE A WAG]4 ,NO FACT1 NO REASON+ CAN BR+ TOGE!R ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT A *ANCE MU/ ALWAYS BE LEFT TO ! VILE/ ( M5 & ?OSE :O CONSID] ?AT *ANCE ILLUSORY4 ,BUT IT IS P]HAPS POSSIBLE1 ON ?AT F9AL FRONTI]1 TO GO BEYOND ! LONG OPPOSITION BETWE5 P>TISANS & ADV]S>IES ( ! DEA? P5ALTY BY WEI<+ ! ADVISABILITY ( ?AT P5ALTY TODAY1 & 9 ,EUROPE4 ,) MU* LESS COMPET5CE1 ,I %ALL TRY TO REPLY TO ! WI% EXPRESS$ BY A ,SWISS JURI/1 ,PR(ESSOR ,JEAN ,GRAV51 :O WROTE 9 #aieb 9 HIS REM>KABLE /UDY ON ! PROBLEM ( ! DEA? P5ALTY3 0,FAC$ ) ! PROBLEM ?AT IS ONCE MORE CONFRONT+ \R CONSCI5CE & \R REASON1 WE ?9K ?AT A SOLUTION MU/ BE S\<T1 NOT ?R\< ! CONCEPTIONS1 PROBLEMS1 & >GUM5TS ( ! PA/1 NOR ?R\< ! HOPES & !ORETICAL PROMISES ( ! FUTURE1 BUT ?R\< ! IDEAS1 RECOGNIZ$ FACTS1 & NECESSITIES ( ! PRES5T40.<#b#e.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 9DE$1 TO DEBATE 5DLESSLY AS TO ! B5EFITS OR H>M ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! DEA? P5ALTY ?R\< ! AGES OR 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL VACUUM4 ,BUT IT PLAYS A ROLE H]E & N[1 & WE MU/ TAKE \R /& H]E & N[ 9 RELATION TO ! MODEM EXECUTION]4 ,:AT DOES ! DEA? P5ALTY MEAN TO ! M5 ( ! MID-C5TURY8 

,TO SIMPLIFY MATT]S1 LET US SAY ?AT \R CIVILIZATION HAS LO/ ! ONLY VALUES ?AT1 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 CAN JU/IFY ?AT P5ALTY &1 ON ! O!R H&1 SUFF]S FROM EVILS ?AT NECESSITATE ITS SUPPRESSION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY \<T TO BE ASK$ = BY ALL ?9K+ MEMB]S ( \R SOCIETY1 = REASONS BO? ( LOGIC & ( REALISM4 

,( LOGIC1 TO BEG9 )4 ,DECID+ ?AT A MAN MU/ HAVE ! DEF9ITIVE PUNI%M5T IMPOS$ ON HIM IS TANTAM\NT TO DECID+ ?AT ?AT MAN HAS NO *ANCE ( MAK+ AM5DS4 ,?IS IS ! PO9T1 TO REPEAT \RSELVES1 :]E ! >GUM5TS CLA% BL9DLY & CRY/ALLIZE 9 A /]ILE OPPOSITION4 ,BUT IT SO HAPP5S ?AT NONE AMONG US CAN SETTLE ! QUE/ION1 = WE >E ALL BO? JUDGES & 9T]E/$ P>TIES4 ,:5CE \R UNC]TA9TY AS TO \R RI<T TO KILL & \R 9ABILITY TO CONV9CE EA* O!R4 ,)\T ABSOLUTE 9NOC5CE1 !RE IS NO SUPREME JUDGE4 ,N[1 WE HAVE ALL DONE WRONG 9 \R LIVES EV5 IF ?AT WRONG1 )\T FALL+ )9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! LAWS1 W5T AS F> AS ! UNKN[N CRIME4 ,!RE >E NO JU/ PEOPLE-M]ELY HE>TS MORE OR LESS LACK+ 9 JU/ICE4 ,LIV+ AT LEA/ ALL[S US TO DISCOV] ?IS & TO ADD TO ! SUM ( \R ACTIONS A LITTLE ( ! GOOD ?AT WILL MAKE UP 9 P>T = ! EVIL WE HAVE ADD$ TO ! WORLD4 ,SU* A RI<T TO LIVE1 :I* ALL[S A *ANCE TO MAKE AM5DS1 IS ! NATURAL RI<T ( EV]Y MAN1 EV5 ! WOR/ MAN4 ,! L[E/ ( CRIM9ALS & ! MO/ UPRI<T ( JUDGES MEET SIDE BY SIDE1 EQUALLY WRET*$ 9 !IR SOLID>ITY4 ,)\T ?AT RI<T1 MORAL LIFE IS UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,NONE AMONG US IS AU?ORIZ$ TO DESPAIR ( A S+LE MAN1 EXCEPT AFT] HIS DEA?1 :I* TRANS=MS HIS LIFE 9TO DE/9Y & !N P]MITS A DEF9ITIVE JUDGM5T4 ,BUT PRON\NC+ ! DEF9ITIVE JUDGM5T BE=E HIS DEA?1 DECREE+ ! CLOS+ ( ACC\NTS :5 ! CR$ITOR IS /ILL ALIVE1 IS NO MAN'S RI<T4 ,ON ?IS LIMIT1 AT LEA/1 :OEV] JUDGES ABSOLUTELY CONDEMNS HIMSELF ABSOLUTELY4 

,BEM>D ,FALLOT ( ! ,MASUY GANG1 WORK+ = ! ,GE/APO1 WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? AFT] ADMITT+ ! MANY T]RIBLE CRIMES ( :I* HE WAS GUILTY1 & DECL>$ HIMSELF ?AT HE C\LD NOT BE P>DON$4 0,MY H&S >E TOO R$ ) BLOOD10 HE TOLD A PRISON MATE4.<#b#f.> ,PUBLICATION & ! OP9ION ( HIS JUDGES C]TA9LY CLASS$ AMONG ! IRREM$IABLE1 & ,I %\LD HAVE BE5 TEMPT$ TO AGREE IF ,I HAD NOT READ A SURPRIS+ TE/IMONY4 ,?IS IS :AT ,FALLOT SAID TO ! SAME COMPANION AFT] DECL>+ ?AT HE WANT$ TO DIE C\RAGE\SLY3 0,%ALL ,I TELL Y\ MY GREATE/ REGRET8 ,WELL1 IT IS NOT HAV+ KN[N ! ,BIBLE ,I N[ HAVE H]E4 ,I ASSURE Y\ ?AT ,I W\LDN'T BE :]E ,I N[ AM40 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( GIV+ 9 TO SOME CONV5TIONAL SET ( S5TIM5TAL PICTURES & CALL+ TO M9D ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S GOOD CONVICTS4 ,! AGE ( 5LI<T5M5T1 AS PEOPLE SAY1 WANT$ TO SUPPRESS ! DEA? P5ALTY ON ! PRETEXT ?AT MAN WAS NATURALLY GOOD4 ,( C\RSE HE IS NOT 7HE IS WORSE OR BETT]74 ,AFT] TW5TY YE>S ( \R MAGNIFIC5T HI/ORY WE >E WELL AW>E ( ?IS4 ,BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE HE IS NOT ABSOLUTELY GOOD1 NO ONE AMONG US CAN POSE AS AN ABSOLUTE JUDGE & PRON\NCE ! DEF9ITIVE ELIM9ATION ( ! WOR/ AMONG ! GUILTY4 ,CAPITAL JUDGM5T UPSETS ! ONLY 9DISPUTABLE HUMAN SOLID>ITY-\R SOLID>ITY AGA9/ DEA?-& IT CAN BE LEGITIMIZ$ ONLY BY A TRU? OR A PR9CIPLE ?AT IS SUP]IOR TO MAN4 

,9 FACT1 ! SUPREME PUNI%M5T HAS ALWAYS BE51 ?R\<\T ! AGES1 A RELIGI\S P5ALTY4 ,9FLICT$ 9 ! NAME ( ! K+1 ,GOD'S REPRES5TATIVE ON E>?1 OR BY PRIE/S OR 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY CONSID]$ AS A SACR$ BODY1 IT D5IES1 NOT HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 BUT ! GUILTY MAN'S MEMB]%IP 9 ! DIV9E COMMUNITY1 ! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN GIVE HIM LIFE4 ,LIFE ON E>? IS TAK5 FROM HIM1 TO BE SURE1 BUT HIS *ANCE ( MAK+ AM5DS IS LEFT HIM4 ,! REAL JUDGM5T IS NOT PRON\NC$2 IT WILL BE 9 ! O!R WORLD4 ,ONLY RELIGI\S VALUES1 & ESPECIALLY BELIEF 9 ET]NAL LIFE1 CAN !RE=E S]VE AS A BASIS1 = ! SUPREME PUNI%M5T BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N LOGIC1 !Y KEEP IT FROM BE+ DEF9ITIVE & IRREP>ABLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS JU/IFI$ ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS NOT SUPREME4 

,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS ALWAYS ACCEPT$ ! NECESSITY ( ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,IT 9FLICT$ ?AT P5ALTY ITSELF1 & )\T /9T1 9 O!R P]IODS4 ,EV5 TODAY IT JU/IFIES IT & GRANTS ! ,/ATE ! RI<T TO APPLY IT4 ,! ,*UR*'S POSITION1 H[EV] SUBTLE1 CONTA9S A V]Y DEEP FEEL+ ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ DIRECTLY 9 #aicg BY A ,SWISS ,NATIONAL ,C\NCILOR FROM ,FRIBORG DUR+ A DISCUSSION 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,GR&1 ! L[E/ ( CRIM9ALS :5 FAC$ ) EXECUTION )DRAWS 9TO HIMSELF4 0,HE REP5TS & HIS PREP>ATION = DEA? IS !REBY FACILITAT$4 ,! ,*UR* HAS SAV$ ONE ( ITS MEMB]S & FULFILL$ ITS DIV9E MISSION4 ,?IS IS :Y IT HAS ALWAYS ACCEPT$ ! DEA? P5ALTY1 NOT ONLY AS A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE1 BUT AS A P[]FUL MEANS ( SALVATION4.<#b#g.>444 ,)\T TRY+ TO MAKE ( IT A ?+ ( ! ,*UR*1 ! DEA? P5ALTY CAN PO9T PR\DLY TO ITS ALMO/ DIV9E EFFICACY1 LIKE W>40 

,BY VIRTUE ( ! SAME REASON+1 PROBABLY1 !RE C\LD BE READ ON ! SWORD ( ! ,FRIBORG EXECUTION] ! WORDS3 0,LORD ,JESUS1 ?\ >T ! JUDGE40 ,H5CE ! EXECUTION] IS 9VE/$ ) A SACR$ FUNCTION4 ,HE IS ! MAN :O DE/ROYS ! BODY 9 ORD] TO DELIV] ! S\L TO ! DIV9E S5T5CE1 :I* NO ONE CAN JUDGE BE=EH&4 ,SOME MAY ?9K ?AT SU* WORDS IMPLY RA!R SC&AL\S CONFUSIONS4 ,&1 TO BE SURE1 :OEV] CL+S TO ! TEA*+ ( ,JESUS WILL LOOK UPON ?AT H&SOME SWORD AS ONE MORE \TRAGE TO ! P]SON ( ,*RI/4 ,9 ! LI<T ( ?IS1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! DREADFUL REM>K ( ! ,RUSSIAN CONDEMN$ MAN AB\T TO BE HANG$ BY ! ,CZ>'S EXECUTION]S 9 #aie :O SAID FIRMLY TO ! PRIE/ :O HAD COME TO CONSOLE HIM ) ! IMAGE ( ,*RI/3 0,GO AWAY & COMMIT NO SACRILEGE40 ,! UNBELIEV] CANNOT KEEP FROM ?9K+ ?AT ,I M5 :O HAVE SET AT ! C5T] ( !IR FAI? ! /AGG]+ VICTIM ( A JUDICIAL ]ROR \<T AT LEA/ TO HESITATE BE=E COMMITT+ LEGAL MURD]4 ,BELIEV]S MI<T ALSO BE REM9D$ ?AT ,EMP]OR ,JULIAN1 BE=E HIS CONV]SION1 DID NOT WANT TO GIVE (FICIAL (FICES TO ,*RI/IANS BECAUSE !Y SY/EMATICALLY REFUS$ TO PRON\NCE DEA? S5T5CES OR TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) !M4 ,= FIVE C5TURIES ,*RI/IANS !RE=E BELIEV$ ?AT ! /RICT MORAL TEA*+ ( !IR MA/] =BADE KILL+4 ,BUT ,CA?OLIC FAI? IS NOT N\RI%$ SOLELY BY ! P]SONAL TEA*+ ( ,*RI/4 ,IT ALSO FE$S ON ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 ON ,/4 ,PAUL1 & ON ! ,*UR* ,FA!RS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L & ! UNIV]SAL RESURRECTION ( BODIES >E >TICLES ( DOGMA4 ,AS A RESULT1 CAPITAL PUNI%M5T IS = ! BELIEV] A TEMPOR>Y P5ALTY ?AT LEAVES ! F9AL S5T5CE 9 SUSP5SE1 AN >RANGEM5T NECESS>Y ONLY = T]RE/RIAL ORD]1 AN ADM9I/RATIVE MEASURE :I*1 F> FROM SIGNIFY+ ! 5D = ! GUILTY MAN1 MAY 9/EAD FAVOR HIS R$EMPTION4 ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT ALL BELIEV]S AGREE ) ?IS1 & ,I CAN READILY IMAG9E ?AT SOME ,CA?OLICS MAY /& CLOS] TO ,*RI/ ?AN TO ,MOSES OR ,/4 ,PAUL4 ,I AM SIMPLY SAY+ ?AT FAI? 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L ALL[$ ,CA?OLICISM TO SEE ! PROBLEM ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T 9 V]Y DIFF]5T T]MS & TO JU/IFY IT4 

,P>T #d 

,BUT :AT IS ! VALUE ( SU* A JU/IFICATION 9 ! SOCIETY WE LIVE 91 :I* 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONS & ITS CU/OMS HAS LO/ ALL CONTACT ) ! SACR$8 ,:5 AN A!I/IC OR SKEPTICAL OR AGNO/IC JUDGE 9FLICTS ! DEA? P5ALTY ON AN UNBELIEV+ CRIM9AL1 HE IS PRON\NC+ A DEF9ITIVE PUNI%M5T ?AT CANNOT BE RECONSID]$4 ,HE TAKES HIS PLACE ON ! ?RONE ( ,GOD1 )\T HAV+ ! SAME P[]S & EV5 )\T BELIEV+ 9 ,GOD4 ,HE KILLS1 9 %ORT1 BECAUSE HIS ANCE/ORS BELIEV$ 9 ET]NAL LIFE4 ,BUT ! SOCIETY ?AT HE CLAIMS TO REPRES5T IS 9 REALITY PRON\NC+ A SIMPLE MEASURE ( ELIM9ATION1 DO+ VIOL5CE TO ! HUMAN COMMUNITY UNIT$ AGA9/ DEA?1 & TAK+ A /& AS AN ABSOLUTE VALUE BECAUSE SOCIETY IS LAY+ CLAIM TO ABSOLUTE P[]4 ,TO BE SURE1 IT DELEGATES A PRIE/ TO ! CONDEMN$ MAN1 ?R\< TRADITION4 ,! PRIE/ MAY LEGITIMATELY HOPE ?AT FE> ( PUNI%M5T WILL HELP ! GUILTY MAN'S CONV]SION4 ,:O CAN ACCEPT1 H[ EV]1 ?AT SU* A CALCULATION %\LD JU/IFY A P5ALTY MO/ (T5 9FLICT$ & RECEIV$ 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T SPIRIT8 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO BELIEVE BE=E BE+ AFRAID & ANO!R TO F9D FAI? AFT] FE>4 ,CONV]SION ?R\< FIRE OR ! GUILLOT9E WILL ALWAYS BE SUSPECT1 & IT MAY SEEM SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,*UR* HAS NOT GIV5 UP CONQU]+ 9FIDELS ?R\< T]ROR4 ,9 ANY CASE1 SOCIETY ?AT HAS LO/ .<#b#h.> ALL CONTACT ) ! SACR$ CAN F9D NO ADVANTAGE 9 A CONV]SION 9 :I* IT PR(ESSES TO HAVE NO 9T]E/4 ,SOCIETY DECREES A SACR$ PUNI%M5T & AT ! SAME TIME DIVE/S IT BO? ( EXCUSE & ( USEFULNESS4 ,SOCIETY PROCE$S SOV]EIGNLY TO ELIM9ATE ! EVIL ONES FROM H] MID/ AS IF %E W]E VIRTUE ITSELF4 ,LIKE AN HONORABLE MAN KILL+ HIS WAYW>D SON & REM>K+3 0,REALLY1 ,I DIDN'T KN[ :AT TO DO ) HIM40 ,%E ASSUMES ! RI<T TO SELECT AS IF %E W]E NATURE H]SELF & TO ADD GREAT SUFF]+S TO ! ELIM9ATION AS IF %E W]E A R$EEM+ GOD4 

,TO ASS]T1 9 ANY CASE1 ?AT A MAN MU/ BE ABSOLUTELY CUT (F FROM SOCIETY BECAUSE HE IS ABSOLUTELY EVIL AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT SOCIETY IS ABSOLUTELY GOOD1 & NO ONE 9 HIS RI<T M9D WILL BELIEVE ?IS TODAY4 ,9/EAD ( BELIEV+ ?IS1 PEOPLE WILL MORE READILY ?9K ! REV]SE4 ,\R SOCIETY HAS BECOME SO BAD & SO CRIM9AL ONLY BECAUSE %E HAS RESPECT$ NO?+ BUT H] [N PRES]VATION ] A GOOD REPUTATION 9 HI/ORY4 ,SOCIETY HAS 9DE$ LO/ ALL CONTACT ) ! SACR$4 ,BUT SOCIETY BEGAN 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO F9D A SUB/ITUTE = RELIGION BY PROPOS+ H]SELF AS AN OBJECT ( ADORATION4 ,! DOCTR9ES ( EVOLUTION & ! NOTIONS ( SELECTION ?AT ACCOMPANY !M HAVE MADE ( ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY A F9AL 5D4 ,! POLITICAL UTOPIAS ?AT W]E GRAFT$ ONTO ?OSE DOCTR9ES PLAC$ AT ! 5D ( TIME A GOLD5 AGE ?AT JU/IFI$ 9 ADVANCE ANY 5T]PRISES :ATEV]4 ,SOCIETY BECAME ACCU/OM$ TO LEGITIMIZ+ :AT MI<T S]VE H] FUTURE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO MAK+ USE ( ! SUPREME PUNI%M5T 9 AN ABSOLUTE WAY4 ,FROM !N ON1 SOCIETY CONSID]$ AS A CRIME & A SACRILEGE ANY?+ ?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( H] PLAN & H] TEMPORAL DOGMAS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AFT] BE+ A PRIE/1 ! EXECUTION] BECAME A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL4 ,! RESULT IS H]E ALL >\ND US4 ,! SITUATION IS SU* ?AT ?IS MID-C5TURY SOCIETY :I* HAS LO/ ! RI<T1 9 ALL LOGICS1 TO DECREE CAPITAL PUNI%M5T \<T N[ TO SUPPRESS IT = REASONS ( REALISM4 

,9 RELATION TO CRIME1 H[ CAN \R CIVILIZATION BE DEF9$8 ,! REPLY IS EASY3 = ?IRTY YE>S N[ /ATE CRIMES HAVE BE5 F> MORE NUM]\S ?AN 9DIVIDUAL CRIMES4 ,I AM NOT EV5 SPEAK+ ( W>S1 G5]AL OR LOCALIZ$1 AL?\< BLOOD%$ TOO IS AN ALCOHOL ?AT EV5TUALLY 9TOXICATES LIKE ! HEADIE/ ( W9ES4 ,BUT ! NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS KILL$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,/ATE HAS ASSUM$ A/RONOMICAL PROPORTIONS & 9F9ITELY \TNUMB]S PRIVATE MURD]S4 ,!RE >E FEW] & FEW] CONDEMN$ BY COMMON LAW & MORE & MORE CONDEMN$ = POLITICAL REASONS4 ,! PRO( IS ?AT EA* ( US1 H[EV] HONORABLE HE MAY BE1 CAN =ESEE ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ SOM$AY CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 :]EAS ?AT EV5TUALITY W\LD HAVE SEEM$ RIDICUL\S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY4 ,ALPHONSE ,K>R'S WITTY REM>K3 0,LET ! NOBLE ASSASS9S BEG90 HAS NO MEAN+ N[4 ,?OSE :O CAUSE ! MO/ BLOOD TO 7,B[ >E ! SAME ONES :O BELIEVE !Y HAVE RI<T1 ,ILOGIC1 & HI/ORY ON !IR SIDE4 

,H5CE \R SOCIETY MU/ N[ DEF5D H]SELF NOT SO MU* AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! PROPORTIONS WILL BE REV]S$ 9 ANO!R ?IRTY YE>S4 ,BUT1 = ! MOM5T1 \R SELF-DEF5SE MU/ BE AIM$ AT ! ,/ATE FIR/ & =EMO/4 ,JU/ICE & EXP$I5CY COMM& ! LAW TO PROTECT ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ A ,/ATE GIV5 OV] TO ! FOLLIES ( SECT>IANISM OR ( PRIDE4 0,LET ! ,/ATE BEG9 & ABOLI% ! DEA? P5ALTY0 \<T TO BE \R RALLY+ CRY TODAY4 

,BLOOD?IR/Y LAWS1 IT HAS BE5 SAID1 MAKE BLOOD?IR/Y CU/OMS4 ,BUT ANY SOCIETY EV5TUALLY REA*ES A /ATE ( IGNOM9Y 9 :I*1 DESPITE EV]Y DISORD]1 ! CU/OM NEV] MANAGE TO BE AS BLOOD?IR/Y AS ! LAWS4 ,HALF ( ,EUROPE KN[S ?AT CONDITION4 ,WE ,FR5* KNEW IT 9 ! PA/ & MAY AGA9 KN[ IT4 ,?OSE EXECUT$ DUR+ ! OCCUPATION L$ TO ?OSE EXECUT$ AT ! TIME ( ! LIB]ATION1 :OSE FRI5DS N[ DREAM ( REV5GE4 ,ELSE:]E /ATES LAD5 ) TOO MANY CRIMES >E GETT+ READY TO DR[N !IR GUILT 9 EV5 GREAT] MASSACRES4 ,ONE KILLS = A NATION OR A CLASS ?AT HAS BE5 GRANT$ DIV9E /ATUS4 ,ONE KILLS = A FUTURE SOCIETY ?AT HAS LIKEWISE BE54 GIV5 DIV9E /ATUS4 ,:OEV] ?9KS HE HAS OMNISCI5CE IMAG9ES HE HAS OMNIPOT5CE4 ,TEMPORAL IDOLS DEM&+ AN ABSOLUTE FAI? TIRELESSLY DECREE ABSOLUTE PUNI%M5TS4 ,& RELIGIONS DEVOID ( TRANSC5D5CE KILL GREAT NUMB]S ( CONDEMN$ M5 DEVOID ( HOPE4 

,H[ CAN ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY ( ! MID-C5TURY SURVIVE4 UNLESS IT DECIDES TO DEF5D 9DIVIDUALS BY EV]Y MEANS-AGA9/ ! ,/ATE'S OPPRESSION8 ,=BIDD+ A MAN'S EXECUTION W\LD AM\NT TO PROCLAIM+ PUBLICLY ?AT SOCIETY & ! /ATE >E NOT ABSOLUTE VALUES1 ?AT NO?+ AU?ORIZES !M TO LEGISLATE DEF9ITIVELY OR TO BR+ AB\T ! IRREP>ABLE4 ,)\T ! DEA? P5ALTY1 ,GABRIEL ,P]I & ,BRASILLA* W\LD P]HAPS BE AMONG US4 ,WE C\LD !N JUDGE !M ACCORD+ TO \R OP9ION & PR\DLY PROCLAIM \R JUDGM5T1 :]EAS N[ !Y JUDGE US & WE KEEP SIL5T4 ,)\T ! DEA? P5ALTY ,RAJK'S CORPSE W\LD NOT POISON ,HUNG>Y2 ,G]MANY1 ) LESS GUILT ON H] CONSCI5CE1 W\LD BE MORE FAVORABLY LOOK$ UPON BY ,EUROPE2 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE AGONIZ+ 9 %AME2 & ,ALG]IAN BLOOD W\LD WEI< LESS HEAVILY ON \R CONSCI5CES4 ,)\T ! DEA? P5ALTY1 ,EUROPE W\LD NOT BE 9FECT$ BY ! CORPSES ACCUMULAT$ = ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S 9 ITS TIR$ SOIL4 ,ON \R CONT95T1 ALL VALUES >E UPSET BY FE> & HATR$ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,9 ! CONFLICT ( IDEAS ! WEAPONS >E ! CORD & ! GUILLOT9E4 ,A NATURAL & HUMAN SOCIETY EX]CIS+ H] RI<T ( REPRESSION HAS GIV5 WAY TO A DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ?AT REQUIRES HUMAN SACRIFICES4 0,! EXAMPLE ( ! GALL[S10 IT HAS BE5 WRITT51.<#b#i.> 0IS ?AT A MAN'S LIFE CEASES TO BE SACR$ :5 IT IS ?\<T USEFUL TO KILL HIM40 ,APP>5TLY IT IS BECOM+ FEV] MORE USEFUL2 ! EXAMPLE IS BE+ COPI$2 ! CONTAGION IS SPREAD+ EV]Y:]E4 ,& TOGE!R ) IT1 ! DISORD] ( NIHILISM4 ,H5CE WE MU/ CALL A SPECTACUL> HALT & PROCLAIM1 9 \R PR9CIPLES & 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ABOVE ! /ATE4 ,& ANY MEASURE ?AT DECREASES ! PRESSURE ( SOCIAL =CES UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL HELP TO RELIEVE ! CONGE/ION ( A ,EUROPE SUFF]+ FROM A RU% ( BLOOD1 ALL[+ US TO ?9K MORE 7CLE>LY & TO />T ON ! WAY T[>D HE>?4 ,EUROPE'S MALADY CONSI/S 9 BELIEV+ NO?+ & CLAIM+ TO KN[ EV]Y?+4 ,BUT ,EUROPE IS F> FROM KN[+ EV]Y?+1 &1 JUDG+ FROM ! REVOLT & HOPE WE FEEL1 %E BELIEVES 9 SOME?+3 %E BELIEVES ?AT ! EXTREME ( MAN'S WRET*$NESS1 ON SOME MY/]I\S LIMIT1 BORD]S ON ! EXTREME ( HIS GREATNESS4 ,= ! MAJORITY ( ,EUROPEANS1 FAI? IS LO/4 ,& ) IT1 ! JU/IFICATIONS FAI? PROVID$ 9 ! DOMA9 ( PUNI%M5T4 ,BUT ! MAJORITY ( ,EUROPEANS ALSO REJECT ! ,/ATE IDOLATRY ?AT AIM$ TO TAKE ! PLACE ( FAI?4 ,H5CE=? 9 MID-C\RSE1 BO? C]TA9 & UNC]TA91 HAV+ MADE UP \R M9DS NEV] TO SUBMIT & NEV] TO OPPRESS1 WE %\LD ADMIT AT ONE & ! SAME TIME \R HOPE & \R IGNORANCE1 WE %\LD REFUSE ABSOLUTE LAW & ! IRREP>ABLE ,JUDGM5T4 ,WE KN[ 5\< TO SAY ?AT ?IS OR ?AT MAJOR CRIM9AL DES]VES H>D LABOR = LIFE4 ,BUT WE DON'T KN[ 5\< TO DECREE ?AT HE BE %ORN ( HIS FUTURE-9 O!R WORDS1 ( ! *ANCE WE ALL HAVE ( MAK+ AM5DS4 ,BECAUSE ( :AT ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 9 ! UNIFI$ ,EUROPE ( ! FUTURE ! SOLEMN ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY \<T TO BE ! FIR/ >TICLE ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,CODE WE ALL HOPE =4 

,FROM ! HUMANIT>IAN IDYLS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY TO ! BLOOD/A9$ GALL['S ! WAY LEADS DIRECTLY1 & ! EXECUTION]S ( TODAY1 AS EV]YONE KN[S1 >E HUMANI/S4 ,H5CE WE CANNOT BE TOO W>Y ( ! HUMANIT>IAN IDEOLOGY 9 DEAL+ ) A PROBLEM SU* AS ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,ON ! PO9T ( CONCLUD+1 ,I %\LD LIKE !RE=E TO REPEAT ?AT NEI!R AN ILLUSION AS TO ! NATURAL GOODNESS ( ! HUMAN BE+ NOR FAI? 9 A GOLD5 AGE TO COME MOTIVATES MY OPPOSITION TO ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ITS ABOLITION SEEMS TO ME NECESS>Y BECAUSE ( REASON$ PESSIMISM1 ( LOGIC1 & ( REALISM4 ,NOT ?AT ! HE>T HAS NO %>E 9 :AT ,I HAVE SAID4 ,ANYONE :O HAS SP5T WEEKS ) TEXTS1 RECOLLECTIONS1 & M5 HAV+ ANY CONTACT1 :E!R CLOSE OR NOT1 ) ! GALL[S C\LD NOT POSSIBLY REMA9 UNT\*$ BY ?AT EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT1 LET ME REPEAT1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE1 NONE!LESS1 ?AT !RE IS NO RESPONSIBILITY 9 ?IS WORLD & ?AT WE MU/ GIVE WAY TO ?AT MOD]N T5D5CY TO ABSOLVE EV]Y?+1 VICTIM & MURD]]1 9 ! SAME CONFUSION4 ,SU* PURELY S5TIM5TAL CONFUSION IS MADE UP ( C[>DICE RA!R ?AN ( G5]OSITY & EV5TUALLY JU/IFIES :ATEV] IS WOR/ 9 ?IS WORLD4 ,IF Y\ KEEP ON EXCUS+1 Y\ EV5TUALLY GIVE Y\R BLESS+ TO ! SLAVE CAMP1 TO C[>DLY =CE1 TO ORGANIZ$ EXECUTION]S1 TO ! CYNICISM ( GREAT POLITICAL MON/]S2 Y\ F9ALLY H& OV] Y\R BRO!RS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 >\ND US4 ,BUT IT SO HAPP5S1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! WORLD1 ?AT ! MAN ( TODAY WANTS LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS SUITABLE TO A CONVALESC5T1 :I* WILL CURB HIM )\T BREAK+ HIM & LEAD HIM )\T CRU%+ HIM4 ,HURL$ 9TO ! UN*ECK$ DYNAMIC MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY1 HE NE$S A NATURAL PHILOSOPHY & A FEW LAWS ( EQUILIBRIUM4 ,HE NE$S1 9 %ORT1 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON REASON & NOT ! AN>*Y 9TO :I* HE HAS BE5 PLUNG$ BY HIS [N PRIDE & ! EXCESSIVE P[]S ( ! ,/ATE4 

,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY W\LD HELP US PROGRESS T[>D ?AT SOCIETY4 ,AFT] TAK+ SU* AN 9ITIATIVE1 ,FRANCE C\LD (F] TO EXT5D IT TO ! NON-ABOLITIONI/ C\NTRIES ON BO? SIDES ( ! IRON CURTA94 ,BUT1 9 ANY CASE1 %E %\LD SET ! EXAMPLE4 ,CAPITAL PUNI%M5T W\LD !N BE REPLAC$ BY H>D LABOR-= LIFE 9 ! CASE ( CRIM9ALS CONSID]$ IRREM$IABLE & = A FIX$ P]IOD 9 ! CASE ( ! O!RS4 ,TO ANY :O FEEL ?AT SU* A P5ALTY IS H>%] ?AN CAPITAL PUNI%M5T WE CAN ONLY EXPRESS \R AMAZEM5T ?AT !Y DID NOT SUGGE/1 9 ?IS CASE1 RES]V+ IT = SU* AS ,L&RU & APPLY+ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T TO M9OR CRIM9ALS4 ,WE MI<T REM9D !M1 TOO1 ?AT H>D LABOR LEAVES ! CONDEMN$ MAN ! POSSIBILITY ( *OOS+ DEA?1 :]EAS ! GUILLOT9E (F]S NO ALT]NATIVE4 ,TO ANY :O FEEL1 ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT H>D LABOR IS TOO1 MILD A P5ALTY1 WE CAN ANSW] FIR/ ?AT !Y LACK IMAG9ATION & SECONDLY ?AT PRIVATION ( FRE$OM SEEMS TO !M A SLI<T PUNI%M5T ONLY 9S(> AS CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY HAS TAU<T US TO DESPISE FRE$OM4.<#c.> 

,! FACT ?AT ,CA9 IS NOT KILL$ BUT BE>S A M>K ( REPROBATION 9 ! EYES ( M5 IS ! LESSON WE MU/ DRAW FROM ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! ,GOSPELS1 9/EAD ( LOOK+ BACK TO ! CRUEL EXAMPLES ( ! ,MOSAIC LAW4 ,9 ANY CASE1 NO?+ KEEPS US FROM TRY+ \T AN EXP]IM5T1 LIMIT$ 9 DURATION 7T5 YE>S1 = 9/ANCE71 IF \R ,P>LIAM5T IS /ILL 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ UP = ITS VOTES 9 FAVOR ( ALCOHOL BY SU* A GREAT CIVILIZ+ /EP AS COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! P5ALTY4 ,& IF1 REALLY1 PUBLIC OP9ION & ITS REPRES5TATIVES CANNOT GIVE UP ! LAW ( LAZ9ESS :I* SIMPLY ELIM9ATES :AT IT CANNOT RE=M1 LET US AT LEA/-:ILE HOP+ = A NEW DAY ( TRU?-NOT MAKE ( IT ! 0SOLEMN SLAU<T]H\SE0 .<#c#a.> ?AT BEF\LS \R SOCIETY4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY AS IT IS N[ APPLI$1 & H[EV] R>ELY IT MAY BE1 IS A REVOLT+ BUT*]Y1 AN \TRAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! P]SON & BODY ( MAN4 ,?AT TRUNCATION1 ?AT LIV+ & YET UPROOT$ HEAD1 ?OSE SPITS ( BLOOD DATE FROM A B>B>\S P]IOD ?AT AIM$ TO IMPRESS ! MASSES ) DEGRAD+ SI<TS4 ,TODAY :5 SU* VILE DEA? IS ADM9I/]$ ON ! SLY1 :AT IS ! MEAN+ ( ?IS TORTURE8 ,! TRU? IS ?AT 9 ! NUCLE> AGE WE KILL AS WE DID 9 ! AGE ( ! SPR+ BALANCE4 ,& !RE IS NOT A MAN ( NORMAL S5SITIVITY :O1 AT ! M]E ?\<T ( SU* CRUDE SURG]Y1 DOES NOT FEEL NAUSEAT$4 ,IF ! ,FR5* ,/ATE IS 9CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ HABIT & GIV+ ,EUROPE ONE ( ! REM$IES IT NE$S1 LET ,FRANCE BEG9 BY RE=M+ ! MANN] ( ADM9I/]+ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,! SCI5CE ?AT S]VES TO KILL SO MANY C\LD AT LEA/ S]VE TO KILL DEC5TLY4 ,AN ANES!TIC ?AT W\LD ALL[ ! CONDEMN$ MAN TO SLIP FROM SLEEP TO DEA? 7:I* W\LD BE LEFT )9 HIS REA* = AT LEA/ A DAY SO ?AT HE C\LD USE IT FREELY & W\LD BE ADM9I/]$ TO HIM 9 ANO!R =M IF HE W]E UNWILL+ OR WEAK ( WILL7 W\LD ASSURE HIS ELIM9ATION1 IF Y\ 9SI/1 BUT W\LD PUT A LITTLE DEC5CY 9TO :AT IS AT PRES5T BUT A SORDID & OBSC5E EXHIBITION4 

,I SUGGE/ SU* COMPROMISES ONLY 9S(> AS ONE MU/ OCCASIONALLY DESPAIR ( SEE+ WISDOM & TRUE CIVILIZATION 9FLU5CE ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = \R FUTURE4 ,= C]TA9 M51 MORE NUM]\S ?AN WE ?9K1 IT IS PHYSICALLY UNBE>ABLE TO KN[ :AT ! DEA? P5ALTY REALLY IS & NOT TO BE ABLE TO PREV5T ITS APPLICATION4 ,9 !IR WAY1 !Y SUFF] ?AT P5ALTY !MSELVES1 & )\T ANY JU/ICE4 ,IF ONLY ! WEI<T ( FIL?Y IMAGES WEI<+ UPON !M W]E R$UC$1 SOCIETY W\LD LOSE NO?+4 ,BUT EV5 ?AT1 9 ! LONG RUN1 WILL BE 9ADEQUATE4 ,!RE WILL BE NO LA/+ PEACE EI!R 9 ! HE>T ( 9DIVIDUALS OR 9 SOCIAL CU/OMS UNTIL DEA? IS \TLAW$4 

.<#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! OPTIMI/IC ,DR4 ,GUILLOT91 ! CONDEMN$ WAS NOT TO FEEL ANY?+4 ,AT MO/ A 0SLI<T S5SATION ( COLDNESS ON HIS NECK40 

.<#b.> ,JU/ICE SANS B\RREAU4 ,NO4 #b 7,JUNE #a#i#e#f74 

.<#c.> ,PUBLI%$ BY ,ROG] ,GR5I] 9 ,LES ,MON/RES ,C,GALLIM>D74 ,!SE DECL>ATIONS >E AU!NTIC4 

.<#d.> ,$ITIONS ,MATOT-,BRA9E1 ,REIMS4 

.<#e.> ,9 #aie 9 ! ,LOIRET4 

.<#f.> ,REALITES1 ,NO4 #ae 7,OCTOB] #a#i#e#d74 

.<#g.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO READ EV]Y WEEK 9 ! PAP]S ( CRIM9ALS :O ORIG9ALLY HESITAT$ BETWE5 KILL+ !MSELVES & KILL+ O!RS4 

.<#h.> ,REPORT ( ! ,5GLI% ,SELECT ,COMMITTEE ( #aic & ( ! ,5GLI% ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION ?AT REC5TLY RESUM$ ! /UDY4 ,ALL ! /ATI/ICS WE HAVE EXAM9$ CONFIRM ! FACT ?AT ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY HAS NOT PROVOK$ AN 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( CRIMES40 

.<#i.> ,REPORT ( ! ,SELECT ,COMMITTEE1 #a#i#c4 

.<#a.> ,LA ,POT5CE ET LA ,CROIX 7,FASQUELLE74 

.<#a#a.> ,ROG] ,CREM]3 ,LES ,MON/RES 7,GALLIM>D74 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#c.> ,A FEW YE>S AGO ,I ASK$ = ! REPRIEVE ( SIX ,TUNISIANS :O HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = ! MURD]1 9 A RIOT1 ( ?REE ,FR5* POLICEM54 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! MURD] HAD TAK5 PLACE MADE DIFFICULT ANY DIVISION ( RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,A NOTE FROM ! EXECUTIVE (FICE ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9=M$ ME ?AT MY APPEAL WAS BE+ CONSID]$ BY ! APPROPRIATE ORGANIZATION4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 :5 ?AT NOTE WAS ADDRESS$ TO ME ,I HAD ALREADY READ TWO WEEKS E>LI] ?AT ! S5T5CE HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T4 ,?REE ( ! CONDEMN$ M5 HAD BE5 PUT TO DEA? & ! ?REE O!RS REPRIEV$4 ,! REASONS = REPRIEV+ SOME RA!R ?AN ! O!RS W]E NOT CONV9C+4 ,BUT PROBABLY IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO C>RY \T ?REE EXECUTIONS :]E !RE HAD BE5 ?REE VICTIMS4 

.<#a#d.> ,ROEM51 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? AT ! ,LIB]ATION ( ,FRANCE1 REMA9$ SEV5 HUNDR$ DAYS 9 *A9S BE=E BE+ EXECUT$1 & ?IS IS SC&AL\S4 ,?OSE CONDEMN$ UND] COMMON LAW1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 WAIT FROM ?REE TO SIX MON?S = ! MORN+ ( !IR DEA?4 ,& IT IS DIFFICULT1 IF ONE WANTS TO MA9TA9 !IR *ANCES ( SURVIVAL1 TO %ORT5 ?AT P]IOD4 ,I CAN BE> WITNESS1 MOREOV]1 TO ! FACT ?AT ! EXAM9ATION ( APPEALS = M]CY IS CONDUCT$ 9 ,FRANCE ) A S]I\SNESS ?AT DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! VISIBLE 9CL9ATION TO P>DON1 9S(> AS ! LAW & CU/OMS Y5NIT4 

.<#a#e.> ,SUNDAY NOT BE+ A DAY ( EXECUTION1 ,SATURDAY NI<T IS ALWAYS BETT] 9 ! CELL BLOCKS RES]V$ = ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 

.<#a#f.> ,BELA ,JU/3 P4 CIT4 

.<#a#g.> ,A GREAT SURGEON1 A ,CA?OLIC HIMSELF1 TOLD ME ?AT AS A RESULT ( HIS EXP]I5CE HE DID NOT EV5 9=M BELIEV]S :5 !Y HAD AN ,9CURABLE CANC]4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! %OCK MI<T DE/ROY EV5 !IR FAI?4 

.<#a#h.> ,FA!R ,DEVOYOD3 OP4 CIT4 ,EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO READ CALMLY ! PETITIONS = REPRIEVE PRES5T$ BY A FA!R OR A MO!R :O OBVI\SLY DOES NOT UND]/& SU* SUDD5 MIS=TUNE4 

.<#a#i.> ,FRANCE RANKS FIR/ AMONG C\NTRIES = ITS CONSUMPTION ( ALCOHOL & FIFTE5? 9 BUILD+4 

.<#b.> ,! P>TISANS ( ! DEA? P5ALTY MADE CONSID]ABLE PUBLICITY AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY AB\T AN 9CREASE 9 CRIM9ALITY BEG9N+ 9 #a#h#h1 :I*4 SEEM$ TO P>ALLEL A DECREASE 9 APPLICATION ( ! P5ALTY4 ,BUT ,9 #ahh A LAW WAS PROMULGAT$ ?AT P]MITT$ B>S TO BE OP5$ )\T ANY PRIOR AU?ORIZATION4 ,AFT] ?AT1 JU/ TRY TO 9T]PRET /ATI/ICS6 

.<#b#a.> ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! CU/OM 9 ,AM]ICAN PRISONS IS TO MOVE ! CONDEMN$ MAN 9TO ANO!R CELL ON ! EVE ( HIS EXECUTION :ILE ANN\NC+ TO HIM ! C]EMONY 9 /ORE = HIM4 

.<#b#b.> ,?IS IS ! NAME ( ! 9NOC5T MAN GUILLOT9$ 9 ! CASE ( ! ,C\RRI] DE ,LYON 

.<#b#c.> ,! CONDEMN$ MAN WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ KILL$ HIS WIFE4 ,BUT H] BODY HAD NOT BE5 F\ND4 

.<#b#e.> ,REVUE DE ,CRIM9OLOGIE ET DE ,POLICE ,TE*NIQUE 7,G5EVA71 SPECIAL ISSUE1 #a#i#e#b14 

.<#b#f.> ,JEAN ,BOCOGNANO3 ,QU>TI] DES FAULLES1 PRISON DE ,FRESNES 7,$ITIONS DU ,FUSEAU74 

.<#b#g.> ,MY ITALICS4 

.<#b#h.> ,AS EV]YONE KN[S1 ! JURY'S DECISION IS PREC$$ BY ! WORDS3 0,BE=E ,GOD & MY CONSCI5CE4440 

.<#b#i.> ,BY ,FRANC>T4 

.<#c.> ,SEE ! REPORT ON ! DEA? P5ALTY BY ,REPRES5TATIVE ,DUPONT 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ON #ca ,MAY #a#g#i#a3 0,A %>P & BURN+ MOOD CONSUMES ! ASSASS92 ! ?+ HE FE>S MO/ IS 9ACTIVITY2 IT LEAVES HIM TO HIMSELF1 & TO GET AWAY FROM IT HE CONT9UALLY BRAVES DEA? & TRIES TO CAUSE DEA? 9 O!RS2 SOLITUDE & HIS [N CONSCI5CE >E HIS REAL TORTURE4 ,DOES ?IS NOT SUGGE/ TO Y\ :AT K9D ( PUNI%M5T %\LD BE 9FLICT$ ON HIM1 :AT IS ! K9D ( :I* HE WILL BE MO/ S5SITIVE8 ,IS IT NOT 9 ! NATURE ( ! MALADY ?AT ! REM$Y IS TO HE F\ND80 ,I HAVE ITALICIZ$ ! LA/ S5T5CE1 = IT MAKES ( ?AT LITTLE-KN[N ,REPRES5TATIVE A TRUE PRECURSOR ( \R MOD]N PSY*OLOGY4 

.<#c#a.> ,T>DE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#d1 #bba 3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,GUILLOT9E -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,GUILLOT9E -- ,UPDAT$4 

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