,*APT] #i ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #i3 ,RE-5*ANT+ HUMANITY ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT SPACE & POSSIBLY ! PATI5CE ( ! READ] ALL[1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E AN HI/ORIC %IFT AWAY FROM ! ,5LIE F> TOO MANY ANTIHUMANISMS ABROAD = ME TO 9CLUDE !M ALL4 ,NOR IS IT CLE> :AT =MS ?IS %IFT WILL TAKE 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 MAJOR ANTIHUMANI/ T5D5CIES SEEK 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO R$UCE HUMAN BEHAVIOR TO ! MORALITY ( ! G5E1 & HUMAN BE+S TO 9TELLIG5T FLEAS ?AT FE$ ON A MY/IFI$ ,GAIA1 OR TO FRUIT FLIES COMPET+ ) EA* O!R 9 A M9DLESS BIOLOGICAL /RUGGLE OV] LIMIT$ MEANS ( LIFE 9 ! MACABRE PLAY ( ,MAL?USIAN DEMOGRAPHICS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO GIVE ! READ] A CRITICAL VIEW ( ! EXPLICIDY ANTIHU-4 MANI/IC NOTIONS ( MY/ICAL ECOLOGY ?AT AB\ND TODAY1 & ( A REGRES-3 SIVE PRIMITIVISM PR$ICAT$ ON A HATR$ ( CIVILIZATION AS SU* & (2 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 9 P>TICUL>1 BODI ( :I* >E COMMONLY REG>D$ AS ! PR9CIPAL CAUSAL FACTORS 9 PRODUC+ ! PA?OLOGIES ( :AT ANTIHUMANI/S & PO/MOD]NI/S DISMISS AS MOD]NITY4 ,!RE IS1 TO BE SURE1 NO?+ NEW AB\T A RISE ( 9T]E/ 9 RELIGION DUR+ TIMES ( CRISIS & P]SONAL DISEMP[]M5T3 IT IS ! P]5NIAL1 PALLIATIVE ( A SOCIETY 9 DECL9E4 ,H5CE IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ONE ( ! FA/E/-GR[+ PRODUCTS ON ! M>KET TODAY1 POSSIBLY SECOND ONLY TO TELEVISION SETS & ,V,C,RS1 IS RELIGION4 ,:AT IS DIZZY+ IS ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ?IS VA/ IDEOLOGICAL C\NT]REVOLUTION HAS OCCURR$4 ,)9 A SPAN ( LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 ,I HAVE SE5 7AS HAVE MANY OLD] READ]S ( ?IS BOOK7 A MILITANT IF !ATRICAL SOCIAL RADICALISM1 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*IC & CULTURAL SOCIALI/S1 GIVE WAY TO A POLITICAL QUIETISM ?AT IS ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$ 9 ?IS C5TURY4 ,A NEW WISDOM ( PASSIVELY DWELL+ & 'BE-+' ON ,GAIA HAS DEFUZ$ SOCIAL PROTE/ & REVOLUTION>Y VISIONS4 ,! CRY '! P]SONAL IS ! POLITICAL' HAS BE5 REV]S$ TO READ '! POLITICAL IS ! P]SONAL'4 ,:]E ! =M] ONCE L9K$ ! FATE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! BROAD] SOCIETY & CALL$ = SOCIAL 9T]V5TION AS A =M ( P]SONAL REALIZATION1 ! LATT] HAS DISPLAC$ ! SOCIAL BY ! P]SONAL & CALLS = SOCIAL )DRAWAL AS A =M ( P]SONAL R$EMPTION4 ,:AT DO NO/RUMS ?AT DRAW FROM AN O/5SIBLY SCI5TIFIC FIELD LIKE SOCIOBIOLOGY HAVE 9 COMMON ) PO/MOD]NISM1 :OSE ADH]5TS (T5 EXHIBIT AN AV]SION = REASON8 ,9DE$1 9 :AT WAY CAN SEEM+LY SCI5CE-BAS$ NO/RUMS ) ROOTS 9 G5ETICS & DEMOGRAPHICS BE L9K$ TO MY?IC IF NOT RELIGI\S CULTS LIKE ANGELOLOGY8 ,H[EV] DIFF]5T !Y MAY BE 9 SPECIFIC RESPECTS1 ! ONE FEATURE ?AT !SE ANTIHUMANISMS %>E IS :AT DEVELOPM5TALLY ORI5T$ PHILOSOPH]S W\LD CALL !IR LACK ( M$IATIONS4 ,BY M$IATIONS1 ,I MEAN ?AT !IR ?9K+ LACKS ! PHAS$ & >TICULAT$ UNFOLD+S ?AT REFLECT & >TICULATE DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESSES 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,FROM ! V]Y \TSET1 ANTIHUMANI/S ?9K1 FEEL1 & S5SE PH5OM5A IMM$IATELY1 DIRECTLY1 9TUITIVELY -- & R$UCTIVELY4 ,:]EAS ! IMM$IATE IS ELEM5TAL1 SIMPLE1 9ITIAL1 & GIV51 ! M$IAT$ IS ! RESULT ( A DEVELOPM5T1 ! ASC]TA9ABLE PHASE ( A CONT9UUM4 ,YET M$IATIONS >E ALSO DI/9CTIVE1 DEL9EABLE1 & 'DET]M9ATE'1 TO USE PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE -- PHASES ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO CONCEPTUAL CL>ITY & RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION4 ,TO ANTIHUMANI/S1 REFLECTION1 IDEATION1 & ! PROCESSUAL DET]M9ATIONS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! APPREH5SION ( A PH5OM5ON POLLUTE ITS 'AU!NTICITY'4 ,H[EV] MU* ANTIHUMANI/S MAY DISAGREE ) ONE ANO!R ON A V>IETY ( ISSUES1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES !Y TRY TO GRASP PH5OM5A 9 !IR 'PURE' & R$UCTIVELY PRIMAL 'BE-+'1 FREE FROM ! 'IMPOSITION' ( RATIONAL CATEGORIES -- ALL ( :I*1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO !R1 /& 9 ! WAY ( GRASP+ ! 'AU!NTICITY' ( PH5OM5A4 ,I AM NOT US+ T]MS LIKE 'BE+' & 'AU!NTICITY'1 SO BASIC TO ,HEIDEGG]'S PHILOSOPHICAL VOCABUL>Y1 9 A ,HEIDEGG]IAN S5SE H]E2 ! TRU? IS ?AT ,I HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO USE ?IS LANGUAGE1 S9CE !RE >E NO SATISFACTORY SYNONYMS = !SE WORDS4 ,?US1 FUNDAM5TAL TO ! MORALITY ( ! G5E1 ! DYNAMICS ( POPULATIONS1 ! CYB]NETICS ( ! ,GAIA HYPO!SIS1 ! ALLEG$LY UNSPOIL$ ATTRIBUTES ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 ! FE> ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE AS SU*1 & ! REJECTION ( REASON IS A DEVOTION TO PRIMALITY4 ,IT IS UPON G5ES1 POPULATIONS DYNAMICS1 ! PRIMITIVE1 & AN UNCOMPLICAT$ TE*NICS ?AT ANY DISCUSSION ( PHILOSOPHICAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & SOCIAL ISSUES IS AN*OR$4 ,!IR UNM$IAT$ PRIMALITY DOES NOT PREV5T ANTIHUMANI/S FROM EXPLOD+ ) WILD SPECULATIONS AB\T ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE1 BUT !Y >E DISMALLY M9IMALI/4 ,= ANTIHUMANI/S1 ! ORIG9S OR SUB/RATE ( ?+S1 FROM G5ES TO ! ',BIG ,BANG'1 FROM REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR TO A PRIMAL ',COSMIC ,SELF' (T5 RADICALLY DET]M9ES :AT ?OSE ?+S >E4 ,RESULTS >E CONFUS$ ) !IR ORIG9S4 ,A M9IMALISM ( ! ?9NE/ K9D IS ! SURE/ WAY TO 'GET 9 T\*' ) ONE'S 'FEEL+S' & ) ! WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY A NATURAL WORLD CONCEIV$ AS VIRG9AL & UNSPOIL$4 ,IF G5ES DET]M9E MANY1 P]HAPS MO/ ( \R ACTIONS & VALUES1 CULTURE IS M]ELY AN >TIFICIAL IMP$IM5T ?AT IMPROP]LY R$IRECTS \R '9N] SELF' AWAY FROM DO+ :AT \R MOLECUL> FUNDAM5TS DEM&4 ,9 ! FACE ( ,GAIA'S COSMIC DICTATES1 MOREOV]1 WE WANE 9TO BIOLOGICAL 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,9DE$1 WE TA9T \R [N CAPACITY = SELF-REALIZATION IF WE 9T]V5E BEYOND ! IMP]ATIVES ( MEET+ \R SIMPLE/ NE$S1 9 ! L>G] ,SELF ( :I* WE >E M]E CON/ITU5TS4 ,9ASMU* AS WE >E NO MORE ?AN ANIMALS1 WE CAN 9CREASE \R NUMB]S GEOMETRICALLY LIKE FRUIT FLIES1 BUT \R MEANS ( LIFE 9CREASE >I?METICALLY1 :I* PRESUMABLY EXPLA9S :Y WE HAVE ! ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT PLAGUE US4 ,WORSE /ILL1 TE*NOLOGIES HAVE AN 'IMP]ATIVE' ( !IR [N4 ,ONE TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION BL9DLY LEADS TO ANO!R UNTIL AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION EM]GES TO BEF\L /REAMS1 OCEANS1 & AIR1 DE=E/+ ! PLANET1 DESICCAT+ ! SOIL1 & W>M+ ! GLOBE4 ,HAV+ %$ \R PRIMAL ',PALEOLI?IC S5SIBILITY'1 WE >E DEGRAD$ CREATURES1 9T]V5+ AS WE DO 9 A ONCE-PRI/9E ,NATURE4 ,! GAPS WE HAVE OP5$ BETWE5 \R 'NATURAL' PA/ & \R '9DU/RIAL' CIVILIZATION MU/ BE CLOS$ BY RETURN+ TO ! SAME PRIMAL H>MONY ?AT %AP$ ! BEHAVIOR ( \R REMOTE ANCE/ORS4 ,H[ F> BACK WE HAVE TO GO -- :E!R TO ! DICTATES ( \R 'MORAL' OR 'WISE' G5ES1 TO ! IMPULSES ( \R HOM9ID ANIMALITY1 TO ! =AG+ PSY*E ( ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S1 TO ! PRESUM$ PACIFISM ( RU/IC ,NEOLI?IC MATRI>*IES1 OR TO ! V>I\S BEHAVIORAL PATT]NS ( A SIMPLE PRE9DU/RIAL & PRESCI5TIFIC PA/ -- IS NEGOTIABLE4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ,HEIDEGG] HAS DONE MORE ?AN ANY DR9K] 9 ?IS C5TURY1 H[EV] 9DIRECTLY1 TO PROVIDE US ) ! VOCABUL>Y1 PRELAPS>IAN M5TALITY1 & SPIRITUALITY = ?IS UNM$IAT$ ORI5TATION T[>D REALITY4 ,9 L>GE MEASURE1 ! IMAG]Y ( AN UNM$IAT$ WORLD 9 :I* WE >E ',ONE' ) FIR/ NATURE & ) EA* O!R 9 '9T]CONNECTIONS' ?AT DISSOLVE \R 9DIVIDUALITY1 SELFHOOD1 & RATIONALITY 9 A BLACK HOLE ( ANTIMOD]NISM CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM1 H[EV] UNFAMILI> MANY CONTEMPOR>Y ANTIHUMANI/S >E ) HIS WRIT+S4 ,?IS ANTIHUMANI/ \TLOOK IS BY NO MEANS AS H>MLESS AS IT MAY SEEM4 ,9 FACT1 DI/URB+ CONSEQU5CES FOLL[ FROM ANY PHILOSOPHY ( IMM$IACY4 ,! FIR/ ONE IS ! ABOLITION ( HI/ORY -- ! D5IAL ( HI/ORY'S REALITY1 IMPORTANCE1 UNITY1 & MEAN+4 ,\R EVOLUTION \T ( FIR/ NATURE & BEYOND PRIMAL =MS ( ASSOCIATION IS VIEW$ AS A ',FALL'3 A /EADY LOSS ( \R PRI/9E ANIMALITY 79CLUD+ \R RESPONSIV5ESS TO G5ETIC & DEMOGRAPHIC IMP]ATIVES71 A CORRUPTION ( \R HOM9ID S5SIBILITIES 7:I*1 WE >E REPEAT$LY ADVIS$1 W]E %AP$ OV] TWO OR ?REE MILLION YE>S BY A ,PALEOLI?IC 'HUNT+' WAY ( LIFE71 A DESC5T FROM \R 'DIRECT' COMMUNICATION ) FIR/ NATURE 9TO 7V>I\SLY7 AGRICULTURE1 URBANITY1 ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY1 & SCI5CE1 & F9ALLY \R OBJECTIFICATION & MASSIFICATION BY QUASI-MY/ICAL TE*NOLOGICAL 'IMP]ATIVES'4 ,?US WAS ! $5IC ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC SUP]S$$ BY ! ,SILV] ,AGE ( ! ,NEOLI?IC1 ! ,BRONZE ,AGE ( =TRESS CITIES1 & ! ,IRON ,AGE ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS SUCCESSION ( AGES REPRES5TS NOT HI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ( A PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM PRIMALITY BUT AN ATROPHY+1 A /EADY ]OSION1 A REGRESSIVE UNDO+ ( \R '9N] NATURE'4 ,CIVILIZATION RAISES EV] MORE M$IATIONS -- IMP$IM5TS TO \R G5ETIC1 DEMOGRAPHIC1 ECOLOGICAL1 'PRES5C+'1 & 9TUITIVE AW>5ESS ( \R ',ON5ESS' ) ! ANIMAL WORLD1 FIR/ NATURE1 ,GAIA1 OR ! COSMOS4 ,TRUE SELF-FULFILLM5T LIES 9 PLUMB+ ! BOSOM ( \R ORIG9S -- :ATEV] !IR DEP?S -- 9 A PRECONCEIV$ H>MONY ?AT CON/ITUTES \R 'AU!NTIC' DE/9Y4 ,HI/ORY IS M]ELY A S]IES ( 'N>RATIVES' AT BE/1 EA* ( :I* HAS NO MEAN+1 OR A FALL AT WOR/1 ONE ?AT PORT5DS ! APOCALYPTIC DE/RUCTION ( ! BIOSPH]E & \RSELVES4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT ALL ANTIHUMANI/S HOLD ?IS PRECISE CON/ELLATION ( BELIEFS4 ,MANY W\LD HESITATE TO CONDEMN CIVILIZATION OR EV5 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY AS SU*2 /ILL O!RS W\LD NOT WANT TO SACRIFICE ! B5EFITS !Y 5JOY AS A RESULT ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 SU* AS !IR COMPUT]S1 CAM]AS1 B9OCUL>S1 & FAX MA*9ES4 ,BUT A GR[+ NUMB] ( ANTIHUMANI/S DO HOLD ALL ! VIEWS ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ &1 9 FACT1 >E MORE CONSI/5T 9 FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( !IR BELIEFS ?AN !IR HALFHE>T$ COLLEAGUES4 ,ON SOCIAL ISSUES1 MOREOV]1 ANTIHUMANI/S %>E COMMONALITIES ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,IF !RE IS NO 'UNIT>Y' HI/ORY1 !RE CAN BE NO PROGRESS4 ,?IS D5IAL ( PROGRESS DOES NOT PREV5T ANTIHUMANI/S FROM 9SI/+ ?AT HI/ORY HAS DIRECTIONALITY -- ?AT IS1 A VA/ REGRESS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,! NOTION ?AT A RATIONAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 SO TO SPEAK1 CAN BE DISC]N$ 9 HI/ORY 7DESPITE ! T]RIBLE FAIL+S1 EV5 HORRORS1 ?AT M>K ITS C\RSE7 9 :I* HUMAN 9TELLECTUALITY DOES BECOME MORE SOPHI/ICAT$1 E?ICS DOES BECOME MORE RESPONSIVE TO PROTE/+ OPPRESSIONS & SOCIAL AFFLICTIONS1 >T DOES BECOME MORE S5SITIVE TO ! HUMAN CONDITION1 SOCIETY DOES BECOME MORE SECUL>1 & KN[L$GE IS 9CREAS+LY GUID$ BY ?\E D5I$ BY ANTIHUMANI/S OR FRACTUR$ 9TO EPISODIC N>RATIVES1 EA* ( :I* IS DEALT ) RELATIVI/ICALLY1 AS ?\< IT HAD A LIFE ( ITS [N AP>T FROM ! :OLE4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( ADVANCES 9 IDEAS1 VALUES1 POLITICAL IDEALS1 SOCIAL SY/EMS1 PRODUCTIVE P[]1 & 9SITICUL>I/IC CULTURAL PH5OM5A4 ,HAV+ DISP5S$ ) ! V]Y IDEA ( PROGRESS -- EV5 ) CRIT]IA =JUDG+ :AT IS & IS NOT PROGRESSIVE -- ANTIHUMANISM LEAVES US AT SEA1 B]EFT ( ANY NOTION ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9ASMU* AS ! FALL ( HUMANITY REF]S MORE (T5 TO !SE *RONICLES ?AN TO ANY PROGRESSIVE ASC5T1 HUMAN BE+S >E LITTLE MORE ?AN ALI5AT$ BE+S :O >E ! MAK]S AS WELL AS ! VICTIMS ( A TE*NOCRATIC WORLD1 ! PRODUCT ( !IR [N HUBRIS1 RATIONALITY1 & 9NATE GRE$9ESS OR AGGRESSIV5ESS ROOT$ 9 !IR G5ETIC MAKEUP1 ACCORD+ TO SOCIOBIOLOGI/S1 OR 9 !IR TE*NICALLY ORI5T$ CULTURE1 ACCORD+ TO MO/ PO/MOD]NI/S4 ,H[EV] DI/ANT MANY ( ! AU?ORS ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ MAY BE FROM POPUL> CULTURE1 ,NIETZS*E1 ,HEIDEGG]1 ,F\CAULT1 & ,D]RIDA SPEAK TO MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TODAY ?R\< ! IMPRES>IOS ( WIDELY VIEW$ TELEVISION DOCUM5T>IES1 SU* AS ,BILL ,MOY]S1 ,DAVID ,SUZUKI1 & ,DESMOND ,MORRIS4 ,!SE IMPRES>IOS !MSELVES MAY HAVE V]Y LITTLE ACQUA9TANCE ) ANTIHUMANI/ PHILOSOPH]S1 BUT 9 AN ]A ( D>K PESSIMISM1 ! PUBLIC APPETITE = ANTIHUMANI/IC MESSAGES IS GR[+ RAPIDLY4 ,! CLOSE PROXIMITY1 9DE$1 ! CONFLATION1 ( ANTIHUMANI/ CAMPUS ?9K]S ) ,YUPPIE-TYPE ,NEW ,AGE IDEOLOGIES IS REM>KABLE4 ,%ODDY ANTIHUMANI/IC OR ANTIMOD]NI/ J\RNALI/S :O MAY NEV] HAVE READ A L9E ( ,NIETZS*E1 ,HEIDEGG]1 ,F\CAULT1 OR ,D]RIDA REGALE US ) BOOKS ?AT DEF9E HUMAN BE+S AS M]E 'DWELL]S' ON ! PLANET :O MU/ RECOV] !IR PRIMAL 'AU!NTICITY' BY 'DECON/RUCT+' CIVILIZATION1 D5Y+ PUTATIVE 'MY?S' ( PROGRESS1 & 'DEC5T]+' HUMAN CLAIMS TO UNIQU5ESS4 ,WE >E D]ID$ = \R 'LOGOC5TRITY'1 'E?NOC5TRICITY'1 'AN?ROPOC5TRICITY'1 ',EUROC5TRICITY'1 OR -- = :ITE MALES -- 'PHALLOC5TRICITY'4 ,9 CALL+ = ! 'RE-5*ANT+' ( HUMANITY1 ,I REF] -- PLAYFULLY -- TO ! IMPORTANCE ( RECOGNIZ+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = CREAT+ A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$1 ES!TICALLY EXCIT+1 & DEEPLY HUMANE WORLD BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY & A SOCIETY ( %>+4 ,I USE ! WORD POT5TIALITY ADVIS$LY4 ,! CONV5TIONAL WAY ( EXPLOR+ PH5OM5A -- ?R\< :AT ,I CALL CONV5TIONAL REASON OR CONV5TIONAL LOGIC -- IS TO 9TELLECTUALLY C>VE \T A REALM ( EXP]I5CE & SUBJECT IT TO CLOSE ANALYSIS4 ,GIV5 A P>TICUL> OBJECT1 WE TAKE IT AP>T1 SO TO SPEAK1 & EXPLORE ITS COMPON5TS & !IR 9T]RELATION%IPS1 !N RECON/RUCT IT1 ALL ) A VIEW T[>D UND]/&+ H[ IT FUNCTIONS4 ,?IS WAY ( ?9K+ IS APPROPRIATE = MAK+ A WAT* OR CON/RUCT+ A BRIDGE1 & EV5 = DET]M9+ H[ A LIV+ ORGANISM MA9TA9S ITSELF4 ,)\T ! RULES ( CONV5TIONAL LOGIC1 :I* >E RIGOR\SLY ANALYTICAL & DATE BACK 9 ! HI/ORY ( LOGIC TO ,>I/OTLE'S SYLLOGISMS 9 HIS ,PRIOR ,ANALYTICS1 WE C\LD NOT 5GAGE 9 ! MULTITUDE ( ACTIVITIES ?AT MAKE UP \R EV]YDAY FIVES4 ,A SYLLOGISM 7,>I/OTLE USES ! WORD D$UCTION7 IS 'A DISC\RSE 9 :I*1 C]TA9 ?+S BE+ /AT$1 SOME?+ O!R ?AN :AT IS /AT$ FOLL[S ( NECESSITY FROM !IR BE+ SO' 7#b#cBL#h74 ,MO/ FAM\SLY 9 ELEM5T>Y PHILOSOPHY C\RSES1 SYLLOGI/IC LOGIC IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! PROPOSITIONS3 ',ALL M5 >E MORTAL _/ ,SOCRATES IS A MAN _/ ,!RE=E ,SOCRATES IS MORTAL4'.<#c#b#e.> ,BUT SU* A D$UCTIVE SY/EM ( PROPOSITIONS DOES NOT ADEQUATELY 5COMPASS PROCESSES1 DEVELOPM5TS1 & ! UNFOLD+ ( PH5OM5A 9 :I* POT5TIALITIES1 LIKE SE$S1 9ITIATE ! BECOM+ ( A GIV5 TIR+ OR CONDITION4 ,IT CANNOT PROVIDE US ) AN ADEQUATE WAY ( ?9K+ \T ! EVOLUTION OR HI/ORY ( AN EV]-DIFF]5TIAT+ POT5TIALITY & GRASP ITS PHASES 9 A RATIONAL1 $UCTIVE MANN] -- 9DE$1 ( SITUAT+ M9D & BODY1 ! NATURAL & ! SOCIAL1 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COLLECTIVE1 NECESSITY & FRE$OM 9 =MATIVE DUALITIES ?AT >E NOT PETRIFI$ 'DUALISMS'1 BUT RA!R NEW & COMPLEM5T>Y MODES ( EM]G5T PH5OM5A ?AT 5RI* AN UNFOLD+ CONT9UUM4 ,H5CE ! T5D5CY ( SO MANY PEOPLE TODAY TO ADH]E TO A SIMPLI/IC R$UCTIONISM ?AT SUBSUMES ALL DIFF]5TIATION OR ELSE TO ADOPT A VIEW ( DIV]SITY 9 :I* UTT]LY UNRELAT$ PH5OM5A -- A M]E PLURALITY ( BE+S -- >E PROMISCU\SLY UNIT$ 9TO A SPECI\S ',ON5ESS' LIKE SO MANY MULTICOLOR$ BILLI>D BALLS CONTA9$ 9 A WRACK4 ,NO -- TO UND]/& EVOLUTION1 TO ?9K HI/ORICALLY1 REQUIRES MORE ?AN CONV5TIONAL LOGIC4 ,WE HAVE TO ASC]TA9 ! IMMAN5T DRIVES ?AT IMPEL UNDIFF]5TIAT$ POT5TIALITIES 9TO EV]-GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION1 COMPLEXITY1 & :OL5ESS4 ,WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASC]TA9 ! GREAT P>ALLELS 9 HI/ORY ?AT UNIFY HUMANITY -- ! MANY SIMIL>ITIES AMONG 9DEP5D5TLY DEVELOP+ CULTURES1 ! COMMON ISSUES ?AT HUMAN BE+S CONFRONT ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 & ! COMMON SOLUTIONS !Y SO (T5 DEVISE4 ,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO DISCUSS DIALECTICAL LOGIC1 AS IT IS USUALLY CALL$ 9 CONTRA/ TO CONV5TIONAL LOGIC1 EXCEPT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT WE CANNOT UND]/& HUMANITY1 SOCIETY1 & !IR EM]G5CE \T ( FIR/ NATURE )\T RECOGNIZ+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME MORE ?AN A PRODUCT ( BIOLOGICAL LAWS1 H[EV] USEFUL BIOLOGY MAY BE AS A S\RCE ( 9SI ,LIKE ALL PH5OM5A1 HUMANS >E ALWAYS UND]GO+ TRANS=MATION4 ,!Y CAN NO MORE BE VIEW$ ) FIXITY ?AN FIR/ NATURE CAN BE R$UC$ TO A SC5IC VIEW ON A PICTURE PO/C>D4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 HUMAN BIOLOGY IS ROOT$ 9 AN EVOLUTION>Y ELABORATION ( A SPECIALIZ$ PHYSICAL SY/EM -- ! N]V\S SY/EM -- AS WELL AS A V>IETY ( ANATOMICAL ATTRIBUTES 7/]EOSCOPIC VISION1 FREE =E>MS1 OPPOSABLE ?UMBS1 & AN ORAL FLEXIBILITY 9 PRODUC+ COMPLEX S\NDS7 ?AT HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE = \R SPECIES TO ADVANCE FROM ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR TO 9NOVATIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,! UNFOLD+ ( ?IS POT5TIALITY M>K$ A DECISIVE BREA* ) FIR/ NATURE ?AT YIELD$ ! CREATION ( A PR$OM9ANTLY CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 OR SECOND NATURE4 ,?IS BREA*1 F> FROM BE+ A MALEVOL5T & AB]RANT CREATION ( MAN ! DE/ROY]' IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! CONSEQU5CE ( POT5TIALITIES ?AT >E LAT5T 9 ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE ITSELF & ?AT CAN V]Y WELL YIELD ! IMAGE ( 'MAN ! CREATOR'4 ,TO OBJECT ?AT HUMAN BE+S MIY+ DEGREES1 HUMANITY'S EM]G5CE FOLL[$ FROM DEVELOPM5TAL POT5TIALITIES & A CLE>LY DISC]NIBLE LOGIC ) A SURPRIS+ DEGREE ( EVOLUTION>Y AUTOG5Y4 ,WE >E PRODUCTS ( A SELF-DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CY 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 NOT ONLY *ANCE EV5TS & CONJUNCTIONS ( !M4 ,NOR IS IT NECESS>Y TO 9VOKE SUP]NATURAL AG5TS TO ACC\NT = HUMANITY'S APPE>ANCE4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ?IS SPECIES C\LD NOT HAVE EM]G$ UNLESS !RE W]E POT5TIALITIES 9 FIR/ NATURE TO ACC\NT = HUMAN EVOLUTION4 ,I HAVE ALSO ADDRESS$ ! EM]G5CE ( CULTURE OR SECOND NATURE 9 E>LI] *APT]S1 EMPHASIZ+ ITS 9/ITUTIONAL ROOTS 9 BIOLOGICAL FACTS SU* AS AGE GR\PS1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & K9%IP TIES4 ,IT IS ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY -- ( HI/ORY & MORE PRECISELY ) ! APPE>ANCE ( CIVILIZATION -- ?AT WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK IF HUMANITY HAS 9DE$ PROGRESS$ OR1 IF NOT1 :E!R IT CAN PROGRESS4 ,IF MANY AN TIHU MANI/S SEE HUMANITY'S R$EMPTION 9 ! =M ( A RETREAT TO A NON9T]V5TIONI/1 PASSIVE RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 ,I WI% TO CONT5D1 BY CONTRA/1 ?AT A CRUCIAL FUNCTION ( CULTURE IS TO R5D] IT POSSIBLE = HUMANITY TO RATIONALLY & CREATIVELY 9T]V5E 9 ! WORLD & IMPROVE UPON EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 BE !Y ! PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION OR SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! MONUM5TAL WORK ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION OR SECOND NATURE IS TO 9NOVATIVELY TRANSC5D ! N>R[ CULTURAL HORIZONS ( E>LY HUMANITY1 H[EV] B5EFIC5T MANY ( !M MAY BE2 TO GO BEYOND ! EADY BIOLOGICALLY CONDITION$ SOCIAL WODD1 BAS$ ON AGE COHORTS1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & K9%IP TIES1 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY UNIV]SALI/IC1 SECUL>1 & HOPEFULLY RATIONAL WORLD4 ,! FUNCTION ( SECOND NATURE HAS BE5 TO TRANS=M ! P>O*IAL DOMA9 ( E?NIC COMMUNITIES1 9 :I* PEOPLE W]E FRAGM5T$ 9TO K9 GR\PS BAS$ ON A COMMON ANCE/RY1 9TO A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS 9 :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !MSELVES AS A SPECIES3 9DE$1 TO TRANS=M TRIBALIZ$ PEOPLE 9TO URBANIZ$ CITIZ5S1 TO EXORCIZE SUP]/ITION ?R\< ! 9SI AS HUMANITY HAS ASC5D$ FROM A DOMA9 ( PASSIVE ANIMALITY GUID$ BY G5ETIC MAKEUP1 MY?S1 & MAT]IAL 9SECURITIES1 9TO A MORE CREATIVE1 CIVILIZ$1 & FREE SECOND NATURE1 ! FUNCTION ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 ! VIEW ( AN 5LIE /ILL UNF9I%$ AS HUMAN BE+S BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT AS YET FULFILL$ \R POT5TIALITY = COOP]ATION1 UND]/&+1 & RATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 ,AN 5LIE NOT CIVILIZ$ 5\<4 ,I MAKE NO CLAIM ?AT SOCIAL EVOLUTION HAS UNIL9E>LY & M]RILY UNFOLD$ T[>D CIVILIZATION OR ?AT IT WILL NECESS>ILY DO SO4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY GU>ANTEE ?AT WE WILL FULFILL \R POT5TIALITIES TO A*IEVE A FREE1 RATIONAL1 & SELF-CONSCI\S SOCIETY4 ,EV5 SO />KLY TELEOLOGICAL A PHILOSOPH] AS ,HEGEL VIEW$ ',HI/ORY' AS A 'SLAUD$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! UNFOLD+ ( REASON T[>D COMPLETE HUMAN 5LIDLY UNIQUE 9 HIS H>% JUDGM5T ( HI/ORY4 ,MANY ( ! EIICATUR$ ITS ?9K]S & SIMPLIFI$ ITS MESSAGE1 EXAGG]AT+ ITS HUMANI/ \TLOOK AS A CRUDE AN?ROPOC5TRISM IF ONLY TO HIDS ( HUMAN5ESS1 RATIONALITY1 & VIRTUE ?AT PROVIDE ! BASIS = DEF9+ ?AT BRUTALITY4 ,)\T SU* /&>DS1 FIRMLY GR\ND$ 9 REALITY AS WELL AS 9 PHILOSOPHICAL ?\E LO/ 9 A SEA ( MEAN+LESS ADJECTIVES & A RELATIVISM 9 :I* :AT IS HUMANE1 RATIONAL1 & VIRTU\S IS M]ELY A MATT] ( P]SONAL OP9ION & 9DIVIDUAL TA/E4 ,?IS P]SONALI/IC & RELATIVI/IC APPROA* DIVE/S US ( ! NORMS BY :I* WE MAY DEF9E :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN -- & H5CE \R UNIQUE POT5TIALITY AS SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL BE+S4 ,9 A V]Y BROAD S5SE1 \R POT5TIALITY = A*IEV+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY CONSI/S 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( FRE$OM4 ,FRE$OM CONSI/S ( A MULTITUDE ( 9T]RELAT$ ATTA9M5TS3 ! OPPORTUNITY TO *OOSE BETWE5 V>I\S C\RSES ( ACTION1 TO %APE \R P]SONAL & SOCIAL FIVES CREATIVELY1 TO DEAL ) EA* O!R & ! NATURAL WORLD HUMANELY1 TO BE GUID$ BY AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 TO CREATE COMMUNAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & TO USE REASON 9 ALL \R AFFAIRS4 ,H5CE RATIONALLY GUID$ *OICE1 C]TA9 BASIC VIRTUES1 & RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 CON/ITUTE ! P>TLY REALIZ$ POT5TIALITIES = ATTA9+ HUMANNESS & A*IEV+ A FREE HUMANITAS4 ,FRE$OM 9 T9S SUB/ANTIAL S5SE IS NOT ATTA9ABLE BY ANIMALS4 ,GUID$ BY G5ETIC IMP]ATIVES1 ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION1 & 9/9CT1 & DI/9CTLY LIMIT$ 9 LE>N+ ABILITY1 ANIMALS G5]ALLY MAKE ADAPTIVE ADJU/M5TS TO 5VIRONM5TAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,NORMALLY1 AN ANIMAL DOES NOT 'MAKE' ITS WORLD2 IT EXI/S )9 A WORLD 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF ,9DE$1 ! SURVIVAL ( MANY SPECIES IS HIN+ CAPACITY1 & ITS 9H]IT$ PHYSICAL ABILITY TO SU/A9 ITSELF 9 A HII\S WORLD4 ,TO BE SURE1 A RELATIVELY 9TELLIG5T ANIMAL WILL TRY TO F9D TREE COV] OR A D51 SAY1 TO AVOID ! *ILL+ EFFECTS ( RA92 BUT UNLESS IT IS IMPR9T$ G5ETICALLY TO DO SO OR HAS LE>N$ TO BUILD A V]Y CRUDE %ELT] AGA9/ 9CLEM5T WEA!R1 IT IS V]Y MU* ON ITS [N 9 MEET+ CLIMATIC *ANGES & SIMIL> 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 HUMAN BE+S 7& TO A LIMIT$ DEGREE1 C]TA9 NONHUMAN PRIMATES7 CAN LIT]ALLY CREATE *OICES :I* DO NOT EXI/ 9 !IR NATURAL HABITATS4 ,!Y CAN IMAG9E A GREAT V>IETY ( ALT]NATIVES FROM :I* TO *OOSE1 CON/RUCT+ !M 9 =MS ?AT DO NOT EXI/ 9 FIR/ NATURE4 ,) EXTRAORD9>Y FLEXIBILITY1 !Y CAN REMAKE !IR IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5TS TO SUIT CLE>LY UND]/OOD OR ANTICIPAT$ NE$S4 ,& V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 !Y CAN >TICULATE ?R\< SPEE*1 WRIT+1 COOP]ATION1 & BY O!R EXPRESSIVE REPRES5TATIONS1 SU* AS PICTURES1 SPECIFIC AIMS ?AT GO F> BEYOND M]E SURVIVAL1 COM=T1 & SELF-DEF5SE4 ,REASON+ BY ANALOGY OR BY 9F]5CE & D$UCTION1 !Y CAN CREATE 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX & EFFECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 CU/OMS1 & ME?ODS ( SY/EMATIC LE>N+1 NORMALLY DEVELOP+ APPROPRIATE WAYS TO GU>ANTEE ! SATISFACTION ( !IR EMOTIONAL AS WELL AS !IR MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,9 %ORT1 HUMAN BE+S CAN BEG91 H[EV] LIMIT$ !IR CONSCI\SNESS AT FIR/1 TO DISCOV] ?AT !Y HAVE ! POT5TIALITY TO GO WELL BEYOND ! EXI/+ CIRCUM/ANCES ( !IR FIVES &1 ) ! PASS+ ( G5]ATIONS1 DEVELOP -- CONCEPTUALLY AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY -- NEW NE$S & EXP&+ IDEAS AB\T !IR [N CULTURAL DOMA94 ,!Y CAN E/ABLI% DEF9ABLE SY/EMS ( RIIETY ( WAYS BY CREAT+ NEW ME?ODS ( WORK+ TOGE!R1 DI/RIBUT+ ! PRODUCTS ( !IR WORK1 =MULAT+ BELIEF SY/EMS1 E/ABLI%+ 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?9K+ \T RI*] OR MORE COMPLEX IDEAS AB\T LIFE & ITS MEAN+1 9CLUD+ BROAD NOTIONS ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 ,TO UND]/& ! VA/ HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( CULTURE REQUIRES DIALECTICAL ?9K+ BEYOND CONV5TIONAL LOGIC1 ) ITS BASIS 9 ! 'LAW ( ID5TITY'4 ,= IT OBLIGES US TO DEAL ) A DIALECTIC ( BECOM+1 ( $UC+ NEW PHASES \T ( ! SEEM+LY FIX$1 EASILY ANALYZABLE /ATIC FACTS4 ,IT OBLIGES US TO ADDRESS A SEEM+LY ANTI!TICAL 'O!R' ?AT ALWAYS REPRES5TS :AT IS NEW & (T5 ALI5 TO :AT IS OLD1 EV5 AS ! NEW 9CORPORATES & MODIFIES OLD] REALITIES4 ,YET 9NOVATIVE AS WE MAY BE AS HUMAN BE+S1 WE NEV]!LESS RETA9 /RONG ANIMALI/IC DESIRES TO ADAPT TO :AT EXI/S UNLESS IT IS DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 = US TO CONT9UE4 ,\R ANIMAL H]ITAGE ?US FIVES ON 9 US AS A /ULTIFY+ CONS]VATISM ?AT WE MAY NOT %AKE (F UNLESS ! IMP]ATIVE TO *ANGE1 A GIV5 /ATE ( AFFAIRS & BELIEFS SY/EMS EM]GES AS A COMPELL+ NE$ OR DESIRE4 ,! 'O!R' OR ANTI!SIS ( :AT EXI/S IS1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS UNC]TA9TY1 (T5 V]Y FE>SOME2 IT ?REAT5S TO DISE/ABLI% DEEPLY 5TR5*$ WAYS ( LIFE & BELIEF SY/EMS4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS NO WAY ( KN[+ H[ F> AN ANTI!SIS MAY UNSETDE /ABLE1 TIME-HONOR$ 9/ITUTIONS1 BELIEFS1 RECIPROCITIES1 SOCIAL & P]SONAL HABITS4 ,IT IS \T ( ?IS CRUCIBLE ( *OICES -- :E!R PRES5T$ TO US BY NEW CIRCUM/ANCES OR CREAT$ BY HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS -- ?AT ! EV5TS ?AT =M HUMANITY'S *RONICLES EM]GE4 ,EV5TS & *RONICLES >E M]ELY *ANGES UND]/OOD )\T REG>D = !IR MEAN+1 DEVELOPM5TAL CONTEXT1 OR CONNECTIONS TO ONE ANO!R -- 9 %ORT1 AS M]E DISPLACEM5TS 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 LIKE ! MOVEM5T ( BALLS OV] A BILLI>D TABLE4 ,H[EV] C>EFULLY REPORT$ !Y MAY BE BY *RONICL]S SU* AS ,H]ODOTUS OR ,FROISS>T1 SU* EV5TS DO NOT HAVE TO BE SITUAT$ 9 A BROAD CONT9UUM ( TIME4 ,!Y >E M]E EV5TS 9 ! SIMPLE S5SE ?AT !Y >E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EPISODES1 H[EV] SIGNIFICANT !Y MAY BE = ! PEOPLE :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 !M4 ,IT MAKES LITTLE DIFF]5CE OV] ! LONG T]M IF EV5TS & EPISODES >E REMEMB]$ OR =GOTT51 RETA9$ OR DISP5S$ )1 CELEBRAT$ OR IGNOR$4 ,IF REMEMB]$1 !Y >E USUALLY MORE 5T]TA9+ ?AN 9/RUCTIVE4 ,AS ANIMALI/IC PH5OM5A1 !Y >E NOT ! CONSEQU5CES ( A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 5L>GES OV]ALL HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y >E IMPORTANT TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 AFFECT$ BY !M1 BUT FIIEY >E LIMIT$ TO SPECIFIC TIMES & PLACES4 ,! ,ODYSSEY1 :I* RECAPITULATES IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( HUMAN HI/ORY 9 MY?IC =M1 TELLS US ( ! ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S1 :O FEA/ ON FRUIT' ?AT DEPRIVES M5 '( ANY DESIRE' & R5D]S !M '=GETFUL ( HOME'1 9DE$ ( RECOLLECTION ( ! PA/ OR CONC]N = ! FUTURE4.<#c#b#g.> ,!Y FIVE 9 AN ET]NAL PRES5T 9 :I* ! IMM$IACY ( EXI/5CE IS P]PETUAL4 ,!Y LIVE ON ! B\NTY ( ,NATURE 9 BLISS & MEAN+LESSNESS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y DO NOT EXI/ 9 TIME CONCEIV$ AS A FL[ ( *ANG+ PH5OM5A1 /ILL LESS AS P>T ( AN EXPANSIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,LOTUS-EAT]S EXI/ ON ! LEVEL ( ANIMALS1 = :OM EXI/5CE IS ALWAYS FIX$ 9 ! PRES5T & ! IMM$IATELY GIV5 -- A CONDITION1 ,I %\LD ADD1 ?AT SOME PRIMITIVI/S REG>D AS ! $5IC CONDITION ( HUMANITY1 TO :I* IT %\LD N[ RETURN1 HAV+ BE5 AFFLICT$ BY ! NIE ( HI/ORY & CIVILIZATION4 ,SU* EPISODES >E NOT :AT ,I MEAN BY HI/ORY4 ,EV5TS MAY BE COMPIL$ AS *RONICLES1 UNM$IAT$ BY ANY ASSOCIATION BEYOND SEQU5TIAL DATES2 HI/ORY1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN ACC\NT ( A DEVELOPM5T ?AT UNFOLDS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! RATIONAL ELABORATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HI/ORY IS 9 GREAT MEASURE ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY AWAY FIROM ! ,ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS ,EAT]S 9TO ! 9NOVATIVE FULLNESS ( FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! M$IATIONS OR '/EPS' BY :I* HUMAN BE+S HAVE RAIS$ !MSELVES \T ( A CULTURAL VOID 9TO A CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS A COMPLEX PA/1 A CONFLICT$ PRES5T1 & ! PROSPECT ( AN EMANCIPATORY FUTURE4 ,HI/ORY1 !N1 IS NOT :AT ,F\CAULT CALLS A 'G5EALOGY'1 BY :I* HE MEANS 'LOCAL1 DISCONT9U\S1 DISQUALIFI$1 ILLEGITIMATE KN[L$GES'1 & :I* HE CONTRA/S ) HI/ORY & ITS 'CLAIMS ( A UNIT>Y BODY ( !ORY :I* W\LD FILT]1 HI]>*IZE & ORD] . 9 ! NAME ( SOME TRUE KN[L$GE & SOME >BITR>Y IDEA ( :AT CON/ITUTES A SCI5CE & ITS OBJECTS4'.<#c#b#h.> ,GIV5 ,F\CAULT'S PROCLIVITY = >BITR>Y1 'ILLEGITIMATE' ASSORTM5TS ( FACTS & EV5TS ?AT CON/ITUTE HIS [N '5CAPSULATION' ( V>I\S TORTURES1 OPPRESSIONS1 & HELLS1 HE C>ICATURES ANY 5DEAVOR TO UNE>? A DEVELOPM5TAL MEAN+ EV5 9 'LOCAL' & 'DISCONT9U\S ILLEGITIMATE KN[L$GES'4 ,F\CAULT'S 'G5EALOGIES' ORD] EV5TS ?R\< 'FILT]S' ( HIS [N ?AT >E ALL ! MORE DOGMATIC BECAUSE HIS PREMISES REMA9 UN/AT$1 9 CONTRA/ TO MANY 'UNIT>Y' HI/ORIES HE >ROGANTLY REJECTS4 ,9DE$1 IF IT 'HI]>*IZES' HUMAN DEVELOPM5T TO ASS]T ?AT ONE ]A IS MORE EXPANSIVE 9 ITS CONCEPT ( FRE$OM1 HUMAN5ESS1 RATIONALITY1 & VALUES ?AN AN E>LI] ONE1 !N HI/ORIANS CAN *E]FULLY ACKN[L$GE ! ACCUSATION ?AT !Y >E HI]>*ICAL4 ,BUT SO MU* ! WORSE1 !N1 = ! 'G5EALOGI/'1 :O W\LD DISSOLVE ! UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN POT5TIALITY OR FRAGM5T IT 9TO SCATT]$ 'DISCONT9U\S1 ILLEGITIMATE KN[L$GES' ?AT PROVIDE US ) NO?+ FROM :I* WE CAN DEVELOP ANY P]SPECTIVE BEYOND ! LOCAL -- & ?AT LIMIT US TO CELEBRAT+ ! EPISODIC1 ! RIOT\S1 & ! 'EC/ATIC' AS ACTS ('RESI/ANCE' TO HI]>*Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO RECOGNIZE A RATIONAL ?READ ( DEVELOPM5T & RATIONALLY $UCIBLE ADVANCES -- YES1 PROGRESS -- 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE HAVE NOT BE5 DISCONT9UITIES1 REGRESSIONS1 DIV]SIONS1 & BL9D ALLEYS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO UNIL9E> & UNDEVIAT+ ADVANCE 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,HI/ORY W\LD 9DE$ BE MY/]I\S IF IT CONSI/$ ( AN UNBROK5 & PR$E/9$ M>* T[>D AN IDYLLIC WORLD1 UNSULLI$ BY BRUTALITIES & HORRORS4 ,BUT IT IS F> TOO EASY & P]V]SE TO MAKE ! BREA*ES 9 SECOND NATURE 9TO A FOCAL !ME4 ,NO VIEW IS *EAP] & MORE NOXI\S ?AN ,!ODOR ,ADORNO'S DICTUM1 ',NO UNIV]SAL HI/ORY LEADS FROM SAVAG]Y TO HUMANIT>IANISM1 BUT !RE IS ONE LEAD+ FROM ! SL+%OT TO ! MEGATON BOMB4'.<#c#b#i.> ,:ATEV] ,ADORNO MEANT BY UNIV]SAL1 !RE IS A MASSIVE HI/ORY ( HUMANITY ?AT CONSI/S ( GR[+ S5SIBILITIES1 MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5TS1 CULTURE1 &1 LET IT NOT BE =GOTT51 GREAT MOVEM5TS GUID$ BY HI< IDEALS TO A*IEVE A FREE SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 ANTIHUMANI/S & !IR 'G5EALOGI/S' HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OV] ANY 5DEAVOR TO 9SIY P>ALLELS OV] ! C\RSE ( HUMANITY'S DEVELOPM5T -- P>ALLELS ?AT REVEAL A REM>KABLE 'UNIT>Y' CULTURAL DIM5SION TO \R SPECIES'S HI/ORY4 ,!Y CAN ALSO C\NT ON ! LAZ9ESS ( ?\I$ BY NUANCES1 EXPLANATIONS1 & ! PA9/AK+ EF=T TO DET]M9E C :AT W5T WRONG' 9 HI/ORY & :Y C]TA9 EV5TS HAVE W>P$ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ?IS C5TURY4 ,GIV5 ! CURR5T POPUL>ITY ( ,F\CAULDIAN 'DISCONT9UITIES'1 :AT IS SURPRIS+ :5 WE CONSULT HI/ORY IS H[ UNIT>Y IT ACTUALLY HAS BE5 9 >EAS ( ! WORLD ?AT DID NOT HAVE CONTACT ) EA* O!R = IMM5SELY LONG P]IODS ( TIME -- 9DE$1 = #a1 YE>S & POSSIBLY MORE -- :5 5ORM\S *ANGES OCCURR$ 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,9 MANY REGIONS ( ! GLOBE A DI/9CT SOCIAL EVOLUTION OCCURR$ ?AT BR\GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ IS ! 9CR$IBLE SIMIL>ITY ( PROGRESSION 9 ! BELIEF SY/EMS & CULTURAL FEATURES !SE REGIONS %>$ OV] ! C\RSE ( !IR DEVELOPM5TS1 FROM A SIMPLI/IC BELIEF 9 SPIRITS PROBABLY D]IV$ FROM DREAMS TO SPIRITUAL COSMOLOGIES & PRIE/LY GUILDS ( IMPOS+ PROPORTIONS4 ,>GUABLY1 ! (T5 M9UTE CULTURAL FEATURES !SE HI/ORICAL CIVILIZATIONS %>$ MAY HAVE BE5 D]IVATIVE1 C>RI$ BY TRAD]S OR DIFFUS$ BY A' MULTITUDE ( POSSIBLE CONTACTS ACROSS L& MASSES -- OR !Y MI ,EA/1 = EXAMPLE1 MAY HAVE 9SPIR$ ! AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS1 CITY-/ATES1 & K+%IPS 9 ,9DIA & ! ,F> ,EA/ BY DIFFUS+ AGRICULTURE & C]TA9 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ACROSS ,ASIA4 ,BUT IT IS AS C]TA9 AS ANY >*AEOLOGICAL FACTS CAN BE ?AT MAJOR CULTURAL & MAT]IAL TRAITS >OSE QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY 9 ,MESOAM]ICA1 A REGION"9 ?AT C\LD NOT HAVE HAD CONTACT ) ! ,NE> ,EA/ AFT] ! LATE3 ,PALEOLI?IC4 ,:AT IS SURPRIS+ :5 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,MESOAM]ICA >E COMP>$ IS NOT ! FAIRLY SECOND>Y DIFF]5CES ?AT DIVIDE !M BUT ! 5ORM\S SIMIL>ITIES ?AT UNITE !M4 ,!SE SIMIL>ITIES -- NOT ONLY !IR %>$ ECONOMIC & CULTURAL TRAITS BUT !IR %>$ EVOLUTION FROM B&S' TO L>GE CITY-/ATES -- REVEAL A /UNN+ UNITY 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 FROM TRIBAL LIFE TO FAIRLY ADVANC$ CIVILIZATIONS4 ,! ,PALEO9DIANS :O CROSS$ ! L>GE L& BRIDGE FROM ,ASIA TO ,AM]ICA W]E UND\BT$LY LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]-GA!R]S ) A TOOLKIT ?AT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MORE ADVANC$ ?AN1 SAY1 ?AT ( ! HUNT+ PEOPLE :O PA9T$ CAVES 9 ! ,PYR5EES REGION SOME #c1 TO #a#e1 YE>S AGO4 ,) ! RETREAT ( ! GLACI]S AB\T #a1 YE>S AGO1 ,PALEO9DIANS LEFT ,ASIA & CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP SOCIALLY 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 ) ONLY T5TATIVE CONTACTS FROM ,VIK+ SEAF>]S & /RAY M>9]S4 ,IT IS N[ G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT !Y LE>N$ V]Y LITDE1 9DE$ PROBABLY NO?+ ( ANY IMPORTANCE1 FROM ,EUROPEANS & ,ASIANS = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,YET >*AEOLOGI/S CAN TRACE AN 9DEP5D5T DEVELOPM5T 9 ,MESOAM]ICAN 9HABITANTS FROM NOMADIC =AG]S ORGANIZ$ 9 FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN & SIMPLE B&S 9TO 9CREAS+LY HI]>*ICAL TRIBES1 VILLAGE G>D5+ COMMUNITIES1 FEUDAL AGRICULTURAL SY/EMS1 W>R+ K+LY CITY /ATES1 & F9ALLY 9 ! CASE ( C5TRAL ,MEXICO1 MON>*ICAL EMPIRES4 ,ALL EXHIBIT EXTRAORD9>Y P>ALLELS ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL LIFE ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/1 LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT+ B&S & TRIBES UND]W5T A TRANSITION TO G>D5+ VILLAGES AT LEA/ #a1 YE>S AGO & !NCE ON TO TEMPLE & K+LY CITY-/ATES BAS$ ON ! L>GE-SCALE CULTIVATION ( GRA9S 7:EAT & B>LEY7 AB\T #f1 YE>S AGO4 ,REM>KABLY1 9 ,MESOAM]ICA !RE IS EVID5CE ( GRA9 7MAIZE7 CULTIVATION & VILLAGE G>D5+ >\ND #f1 YE>S AGO1 FOLL[$ BY A %IFT FROM NOMADIC =AG+ TO A RELATIVELY SETD$ VILLAGE LIFE4 ,BO? REGIONS W5T ON TO MA/] PICTOGRAPHIC WRIT+1 POTT]Y1 METALLURGY1 IRRIGATION1 & L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE2 & A HI & MA!MATICS 7! ,MAYA EV5 DISCOV]$ ! Z]O74 ,BO? DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS & PLANTS4 ,BO? DEVELOP$ PRIE/LY1 W>RIOR1 NOBLE1 & ROYAL CA/ES1 TOGE!R ) TEMPLES1 PALACES1 MONUM5TAL >*ITECTURE1 & CITY-/ATES -- 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA* O!R4 ,EV5TUALLY1 9 BO? REGIONS1 SOME CITIES EXP&$ TO AN IMM5SE SIZE1 SUPPORT+ EV] MORE CRAFTSPEOPLE1 M]*ANTS1 & BUREAUCRATS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,AZTECS DEVELOP$ AN EMPIRE COMP>ABLE 9 T]RITORY1 POPULATION1 & ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUES TO SOME ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATES 9 ! E>LY ,NE> ,EA/4 ,9 ,MESOAM]ICA AS 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA1 CITIES 5GAG$ 9 ! MASS MANUFACTURE & TRADE OV] WIDE >EAS1 MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = !IR POPULATIONS TO EXP& F> BEYOND !IR AGRICULTURAL BASE4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* /ATUS GR\PS1 QUASI-FEUDAL TIES1 RELIGI\S PRACTICES1 BUILD+ TE*NIQUES1 & BUILD+ MAT]IALS RESEMBL$ EA* O!R 9 BO? REGIONS IS ALMO/ UNCANNY4 ,COMPLEX /ATUS & CLASS SY/EMS EM]G$1 ALONG ) RELIGI\S BELIEF SY/EMS1 DEIFI$ K+S & PRIESDY CORPORATIONS4 ,>*ITECTURAL /YLES W]E NONNALLY GEOMETRICAL1 9DICAT+ NOT ONLY A SIMIL>ITY ( /YLE BUT A COMM& ( %>$ MA!MATICAL & /RUCTURAL /RATEGIES4 ,COMMONALITIES APPE> EV5 9 SU* SEEM+LY TRIVIAL FACTS AS ! USE ( /RAW TO MAKE CLAY BRICKS4 ,9 BO? REGIONS !SE CITY-/ATES BECAME 9VOLV$ MORE & MORE 9 9T]NEC9E W>F>E OV] CONTROL ( TRADE R\TES & L&4 ,SY/EMATIC W>F>E WAS CONDUCT$ TO TAKE CAPTIVES = L>GE-SCALE HUMAN SACRIFICES1 AS WAS ! CASE NOT ONLY AMONG ! ,AZTECS BUT AMONG ! ,*9ESE ( ,ANYANG DUR+ ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y SOME #c1#c YE>S AGO4 ,IT W\LD BE PREPO/]\S TO IGNORE ?IS %>$ EVOLUTION 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,MESOAM]ICA BY EMPHASIZ+ !IR LOCAL DIFF]5CES4 ,MY ACC\NT ( !SE EXTRAORD9>Y SIMIL>ITIES -- & MANY MORE C\LD BE CIT$ -- IS NOT DESIGN$ TO SUPPORT ! NOTION ( AN UNWAV]+ UNIL9E> HI/ORY ?AT ALL CIVILIZATIONS HAD TO FOLL[4 ,9DE$1 = MILL5NIA1 MANY PEOPLE DID NOT DEVELOP BEYOND ! B& & TRIBAL LEVEL ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & =AG+ OR HORTICULTURAL TE*NIQUES4 ,NOR1 :]E CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP$1 DID EV]Y ONE ( !M FOLL[ A PA? ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ?AT ( ,MESOAM]ICAN & ,MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS4 ,P]U'S HIIAN ,9CA EMPIRE C]TA9LY FOLL[$ A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T TRAJECTORY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FURI\S W>F>E 9 ! ,MESOAM]ICAN 'CLASSIC ]A'1 SOME #a1#g TO #a1 YE>S AGO1 L$ TO ! WIDESPREAD MUTUAL DE/RUCTION ( CITY-/ATES1 = REASONS ?AT >E /ILL UNCLE>4 ,SO DE/RUCTIVE WAS ?IS W>F>E ?AT MANY ONCE WELL-CULTIVAT$1 IRRIGAT$1 & D5SELY 9HABIT$ >EAS REV]T$ TO TROPICAL JUNGLES4 ,W>F>E SEEMS TO HAVE BECOME A CULTURALLY HYP]TROPHIC FEATURE1 :]E9 AN 9CREAS+LY W>RIOR-ORI5T$ SOCIETY DEVELOP$ SU* EXAGG]AT$ =MS & FUNCTIONS1 BEYOND ANY S]VICE !Y PROVID$ = ! CITIES1 ?AT !Y BECAME 5DS 9 !MSELVES & TORE D[N AN 5TIRE C5TURIES-OLD SOCIETY4.<#c#c.> ,H]E1 TO BE SURE1 ! P>ALLELS DIV]GE4 ,9 BO? CASES ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,MESOAM]ICA 9DEP5D5DY LAID ! BASES -- MORE PRECISELY1 CREAT$ ! POT5TIALITY -- = P>ALLEL CIVILIZATIONS4 ,BUT ,MESOAM]ICA SAW ! DE/RUCTION ( CITY-/ATES BY CULTURAL HYP]TROPHY ?AT L$ TO SOCIAL /AGNATION1 :ILE ,MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURAL A*IEVEM5TS W]E PICK$ UP BY ,GREECE1 LAT] ,ROME1 & ,EUROPE1 & ADVANC$ TO A MORE RATIONAL VISION ( A FUTURE ?AT NO TRIBAL SOCIETY C\LD HAVE DEVELOP$4 ,H[EV] V>I$ 9 DETAILS1 EV5 IF W>F>E WAS 5DEMIC & %AMANS OR PRIE/S CONJUR$ UP T]RIFY+ 'RNIAG9>I4ES' 7TO USE ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS'S EXPRESSION7 ?AT LEGITIMATE ONGO+ BLOODY SACRIFICES1 !SE SOCIETIES FOLL[$ A UNIFY+ LOGIC ONCE !Y DEVELOP$ AGR>IAN CULTURES & LE>N$ TO VA/IY 9CREASE !IR FOOD SUPPLY4 ,FOOD CULTIVATION MAKES POSSIBLE L>GE POPULATIONS1 (T5 FOLL[$ BY AN 9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,:5 P[]FUL /ATUS GR\PS1 =M$ BY ALLIANCES BETWE5 *IEFS1 ELD]S1 & %AMANS1 EVOLV$1 !Y ALL GA9$ PRE/IGE1 P[]1 & MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES BY !IR COLLABORATION4 ,NORMALLY1 IF NOT 9V>IABLY1 SU* SOCIETIES FOLL[$ A REM>KABLY COMMON PA? T[>D /ATE =MATION1 A W>RIOR CA/E1 & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ?AT EI!R GAVE RISE TO COSMOPOLITAN EMPIRES -- OR L$ TO ! RU9 ( A REGIONAL CIVILIZATION4 ,9DE$1 :AT IS SURPRIS+1 !N1 >E ! %>$ /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T -- DIFF]5T 9 TIME1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ALMO/ ID5TICAL 9 TRAJECTORY -- ?AT UNITE ,MESOAM]ICAN & ,MESOPOTAMIAN DEVELOPM5T1 COMMONALITIES ?AT FLATLY CONTRADICT ! ,F\CAULDIAN NOTION ?AT A 'UNIT>Y' HI/ORY ( HUMANITY IS A DOGMA IMPOS$ UPON SOCIAL REALITY BY HI/ORIANS ) A 'TOTALIT>IAN PR$ISPOSITION = HI/ORICAL DIRECTIVITY & COH]5CE4 ,! REASONS A CULTURE >EA UND]GOES A G5]AL BREAKD[N RA!R ?AN ADVANCE T[>D A GREAT] DEGREE ( FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS REQUIRES MORE ( A NUANC$ ANALYSIS ( HI/ORY ?AN FLIPPANT1 SELECTIVE ,F\CAULDIAN ASS]TIONS AB\T ! MICROSCOPIC '9/ITUTIONALIZATION' ( P[]4 ,ADMIRABLE AS ,F\CAULT'S CONC]N = ! MI/REATM5T ( IMPRISON$ PEOPLE MAY BE1 HIS ACC\NT ( ! 'BIR? ( ! PRISON' 9 ,DISCIPL9E & ,PUNI% IS (T5 MISLEAD+ [+ PRECISELY TO ITS LIMIT$ RANGE ( N>RATIVE MAT]IAL4 ,! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( PUNI%M5T1 9 FACT1 WAS QUITE AS EXT5SIVE & REGIM5T$ 9 ! ,ROMAN WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 AS IT WAS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ! 'AL]T GAZE' ?AT FIGURES 9 ,F\CAULT'S ACC\NT ( ,J]EMY ,B5?AM'S PROPOS$ 'PANOPTIC' DESIGN = SURVEILLANCE OV] PRISON]S WAS BEGG>$ BY V>I\S ALL-5COMPASS+ SURVEILLANCE TE*NIQUES ?AT W]E EMPLOY$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ANCI5T LATIFUNDIA & 9 MOD]N PLANTATIONS WORK$ BY SLAVE LABOR4 ,F\CAULT'S 'G5EALOGICAL' /RATEGY EMPHASIZES SELECTIVE SECOND>Y1 T]TI>Y1 & EV5 HYPO!TICAL EV5TS -- A /RATEGY ?AT GROSSLY 5L>GES !IR MEAN+ & IMPLICATIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( L>G] =CES1 PATT]NS1 & SEQU5CES ?AT >E F\ND 9 BROAD HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS4 ,EV]Y BUREAUCRACY & SY/EM ( CO]CIVE P[] T5DS TO EXP& & 9CREASE ITS P[] IF IT CAN -- & SU* WAS ! CASE HI/ORICALLY1 AS LEGAL & DISCIPL9>Y SY/EMS BECAME MORE 5TR5*$ AT V>I\S TIMES1 NO LESS 9 ANCI5T ,ROME ?AN 9 MOD]N ,EUROPE4 ,LITTLE 9 ,F\CAULT'S WORK ON ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( P[] DEMON/RATES ?AT ! MOD]N WORLD HAS BE5 MORE CO]CIVE & PUNITIVE ?AN E>LI] P]IODS ( HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 ANTIHUMANI/ & PO/MOD]NI/ EMPHASES ON ! M9UTIAE ( EXP]I5CE -- VALUABLE AS !IR DATA MAY BE 9 S5SITIZ+ US TO AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS & ATTITUDES -- (T5 MISS ! =E/ = ! TREES4 ,!Y >E NO SUB/ITUTE = BROAD] HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS ?AT REVEAL GREAT CULTURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES ?AT 5L>GE ! PROMISE = HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,AN ABLE >*AEOLOGI/ LIKE ,V4 ,GORDON ,CLIILDE1 = EXAMPLE -- H[EV] HMIT$ HIS DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! PA/ MAY HAVE BE51 TWO G5]ATIONS AGO -- /ILL DES]VES RESPECTFUL READ+ BECAUSE HE HAD A /RONG] GRASP ( MACROSCOPIC *ANGES 9 HI/ORY ?AN ! L>GELY EMPIRICAL & PO/MOD]NI/ MONOGRAPH]S ( REC5T TIMES1 :OSE DOGMATIC D5IAL ( A 'UNIT>Y' DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY AB&ONS US TO A W>EH\SE ( FACTUAL DEBRIS4.<#c#c#a.> ,CONTR>Y TO :AT ,F\CAULT SUGGE/S1 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( PUNI%M5T 7& ! R$UCTION OR ELIM9ATION ( E>LI] =MS ( PHYSICAL PUNI%M5T LIKE ! REMOVAL ( H&S1 LIMBS1 & F9ALLY DEA? BY QU>T]+7 WAS MORE ! PRODUCT ( A SPECIFIC SOCIETY ?AN IT WAS A CAUSAL FACTOR 9 %AP+ ?AT SOCIETY4 ',! URBAN REVOLUTION'1 AS ,*ILDE CALL$ IT1 BEG9N+ SOME #g1 YE>S AGO1 M>K$ A VA/ TURN+ PO9T 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 AS DID ! CONSOLIDATION ( CITY-/ATES 9TO EMPIRES & LAT] NATIONS1 ! TRANSITION FROM ,NEOLI?IC TO ! ,BRONZE & ,IRON ,AGES1 ! ACCUMULATION ( FOOD SURPLUSES & ! /ABILITY !SE ]AS PROVID$ 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 AS WELL AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( LEISUR$ ELITES1 & F9ALLY ! EM]G5CE ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 RUDIM5T>Y MASS PRODUCTION BAS$ ON ASSEMBLYL9E TE*NIQUES DATES BACK TO ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC & TO HLESOAM]ICAN CITIES1 AS WELL AS TO ,A!NS1 ,ROME1 ,ALEX&RIA1 & ,SIDON1 & TO M$IEVAL T[NS 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY & ,FL&]S1 F9ALLY EXPLOD+ ) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,5GL&4 ,?US1 TO DISMISS ,G]H>D ,L5SKI'S FACT-LAD5 SEQU5CE ( HUNT+GA!R+1 HORTICULTURAL1 AGR>IAN1 & 9DU/RIAL PHASES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION -- TO :I* ONE CAN ADD 9NUM]ABLE 9T]M$IATE PHASES -- = A FA%IONABLE CONC]N = EMPIRICAL ALBEIT T5D5TI\SLY SELECTIVE M9UTIAE1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD %R\D OV] ! RI* BODY ( HI/ORY & TRIVIALIZE HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4.<#c#c#b.> ,HAV+ DEVELOP$ AWAY FROM ! P>O*IAL BIOLOGICAL FACTS ON :I* TRIBAL SOCIETY WAS BAS$1 HUMANITY CLE>LY FOLL[$ A DEVELOPM5T ?AT LOGICALLY L$ IT TO CON/RUCT CITIES1 =M COMPLEX CIVILIZATIONS1 CREATE ! FACT ( CITIZ5%IP1 & A*IEVE EV]-BROAD] ACTUALIZATIONS ( ITS POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS >RE/$ AT C]TA9 LEVELS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION H]E & !RE OR EV5 REGRESS$ TO E>LI] SOCIAL =MS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ITS CIVIC & ECONOMIC =MS ( CONSOCIATION1 & ITS CONCEPTS ( SELFHOOD & P]SONAL FRE$OM1 ( BROAD CONCEPTS ( JU/ICE1 RESPONSIBILITY1 & EMPA?Y = ITS [N K9D -- EV5 = NON-HUMAN BE+S -- G5]ALLY EXP&$ TO A PO9T :]E DIFF]5CES 9 OP9ION OV] ! PROGRESSIVE NATURE ( EVOLUTION SUBTLY ATTE/ TO A RADICALLY NEW S5SIBILITY AB\T :AT ! HUMAN CONDITION %\LD BE4 ,PUT MORE CONCRETELY3 T]RIBLE CRUELTIES ?AT W]E ONCE TAK5 = GRANT$ A FEW ?\S& YE>S AGO1 9DE$1 ONLY A FEW C5TURIES AGO1 SU* AS ! EXT]M9ATION ( 5TIRE CITIES 9 9VASIONS & W>S1 N[ EVOKE %OCK :]E !Y ONCE DID NOT1 EV5 IF !Y HAVE NOT ABAT$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,TODAY WE NO LONG] REG>D W> AS SU* AS GLORI\S OR H]OIC4 ,TORTURE1 M5TAL AS WELL AS PHYSICAL1 IS REG>D$ AS %AMEFUL1 H[EV] MU* IT IS PRACTIC$ TODAY -- A VIEW ?AT ONLY BECAME WIDESPREAD ) ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS4 ,ELITISM ITSELF1 ONCE HONOR$ & MY/IFI$ BY RELIGION1 >T1 & POETRY1 IS N[ VIEW$ ) SUSPICION1 H[EV] MU* IT IS A REALITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL LIFE4 ,NE>LY EV]Y NATION-/ATE TODAY TRIES TO DEPICT ITSELF AS A DEMOCRACY1 EV5 AS IT DI%ONORS ! LABEL 9 PRACTICE4 ,! PREVAL5CE ( ?IS HI<] E?ICAL S5SIBILITY1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! IMM5SE POT5TIALITY = PROVID+ = ! BASIC MAT]IAL NE$S ( EV]YONE ON ! PLANET1 DUE TO TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES & ! SECUL>IZATION ( KN[L$GE1 CANNOT BE DISMISS$ BECAUSE ( ,/AL9S GULAGS & ,HITL]S DEA? CAMPS4 ,AT ! HEIS1 ! SOPHI/ICATION ( MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY1 & ! RU?LESSNESS ( MILIT>Y CONFLICTS1 CONCURR5T ADVANCES TOOK PLACE 9 HUMAN S5SIBILITY1 EXP&+ NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & A GREATLY EXP&+ E?ICAL AW>5ESS ( VIRTUE & EVIL4 ,! MASS MURD] ( A PEOPLE1 :E!R SY/EMATICALLY OR SPORADICALLY1 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS UNACCEPTABLE 9 PREMOD]N TIMES2 TODAY IT IS REG>D$ AS HE9\S & GIVES RISE TO WIDESPREAD MORAL \TRAGE4 ,IT IS EASY TO R5D] HI/ORY COMPLETELY 'DISCONT9U\S' & FLIPPANTLY D5Y ! FEET ( PROGRESS1 DIRECTIVITY1 & SOPHI/ICATION 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 WALL[+ 9 PESSIMISM & DWELL+ ON ! D>K SIDE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,BUT ASIDE FROM ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( SU* A VIEW1 IT IGNORES ! LONG1 CO/LY1 & (T5 UNAVOIDABLE MATURATION PROCESS -- MAT]IAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL -- ?AT HUMANITY UND]W5T 9 EM]G+ FROM ! P>O*IALISM ( A RE/RICT$ & MY/ICAL WORLD1 DEVELOP+ & 5L>G+ ITS IDEALS ( HUMAN5ESS & FRE$OM4 ,TO FELL BACK ON CONV5TIONAL REASON'S FACULTY = DECONTEXTUALIZ+ SOCIAL BEHAVIOR W\LD BE TO DISSOLVE A BROAD VIEW ( HI/ORY & TO R$UCE \R APPROA* TO TALLY+ UP ITS ASSORT$ VIRTUES & VICES4 ,IT W\LD R$UCE US TO ME*ANICALLY CLASSIFY+ ADVANCES & RETREATS 9 ! SOPHI/ICATION ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 & TO CULTIVAT+ A TUNNEL VISION FOCUS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! HORRORS ?AT HUMANS HAVE 9FLICT$ ON EA* O!R4 ,IT W\LD GIVE PREC$5CE TO EV5TFUL WAVES1 OV] ! SWEEP+ MOVEM5T ( GREAT HI/ORICAL TIDES4 ,YET ANTIHUMANI/S REFUSE TO ACKN[L$GE ! EXT5T TO :I* \R S5SIBILITIES HAVE ADVANC$ M>K$LY BEYOND ?OSE ( 'DWELL]S' ON ! ,PLEI/OC5E ,SAVANNAH & ! ,PALEOLI?IC TUNDRAS1 BEYOND A %>$ FE> ( DEMONIC SPIRITS ?AT 9HABIT ANIMI/IC BELIEF SY/EMS1 & BEYOND A VIEW ( SLAV]Y AS A NORMAL CONDITION ( LIFE4 ,HAV+ ALREADY CLE>$ ! WAY = ! REPLACEM5T ( SCI5CE ) MAGIC1 !Y IGNORE ! V]Y REAL PROGRESS FROM /ONE TOOLS TO CYB]NETIC DEVICES -- A HI/ORY ( TE*NOLOGY ?AT CAN RID US ( ON]\S TOIL & PROVIDE US ) ! FREE TIME TO MANAGE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,ULTIMATELY !Y CONVEY ! REGRESSIVE MESSAGE ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E LITTLE MORE ?AN BRUTES1 & HIY' HI/ORY IS ATTE/$ TO NOT ONLY BY %>$ SEQU5CE ( MANY SOCIAL =MS1 EA* EM]G+ \T ( AN E>LI] ONE AS P>T ( A LOGIC ( CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T2 IT IS ALSO ATTE/$ TO BY ! EM]G5CE ( %>$ & ABID+ ISSUES ?AT >E LAT5T 9 HUMANITY AS A UNIQUELY 9NOVATIVE SPECIES44 ,I REF] TO ! CONSCI\S IMP]ATIVES ?AT DRIVE PEOPLE TO 9SIE G5]ALLY FUTURE-ORI5T$4 ,AT ONE TIME1 !Y MAY HAVE ACCEPT$ CYCLICAL RA!R ?AN L9E> CONCEPTS ( TIME1 & ! ROTATION ( SEASONS RA!R ?AN ! FL[ ( HI/ORY2 BUT EV5 )9 CYCLICAL NOTIONS ( TIME1 !Y HAVE TRI$ TO ANTICIPATE ! PROBLEMS ?AT AWAIT !M AS ONE SEASON PASSES 9TO ANO!R4 ,9DE$1 ! CYCLICAL TIME )9 :I* C]TA9 'PRIMITIVE' & AGR>IAN PEOPLES LIV$ WAS NOT ALWAYS FATALI/IC4 ,AS ,L9DA ,S*EIE & ,DAVID ,FREIDEL PUT IT 9 !IR ACC\NT ( ! ,MAYA3 ,! ,MAYA CONCEPTION ( TIME 444 WAS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM \R [N4 ,\R OLD ADAGE ',HE :O DOES NOT KN[ HI/ORY IS DOOM$ TO REPEAT IT' MI ,H5CE1 NOT EV5 HUMAN BE+S ROOT$ 9 CYCLICAL TEMPORAL CONCEPTS LIKE ! ,MAYA W]E NECESS>ILY AT ! M]CY ( 9EXORABLE *ANGES ( SEASONS4 ,!Y C\LD 9T]V5E 9 RECURR+ EV5TS & ALT] !M -- A VIEW ?AT 5HANC$ ! FUNCTION ( !IR DIV9E K+S1 :O SUPPOS$LY C\LD MANIPULATE ! CYCLE 9 !IR [N BEHALF & AU?ORITY4 ,RITUAL1 TOO1 WAS APP>5TLY REG>D$ AS A =M ( 9T]V5TION1 NOT M]ELY ! PROPITIATION ( ! DEITIES4 ',LIKE ! GREAT METAPHOR ( ,MAYA LIFE -- ! LIFE CYCLE ( MAIZE -- ! CONT9U$ WELL-BE+ ( ! UNIV]SE REQUIR$ ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?R\< RITUAL1' ,S*EIE & ,FREIDEL TELL US4 ',AS MAIZE CANNOT SE$ ITSELF )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( HUMAN BE+S1 SO ! COSMOS REQUIR$ SACRIFICIAL BLOOD TO MA9TA9 LIFE'.<#c#c#d.> -- & ONE MAY ADD1 A PANOPLY ( RITUALI/IC ACTS ?AT 9VOLV$ ! 9T]V5TION ( PEOPLE 9TO ! FUNCTIONS ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,RITUALS1 LIKE ! /YLIZ$ =MS ( HUMAN REPRES5TATION 9 ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE PA9T+S & SCULPTURE1 W]E PROBABLY NOT SIMPLY ACTS ( PROPITIATION BUT ACTS ( HUMAN 9T]V5TION -- & EM95TLY MANIPULATIVE ONES AT ?AT4 ,) ANY GIV5 SET ( CONDITIONS1 !RE REMA9S A 'BEYOND' ?AT IS LAT5T ) NEW POSSIBILITIES = A BETT] WAY ( LIFE1 H[EV] FIX$ A PEOPLE MAY SEEM 9 TIME & SPACE4 ,HI/ORY1 9 FACT1 IS A SELECTIVE PROCESS 9 :I* A CULTURE ?AT IS NOT DRIV5 TO GO 'BEYOND' ! CULTURAL CONF9ES ?AT CIRCUMSCRIBE ITS DEVELOPM5T RISKS ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ OV]TAK5 & SUP]S$$ BY ONE ?AT IS MORE FUTURE-ORI5T$4 ,?IS PROBABLY ACC\NTS = :Y ONE ,MAYA CITY-/ATE /AK$ \T REGIONAL 'EMPIRES'1 SUBJUGAT+ O!RS -- POSSIBLY FAIRLY /ATIC ONES -- OR :Y ! ,AZTECS & ,9CAS E/ABLI%$ FAIRLY L>GE EMPIRES 9 A SELECTIVE PROCESS ?AT GAVE !M ASC5DANCY OV] MORE PASSIVE CULTURES4 ,WE >E CONSID]+ ! DYNAMICS ( SOCIETIES ?AT HAD B>ELY ADVANC$ BEYOND MIDDLE OR LATE ,NEOLI?IC TOOL-KITS1 & :OSE WELL-BE+ WAS OV]:ELM+LY DEP5D5T UPON NATURAL VICISSITUDES4 ,!SE VICISSITUDES SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT$ ! WELL-BE+ ( HUGE POPULATIONS UP TO ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY REVOLUTIONS 9 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY1 AS WELL AS 9 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION ?AT C\LD 5D ! FAM9ES COMMONLY CAUS$ NOT ONLY BY CLIMATIC VICISSITUDES BUT BY POOR COMMUNICATION BETWE5 WELL-/OCK$ REGIONS & FAM9E-/RICK5 ONES 9 ! SAME C\NTRY4 ,H5CE = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 AS F> BACK AS ! >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE ALL[S US TO JUDGE1 HUMANK9D WAS 9DE$ 'UNIT$' BY %>$ CONC]NS & H5CE BY ELEM5TAL =CES ?AT MADE ITS OV]ALL EVOLUTION ANY?+ BUT 'LOCAL' & 'DISCONT9U\S'1 H[EV] NUM]\S W]E ! 9DIVIDUAL CULTURES ?AT /AGNAT$ OR EV5 REGRESS$ TO E>LI] LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 ISOLAT$ AS MANY ( !M W]E BY PHYSICAL FEATURES OR BY PLUND]+ 9VAD]S4 ,?US WE CAN SAY ?AT A 'UNIT>Y' HI/ORY1 BROADLY SPEAK+1 EXI/$ ?AT HAS BE5 DRIV5 T[>D GREAT] COMPLEXITY1 SOPHI/ICATION1 & S5SIBILITY BY ! ABID+ DEM&S ?AT (T5 COMPELL$ HUMAN BE+S TO BECOME P>T ( A DEVELOP+ CULTURAL CONT9UUM4 ,H[EV] QUIETI/ICALLY OPPRESS$ PEOPLE HAVE ACCEPT$ !IR LOT 9 ! WORLD1 !Y SELDOM ACCEPT$ !IR DEGRADATION )\T RES5TM5T T[>D MAT]IALLY PRIVILEG$ ELITES1 :I* (T5 BROKE \T 9 REVOLUTIONS AS F> BACK AS ANCI5T ,SUM]IAN & ,EGYPTIAN TIMES4 ,REC5T RESE>* SUGGE/S ?AT 9 PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICA1 POPUL> UPRIS+S DID AWAY ) ! C5TRALIZ$ OR FEUDAL ,MISSISSIPPIAN M\ND CULTURE 9 ! MIDWE/]N ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS WELL AS ) LIKE SOCIETIES 9 ,ASIA1 & 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+1 DUE TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ,MAYA RECORDS BY !IR ,SPANI% CONQU]ORS1 :E!R OR H[ FREQU5TLY SU* REVOLTS BY L[] CLASSES EXPLOD$ 9 ,MESOAM]ICA1 BUT IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y OCCURR$4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! CONT9UITIES & %>$ PROBLEMS ?AT EXI/ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! REM>KABLE SEQU5CES 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT P>ALLEL EA* O!R AMONG CULTURES ?AT C\LD NOT HAVE HAD ANY CONTACT ) EA* O!R1 & ! COMMON PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ HUMANITY 7! 9NOVATIVE SPECIES P> EXCELL5CE7 BECAUSE HUMAN DEVELOPM5T CON/ITUTES A V]Y NEW K9D ( EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,WE CAN SPEAK NOT ONLY ( A 'UNIT>Y' HI/ORY -- ) DUE ALL[ANCE = C\NTLESS V>IATIONS1 DEGREES ( ADVANCE1 & EV5 FAIRLY /ATIC OR REGRESSIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS -- HUT ALSO ( A UNIV]SALIZ+ HI/ORY4 ,! WORD UNIV]SALIZ+1 RA!R ?AN UNIV]SAL1 IS MEANT TO EMPHASIZE ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ?IS OV]ALL HI/ORY T5D$ TO UNFOLD3 NOTABLY1 A DRIFT AWAY FROM ! TRIBAL P>O*IALISM DEF9$ BY K9%IP TIES T[>D AN 9CREAS+LY CITIFI$ SOCIAL DOMA9 ?AT ALL[$ = /RANG]S TO 9T]M+LE ) EA* O!R4 ,HUMAN BE+S W]E /EADILY UNIT$ BY SOCIAL FACTS LIKE COMMON VOCATIONAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & CLASS 9T]E/S RA!R ?AN BIOLOGICAL FACTS LIKE COMMON ANCE/RY1 G5D]1 & AGE COHORTS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT M$IUM = E/ABLI%+ SOCIAL COMMONALITIES BETWE5 PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T ANCE/RAL F9ES WAS ! CITY -- AN 9CREAS+LY COSMOPOLITAN URBAN T]RA9 :]E9 PEOPLE FROM DIFF]5T BLOOD L9ES W]E ABLE TO COMM+LE ) EA* O!R & DEVELOP COMMON 9T]E/S AS CRAFTSPEOPLE1 M]*ANTS1 & ADM9I/RATORS ( V>I\S SORTS4 ,!Y (T5 =M$ MUTUALLY PROTECTIVE GUILDS1 EMBRAC+ CIVIC AS WELL AS OCCUPATIONAL FILIATIONS ?AT W]E /RONG] ?AN ! BLOOD TIES DRAT TRADITIONALLY CEM5T$ TRIBAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS MOVEM5T ( HUMAN BE+S FROM FOLK TO CITIZ5S1 FROM A LIFE /RUCTUR$ >\ND BIOLOGICAL FACTS TO ONE /RUCTUR$ >\ND CIVIC 7MORE BROADLY1 SOCIAL7 FACTS =MS ! SUBTLY M$IAT$ EVOLUTION ( PEOPLE 9TO SECOND NATURE1 :I* 9 TURN CON/ITUTES A VA/ REALM ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION BEYOND ANIMAL EVOLUTION4 ,WE CAN F9D ITS OCCURR5CE 9 :AT >*AEOLOGI/S CALL 'PRI/9E CITIES'1 SU* AS ?OSE ?AT >OSE 9 ,MESOAM]ICA & ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,H]E ! %>+ ( GOODS 9CREAS+LY GAVE WAY TO B>T]+ & EV5 ! USE ( MONEY-LIKE TOK5S = ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,COMM]CE 9CREAS+LY BECAME AN EXT5SIVE & VITAL P>T ( ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,9DE$1 CITIES EM]G$ ?AT DEP5D$ MORE ON !IR COMM]CIAL CONNECTIONS ) ONE ANO!R ?AN ON ANY %>$ E?NIC TIES4 ,! LEVEL+ BY COMM]CE ( TRADITIONAL DI/9CTIONS BAS$ ON 9H]IT$ /ATUS POSITIONS & K9%IP TIES OCCURR$1 TO BE SURE1 V]Y SL[LY & IRREGUL>LY OV] ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,BUT ITS ROLE 9 REPLAC+ FOLK ) CITIZ5S WAS ALMO/ UNREL5T+4 ,9ITIALLY1 T[NS & CITIES W]E R>ELY COMPLETELY CIVIC 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ FREE ( REAL OR FICTITI\S H]$IT>Y ELITES4 ,NOR W]E !Y1 ) R>E EXCEPTIONS1 COMPLETELY SECUL>1 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ DISSOCIAT$ FROM RELIGI\S TIES4 ,EV5 CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 P]HAPS ! MO/ CIVIC & SECUL> ( ANCI5T CITIES1 WAS NAM$ AFT] A GODDESS1 & ! AG5DAS ( ITS CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES W]E DIVID$ 9TO SACR$ & PR(ANE ITEMS4 ,! CITY'S FE/IVALS 9T]M+L$ SECUL> ) RELIGI\S !MES1 JU/ AS TRADE FAIRS 9 ,MAYAN CITY-/ATES ACCOMPANI$ RELIGI\S FAIRS1 ATTRACT+ PEOPLE OV] WIDE REGIONS ( ,MESOAM]ICA4 ,SU* ADMIXTURES ( ! RELIGI\S ) ! SECUL>1 9DE$ ( ! HOLY ) ! PR(ANE1 P]SI/$ WELL 9TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,ONLY LAT]1 ) ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EIAT$ FROM EA* O!R1 AS WAS ! RELIGI\S FROM ! SECUL>4 ,CIVIC LIFE !REUPON ASSUM$ A TOTALLY SECUL> *>ACT]1 UNTA9T$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 RELIGI\S CRE$S1 E?NICITY1 & >*AIC TRADITIONS4 ,?US A UNIV]SALIZ+ HI/ORY -- :I* WE CAN 9T]PRET AS A 'UNIT>Y' PH5OM5ON ONLY IF WE DO NOT TO LOSE SII\S TIMES 9 HI/ORY ?IS EM95TLY HUMANI/IC GOAL ( UNIV]SALITY WAS RAIS$ & SUPPORT$ BY RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 ALBEIT IDEOLOGICALLY1 AS A SPIRITUAL DESID]ATUM4 ,*RI/IANITY CONF]R$ AN EGALIT>IAN /ATUS ON ALL HUMAN BE+S1 9 :I* EV]YONE C\LD HOPE = ! SALVATION ( !IR S\L AFT] DEA?1 & QUASI-RELIGI\S ,UTOPIANS TRI$ TO TRANSLATE SU* EGALIT>IANISM 9TO CALLS = FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION & HAPP9ESS1 :I* C\LD BE ATTA9$ 9 AN ADMITT$LY IDEAL SOCIETY1 COMMONLY FA%ION$ ALONG MONA/IC F9ES4 ,?IS ACC\NT W\LD BE 9COMPLETE1 H[EV]1 IF ,I FAIL$ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT IT WAS PRIM>ILY 9 ,EUROPE ?AT A REM>KABLE CON/ELLATION ( HI/ORICAL & IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS CONV]G$ TO PRODUCE A COMMON EMPHASIS ON REASON1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & A HEAL?Y NATURALISM -- UNEQUAL$ 9 SO FECUND A COMB9ATION BY ODI] CULTURES4 ,! REASONS = ?IS UNUSUAL CON/ELLATION >E NOT DIFFICULT TO EXPLA94 ,! COMB9ATION ( ,G]MANIC ) ,ROMAN LAW1 :I* TOGE!R GAVE A COMMON EMPHASIS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS WELL AS ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ! GR[+ S5SE ( P]SONAL WOR? & UNIQU5ESS ?AT ,*RI/IANITY CONF]R$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL S\L2 ! RATIONAL CRIT]IA 9 :I* ,EUROPEAN DIEOLOGY1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS1 WAS ROOT$2 & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! MIX$ ECONOMY ( FREE PEASANTS1 YEOMAN FAMI]S1 URBAN CRAFTSPEOPLE1 A FAIRLY 9DEP5D5T COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE1 & RELATIVELY WEAK FEUDAL LORDS -- ALL1 FROM ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 PRODUC$ A V>IEGAT$1 R\ND$1 & 9NOVATIVE CIVILIZATION :OSE DIV]SITY ( =CES1 SPIRITUAL AS WELL AS NATURAL1 PLAY$ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 A CREATIVE UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,:ILE NON-,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATIONS FELL 9TO CULTURAL TORPOR1 ,EUROPE GA!R$ CONSID]ABLE MOM5TUM FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( ITS CON/ITU5TS1 GIV+ IT A DYNAMISM UNEQUAL$ ANY:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD4.<#c#c#e.> ,! RELIGI\S & QUASI-RELIGI\S PAT9A ?AT CLUNG TO EGALIT>IAN ASPIRATIONS WAS NOT REMOV$ FROM HI/ORY UNTIL ! EIIZE KN[L$GE & FO/] RATIONAL CANONS ( ?\ATE A ,DEI/ LIKE ,VOLTAIRE FROM AN A!I/ LIKE ,DID]OT OR A ME*ANI/ LIKE ,LA ,METTRIE FROM A DIALECTICIAN LIKE ,HEGEL -- ALL ( !SE ?9K]S %>$ A COMMON BELIEF 9 A SOCIETY GUID$ BY REASON4 ,!Y HELD ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD C\LD BE/ BE UND]/OOD BY SCI5CE1 & TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R !Y BELIEV$ 9 ! SCI5TIFIC VIEW ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 & 9 ! MALLEABILITY -- & $UCABILITY -- ( PEOPLE4 ,& NOTORI\SLY !SE DAYS1 !Y BELIEV$ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( HUMAN PROGRESS -- NOT AS A L9E> ADVANCE T[>D A GL[+ FUTURE BUT AS A PROSPECT1 9DE$ A HOPE1 ?AT ! FUTURE W\LD BE BETT]1 FRE]1 & MORE RATIONAL ?AN ! PRES5T4 ,AS ,I 9DICAT$ 9 AN E>LI] *APT]1 IT W\LD BE SIMPLI/IC1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 TO 9SI/ ?AT ! AU?OR ( ,C&IDE 7,VOLTAIRE7 HELD A CONVICTION ?AT ! WODD IS NECESS>ILY B5EFIC5T1 OR ?AT ! AU?OR ( ',OLD ,MAN'S ,TALE' 9 ,! ,SUPPLEM5T TO ,B\GA9VILLE'S ,J\RNEY 7,DID]OT7 REG>D$ ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION AS AN UNRELIEV$ BLESS+4 ,! AU?OR ( ,MAN ! ,MA*9E 7,LA ,METTRIE7 W\LD HAVE HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! AU?OR ( ,! ,SCI5CE ( ,LOGIC 7,HEGEL7 9 !IR DEF9ITIONS ( REASON4 ,BUT ! ,5LIG$1 ( ! ABORN+ ( A NEW TIME 9 :I* ! WORLD W\LD BE GUID$ BY REASON & FRE$ ( SUP]/ITION1 DESPOTIC RULE1 & H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGE4 ,IT MILITANTIY DEM&$ FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 ! UNIMPAIR$ EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 & A DEEP CONC]N = HUMAN MAT]IAL WELL-BE+4 ,! ,5LID-LOOK+ 9 ITS HOPES1 PROGRESSIVE 9 ITS IDEAS1 & DEEPLY HUMANI/IC 9 ITS CONC]N = HUMAN WELF>E4 ,TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTION1 IT N\RI%$ ! IDEAS ( ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES -- ?OSE AV[$ 'CITIZ5S ( ! WORLD' SU* AS ! ,VIRG9IA >I/OCRAT ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON & ! GREAT PLEBEIAN ,TOM ,PA9E4 ,IT REA*$ ONE ( ITS HIATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RID M>* ( HUMANITY AWAY FROM TYRANNY ( ! M9D AS WELL AS GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT HUMANITY ?AT C\LD NOT BE FREE )\T ! FREE TIME TO PRACTICE FRE$OM L$1 BY ! NEXT C5TURY1 TO ?OSE GREAT SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT DEM&$ NOT ONLY POLITICAL DEMOCRACY BUT ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY -- ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTIONS ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,! ,5LIGU$ SOCIALI/S ( ALL K9DS1 IT MEANT LITTLE IF POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 O/5SIBLY DEMOCRATIC1 W]E A*IEV$4 ,! USE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS W\LD REMA9 ! PRIVILEGE ( ?OSE :O HAD ! MAT]IAL MEANS & ! FREE TIME TO 5GAGE 9 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 !REBY MY/IFY+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS BY R$UC+ !M M]ELY TO LEGISLATIVE PROBLEMS TO BE RESOLV$ BETWE5 CONT5D+ P>TIES & P>LIAM5T>IANS4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE S5TIM5TAL TO SAY ?AT 9 ?AT ]A1 :5 SOCIALISM WAS FULLY W$D$ TO DEMOCRACY 9 MAT]IAL & POLITICAL T]MS & FUR!R WAS EQUIPP$ ) CONCRETE /RATEGIES = SWEEP+ SOCIAL *ANGE1 HUMANITY REA*$ ITS MO/ 9SPIR$1 PROMIS+1 & '5*ANT$' MOM5T4 ,! DISILLUSIONM]FT ?AT DIRECTIY PREC$$ ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> AMONG ,EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUALS -- A DISILLUSIONM5T ?AT ,NIETZS*E >TICULAT$ MORE CLE>LY ?AN HE KNEW -- REFLECT$ A CLIMATE ( GR[+ FE> )9 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS NOT SIMPLY ! GR[? ( A 'TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY' DIVE/$ ( ROMANTIC H]OICS ?AT FRIY WORK]S' MOVEM5T -- ! /IRR+ ( ! DESPIS$ 'H]D' -- ?AT SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( MA/]+ ! SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT HAD HAUNT$ HUMAN HI/ORY = MILL5NIA4 ,L>GE SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5TS SEEM$ POIS$ TO SEIZE P[]1 :ILE ! GOV]N+ CLASSES W]E COMPLETELY UNN]V$1 AS ,BISM>CK'S RE=MS TO HEAD (F SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY REVEAL4 ,IT N[ SEEM$ ?AT ! /IRR+ ( ! 'H]D' HAD OP5$ ! PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY ( BR++ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM TO FRUITION 9 ALL ASPECTS ( REALITY4 ,AMONG ,M>XI/S AT LEA/1 NO BELIEF SEEM$ MORE C]TA9 ?AN ! 9EVITABILITY ( SOCIALISM AS AN IRRESI/IBLE CONSEQU5CE ( SOCIAL LAWS4 ,MU* AS ! HORRORS ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> DIMM$ ?IS C]TA9TY ) ITS REVELATION ?AT CIVILIZATION WAS MORE T5U\S ?AN ! ,WE/]N SOCIETY HAD ONCE BELIEV$1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION LIFT$ ! S5SE ( POPUL> DESPAIR CREAT$ BY ! W>1 R$EEM+ = A TIME ! PROMISE ( ! ,5HLI] ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISMS4 ,DESPITE ! FAILURE ( V>I\S CONT95TAL SOCIALI/ UPRIS+S BETWE5 #aiai & #a#i#b#a1 ! '5*ANT$' MOM5T DID NOT DISAPPE>4 ,9DE$1 IT RETA9$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( LIFE EV5 AS ,/AL9 WAS 5GAG$ 9 TA9T+ & F9ALLY BR++ !SE HOPES TO GRIEF4 ,:AT CANNOT BE RECOV]$ EASILY BY ! PRES5T G5]ATION ( ANTIHUMANI/S & PO/MOD]NI/S IS ! S5SE ( CRISIS YET ONE /ILL PREGNANT ) HOPE1 ?AT EXI/$ DUR+ ! 9T]WAX P]IOD BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#c#i4 ,9DE$1 AS LATE AS ! #a#i#cS PEOPLE HAD FEW SIDES TO *OOSE FROM1 GIV5 ! EXTREMES ( ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 FASCISM1 A /HL-P[]FUL ,LEFT1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 & F9ALLY ! IMM95CE ( A W> ?AT MANY EXPECT$ W\LD EI!R M>K ! 5D ( CIVILIZATION OR PRODUCE WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION4 ,! CRISIS ?AT PRODUC$ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! LA/ C5TURY HAS NOT DISAPPE>$4 ,:AT HAS *ANG$ IS ! NATURE ( ! CRISIS & ! WAY 9 :I* 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE >E RESPOND+ TO IT4 ,AUS*WITZ HAS BECOME = ! PRES5T ]A :AT ! SLAU G5]ATION -- ! S\RCE ( D\BTS AB\T ! ,WE/ S CLAIM TO A H UMAN E CIVILIZATION4 ,BUT ! 9T]W> G5]ATION REFUS$ TO REJECT 5TIRELY ! ,5LII\S TIMES1 !RE WAS NO REASON TO FEEL ?AT ! UNIV]SALIZ+ ( ! HUMAN CONDITION W\LD COME TO AN 5D4 ,HUMANITY WAS 9DE$ AN '5*ANT+' PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT MORE ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! HOPE ?AT ! 9T]W> G5]ATION RETA9$ IS N[ BE+ SUBV]T$1 = REASONS ?AT LIE P>TLY 9 ! WAY ! CRISIS IS BE+ 9T]PRET$4 ,! CLASSICAL ]A ( SOCIALISM1 MORE PRECISELY ! ]A ( RATIONAL RA!R ?AN 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 9SID$ ! LEVEL+ & UNIV]SALIZ+ ROLE ( COMM]CE AS A MEANS = TRANS=M+ HUMAN BE+S 9 ALL !IR P>O*IAL MUTATIONS 9TO A HUMANITAS1 UNIT$ BY ITS UNIQUE COMMONALITIES4 ,COMM]CE -- MORE SPECIFICALLY ! COMM]CIAL ECONOMY 9 ITS MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/IC =M1 BAS$ ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION -- W\LD 7IT WAS HOP$7 ADVANCE TE*NOLOGY TO ! PO9T :]E PRODUCTION = USE RA!R ?AN = EX*ANGE 7OR PR(IT7 W\LD CEASE TO BE A *IM]ICAL IDEAL4 ,\R [N ]A AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 H[EV]1 NO LONG] SEES ! REACTION TO ! ILLS ( CAPITALISM AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS TO BE SOLV$ BY SOCIAL MEANS4 ,MOD]N SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES >E N[ ATTRIBUT$ TO EFFECTS RA!R ?AN CAUSES3 ! GR[? ( TE*NOLOGY1 POPULATION1 P]SONAL ATTITUDES1 EV5 CIVILIZATION ITSELF -- 9 %ORT1 TO HUMANISM1 AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 REASON1 SCI5CE1 & ! LIKE4 ,EV5 ?\< M>KET COMPETITION & ! GLOBAL CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL />E US 9 ! FACE AS ! DIRECT S\RCES ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 !SE =CES >E CURR5TLY BE+ MY/IFI$ BY ANTIHUMANISM & R5AM$ 'CONSUM]ISM'1 'AN?ROPOC5TRICITY'1 ,! NE$ TO =M SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- SO CLE> 9 ! CLASSICAL ]A ( RADICAL SOCIAL DI\Y MY/ICISM IS 9 ! BUS9ESS ( SUPPLY+ -- ONE MAY ALWAYS TAKE ! VOYAGE BACKW>D TO ! 'PRIMITIVE' OR TO A RECOV]Y ( ANCE/RAL 'ORIG9S' TO IMMUNIZE ONESELF AGA9/ A TURBUL5T SOCIAL REALITY4 ,MU* ( ?IS FLII\S PO/MOD]N 'IMM$IATISMS' ?AT PLEAD ! CASE = 9/ANT & 9TUITIVE EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS 'DEC5T]+' ( ! SOCIAL 9 FAVOR ( ! P]SONAL1 ( 9TELLECTUAL ANALYSIS 9 FAVOR ( 9TUITION1 ( REASON 9 FAVOR ( FEEL+1 & ( A PUBLIC LIFE 9 FAVOR ( P]SONAL 'AU!NTICITY' -- ALL1 TAK5 TOGE!R AS A CULTURAL1 EV5 AN ES!TIC AG5DA = ! TURN ( ?IS C5TURY1 CON/ITUTE A MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL SUBV]SION ( ANY 5DEAVOR TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,= :AT IS ULTIMATELY AT ISSUE 9 T9S MUTATION ( ! SOCIAL 9TO ! P]SONAL1 9DE$1 ?IS REGRESSION 9TO ! BIOLOGICAL1 ! MY/ICAL1 & AN UNM$IAT$ PRIMALITY1 IS ! NATURE ( HUMANITY ITSELF ,EI!R HUMANITY IS M]ELY AN ANIMAL SPECIES1 P]HAPS MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN MO/1 SUBJECT TO BL9D & OV]:ELM+ '=CES ( ,NATURE'1 & AS DISP5SABLE AS A MOSQUITO ?AT EXI/S ON ! M&E ( ,GAIA2 OR IT IS A REM>KABLE TRANS=MATIVE AG5T ?AT HAS PRODUC$ A RI*LY M$IAT$ HI/ORY & A RADICALLY NEW EVOLUTION>Y PA?WAY ( UNEQUAL$ CREATIVITY & PROMISE 9 GIV+ MEAN+ TO ! PLANET4 ,GIV5 HUMANITY'S 9CREAS+LY EXPANSIVE KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD >\ND IT1 ITS ABILITY TO REMAKE ?AT WORLD 79CLUD+ ! SOCIAL WORLD7 ALONG RATIONAL L9ES1 & ITS 9NOVATION ( VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS 9 AN EVOLV+1 ALBEIT V]Y 9COMPLETE SECOND NATURE1 S]I\S PEOPLE >E OBLIG$ TO TAKE A RADICALLY HUMANI/IC /& 9 UPHOLD+ ! '5*ANT$' QUALITIES ( \R SPECIES4 ,A HUMANI/IC /& DOES NOT D5Y 9 ANY WAY ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN BEHAVE B>B>\SLY & ) T]RIFY+ CRUELTY T[>D EA* O!R & T[>D NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,NOR DOES IT D5Y ! NE$1 ALREADY GIV5 IMM5SE WEI*Y & CLASSES1 HUMAN BE+S >E TOO DIVID$ BY CONFLICT+ CLASS 9T]E/S1 E?NIC DI/9CTIONS1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL? TO BE REG>D$ AS A CULPABLE SPECIES4 ,B5EA? ! SO-CALL$ 'POPULATION BOMB'1 ! DE=E/ATION ( ! PLANET1 ! DIM9UTION ( BIOTIC DIV]SITY1 & ! POLLUTION ( ,GAIA >E ! SAME UND]LY+ CAUSES3 AN 9CREAS+LY COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE1 :I* LEADS TO ! UN5D+ GR[? ( PRODUCTION SO ?AT ONE CORPORATE 5TITY CAN GA9 A COMPETITIVE $GE OV] ITS RIVALS4 ,?IS COMPETITIVE DRIVE =CES CAPITAL TO PURSUE S\RCES ( *EAP 'RAW MAT]IALS' 9 ! F>!RMO/ RECESSES ( ! WORLD'S L& MASSES & EV5 ITS OCEANIC DEP?S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS IMPACT ON ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMANITY & ! FUTURE ( ! BIOSPH]E4 ,TO OBSCURE ?IS SOCIAL CAUSE ( NE>LY ALL \R BASIC PROBLEMS TODAY -- ECONOMIC AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL1 CULTURAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL1 & P]SONAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL2 WORSE /ILL1 TO CONCEAL IT1 H[EV] 9ADV]T5DY & CLUMSILY1 BY BLAM+ ?IS DEVA/ATION ON '\R' MALFEASANCES 9 REPRODUC+1 CONSUM+1 & SEEK+ A MAT]IALLY REW>D+ LIFE -- ?IS OBFUSCATION FO/]S MISAN?ROPY1 MY/ICAL QUIETISM1 & ! )DRAWAL ( AN 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( PEOPLE FROM ! PUBLIC SPH]E 9TO PRIVATE LIFE4 ,! NE$ TO ADDRESS V]Y REAL PROBLEMS IS REPLAC$ BY AN AMBIANCE ( E!REALIZATION1 'SPIRITUALIZATION'1 & A NEW RELIGIOSITY4 ,NEW MASKS >E ADD$ TO A SOCIETY ?AT ALREADY ?RIVES ON ITS CONCEALM5T FROM CRITICAL 9SIX'S VIEW1 BY 'MY/]I\SLY' APPROPRIAT+ ! SURPLUS LABOR ( ITS WORK+ CLASS & ! FETI%I/IC QUALITY ( ! COMMODITY HAS PRODUC$ ! COMMODIFICATION ( HUMANITY'S [N 'FETI%ES' -- ITS V>I\S BELIEF SY/EMS1 VALUES1 & SYMBOLS1 :I* >E N[ SY/EMATICALLY M>KET$ AS CULTURAL SNAKE OIL = REM$Y+ \R GRIM SOCIAL & P]SONAL PA?OLOGIES4 ,?US WE SEEM TO BE CAPTIVE TO ?+S ( \R [N MAK+1 :E!R !Y BE DEITIES1 IDEOLOGIES1 MY/ICAL =CES1 'ANGELS'1 MY?S1 MAGICAL PRACTICES1 MISAN?ROPIES1 TRANSC5D5TAL VALUE SY/EMS1 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 TE*NOLOGIES1 LABORATORIES -- & MUNDANE COMMODITIES4 ,AL?\< ALL >E HUMANLY CREAT$ PH5OM5A1 !Y HAVE BE5 WOV5 >\ND US LIKE A COCOON BY %AMANS & %AMANESSES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( MY/ICAL OR !OLOGICAL EVANGELI/S4 ,! ANTIHUMANI/ CULTURE HAS ITSELF BECOME A COMMODITY TO BE M>KET$1 LIKE TELEVISION SETS & ,V,C,RS1 9 SPIRITUAL B\TIQUES & DEP>TM5T /ORES4 ,EI!R ! COMMODIFICATION ( ! 'FETI%ES' WILL BE BR\Y B\RGEOIS4 ,WORSE1 ! ?ANATOLOGY ?AT SURFACES FROM TIM E TO TIME AMONG ACOLYTES ( ! ,GAIA ,HYPO!SIS1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 & V>I\S ANTIHUMANI/ SECTS IS *EAP5+ ! VALUE ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,IF HUMAN BE+S >E NO?+ BUT PROLIF]AT+ FLEAS ON ! BODY ( ,GAIA1 !RE IS NO REASON 9 PR9CIPLE TO S+LE !M \T AS P]SONALITIES ?AT DES]VE RESPECT4 ,SU* ATTITUDES >E ! RAW MAT]IAL ?AT C\LD ALL[ US TO CONSID] FAM9ES1 EPIDEMICS1 & WORSE AS PURELY BIOLOGICAL 9 ORIG91 LETT+ ! HUNGRY1 HOMELESS1 & EV5 :OLE PEOPLES P]I%4 ,! RE-5*ANTM5T ( HUMANITY BEG9S ) ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( >*AIC E SIMPLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC PROJECTIONS ( HUMAN BE+S !MSELVES2 ! MY/ICAL SE>* = AN UNM$IAT$ OR1 EQUIVAL5TLY1 'IMM$IATE' PRIMALITY ?AT EFFACES HI/ORY & ITS WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE2 ! $5IC MY? ( ORIG9AL S91 SECUL>IZ$ 9TO A VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE AS TA9T$ BY CIVILIZATION2 ! HYPO/ASIZATION ( ! IRRATIONAL & 9TUITIVE AS ! MO/ 'AU!NTIC' MEANS ( 'DISCLOS+' REALITY OR ',BE+'2 & NOT LEA/1 ! CLASS & /ATUS 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE P]PETUAT$ DOM9ATION OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S1 9CLUD+ ! IDEA ( ! 'DOM9ATION ( NATURE'4 ,TO D5\NCE TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE 9 P>TICUL> BECAUSE !IR EMANCIPATORY PROMISE HAS BE5 BR\I% FE>S4 ,NOR CAN HUMAN BE+S BE FREE 9 A SOCIETY1 H[EV] PRI/9E1 IF MU* ( !IR LIVES IS GUID$ BY ! NE$ TO MEET ! MAT]IAL REQUIREM5TS = EXI/5CE4 ,?AT TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE HAVE BE5 US$ = T]RIBLY OPPRESSIVE 5DS DOES MEAN ?AT !Y MU/ 9V>IABLY OR 9EVITABLY BE US$ 9 SU* A MANN]4 ,)\T TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 EV]YDAY LIFE DESC5DS TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R TO ! M]E MA9T5ANCE ( ONE'S [N EXI/5CE1 & NO RITUALS1 MAGICAL PRACTICES1 OR MY?S CAN SUPPLANT ! NE$ TO CONT9UALLY FOCUS ON SURVIVAL4 ,TO ATTACK TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE AS SU* IS TO RECREATE A MY?IC PAT9A = ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT MISUSES !M & TO EXCULPATE ! REAL CULPRITS -- ?OSE :O USE KN[L$GE EXCLUSIVELY TO ACCUMULATE WEAL? & P[]4 ,9DE$1 ?OSE :O1 ) PREPO/]\S DEM&S TO RETURN TO ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 D5\NCE CIVILIZATION1 RATIONALITY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & SCI5CE AS SU*1 >E M]ELY APOLOGI/S = ! /ATUS QUO4 ,ONLY BY REMOV+ ! FETI%ES ?AT >E OBSCUR+ \R CAPACITY TO SEE REALITY AS IT IS & AS IT %\LD BE1 CAN WE RE-5*ANT HUMANITY AS A CREATIVE & 9NOVATIVE AG5T 9 ! WORLD & ! LIV+ POT5TIALITY = SELF-REALIZATION AS RATIONAL BE+S4 ,SU* RATIONAL BE+S CAN BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE AN E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! WELF>E ( NON-HUMAN LIFE PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E S5SIBLE TO ! PA91 SUFF]+1 & DEA? ( ALL LIV+ BE+S4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT FIR/ NATURE1 LIKE ,LOVELOCK'S ,GAIA1 IS BL9D TO ! REALITY ( NE$LESS MIS]Y -- !N ONLY ! HUMAN M9D1 FRE$ ( ITS MY/ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE TRAMMELS1 CAN REALLY KN[ :AT IS ACTUALLY NE$LESS & :AT CANNOT BE AVOID$4 ,ONLY ?AT M9D1 9 FACT1 CAN BECOME A PRES5CE 9 DEAL+ CONSCI\SLY NOT ONLY ) ITS [N AFFAIRS BUT ) ?OSE ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9 %ORT1 ONLY HUMAN BE+S CAN1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 POSSESS AN EM95TLY SOPHI/ICAT$ =M ( KN[L$GE1 ! PRODUCT ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & EXP]I5CE1 & ONLY !Y >E1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 ?AT MO/ M>VEL\S OR '5*ANT$' ( ALL BE+S3 KN[+ BE+S = :OM A S5SE ( PLACE1 RESPONSIBILITY1 C>E1 & FUTURITY IS POSSIBLE4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/