,*APT] #g 
,PO/MOD]NI/ ,NIHILISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #g3 ,PO/MOD]NI/ NIHILISM 

  

,! MO/ ACADEMICALLY 5TR5*$ ATTACK UPON HUMANISM1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 & REASON >E ! HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CIES ?AT GO UND] ! NAME ( PO/MOD]NISM4 ,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R ?IS NAME ADEQUATELY 5COMPASSES SU* DISP>ATE1 EV5 IDIOSYNCRATIC VIEWS AS ?OSE ( ,FRI$RI* ,NIETZS*E1 ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG]1 ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA & A CON/ELLATION ( =M] ,FR5* LEFTI/S SU* AS ,JEAN-,FRANCOIS ,LYOT>D1 ,GILLES ,DELEUZE1 & ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 TO CITE ! MO/ WELL-KN[N TO AN ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN READ]%IP4 

,YET C]TA9 BASIC COMMONALITIES1 ,I BELIEVE1 JU/LY DESIGNATE !IR WORK AS PO/MOD]NI/ OR PO//RUCTURALI/ 7! TWO WORDS >E (T5 US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY74 ,TO BE SURE1 ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] BELONG TO A TIME :5 ANTI-,5H<T5M5T S5TIM5TS W]E /ILL ROOT$ 9 ! ROMANTIC REACTION TO ! EFFECTS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! EM]G5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,AL?\< !SE TWO ?9K]S EXPRESS$ !IR S5TIM5TS 9 V]Y DIFF]5T TONES & =MULATIONS1 !Y W]E ALIKE P>T ( AN ANTIMOD]NI/ TRADITION ?AT DATES BACK TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE?4 ,TO MANY ELITE 9TELLECTUALS ( !SE G5]ATIONS1 ! ME*ANIZATION ( SOCIETY BY CAPITALISM & ! RISE ( A GR[+ SOCIALI/IC WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T SEEM$ EQUALLY REPELL5T ALT]NATIVES TO A VAGUELY 'H]OIC' & '9SPIR$' PA/4 

,BASICALLY1 H[EV]1 ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] ADVANC$ PHILOSOPHIES ( DISILLUSIONM5T & DIS5*ANTM5T4 ,! WORLD TO W9* ,NIETZS*E SPOKE WAS UND]GO+ ! CULTURAL TRANSITION FROM A SEEM+LY COLORFUL PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETY TO A GRAY1 DEAD5+ COMM]CIAL ONE4 ,HEIDEGG]1 AL?\< HIMSELF A PRODUCT ( S\? ,G]MAN ,CA?OLIC REACTIONISM1 F\ND AN AUDI5CE 9 ,WEIM>-]A DISILLUSIONM5T -- NOT ONLY ) ,G]MAN IMP]IAL PRET5SIONS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,W> BUT ) ! PRET5SIONS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD PAT5TLY FAIL$ TO FULFILL ! PROMISE OP5$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION4 

,DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES 9 /YLE & !IR DIFF]5T SOCIAL P$IGREES1 H[EV]1 BO? ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] ADDRESS$ ! FRAGM5TATION1 ANOMIE1 & LOSS ( BELIEF 9 PROGRESS ?AT 9CREAS+LY TR\BL$ 9TELLECTUALS ( !IR RESPECTIVE TIMES4 ,AL?\< A G5]ATION AP>T1 !Y PROVID$ A COMMON CULTURAL FIELD1 SO TO SPEAK1 )9 :I* LAT] ?9K]S & J\RNALI/S F\ND ! RES\RCES = BASICALLY ANTIMOD]NI/ S5TIM5TS1 ESPECIALLY AS ADDITIONAL DISILLUSIONM5TS >OSE 9 ! TR\BL$ PO/W> WORLD ( ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> PRODUC$ A NEW S5SE ( FAILURE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* WAS NOT REALLY ONE ( ! 'VICTORS' 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,DEFEAT$ BY ! ,NAZIS 9 #a#i#d1 ,FRANCE HAD HAD TO BE LIB]AT$ BY MA9LY ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN >MIES4 ,NOR WAS ,FRANCE QUITE AN 'OCCUPI$' P[] LIKE MO/ C\NTRIES ! ,G]MAN >MIES HAD TAK5 OV] 9 ,EUROPE2 9DE$1 GIV5 ! DEGREE ( ,FR5* CO-EXI/5CE & EV5 COLLABORATION ) ! ,NAZIS 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! WAX1 MANY ( ITS CITIZ5S JO9$ ! ,RESI/ANCE ONLY :5 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ,G]MANY WAS DE/9$ TO LOSE ! W>4 ,AFT] ! LIB]ATION & A BRIEF SOCIAL HONEYMOON ( NATIONAL UNITY -- 9 :I* LEFTI/S1 MOD]ATES1 & CONS]VATIVES PR(ESS$ TO JO9 H&S TO A*IEVE NATIONAL REJUV5ATION -- ! C\NTRY WAS WRACK$ BY ! ,COLD ,W> POLICIES ( ITS MO/ PRE/IGI\S P>TY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S2 BY ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC'S EF=TS TO RETA9 ITS HOLD+S 9 ,9DO*9A2 BY ITS DEBACLE 9 ,ALG]IA2 & 9 ! #a#i#eS1 BY A ,GAULLI/ ,F\R? ,REPUBLIC ?AT WAS DET]M9$ TO RADICALLY MOD]NIZE ! C\NTRY1 AT LEA/ ECONOMICALLY4 

,CULTURALLY1 ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS TRI$ TO RELIVE ! HOPEFUL MOOD ( ! LIB]ATION DAYS = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M (,JEAN-,PAUL ,S>TRE'S EXI/5TIALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 ) ITS /RONG EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & ITS PR(ESS$ COMMITM5T TO HUMANISM4 ,BUT ,S>TRE & HIS COLLEAGUES HAD BADLY MISJUDG$ ! ROOTS ( !IR L>GELY P]SONA,H/IC PHILOSOPHY ( 'EXI/5CE' -- NAMELY ,HEIDEGG] & EV5 MORE ABSURDLY1 ,SOR5 ,KI]KEGA>D1 :OSE ANG/-RIDD5 P]SONALI/IC !OLOGY NEV] F\ND A CONG5IAL HOME AMONG LIB]AL OR RADICAL ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS4 

,AL?\< ,HEIDEGG] HIMSELF PUBLICLY R5\NC$ ,S>TRE'S HUMANI/IC ?RU/ 9 HIS ',LETT] ON ,HUMANISM'1 ! ,G]MAN ?9K]1 L>GELY DISCR$IT$ AT HOME BECAUSE ( HIS ,NAZI AFFILIATIONS1 HAD N[ ACQUIR$ A ,GALLIC AUDI5CE = HIS ANTIMOD]NISM & ANTI-RATIONALISM -- AN AUDI5CE ?AT WAS TO GR[ SIGNIFIC&Y & REA* 9TO ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD4 ,S>TRE1 9 TURN1 BEHAV$ ) ! NOTORI\S FLIPPANCY ?AT WAS TO BE ! ULTIMATE UNDO+ ( HIS 9FLU5CE 9 ,FR5* CULTURAL LIFE4 ,SKIPP+ FROM ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM TO ,*9ESE ,MAOISM & !NCE TO V>I\S %ADES ( AN>*ISM 7! LATT]1 AS HE PR(ESS$ 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 WAS ! ABID+ BASIS = ,IRIS VIEWS71 HE MADE SOME:AT ( A POLITICAL BUFFOON ( HIMSELF1 DESPITE ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS HUMANISM AMONG Y\NG 9DEP5D5T-M9D$ ,FR5* RADICALS4 

,NO M9OR FACTOR 9 %AP+ ! DIRECTION ( PO/W> ,FR5* ?9K+ WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* 9ITIALLY SEEM$ TO (F] A VIABLE F\NDATION = MANY ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS1 :O JO9$ IT1 H[EV] TEMPOR>ILY1 9 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S4 ,ITS 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ) ! WORK+ CLASS -- A CLASS ?AT WAS HI/ORICALLY DETA*$ FROM1 9DE$ HO/ILE TO ,FRANCE'S SEEM+LY EFFETE 9TELLECTUALS -- APPE>$ TO (F] AN E>?Y ALT]NATIVE TO ,S>TRE'S EXI/5TIALI/ AMBIGUITIES4 

,NOT ?AT ,S>TRE WAS OBLIVI\S TO ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ,FRANCE2 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE WAS !-5GAG$ 9TELLECTUAL P> EXCELL5CE1 H[EV] NAIVE & UN/ABLE HIS POLITICS4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S SEEM$ LIKE A PILL> ( /R5G? BESIDE ! CAFE 9TELLECTUALISM ?AT ,S>TRE SEEM$ TO EMBODY4 ,! MORALLY REJUV5AT+' & E>?Y WORK+ CLASS TO :I* ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E TI$ (F]$ A K9D ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL !RAPY TO ALL :O FELL )9 ! P>TY'S ORBIT4 

,EXAM9+ ! PROBLEMS ?AT BESIEG$ ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS FROM ! 5D ( ! W> TO ! #a#i#fS HELPS TO UND]/& H[ ,FR5* PO/MOD]NISM >OSE &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 H[ IT ACQUIR$ ITS 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE4 ,SO F> AS ! LEFTI/' PO/MOD]NI/S >E CONC]N$ -- SU* AS ,LYOT>D1 ,DELEUZE1 & ,BAUDRILL>D -- ! 9FLU5CE ( PO/MOD]NISM MU/ BE RELAT$ TO ! ABORT$ /UD5T UPRIS+ ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,P>IS1 & ! FAILURE ( ! UPRIS+ TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* TURN$ UPON ! /UD5TS ) :AT SEEM$ TO MANY LIKE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FURY4 

,! /UD5T REVOLT & ! WORK+ CLASS G5]AL /RIKE ?AT ]UPT$ 9 ,MAY HAD NO?+ TO DO 9TELLECTUALLY ) PO/MOD]NISM1 :I* WAS /ILL L>GELY UNKN[N EV5 TO MANY POLITICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ /UD5T RADICALS4 ,! EM]G+ ACADEMIC '/>S' ( ! #a#i#fS LIKE ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT DID NOT DIRECTIY 9FLU5CE ! ,FR5* /UD5T MOVEM5T & ITS ,MAY-,JUNE UPRIS+1 OR ! EV5EM5TS AS !Y HAVE BE5 CALL$4 ,IT WAS MA9LY ,S>TRE'S HUMANISM1 ! L>GELY ,P>ISIAN LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS'S ,SOCIALISME \ B>B>IE GR\P1 ,GUY ,DEBORD'S ,SITUATIONI/S1 ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE'S CRITIQUE ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & AN 9DEF9ABLE CULTURAL AN>*ISM ?AT N\RI%$ ! VIEWS HELD BY MO/ ( ! RADICAL /UD5TS4.<#b#d#b.> 

,BUT ! FAILURE ( ! UPRIS+1 TOGE!R ) ! DECL9E ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT G5]ALLY 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 OP5$ ! WAY TO A NIHILI/IC REACTION :OSE EFFECTS >E /ILL BE+ FELT TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,PO/MOD]NISM IS NOT ONLY A NIHILI/IC REACTION TO ! FAILURES IMPUT$ TO ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & PROGRESS BUT MORE PROXIMATELY A CULTURAL REACTION TO ! FAILURES ( V>I\S SOCIALISMS TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY 9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E 9 \R C5TURY4 ,?IS HI/ORIC FAILURE REA*$ ITS NADIR 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS ( #aifh -- :I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ALL MAJOR PO/MOD]N ?9K]S CAN BE SO SITUAT$ 9 ?IS HI/ORICAL FRAMEWORK & SEQU5CE4 

,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ! IMM$IATE FACTORS LEAD+ TO ! ASC5DANCY ( PO/MOD]NISM WILL BE =GOTT5 9 ! FUTURE & ?AT PO/MOD]NISM ITSELF WILL GIVE WAY TO AN EV5 MORE ANTIHUMANI/IC REACTION 9 ITS ACADEMIC /RON<OLDS4 ,BUT ! SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT CATAPULT$ ,NIETZS*E1 ,HEIDEGG]1 ,F\CAULT1 ,D]RIDA1 ET AL TO SU* PROM95CE 9 ! LA/ TWO DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY CAN BE LOCAT$ 9 ! 9ABILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! #a#i#fS1 TO ELIM9ATE ! MASSIVE OB/ACLES ?AT AN 9CREAS+LY 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL SOCIETY PLACES 9 ! WAY ( A*IEV+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !RE IS A C]TA9 SYMMETRY BETWE5 ! EM]G5CE ( PO/MOD]NISM AS A WIDELY ACCEPT$ IDEOLOGY & ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT HAVE MADE IT SO WIDELY ACCEPTABLE4 ,V>I\S SOCIETIES DO FO/] IDEOLOGIES ?AT R5D] !IR PA?OLOGIES TOL]ABLE BY MY/IFY+ ! PROBLEMS !Y RAISE4 ,FROM ! PRIMITIVE WORLD ?R\< ! ANCI5T TO ! M$IEVAL1 WORLD VIEWS CONCOMITANTLY S\<T TO UPHOLD ! HEGEMONY ( ?OSE 9 P[] & TO EXPLA9 ! CRISES ?AT UNSETTL$ ?OSE ]AS4 ,BUT !Y ALSO TOOK ON A CA?>TICALLY REBELLI\S =M AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 LIKE ,MI?RAISM BE=E IT & ! ,RE=MATION LAT] ON1 IS A /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T4 

,TODAY'S M>KET SOCIETY IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,! V]Y T5D5CY ( MATURE CAPITALISM TO FRAGM5T TRADITIONAL SOCIAL & CULTURAL RELATIONS BY MEANS ( COMMODIFICATION YIELDS REACTION>Y CULTURAL SEQUELAE ( ITS [N3 SPECIFICALLY1 A CONSOLIDAT+ IDEOLOGY ?AT HOLDS ! M9D CAPTIVE TO ! SOCIAL ORD] 9 ! V]Y NAME ( FRAGM5TATION & ITS ALLEG$ VIRTUES4 ,IF ! SOCIAL ORD] CANNOT MAKE A VIRTUE \T ( HOPE1 IT CAN TRY TO MAKE A VIRTUE \T ( DESPAIR4 ,I AM NOT CLAIM+ ?AT PO/MOD]NI/S NECESS>ILY BE> A P]SONAL 9T5TION ( BECOM+ IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORTS = ANY SOCIAL SY/EM OR ?AT !Y >E ! M]E CREATURES ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT :AT MAKES ANY GIV5 BODY ( IDEAS ACCEPTABLE OR ACADEMICALLY RESPECTABLE MORE (T5 HAS TO DO ) ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS IT S]VES RA!R ?AN ) ! QUALITY ( ! 9SI<TS IT (F]S4 ,9DE$1 MANY ( ! 9SI<TS ?AT HAVE MADE PO/MOD]NISM SO ATTRACTIVE >E NOT V]Y NEW & HAVE BE5 RECYCL$1 (T5 UNKN[+LY1 FROM A W>EH\SE ( ,WE/]N & EV5 ,EA/]N IDEAS ?AT W]E AVAILABLE 9 V>I\S =MS = SEV]AL C5TURIES1 9DE$ SEV]AL MILL5NIA4 

,! MORE ONE FEELS DISEMP[]$ AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION & B]EFT ( SOCIAL COMMITM5T1 ! MORE ONE BECOMES CYNICAL & !REBY CAPTIVE TO ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT HOPE & BELIEF 9 PROGRESS >E LO/1 A DIS>M+ RELATIVISM1 AHI/ORICISM1 & ULTIMATELY NIHILISM REPLACE ANY BELIEF 9 ! OBJECTIVITY ( TRU?1 ! REALITY ( HI/ORY1 & ! P[] ( REASON TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,BELIEFS ?AT FO/] SOCIAL QUIETISM & A )DRAWAL 9TO P]SONAL LIFE1 9 TURN1 T5D TO NEUTRALIZE AN ACTIVI/ & 9T]V5TIONI/ M5TALITY ORI5T$ T[>D ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 

,BY CONT5D+ ?AT REASON IS QUE/IONABLE AS A PA? TO ASC]TA9+ TRU?1 9DE$ ?AT IT IS SIMPLY A SOCIAL >TIFACT & ?AT TRU? IS M]ELY A SOCIAL >TIFICE1 PO/MOD]NISM ADVANCES ?IS PROCESS1 AS DOES ITS D5IAL ?AT AN OBJECTIVE HI/ORY EXI/S -- A D5IAL ?AT DIVE/S ! PRES5T ( ANY E?ICAL MOOR+S & SOCIAL MEAN+4 ,CIVILIZATION CEASES TO BE REG>D$ AS A REALM ( RATIONAL ATTA9M5TS2 9DE$ ! V]Y IDEA ( PROGRESS AS A BASIS = HOPE & SOCIAL =ESI<T BEG9S TO FADE1 IF NOT DISAPPE> COMPLETELY4 

,MOREOV]1 SU* SWEEP+ CLAIMS T5D TO OBSCURE ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE CREAT$ ! 'PO/MOD]N CONDITION' 7TO USE ,JEAN-,FRANGOIS ,LYOT>D'S PHRASE72 9 FACT1 BY R5D]+ SOCIAL ANALYSIS ANEMIC1 EV5 BLOODLESS1 PO/MOD]NISM T5DS TO UND]P9 ! /ATUS QUO PRECISELY BY *ALL5G+ ITS EFFECTS RA!R ?AN ITS UND]LY+ WORK+S4 ,CONSID]ATIONS ( SPACE MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO EXPLORE PO/MOD]NISM G5]ALLY1 /ILL LESS PROVIDE AN EXPOSITION ( ITS EV]-*ANG+1 EV5 CONVOLUT$ IDEAS4 ,RA!R1 ,I %ALL CONF9E MYSELF TO EXAM9+ ?OSE ASPECTS ( PO/MOD]NISM ?AT >E ANTIHUMANI/ 9 ! S5SE ,I AM US+ ! WORD 9-?IS BOOK -- AS SUBV]T+ A BELIEF 9 ! P[] ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY TO R5D] SOCIETY & ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE RATIONAL & FREE4 

,)9 ?IS DELIMIT$ SCOPE1 PO/MOD]NISM CAN CLE>LY BE SE5 AS A FRAGM5T+ & RELATIVIZ+ IDEOLOGY P> EXCELL5CE ?AT REFLECTS ! ANOMIE & DESPAIR SO WIDESPREAD 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! C5TURY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT PO/MOD]NISM1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS A 'WE>Y' & NIHILI/IC BODY ( IDEAS1 MAY V]Y WELL S]VE TO VALIDATE ! PRES5T SOCIETY OR EV5 R5D] IT POSSIBLE = ITS ACOLYTES TO 'DWELL' RA!R 9NOCU\SLY )9 ! EXI/+ SET ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 H[EV] MU* !Y REG>D !MSELVES AS SOCIAL REBELS1 ESPECIALLY CONC]N+ ISSUES ?AT DO NOT *ALL5GE ! /RUCTURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY4 

,ITS D5IGRATION ( REASON1 COH]5CE1 & HI/ORICISM1 CAN H>DLY PROVIDE A S5SE ( DIRECTION = POPUL> RE/IV5ESS OR ! 9TELLECTUAL MEANS = CONTE/+ ! ANTI-ECOLOGICAL & MULT9ATIONAL CAPITALISM ( \R TIME1 /ILL LESS PROVIDE ! BASES = A S]I\S PROJECT = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,RA!R1 IT MORE (T5 LEADS TO A P]VASIVE RELATIVISM & TO A DISMEMB]+ ( ! 'UNIV]SALI/' PROJECTS 9ITIAT$ BY ,5FI<T5M5T ?9K]S & !IR MORE RADICAL DESC5DANTS71 SO AS TO PRODUCE A =M ( SOCIAL MYOPIA4 ,PUT BLUNTLY3 IT DIS>MS ALL S]I\S OPPOSITIONAL T5D5CIES T[>D ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 AP>T FROM ! N>CISSI/IC ADV5TURES ( M]E P]SONAL REBELLION 9 DEAL+ ) ! FRU/RATIONS ! SOCIETY >\SES 9 OPPRESS$ BUT M>G9AL CULTURAL GR\PS4 

,TO UND]/& H[ ?IS (T5 SOCIALLY DEFLECTIVE APPROA* ( PO/MOD]NISM HAS EM]G$1 WE MU/ LOOK1 IF ONLY CURSORILY1 9TO ! PROXIMATE ANCE/ORS ( ! PO/MOD]N \TLOOK & ! WAY !Y PROVID$ ! PREMISES = ! DEVALUATION ( ALL VALUES -- RA!R ?AN RESPOND+ S]I\SLY TO ,FRI$RI* ,NIETZS*E'S CALL = A 'TRANSVALUATION ( ALL VALUES'4 

,?AT ,NIETZS*E'S NAME APPE>S 9 NE>LY EV]Y DISCUSSION ( PO/MOD]NISM IS BY NO MEANS ACCID5TAL4 ,9DE$1 HE HAS BE5 EMBRAC$ BY O!RWISE OPPOS+ !ORI/S ACROSS ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL SPECTRUMS1 EV5 BE=E HIS DEADI 9 #a#i1 ) AN 5?USIASM ?AT IS LITTLE LESS ?AN EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,! EXT5T ( HIS 9FLU5CE TODAY HAS FEW PREC$5TS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,KANT1 ,HEGEL1 & ,M>X4 

,UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 ,NIETZS*E'S NAME CONJUR$ UP AN ELITI/ BELIEF 9 A ',SUP]MAN'1 A HATR$ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & CORROSIVE ATTACKS ON SOCIALISM1 DEMOCRACY1 & ! SLAVI% MASSES OR 'H]D'4 ,9DE$1 HIS PHILOSOPHY WAS SE5 AS IDEOLOGICAL FURNITURE = ! V>I\S REACTION>Y BELIEFS ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 HIS TIME & ?AT CAME TO T]RIFY+ FRUITION 9 \R [N C5TURY4 ,! FAVORABLE RECOGNITION HE RECEIV$ FROM RABID REACTION>IES1 & EV5 ! IMPRIMATUR ( ! ,NAZIS ON HIS WRIT+S1 AS $IT$ BY ,IRIS REACTION>Y ANTI-,SEMITIC SI/]1 ,ELIZABE? ,=/]-,NIETZS*E -- TOGE!R ) A P]SONAL VISIT BY ,HITL] TO ! ,NIETZS*E >*IVES -- RE9=C$ ! BELIEF ?AT ,NIETZS*E WAS A PRECURSOR ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4 

,YET ,NIETZS*E'S PROCLIVITY = SLAPP+ ! FACE ( B\RGEOIS PHILI/9ES E>N$ HIM 5COMIUMS FROM SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S AS WELL4 ,RADICALS ( ALL K9DS DELI<T$ 9 HIS MILITANT 9DIVIDUALISM1 ) ITS K9%IP TO ! IDEAS ( ! ALLEG$ AN>*I/ ,MAX ,/IM]4 ,HE 5JOY$ GREAT POPUL>ITY AMONG MILITANT SYNDICALI/S1 SU* AS ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 A LEAD] ( ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 & ! AN>*I/1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 :O PRAIS$ HIS VIBRANT ICONOCLASM & HATR$ ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 AS DID SOCIALI/S LIKE ,JACK ,LONDON4 ,MANY ,M>XI/S SOLID>IZ$ ) ,NIETZS*E'S BIT+ CRITICISMS ( B\RGEOIS MEAN-SPIRIT$NESS & VULG>ITY1 :ILE ! FA!R ( ,ZIONISM1 ,!ODORE ,H]ZL1 ADMIR$ HIS /RID5T CONTEMPT = ANTI-,SEMITES & ! PRAISES HE HEAP$ ON ! ,JEWS4 

,?AT ,NIETZS*E WAS NEI!R A ,G]MAN NATIONALI/ NOR AN ANTI-,SEMITE1 AS SO MANY SUPPOS$1 NO LONG] REQUIRES ELUCIDATION TODAY4 ,HE WAS 9DE$ 9DIVIDUALI/1 & A BIT+ CRITIC ( MASS CULTURE & ! 'SLAVE M5TALITY' 9CULCAT$ 9 ! 'H]D' BY ,*RI/IANITY4 ,HIS BROAD] PHILOSOPHICAL NOTIONS ( ! ,UB]M5S*1 ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 ( LIFE AS ! 'WILL TO P[]'1 & HIS P]SONAL VALUES %ALL NOT CONC]N US H]E4 

,NIETZS*E'S ?9K+ PROVIDES A BASE = PO/MOD]NI/ ?\<T 9 ?AT1 MORE BRILH&Y ?AN ANY O!R WRIT] ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 HE MADE RELATIVISM A PIVOTAL T5ET ( HIS \TLOOK4 ,BY DO+ SO1 HE CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ALL ! SEEM+ C]TA9TIES ( TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHIES BAS$ ON OBJECTIVE TRU?4 ,NOT ?AT HE D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD1 OR1 MORE PROP]LY1 EV5 C>$ V]Y E>NE/LY TO DISCUSS ?IS TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/ION2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSION HE DREW FROM HIS RELATIVISM WAS HIS R$UCTION ( FACTS TO 9T]PRETATIONS ) NO OBJECTIVE VALIDITY ( !IR [N4 ,HIS VIEWS !REBY SEEM$ TO P]MIT ! FRE$OM TO %UFFLE OP9IONS >\ND )\T CONC]N = :E!R !Y AX V]IFIABLE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! OBS]V] :O =MULATES !M4 ,NIETZS*E'S AGNO/ICISM1 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$1 IMPLI$ ?AT IT IS MEAN+LESS TO SPEAK ( AN OBJECTIVE REALM 9 :I* VALUES1 !ORIES1 & EXP]I5CE CAN BE BAS$4 O 

,?IS RELATIVISM OR 'P]SPECTIVISM'1 AS ,NIETZS*E CALL$ HIS VIEW1 IS BUILT ON ,GU/AV ,TEI*MULL]'S NOTION ?AT EV]Y BODY ( IDEAS IS A SIMPLE1 P>TIAL1 & 9COMPLETE P]SPECTIVE ON A HI<LY COMPLEX WORLD4 ,EA* VIEW ( ! WORLD1 = ,TEI*MULL]1 WAS EQUALLY VALID ) ANY O!R -- A PIVOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO PO/MOD]N ?9K+ -- AL?\< HIS VIEWS >E R>ELY1 IF EV] DISCUSS$ !SE DAYS4 ,YET HIS APPROA* ?AT ANY BODY ( IDEAS IS P>TIAL1 9DE$ ?AT IT CONTRIBUTES TO AN 9CREAS+LY BROAD] UND]/&+ ( REALITY -- WAS H>DLY NEW3 ,HEGEL1 & MU* E>LI] ,>I/OTLE1 ASSUM$ SU* A 'P]SPECTIVI/' APPROA* TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ?AT PREC$$ !IR [N4 ,MOREOV]1 ,TEI*MULL] ASSUM$ ?AT !RE IS A REALITY1 H[EV] COMPLEX & UNFA?OMABLE1 ?AT IS BEYOND M]E 9T]PRETATION1 & ?AT IT CAN BE KN[N BY REASON AS WELL AS BY EXP]I5CE4 

,NIETZS*E QUE/IONS ?IS TRADITIONAL CONCLUSION4 ,9 A PO/HUM\SLY PUBLI%$ FRAGM5T HE ASKS3  
  

,:AT !N IS TRU?8 ,A MOBILE >MY ( METAPHORS1 METONYMNS1 & AN?ROPOMORPHISMS -- 9 %ORT1 A SUM ( HUMAN RELATIONS1 IVHI* HAVE BE5 5HANC$1 TRANSPOS$1 & EMBELLI%$ POETICALLY & RHETORICALLY1 & :I* AFT] LONG USE SEEM FIRM1 CANONICAL1 & OBLIGATORY TO A PEOPLE3 TRU?S >E ILLUSIONS AB\T :I* ONE HAS =GOTT5 ?IS IS :AT !Y >E2 METAPHORS :I* >E WORN \T & )\T S5SU\S P[]2 CO9S :I* HAVE LO/ !IR PICTURES & N[ MATT] ONLY AS METAL1 NO LONG] AS CO9S4.<#b#d#c.>  
  

,BY OMITT+ ! C]TA9TIES ( TRU? FROM HIS DISCUSSION1 ,NIETZS*E PRES5TS A RADICAL RELATIVISM -- A SUBJECTIVE1 EV5 L+UI/IC RELATIVISM -- ?AT HAS 5T]$ 9TO PO/MOD]NISM ) A V5GEANCE4 ,?US3  
  

,AGA9/ POSITIVISM1 :I* HALTS AT PH5OM5A -- ',T,JT]E >E ONLY FACTS' -- ,I W\LD SAY3 ,NO1 FACTS >E PRECISELY :AT !RE IS NOT1 ONLY 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,WE CANNOT E/ABLI% ANY FACT '9 ITSELF' 444 ',EV]Y?+ IS SUBJECTIVE1' Y\ SAY2 BUT EV5 ?IS IS 9T]PRETATION4 ,! 'SUBJECT' IS NOT SOME?+ GIV51 IT IS SOME?+ ADD$ & 9V5T$ & PROJECT$ BEH9D :AT !RE IS4 -- ,F9ALLY1 IS IT NECESS>Y TO POSIT AN 9T]PRET] BEH9D ! 9T]PRETATIONS8 ,EV5 ?IS IS 9V5TION1 HYPO!SIS4.<#b#d#d.>  
  

,NONE ( !SE /ATEM5TS PREV5T ,NIETZS*E1 9 PR9CIPLE1 FROM EX]CIS+ ! PRIVILEGE ( SAY+ AS MU* AS HE C>ES TO SAY AB\T IDEAS & REALITY1 LEA/ ( ALL )9 ! V]Y PHILOSOPHICAL REALM HE PR(ESSES TO REJECT4 ,HE EV5 HAS A FULL PHILOSOPHY1 BY NO MEANS F> REMOV$ FROM ! METAPHYSICS HE D5\NCES4 ,NIETZS*E PRES5TS HIS 'P]SPECTIVES'1 SU* AS HIS NOTION ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 AS ?\< !Y HAVE OBJECTIVE VALIDITY OR FACTICITY4 ,NOT)/&+ REC5T ATTEMPTS TO GIVE ?IS NOTION A METAPHORIC QUALITY1 ,NIETZS*E HIMSELF ACTUALLY WANT$ TO /UDY ! NATURAL SCI5CES TO F9D ONTOLOGICAL EVID5CE = ?IS CYCLICAL BELIEF4 

,AL?\< A NUMB] ( ,NIETZS*E'S FAIL+S -- >GUABLY -- W]E CRITICIZ$ BY ,HEIDEGG] & LAT] BY PO/MOD]NI/S1 HIS LA/+ IMPR9T ON PO/MOD]NI/ ?\<T CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,BY R$UC+ TRU? TO L+UI/IC TRADITIONS & FACTS TO 9T]PRETATIONS1 HE PROVIDES PO/MOD]NI/S ) ! MEANS -- AS WELL AS ! /YLI/IC BRILLIANCE & F]V5T MILITANCY -- TO RADICALLY SUBJECTIVIZE TRU? & FACTS1 & TO D5Y ! VALIDITY ( ANY OBJECTIVE CONCEPT ( HI/ORY AS UNIV]SALI/IC1 9DE$ AS MORE ?AN A DISJO9T$1 V>IABLE1 & FREE-FLOAT+ COLLECTION ( N>RATIVES4 ,! SAME FRAGM5T+ & SEEM+LY SUBV]SIVE /RATEGY C\LD ALSO BE APPLI$ TO SCI5CE1 REASON1 ! SUBJECT1 & SOCIAL !ORY1 ALL ( :I* PO/MOD]NI/S W]E TO CA/ AS SPECIFIC SOCIAL OR EV5 P]SONAL CREATIONS4 

,9 A H>% DEPRECATION ( 'MAN' & REASON1 ,NIETZS*E REGALES US ) ! FABLE ( AN 9CONSEQU5TIAL '/> ON W9* CLEV] ANIMALS 9V5T$ KN[L$GE' DUR+ '! HAU<TIE/ & MO/ M5DACI\S M9UTE ( 0WORLD HI/ORY0 -- YET ONLY A M9UTE' 9 COSMIC TIME1 AFT] W9* '! /> GREW COLD1 & ! CLEV] ANIMALS HAD TO DIE'4 ,NOR DOES ! FABLE SUFFICI5TLY ILLU/RATE1 AS ,NIETZS*E PUTS IT1 'H[ WRET*$1 H[ %AD[Y & FLI<TY1 H[ AIMLESS & >BITR>Y1 ! HUMAN 9TELLECT APPE>S 9 NATURE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 ET]NITIES :5 IT DID NOT EXI/2 & :5 IT IS DONE = AGA91 NO?+ WILL HAVE HAPP5$4444 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 NATURE SO DESPICABLE OR 9SIGNIFICANT ?AT IT CANNOT IMM$IATELY BE BL[N UP LIKE A BAG BY A SLI<T BREA? ( ?IS P[] ( KN[L$GE4'.<#b#d#e.> 

,NIETZS*E'S EXPLICIT DEPRECIATION ( HUMANITY1 HIS D5IGRATION ( REASON1 & HIS VIEW ( TRU? AS LITTLE MORE ?AN METAPHOR REV]B]AT$ AMONG MANY REACTION>IES :O FOLL[$ HIM1 PEOPLE :OM HE PROBABLY W\LD HAVE D5\NC$ AS ,REI*SM5S*51 AS HE WAS TO DESIGNATE ,RI*>D ,WAGN] = SURR5D]+ TO ,G]MAN NATIONALISM4 ,HIS IDIOSYNCRATIC M9D & HIS BRILLIANT /YLE LURES US TOO EASILY 9TO HIS LIT]>Y ORBIT & MY/IFIES US ) PI?Y & COLORFUL G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,YET ! MISAN?ROPIC ATTITUDES ?AT UND]P9 SO MU* ( HIS ?\<T %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$4 ,NIETZS*E WAS NO ANGEL1 & TO HIS CR$IT1 HE W\LD-HAVE DESPIS$ ANYONE :O CALL$ HIM ONE4 ,HIS IRASCIBILITY1 AT ONCE COAX+ & BULLY+1 SELFL-C]TA9 & CONTRADICTORY1 MAY ACC\NT = ! ABILITY ( HIS BOOKS TO SPEAK TO A V]Y BROAD SPECTRUM ( ?9K]S AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 

,AS CRITICISM ( ! LATE ,VICTORIAN WORLD :OSE PHILI/9ISM 9FECT$ ,G]MANY NO LESS ?AN ,5GL&1 HIS WORK IS SP>KL+ :5 IT IS NOT RECKLESSLY SELF-ADULATORY4 ,WAVES ( METAPHORS & AN UNREL5T+ L+UI/IC BRILLIANCE C>RY ! READ] AWAY4 ,?AT HIS WORKS W]E TAK5 S]I\SLY DUR+ A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REACTION SOME SEV5TY OR EI<TY YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?1 & ELICIT$ A VA/ NUMB] ( COMM5T>IES ON HIM AS ONE ( ! ?REE MO/ 9FLU5TIAL PHILOSOPH]S ( \R ]A1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ,M>X & ,FREUD1 IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,SOCIAL REACTION BRE$S CULTURAL DECAD5CE1 & ! MO/ >TICULATE ACADEMIC CRITICS ( ?AT DECAD5CE1 DRAWN 9 GREAT P>T FROM A DISILLUSION$ ,FR5* LEFT1 CAME TO BE AMONG ! MO/ COMPELL+ SYMPTOMS ( DECAD5CE ITSELF 

,:AT FILIATIONS DO PO/MOD]NI/S CLAIM ) ,NIETZS*E1 & :AT HAVE !Y ADD$ TO HIS PUTATIVE 9SI<TS8 

,C]TA9LY1 ,NIETZS*E'S IMM$IATE1 9DE$ 'PROGRAMMATIC' CONTRIBUTION IS HIS P]SPECTIVISM1 HIS RADICAL IF UND]!ORIZ$ RELATIVISM4 ,TO T9S WE MU/ ADD HIS C&ID ANTI-RATIONALISM1 HIS L+UI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( FACTICITY1 HIS D5IAL ( OBJECTIVITY1 & HIS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT AS SOME?+ '9V5T$ & PROJECT$ BEH9D :AT !RE IS' -- EV5 TO ! PO9T :]E HE *ALL5GES ! EXI/5CE ( 'AN 9T]PRET] BEH9D ! 9T]PRETATION'4 ,NOT ONLY >E !SE P>ADOXES DIZZY+1 BUT ,NIETZS*E HIMSELF WAS H>DLY PRONE TO D5Y ?AT !Y EXI/$ UNRESOLV$4 

,9 ! ,P>IS ( ! #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS1 H[EV]1 PO//RUCTURALI/ & LAT] PO/MOD]NI/ 9TELLECTUALS W]E NOT DISCIPL9$ READ]S ( E>LI] PHILOSOPH]S & T5D$ TO GLIDE OV] SU* P>ADOXES1 :I* (T5 V]GE ON \TRI<T CONTRADICTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y EV5 CELEBRAT$1 :5 IT WAS OPPORTUNE1 ! NE$$ 'AMBIGUITIES' ?AT *ALL5GE ! SO-CALL$ 'LOGO C5TRIC' ?9K+ ( MOD]NITY & HUMANISM4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ,FR5* PO/W> PHILOSOPH]S TO CLAIM ! DIRECT H]ITAGE ( ,NIETZS*E -- & /YLI/ICALLY ! MO/ BEWIT*+ -- WAS ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT4 ,ES*EW+ LABELS LIKE PO/MOD]NISM1 HE SIMPLY DECL>$1 ',I AM A ,NIETZS*EAN'1 %ORDY BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#h#d1 & ) WRY HUMOR HE DEPRECAT$ PO/MOD]NISM AS A FAD4 ,AL?\< ,F\CAULT E>N$ A GR[+ AUDI5CE ) HIS E>LY WORKS & SOME DI/9CTION AS A ?9K] 9SIDE ,FRANCE1 HE REALLY CATAPULT$ 9TO ! PUBLIC EYE AFT] ! ,MAY--,JUNE EV5TS4.<#b#d#f.> 

,F\CAULT'S READ]%IP GREW ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,MADNESS & ,CIVILIZATION 9 ,FRANCE 9 #aifa & ITS TRANSLATION 9 AN ABRIDG$ =M 9TO ,5GLI% 9 #a#i#f#c1 FOLL[$ BY HIS BE/-SELL+ ,! ,ORD] ( ,?+S 9 #a#i#f#e4 ,YET HIS WORK SEEM$ NO MORE RELEVANT TO ! RADICAL CULTURE ( ! TIME ?AN ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N'S ,LIFE ,AGA9/ ,DEA?1 TO :I* IT WAS COMP>$ 9 A ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES BOOK REVIEW4 ,HIS REPUTATION SWELL$ ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,DISCIPL9E & ,PUNI% 9 #a#i#g#e1 FOLL[$ BY ITS TRANSLATION 9TO ,5GLI% )9 TWO YE>S4 ,9 ! N9E YE>S ?AT REMA9$ TO HIM1 ,F\CAULT BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ LIONIZ$1 S\<T-AFT]1 & ACCLAIM$ 9TELLECTUALS ON ! ACADEMIC SC5E1 NOT ONLY 9 ,FRANCE BUT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY ! #a#i#hS MANY CRITICS HAIL$ HIM AS ! GREATE/ ?9K] ( ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,:Y ?IS 5ORM\S ACCLAIM = A HI/ORIAN :OSE WORK IS (T5 ANECDOTAL & :O AS A SPECULATIVE ?9K] IS NOT V]Y SE>*+8 ,F\CAULT [ES A GREAT DEAL ( HIS IMM5SE REPUTATION TO ! FAILURE ( #aifh & ITS AFT]MA?1 NOT TO ANY ROLE HE PLAY$ AS AN 9ITIATOR ( OR EV5 A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON ! ,MAY--,JUNE EV5TS4 ,HIS BOOKS UNQUE/IONABLY SPEAK TO AN 9TELLECTUAL NE$ ASSOCIAT$ ) ! EV5EM5TS3 ! CRITIQUE ( P[]1 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! TRADITIONAL LEFT1 & ! CELEBRATION ( M>G9ALIZ$ LIFE-/YLES4 ,HE IS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! MASK$ =MS ( DOM9ATION 9 EV]YDAY LIFE ?AT R>ELY REA* ! LEVEL ( ORD9>Y CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT HE (T5 FOLL[$ PA?S RECONNOIT]$ BY ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE1 :O PIONE]$ ! /UDY ( EV]YDAY LIFE 7LE QUOTIDI57 AS F> BACK AS ! #a#i#dS4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY ( HIS READ]S SAW ,F\CAULT'S BOOKS AS CRITIQUES ( CIVILIZATION AS SU* & ( ANY BELIEF 9 PROGRESS1 A VIEW ?AT WAS TO COME V]Y MU* 9TO VOGUE 9 ! SEV5TIES & ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$4.<#b#d#g.> 

,F\CAULT IS ABOVE ALL A *RONICL] ( DOM9ATION1 REG>D$ BY MANY ( HIS READ]S1 ALL HIS EXCURSIONS 9TO LANGUAGE & ! 'HUMAN SCI5CES' NO T)/&+2 9DE$1 MANY PRES5T-DAY ,P>ISIANS SEE HIM PRIM>ILY AS A HI/ORIAN1 NOT AS A PHILOSOPH]4 ,9 ! E>LY & MID-#a#i#gS1 ,F\CAULT'S CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION1 IF BY NO MEANS ORIG9AL1 SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE4 ,! #aifh /UD5T UPRIS+ 9 ,P>IS HAD BE5 NOT ONLY A REVOLT AGA9/ ! MY? ?AT SOCIALISM EXI/$ 9 ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA BUT EVID5CE ( A GR[+ S5SITIVITY ON ! P>T ( ,FR5* ACADEMICS TO Y\? SUBCULTURES ?AT PLAC$ AN EXP&$ 9T]PRETATION ( SELFHOOD ON ! AG5DA ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,NEW ,LEFT 9ITIALLY /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! ECONOMI/IC DOCTR9ES ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 :I*1 9 ,FRANCE1 AT LEA/1 WAS /ILL ORGANIZ$ 9TO P[]FUL P>TIES4 ,FRE$OM & DOM9ATION SEEM$ TO ACQUIRE A BROAD] MEAN+ ?AN !Y HAD HAD 9 ! PA/1 ESPECIALLY :5 COLOR$ BY A RADICAL ES!TICISM /EEP$ 9 ,DADAI/ & ,SURREALI/ TRADITIONS RA!R ?AN 9 ,M>XI/ OR ,COMMUNI/ ONES4 

,UND]/&ABLY1 ! FAILURE ( ! ,MAY--,JUNE REVOLT DID NOT DIM9I% ! NEW FASC9ATION ) L>GELY CULTURAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 RADICALS ( NE>LY ALL K9DS SAW A NE$ = /UDIES ( CONCRETE =MS ( DOM9ATION2 = 9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ! OPPRESSIVE DIM5SIONS ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 :E!R 9 ! PA/ OR ! PRES5T2 9DE$1 = ACC\NTS ( SUBJUGATION & CO]CION ?AT ES*EW$ 'GR&'1 SEEM+LY AB/RACT1 & F9ALI/IC !ORIES AB\T HI/ORY & ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY4 

,F\CAULT'S CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION & P[] N[ BECAME 9CREAS+LY POPUL>3 IT MANAG$ TO SATISFY !SE NE$S 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 E>N+ CONSID]ABLE1 & 9 ,FRANCE1 POPUL> ACCLAIM4 ,NOT ONLY DID HIS BOOKS1 9T]VIEWS1 & LECTURES DESCRIBE OPPRESSIONS ?AT ORD9>ILY TAKE ! =M ( RATIONAL & HUMANE DISP5SATIONS1 SU* AS ASYLUMS ?AT PR(ESS TO 'TREAT' ! 9SANE & PRISONS ?AT PR(ESS TO 'REHABILITATE' !IR 9MATES2 HIS CRITICISMS ( DOM9ATION & P[] W]E UBIQUIT\S1 EXT5D+ FROM ASYLUMS & PRISONS TO ! MO/ M9UTE FEATURES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,MOREOV]1 :ATEV] HE 9T5D$ HIS WORK TO A*IEVE1 ,F\CAULT ATTACK$ 9/ITUTIONS AS SU*4 ,9 ONE ( HIS MO/ 9T]E/+ DIALOGUES -- ) A ,MAOI/1 ,PI]RE ,VICTOR -- HE DEF5DS ! #agib ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRES DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* SEEM+LY UNCONTROLL$ CR[DS1 FE>+ '9T]NAL 5EMIES' ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 BRUTALLY KILL$ ?\S&S ( PRISON]S 9 ! JAILS ( ! ,P>IS >EA2 MO/ ( ! LATT] W]E NOT POLITICAL PRISON]S BUT PRO/ITUTES1 DEBTORS1 & M9OR MALEFACTORS4 ,! MASSACRES1 ,F\CAULT DECL>ES1 W]E 'A POLITICAL ACT AGA9/ ! MANIPULATION ( ?OSE 9 P[]1 & AN ACT ( V5GEANCE AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE CLASSES4' ,HE FAVORABLY CONTRA/S ?IS 'POPUL> JU/ICE' EXECUT$ BY A CR[D ) ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 'AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]' 9 :I* ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #agib  
  

SET AB\T /AG+ A C\RT3 JUDGES BEH9D A TABLE1 REPRES5T+ A ?IRD P>TY /&+ BETWE5 ! PEOPLE :O W]E 'SCREAM+ = V5GEANCE J & ! ACCUS$ :O W]E EI!R 'GUILTY' OR '9NOC5T'2 AN 9VE/IGATION TO E/ABLI% ! 'TRU?' OR TO OBTA9 A 'CONFESSION2 DELIB]ATION 9 ORD] TO F9D \T :AT WAS 'JU/'4444 ,CAN WE NOT SEE ! EMBRYONIC1 ALBEIT FRAGILE =M ( A /ATE APP>ATUS REAPPE>+ H]E8.<#b#d#h.>  
  

,?IS PASSAGE IS PLA9LY DIRECT$ AGA9/ 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9 ANY =M -- AS ?\< ! CR[D'S BEHAVIOR W]E 5TIRELY SPONTANE\S 7:I* IT PROBABLY WAS NOT7 & ! ,COMMUNE'S CREATION ( AN AD HOC 'C\RT' CON/ITUT$ AN 'EMBRYONIC 444 /ATE APP>ATUS' 7:I* IT DID NOT1 UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES74 ,LACK+ ANY SE>*+ !ORETICAL OR HI/ORICAL CONTEXTUALITY1 ,F\CAULT'S /ATEM5TS ON ! PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT ISSUE ( JU/ TREATM5T = CRIM9AL BEHAVIOR AX COMPLETELY RECKLESS & ONLY SEEM+LY RADICAL4 ,TO SEE AN 'EMBRYONIC' /ATE P[] 9 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HUMAN 9T]ACTION1 EV5 9 ITS /RICTLY FUNCTIONAL & AD HOC =MS1 IS AS SIMPLI/IC AS IT IS MISLEAD+4 ,C>RI$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ,F\CAULT'S VIEW ESS5TIALLY EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ANY K9D ( SOCIETY CAN EXI/ )\T DOM9ATION1 UNLESS IT IS A FREE-:EEL+ MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS :O SOMEH[ CONGEAL 9TO 'FUNCTIONAL' BODIES LIKE ! ,SEPTEMB] CR[DS4 ,?AT ! >BITR>9ESS ( CR[D 'ACTIONS' MAY UND]M9E ! IMP]ATIVES ( ORGANIZ$ & RATIONAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 UND]!ORIZ$ AT BE/ OR B>ELY REA*$ ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\S =MULATION AT WOR/4 ,F\CAULT'S ANECDOTAL & ALMO/ MICROSCOPIC TREATM5T ( P[] NOT)/&+1 HIS V]Y 5DEAVOR TO %[ ITS UBIQUITY 9 FACT MAKES P[] TOO COSMIC & ELUSIVE TO GRASP4 ,WE KN[ ! DETAILS ( P[] -- (T5 QUITE M>G9AL DETAILS -- BUT WE DO NOT KN[ ! PREMISES & !  
/RUCTURE ( P[]1 NOTABLY1 ! CRUCIAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT UND]P9 IT4 ,SE5 ONLY AS ! EX]CISE ( CO]CION 7:I* ! CR[DS ( ,SEPTEMB] #agib C]T A9LY EX]CIS$671 P[] BECOMES TOO UBIQUIT\S TO COPE )4 ,IT IS EV]Y:]E -- &1 FUNCTIONALLY1 BEYOND COMPREH5SION -- H[EV] MU* IT MAY V>Y 9 DEGREES OR BE CONC5TRAT$ BY 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE IS NO GOOD REASON :Y ! ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRE CR[DS ?AT BRUTALLY SLAU<T]$ ! PRISON]S W]E MORE 'FREE' OR DESIRABLE ?AN A C\RT SET UP BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO SIFT 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION FROM PETTY CRIM9ALS4 

,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 P[] ITSELF IS NOT SOME?+ :OSE ELIM9ATION IS ACTUALLY POSSIBLE4 ,HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & CLASSES CAN & %\LD BE ELIM9AT$1 AS %\LD ! USE ( P[] TO =CE PEOPLE TO ACT AGA9/ !IR WILL4 ,BUT ! LIB]ATORY USE ( P[]1 ! EMP[]M5T ( ! DISEMP[]$1 IS 9DISP5SABLE = CREAT+ A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! NE$ = SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY -- 9 %ORT1 FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT SEEMS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT PEOPLE C\LD HAVE A FREE SOCIETY1 BO? AS SOCIAL & P]SONAL BE+S1 )\T CLAIM+ P[]1 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ IT = COMMON & RATIONALLY GUID$ 5DS1 & 9T]V5+ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD TO MEET RATIONAL NE$S4 

,F\CAULT'S OPPOSITION TO 9/ITUTIONS AS SU* SIGNIFICANTIY IMPAIRS HIS CRITIQUE ( P[]4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! SUB/ANTIAL & =MAL EX]CISE ( P[] VEX HIM2 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9 ALL =MS IS SO 9TEGRALLY RELAT$ TO ! EX]CISE ( P[] ?AT HIS CRITIQUE IS COMPLETELY R$UCTIONI/1 :I* IS TO SAY1 VACU\SLY AB/RACT4 ,9/ITUTIONS >E P>T ( EV5 ! SIMPLE/ ( HUMAN AFFILIATIONS1 BE !Y FAMILIES1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 OR MUNICIPALITIES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! MULTITUDE ('E/ABH%M5TS' HUMAN BE+S REQUIRE SIMPLY TO HAVE A SOCIETY4 ,?US1 ,F\CAULT EXHIBITS LITDE OR NO CONC]N AB\T ! NATURE ( P[]4 ,HIS PSEUDO-LIB]T>IAN APPROA* IS ULTIMATELY SO SWEEP+ AS TO V]GE ON EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,NO DI/9CTION IS MADE BETWE5 P[] HELD BY /ATE 9/ITUTIONS & P[] CLAIM$ BY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS OR BETWE5 9/ITUTIONS ?AT LEAD TO TYRANNY & ?OSE ?AT LEAD TO FRE$OM4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,F\CAULT1 A POLITICAL-ACTIVI/ 9 HIS [N WAY1 WAS COMMITT$ TO EPISODIC EV5TS3 TO DEMON/RATIONS1 PROTE/S1 BATTLES ) ! POLICE -- 9 %ORT1 TO DISCONT9U\S OCCURR5CES1 LOCAL SITUATIONS ?AT >E 5TIRELY EPHEM]AL1 ?AT COME & GO 9 ! FLUX ( M]E EV5TS & NEV] LEAD TO ! =MATION ( BROAD SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,ADVANC+ NO CON/RUCTIVE /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS ( P[] AS SU*1 ,F\CAULT (F]S NO REM$IES = SOCIAL *ANGE BEYOND ! IMPACT ( 9CID5TS -- TUMULTU\S AT BE/ & PASSIVE AT WOR/4 

,LIKE A GNOMIC W&]] ) A TA/E = ! M>G9AL1 ,F\CAULT SE>*ES HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS ) AN EYE = ! CRYPTIC EPISODE -- ! MY?IC1 ! MASK$'1 9DE$1 ! IRRATIONAL1 ( :I* HE IS NOT A CRITIC 9 PR9CIPLE1 BUT A CELEBRANT1 LIV+ BEL[ ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\S1 =?RI<T EXPLORATION4 ,IF ,NIETZS*E DECL>$ ?AT ,GOD IS DEAD1 ,F\CAULT ANN\NCES '! 5D ( MAN'2 BUT :]E ,NIETZS*E WAS MILITANT 9 HIS PRON\NCEM5T1 ,F\CAULT IS HAZY & ELLIPTICAL4 ,! (T5 CONVOLUT$ PROSE (  
,! ,ORD] ( ,?+S1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON ! ONTOG5ETIC ROLE ( LANGUAGE1 TELLS US LITTLE MORE ?AN :AT ,NIETZS*E WAS TO SAY 9 HIS AFFIRMATION ( HUMAN EPHEM]ALITY4 

,9DE$1 US+ LANGUAGE MY?OPOEICAFLY ) A S5SE ( PRIVATE MY/]Y1 ,F\CAULT ANN\NCES HUMANITY'S BURIAL3  
  

,?US1 ! LA/ MAN IS AT ! 4SAME TIME OLD] & YET Y\NG] ?AN ! DEA? ( ,GOD2 S9CE HE HAS KILL$ ,GOD1 IT IS HE HIMSELF :O MU/ ANSW] = HIS [NFMITUDE2 BUT S9CE IT IS 9 ! DEA? ( ,GOD ?AT HE SPEAKS1 ?9KS1 & EXI/S1 HIS MURD] ITSELF IS DOOM$ TO DIE2 NEW GODS1 ! SAME GODS1 >E ALREADY SWELL+ ! FUTURE ,OCEAN2 MAN WILL DISAPPE>4 ,RA!R ?AN ! DEA? ( ,GOD -- OR1 RA!R1 9 ! WAKE ( ?AT DEA? & 9 PR(\ND CORRELATION ) IT -- :AT ,NIETZS*E'S ?\<T H]ALDS IS ! 5D ( HIS MURD]]2 IT IS ! EXPLOSION ( MAN'S FACE 9 LAU<T]1 & ! RETURN ( ! MASKS4.<#b#d#i.>  
  

,?IS IS A S+UL>LY REACTION>Y /ATEM5T4 ,IT H]ALDS ! COM+ ( 'NEW GODS1 ! SAME GODS' 9 '! FUTURE ,OCEAN'1 & ) ITS QUASI-MY/ICAL & AMBIGU\S PROSE1 IT EPITOMIZES ,F\CAULT'S REJECTION ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 :I* TRI$ TO ELIM9ATE ,GOD FROM ! HUMAN CONDITION & BR+ HUMANITY FACE TO FACE ) ITSELF & ) REALITY BY REMOV+ ITS MY?IC 'MASKS'4 ,9 ! ,NIETZS*EAN MY? ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 AS ,F\CAULT SEEMS TO SEE IT1 ! 'DEA? ( ,GOD' PREP>ES ! WAY NOT ONLY = '! 5D ( MAN'1 BUT = ! RETURN ( O!R GODS & ATAVI/IC 'MASKS' -- IF NOT ! PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION ( HUMANITY ITSELF 9 A NUCLE> HOLOCAU/4 

,AS = TRU?1 ,F\CAULT DECL>ES ?AT IT  
  

ISN'T \TSIDE P[]1 LACK+ 9 P[] CONTR>Y TO A MY? :OSE HI/ORY & FUNCTIONS W\LD REPAY FUR!R /UDY1 TRU? ISN'T ! REW>D ( FREE SPIRITS1 ! *ILD ( PROTRACT$ SOLITUDE1 NOR ! PRIVILEGE ( ?OSE :O HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 LIB]AT+ !MSELVES 4 ,TRU? IS A ?+ ( ?IS WORLD3 IT IS PRODUC$ ONLY BY VIRTUE ( MULTIPLE =MS ( CON/RA9T 4 ,& IT 9DUCES REGUL> EFFECTS ( P[]4 ,EA* SOCIETY HAS ITS REGIME ( TRU?1 ITS 'G5]AL POLITICS' ( TRU?3 ?AT IS1 ! TYPES ( DISC\RSE IVHI* IT ACCEPTS & MAKES FUNCTION AS TRUE2 ! ME*ANISMS & 9/ANCES :I* 5ABLE ONE TO DI/+UI% TRUE & FALSE /ATEM5TS1 ! MEANS BY :I* EA* IS SANCTION$2 ! TE*NIQUES & PROC$URES ACCORD$ VALUE 9 ! ACQUISITION ( TRU?2 ! /ATUS ( ?OSE :O >E *>G$ ) SAY+ :AT C\NTS AS TRUE4.<#b#e.>  
  

,F\CAULT1 9 EFFECT1 ESCALATES ,NIETZS*E'S [N P]SPECTIVISM )\T ADD+ ANY DIALECTIC ( TRU?1 ( KN[L$GE1 ( ?\<T1 & LEA/ ( ALL ( HI/ORY4 ,! READ] IS LEFT ) ONLY ! IMPOV]I%$ RELATIVISM ( A FIX$ TIME & PLACE1 ( P[] 9 ALL ITS 'MASKS'4 ,HI/ORY APPE>S AS 'DATA' ORGANIZ$ 9TO 'REGIMES ( TRU?'1 EA* ( :I* IS ESS5TIALLY H]METIC & SELF-5CLOS$4 ,GIV5 !SE SPECIFIC 'REGIMES ( TRU?'1 SOCIAL FRE$OM IS ESS5TIALLY IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE P[]1 AS EX]CIS$ BY !SE 'REGIMES'1 IS  
9TEGRAL TO SOCIAL LIFE AS SU*4 ,! 'REGIMES ( TRU?' DO DEP5D TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R ON EA* O!R1 9 ! =M ( %R$D$ 'H&-ME-D[NS'1 NOT AS A DEVELOP+ CONT9UUM1 LET ALONE A UNIV]SALI/IC ONE4 

,!RE IS 5\< 9 ,F\CAULT'S (T5 EQUIVOCAL & CRYPTIC WRIT+S TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ?AT WE CAN ACTUALLY ATTA9 SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,WE MAY RESI/ ! SOCIAL ORD] P]HAPS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! DEF5SIVE ACTIONS ( 'LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS'1 AS ,F\CAULT CALLS !M4 ,WE CAN DEFY1 PROTE/1 /RIKE A BL[ AGA9/ ! ALL-EMBRAC+ AU?ORITY ( 'REGIMES ( TRU?'1 BUT A RADICAL BREA* ) ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & ITS REPLACEM5T ) A TRULY LIB]AT$ ONE IS PRECLUD$ BY ! PREMISE ?AT SOCIAL LIFE & ITS 9DISP5SABLE 9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS ESS5TIALLY A SY/EM ( SUBORD9ATION & DOM9ATION ?AT WE M]ELY 'RE9SCRIBE' :5 WE TRY TO REPLACE ONE SOCIAL =M ) ANO!R4.<#b#e#a.> 

,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ,F\CAULT WAS A HUMANE MAN1 VISC]ALLY CONC]N$ AB\T ! 9JU/ICES ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! WORLD1 & FREQU5TLY PREP>$ TO ACT MILITANTLY 9 DEF5SE ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,BUT HE (F]S NO BASIC PHILOSOPHY = HIS ACTIONS & 9 MANY WAYS VITIATES ! EM]G5CE ( ONE4 ,AS A CRITIC ( P[] HE 9 FACT LEAVES US QUITE P[]LESS TO *ANGE \R FATE1 & =ESEES1 ALONG ) ,NIETZS*E1 NOT ONLY ! 5D ( ,GOD BUT ! 5D ( MAN4 ,HIS EXPLICIT ANTIHUMANISM1 HIS REJECTION ( ! POT5TIALITIES OP5$ BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 HIS AHI/ORICISM1 & HIS TREATM5T ( TRU? AS A 'REGIME' ( DOM9ATION >E TOO DEBILITAT+ 9 !IR SOCIAL EFFECTS TO SUPPORT ! IMAGE ( ! 5GAG$ ,FR5* 9TELLECTUAL4 ,HE DRIFT$ FROM ,/AL9ISM TO ,MAOISM TO A LIFE-/YLE AN>*ISM -- MORE PROP$Y1 NIHILISM -- )9 A SPAN ( ONLY TWO DECADES4 ,IT IS AS A DEF9+ ?9K] ( PO//RUCTURALISM & PO/MOD]NISM ?AT HIS BASIC IDEAS >E ( CONC]N H]E4 

,A V>IETY ( ?9K]S :O EM]G$ ALONG ) ,F\CAULT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS & FL\RI%$ AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! #aifh EV5TS LAID ! BASIS = :AT IS N[ G5]ICALLY CALL$ PO/MOD]NISM4 ,! MO/ NOTABLE ( ?IS GR\P >E ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 ,JEAN-,FRANCOIS ,LYOT>D1 ,GILLES ,DELEUZE & ,FELIX ,GUATT>I1 & ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 SEV]AL ( :OM MADE !IR C>E]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS WELL AS ,FRANCE4 ,NOT ALL ( !SE WRIT]S ACCEPT A PO/MOD]NI/ LABEL1 BUT !IR WORK R>ELY JU/IFIES ?IS DISCLAIM] & ALL ( !M1 )\T EXCEPTION1 CAN VALIDLY BE REG>D$ AS BITT] OPPON5TS ( ! 5SEMBLE ( IDEAS ,I HAVE CALL$ 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM4 

,AP>T FROM ,F\CAULT1 ! MO/ WIDELY KN[N ( ! GR\P IS ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 A ,FR5* ,ALG]IAN ( ,SEPH>DIC ,JEWI% ANCE/RY1 :OSE BOOKS1 >TICLES1 & LECTURES HAVE HAD AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE 9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES4 ,& IT IS ) ,D]RIDA & HIS 9TELLECTUAL GR\ND+ ?AT WE WILL BE PR9CIPALLY CONC]N$ 9 MO/ ( ! PAGES ?AT FOLL[4 

,IF ,F\CAULT EXPRESSLY PLAC$ HIMSELF 9 ! TRADITION ( ,NIETZS*E1 ,D]RIDA PLACES HIMSELF 9 ! TRADITION ( ! LAT] ,HEIDEGG]4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* !SE TWO 'TRADITIONS' CAN 9 FACT BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM EA* O!R IS >GUABLE2 ,NIETZS*E C\LD HAVE N\RI%$ BO? ,FR5* ?9K]S 9 =MULAT+ !IR MANY COMMON & DEF9+ VIEWS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 HE HAD ALREADY 'ABOLI%$' ! SUBJECT 7OR '9T]PRETATOR'71 ! OBJECTIVITY ( TRU?1 & ! SIGNIFICANCE ( HUMANITY 9 ! COSMIC NATURE ( ?+S4 ,!SE >E MAJOR MOTIFS 9 BO? ,F\CAULT & ,D]RIDA4 ,BUT ,D]RIDA HIMSELF HAS 9SI/$ UPON HIS FILIATIONS ) -- & TRANSC5D5CE ( -- ,HEIDEGG]1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CLOS+ PAGES ( ! ',5DS ( ,MAN' & 9 HIS "9,( ,SPIRIT@&1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LD NOT TAKE HIM AT HIS WORD AS WELL AS ACKN[L$GE HIS RES]VATIONS4.<#b#e#b.> 

,TODAY'S ACADEMIC 9VE/M5T 9 ,HEIDEGG] 7AS WELL AS 9 ,F\CAULT & ,D]RIDA7 IS SO IMM5SE ?AT ANYONE :O *ALL5GES ,HEIDEGG]'S /ATUS AS ! 'GREATE/ PHILOSOPH]' ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY RISKS G>N]+ OPPROBRIUM V]G+ ON DEFAMATION4 ,YET ! EMP]OR1 9 FACT1 IS WE>+ V]Y FEW CLO!S 9DE$4 ,F> FROM BE+ A SIGNIFICANT PHILOSOPH]1 ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG] IS NOT ONLY GROSSLY OV]RAT$ AS A ?9K] BUT HE IS ONE ( ! MO/ REACTION>Y ON ! SPECTRUM ( ,WELTANS*AUUNG ?\<T4 

,MORE PRET5TI\S & MY/ICAL ?AN HIS ACOLYTES >E PRONE TO ACKN[L$GE1 ,HEIDEGG] WAS A PRODUCT ( S\? ,G]MAN PROV9CIALISM4.<#b#e#c.> ,! TRAJECTORY ( HIS IDEAS FROM ! #a#i#bS TO HIS LA/ WORKS 9 ! #a#i#gS SITUATES HIM 9 :AT ,FRITZ ,/EM HAS CALL$ A ,KULTURRELIGION ?AT  
  

EMBRAC$ NATIONALISM 444 = IT 9SI/$ ON ! ID5TITY ( ,G]MAN IDEALISM & NATIONALISM4 ,! ESS5CE ( ! ,G]MAN NATION WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ITS SPIRIT1 REVEAL$ BY ITS >TI/S & ?9K]S1 & AT TIMES /ILL REFLECT$ 9 ! LIFE ( ! SIMPLE1 UNSPOIL$ FOLK4444 ,COMMON W]E ! LAM5TATIONS AB\T ! DECL9E ( ! ,G]MAN SPIRIT1 ! DEFEAT ( IDEALISM BY ! =CES ( REALISM 9 POLITICS & ( MAT]IALISM 9 BUS9ESS4.<#b#e#d.>  
  

,AL?\< HE WAS 9ITIALLY TRA9$ 9 !OLOGY1 ,HEIDEGG]'S #a#i#bS WRIT+S RETA9 A SECUL>ITY ?AT PROBABLY /EMM$ FROM HIS TRA9+ ) ,$MUND ,HUSS]L1 ! DI/+UI%$ 'FA!R' ( MOD]N PH5OM5OLOGY1 :O CALL$ UPON PHILOSOPH]S TO REMOVE ! MULTITUDE ( ASSUMPTIONS ?AT OV]LIE DIRECT ACCESS TO '! FACTS' -- AN APPEAL ?AT 5D$1 ODDLY 5\<1 9 A V>IANT ( IDEALISM RA!R ?AN EMPIRICISM4 ,AS ,HUSS]L'S ASSI/ANT & HIS *OS5 SUCCESSOR AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,FREIBURG1 ,HEIDEGG]1 F> FROM 'GO+ BACK TO ! FACTS'1 ESS5TIALLY MY/IFI$ !M4 ,9 HIS ,BE+ & ,TIME 7#a#i#b#g71 ! WORK ?AT MADE HIS REPUTATION 9 ,G]MANY & ABROAD & ?AT HE D$ICAT$ TO ,HUSS]L '9 FRI5D%IP & ADMIRATION'1 ,HEIDEGG]'S J>GON FREI<TS PSY*OLOGICAL NOTIONS ) AN 'ONTOLOGICAL' P]SPECTIVE ?AT ONLY SUP]FICIALLY RESEMBLES ONTOLOGY AS AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! NATURE ( REALITY4 ,9 FACT1 ,HEIDEGG] ESS5TIALLY 9TEFLECTUALIZ$ HIS REGIONAL PROV9CIALISM & REACTIONISM 9TO A METAPHYSICAL PSY*OLOGY -- MU* MORE ?AN A PHILOSOPHY -- & MADE 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY BY TRANS=M+ MOODS & S5TIM5TS 9TO CATEGORIES4 ,! WORK = :I* HE IS /ILL BE/ KN[N1 ,BE+ & ,TIME1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#g1 F\ND A READY AUDI5CE 9 ,G]MANY1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE & ACADEMIC M&>9S AFFLICT$ BY ! ALI5ATION1 CULTURAL PESSIMISM1 & ,WELTS*M]Z ( ! ,WEIM> ]A4 

,HEIDEGG] PR(ESS$ TO BREAK1 ROOT & BRAN*1 ) :AT HE TOOK TO BE #b1#e YE>S ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 FACT1 ) TRADITIONAL ONTOLOGY ITSELF4 ,F> FROM PRODUC+ A NEW ONTOLOGY1 HE SUBV]T$ ONTOLOGY BY US+ TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES LIKE ',BE+' & ',TIME' TO RADICALLY R$EF9E ITS APPROPRIATE CONC]NS4 ,FROM ,PLATO'S TIME ONW>D1 ,HEIDEGG] CONT5D$1 ONTOLOGY HAD /EADILY FOCUS$ ON AN ELABORATION ( ! ULTIMATE F\NDATIONS ( TEMPORAL PH5OM5A1 BE ?OSE F\NDATIONS ,PLATONIC '=MS'1 ,>I/OTELIAN SUB/ANCE1 ! ,C>TESIAN SUBJECT1 MAT]IALISM'S MATT]1 OR CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE'S 5]GY4 ,HEIDEGG]'S COMPLA9T1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 IS NOT WOR? A PF5NIG AS CRITICISM1 = !SE TRADITIONAL FOCI W]E & /ILL %\LD BE ! REAL CONC]NS ( ONTOLOGY1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R ONE AGREES ) A SPECIFIC ONTOLOGICAL VIEW SU* AS ,PLATO'S OR ,DESC>TES'S4 

,BUT = ,HEIDEGG]1 ?IS L9E ( ?\<T HAS 'CONCEAL$' OR LO/ CONTACT ) :AT IT MEANS = PH5OM5A 'TO BE' 4 ,IT /RAITJACKETS 'ISNESS' OR ',BE+' 7,SE97 9 RATIONAL CATEGORIES1 9/EAD ( LETT+ SPECIFIC BE+S OR 5TITIES 7,SEI5DE7 SIMPLY 'BE' OR 'MANIFE/' !MSELVES = :AT !Y 'REALLY' >E4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS 'CONCEALM5T' 1 HUMAN BE+S BECOME SEP>AT$ FROM ',BE+' 1 9DE$1 FROM '?+S !MSELVES' 1 & !Y DEVELOP A PRODUCTIVI/ M5TALITY ?AT VIEWS 5TITIES AS M]E OBJECTS = HUMAN USE4 ,HEIDEGG] R$UCES ONTOLOGY TO A =M ( CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL CRITICISM1 OV]LAID BY A V]BIAGE ?AT RE/ATES ! ONTOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ',BE+' AS 'SELF-REALIZATION' RA!R ?AN REALITY 9 ALL ITS =MS & *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,9 \R [N TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEIDEGG]1 WE >E TOTALLY 5VELOP$ BY A MANIPULATIVE & TE*NOCRATIC ATTITUDE T[>D ?+S1 SU* ?AT1 DIVE/$ FROM \R CONTACT ) ',BE+' 1 WE >E LEFT ON \R [N1 LEAD+ '9AU!NTIC' FIVES 9 :I* WE DREAD \R [N F9IT5ESS & MORTALITY4 ,F> FROM H]OICALLY AFFIRM+ ! C]TA9TY ( DEA? & BECOM+ 'AU!NTIC' 9 \R AFFIRMATION ( \R HUMANNESS1 OR ,DASE9 7LIT]ALLY3 ,BE+-!RE71 ) ITS WEAL? ( POSSIBILITIES1 WE HAVE DIS5GAG$ \RSELVES FROM NATURE & RETREAT$ 9TO ! CRUDE MAT]IALISM & EV]YDAY TRIVIALITIES ?AT OCCUPY ! FIVES ( :AT ,HEIDEGG] CALLS ! ',!Y' 7DAS ,MAN7 OR1 EQUIVAL5TLY1 :AT ,NIETZS*E CALL$ ! 'H]D' 4 ,WE >E P]MEAT$ BY ,ANG/ 1 '?R[N' 9TO A WODD ?AT IS M>K$ BY 'AMBIGUITY' 1 'IDLE TALK' 1 A 'FALL+' 7,V]FALI57 ( ,DASE9 9TO ! 'H]DLIKE WORLD ?AT R5D]S \R ',BE+-9-!-WORLD' 7:I* ,HEIDEGG] DESIGNATES AS ! BASIC /ATE ( ,DASE97 9CREAS+LY '9AU!NTIC' 7UNEIG5TLI*74 

,BE+ & ,TIME ESS5TIALLY BORR[S !MES FROM ,SOR5 ,KI]KEGA>D1 ,NIETZS*E1 & ANTI-,5FI<T5M5T IDEAS FROM ,G]MAN ROMANTIC CONS]VATIVES TO EXPLICATE \R 'FALL' OR 'FALL+' FROM AU!NTICITY TO 9AU!NTICITY1 US+ A METAPHYSICAL T]M9OLOGY ?AT TRANS=MS V]BS 9TO N\NS4  
,TO FALL1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A V]B1 LOAD$ ) RELIGI\S MEAN+1 BUT IT IS H>D TO SAY :AT IT SIGNIFIES :5 IT IS TURN$ 9TO ! METAPHYSICAL N\N  
FALL+1 AS IS ! CASE ) '?R[NNESS' 1 :I* ESS5TIALLY DEALS ) ! FACT ?AT WE DO NOT CREATE ! WORLD 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES4 ,IT IS CLE> FROM A READ+ ( ,BE+ & ,TIME ?AT WE HAVE BE5 'FALL+' = SOME TIME1 N[1 & YET ,HEIDEGG]'S USE ( ! T]M SUGGE/S A QUASI-RELIGI\S DESC5T ?AT ! ,BIBLE 5CAPSULAT$ 9TO A S+LE EV5T4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 IT IS H>D TO AVOID ! FEEL+ ?AT ,HEIDEGG]'S 'FALL+' IS A SECUL> V]SION ( ! BIBLICAL 'FALL' & 9CLUDES ! P5ALTY1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ( A LOSS = :I* WE >E OR HAVE BE5 PAY+ A GRAVE1 ALMO/ APOCALYPTIC P5ALTY 9 HIS LAT] WORKS4 

,NOR DOES ,HEIDEGG] ALWAYS PROVIDE US ) CLE> =MULATIONS ?AT HAVE1 9 FACT1 BE5 /AT$ MORE SUCC9CTLY BY O!R ?9K]S BE=E HIM4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ D5SE /ATEM5T 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME3 ',EV5 IF ,DASE9 IS 0ASSUR$0 9 ITS BELIEF AB\T ITS 0:I!R0'1 WE >E TOLD1 'ALL ?IS C\NTS = NO?+ AS AGA9/ ! PH5OM5AL FACTS ( ! CASE3 = ! MOOD BR+S ,DASE9 BE=E ! 0?AT-IT-IS0 ( ITS 0!RE01 :I*1 AS SU*1 />ES IT 9 ! FACE ) ! 9EXORABILITY ( AN 5IGMA4'.<#b#e#e.> ,ALL[ ME TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS IS OV]LOAD$ V]BIAGE = A CONDITION ?AT ,M>X1 = EXAMPLE1 NOT$ MORE PI?ILY :5 HE WROTE3 ',M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 BUT !Y DO NOT MAKE IT JU/ AS !Y PLEASE2 !Y DO NOT MAKE IT UND] CIRCUM/ANCES *OS5 BY !MSELVES1 BUT UND] CIRCUM/ANCES DIRECTLY 5C\NT]$1 GIV5 & TRANSMITT$ BY ! PA/4' .<#b#e#f.> 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO TE> (F ,HEIDEGG]'S L+UI/IC MASK -- ONE ?AT HIDES ! 'AU!NTIC' FACE ( PO/MOD]NISM G5]ALLY -- IF WE >E TO GET TO ! ESS5TIALS ( ! ,HEIDEGG]-,D]RIDA CONNECTION4 ,! EASE ) :I* ,HEIDEGG]'S LANGUAGE P]MITS HIM TO 5GAGE 9 CIRCUL> REASON+2 HIS TYPICALLY MY/ICAL REC\RSE TO 'SIL5CE' AS ! MODE ( DISC\RSE = 'CONSCI5CE' 2 HIS CONTRADICTORY EMPHASIS ON P]SONALISM ON ! ONE H& & ! SUBORD9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL 9CL9ATIONS TO ! COLLECTIVE 'DE/9Y' ( ! ',VOLK' 1 ON ! O!R -- ALL CAN BE EXAM9$ ONLY 9 A BOOK-L5G? ACC\NT ( ,HEIDEGG]IAN ?\<T4 

,BUT ,HEIDEGG]'S OBS]VATION ON ! RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO :AT SEEMS UNCOM=TABLY LIKE A ,VOLKSGEME9S*AFT OR E?NIC 'PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY' -- SO C5TRAL TO ,G]MAN REACTION>Y & ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ 'MOODS' -- IS TOO COMPELL+ TO IGNORE4 ,DE/9Y 'IS H[ WE DESIGNATE ! LU/ORICIZ+ ( ! COMMUNITY1 ( A ,VOLK1' ,HEIDEGG] TELLS US 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME 1 NOR IS DE/9Y 'SOME?+ ?AT PUTS ITSELF TOGE!R \T ( 9DIVIDUAL FATES1 ANY MORE ?AN ,BE+-)-ONE-ANO!R CAN BE CONCEIV$ AS ! OCCURR+ TOGE!R ( SEV]AL ,SUBJECTS4 ,\R FATES HAVE ALREADY BE5 GUID$ 9 ADVANCE1 9 \R ,BE+ ) ONE ANO!R 9 ! SAME WORLD & 9 \R RESOLUT5ESS = DEF9ITE POSSIBILITIES4' ,9DE$1 AS ,HEIDEGG] ADDS A FEW P>AGRAPHS LAT]1 GIV5 ! 'AU!NTIC REPETITION ( A POSSIBILITY ?AT HAS BE5 -- ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ,DASE9 MAY *OOSE ITS H]O -- IS GR\ND$ EXI/5TIALLY 9 ANTICIPATORY RESOLUT5ESS4'.<#b#e#g.> 

,9 SU* PASSAGES ,HEIDEGG] IS ALREADY1 AS E>LY AS 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME1 9S9UAT+ A 'LEAD]%IP PR9CIPLE' 9TO HIS 'ONTOLOGY'4 ,:AT IS UNAMBIGU\S IS ?AT HE IS A REACTION>Y ELITI/1 = :OM ! ',!Y' -- BLUNTLY1 ! ,NIETZS*EAN 'H]D' -- IS ! 9AU!NTIC RAW MAT]IAL ( ! AU!NTIC FEW1 MO/ NOTABLY ! ,G]MAN REACTION>Y M&>9S :O >E GUID$ BY CONSCI5CE1 GUILT1 C>E1 & A H]OIC /ANCE T[>D ! C]TA9TY ( DEA?4 ,9 AN \T/&+ /UDY ( ! RELATION%IP ( ,HEIDEGG]'S 'ONTOLOGY' TO LIIS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 ,RI*>D ,W(9 OBS]VES ?AT1 FOLL[+ ,HEIDEGG]'S ?\<T1 ! ',!Y' 1 OR  
  

?OSE :O DWELL 9 ! PUBLIC SPH]E ( EV]YDAYNESS >E VIEW$ AS ESS5TIALLY 9CAPABLE ( SELF-RULE4 ,9/EAD1 ! ONLY VIABLE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT FOLL[S FROM ?IS /&PO9T W\LD BE BRAZ5LY ELITI/3 S9CE ! M AJORITY ( CITIZ5S REMA9 9CAPABLE ( LEAD+ MEAN+FUL LIVES :5 LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 !IR ONLY HOPE = ,R$EMPTION6 LIES 9 ! IMPOSITION ( A 'HI<] SPIRITUAL MISSION' FROM ABOVE4.<#b#e#h.>  
  

,NOTORI\SLY1 ,HEIDEGG] BECAME A F]V5T MEMB] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 #aicc & REMA9$ ONE UNTIL ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 ,NOTORI\SLY1 TOO1 :ATEV] DIFF]5CES HE MAY HAVE HAD ) MORE DOGMATIC APPROA*ES TO ,NAZISM1 HE TRI$ TO 'ELEVATE' IT BY 5L>G+ ITS 'SPIRITUAL MISSION' 1 ALBEIT /ILL RETA9+ MU* ( ITS FOLK PHILOSOPHY4 ,TO D5Y ?IS P>T ( ,HEIDEGG]'S LIFE & PHILOSOPHY IS TOTALLY UNJU/IFI$ 9 ! FI<T ( :AT IS N[ KN[N AB\T HIS [N CYNICAL ATTEMPTS TO CONCEAL HIS PA/4 

,NOR DID HE %[ ANY CONTRITION AFT] ! W> = HIS MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,NAZI ,P>TY4 ,HIS FAILURE TO CONFRONT ! ,%OAH OR ',HOLOCAU/' 1 OR EV5 TO ACKN[L$GE ITS DI/9CTIV5ESS1 IS B5EA? CONTEMPT1 AS >E HIS CONTRIV$ EXCUSES = REMOV+ HIS ORIG9AL D$ICATION ( ,BE+ & ,TIME TO ,$MUND ,HUSS]L -- HIS =M] M5TOR WAS ,JEWI% -- & = HIS [N SIL5CE UPON ,HUSS]L'S DEA? 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,9DE$1 DUR+ ! ?IRTIES1 AFT] HE 5T]$ ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 HIS 'PHILOSOPHY' BEGAN TO ACQUIRE AN 9CREAS+LY ANTIHUMANI/IC1 AB/RACT1 & ESS5TIALLY SUPRAHUMAN =M4 

,?US1 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME1 ,BE+ CAN ONLY MANIFE/ ITSELF ?R\< MAN1 OR ,DASE91 :I*1 UNLIKE ALL O!R '5TITIES'1 HAS A CAPACITY TO UND]/& ,BE+4 ,BY ! #a#i#cS1 ,HEIDEGG]'S CONCEPTION ( ,DASE9 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL PH5OM5ON VAPORIZES 9TO A COLLECTIVE & ESS5TIALLY VOLKIS* CONCEPT1 & ,BE+ ACQUIRES A QUASI-MY/ICAL AUTONOMY4 ,9 A PI?Y & 9SI<TFUL 9T]PRETATION ( ,HEIDEGG]'S 'TURN' 7,KEHRE7 9 ! MID-#a#i#cS & ! #a#i#dS1 ,RI*>D ,W(9 OBS]VES ?AT ! ?\<T ( ! LAT] ,HEIDEGG]  
  

APPE>S AT TIMES TO BE A SUMM>Y JU/IFICATION ( HUMAN PASSIVITY & 9ACTION 7,GELASS5HEIT74444 ,BE+ ASSUMES ! *>ACT] ( AN OMNIPOT5T PRIMAL =CE1 A 'FIR/ UNMOV$ MOV]' .<A FUNCTION ?AT ,>I/OTLE ASSIGN$ TO HIS ONTOLOGICAL ,GOD.>1 :OSE 'PRES5C+' PROVES TO BE ! DET]M9ATIVE1 ULTIMATE 9/ANCE = EV5TS 9 ! L[LY WORLD ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,9 ITS O!R-WORLDLY SUPREMACY1 ?IS =CE BO? )DRAWS FROM ! TRIBUNAL ( HUMAN REASON & DEFIES ! MEAG] CAPACITIES ( HUMAN DESCRIPTION3 ',A ,BE+ ?AT NOT ONLY SURPASSES ALL BE+S -- & ?US ALL M5 -- BUT :I* LIKE AN UNKN[N ,GOD RE/S & 0ESS5CES0 9 ITS [N TRU?1 9 ?AT IT IS SOMETIMES PRES5T & SOMETIMES ABS5T1 CAN NEV] BE EXPLA9$ LIKE A BE+ 9 EXI/5CE3 9/EAD IT CAN ONLY BE 0EVOK$40'.<#b#e#i.>  
  

,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,?IRD ,REI* DID NOT ELIM9ATE ,HEIDEGG]'S F+]+ LOYALTY TO ! 'SPIRITUAL MISSION' ( ! ',NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION' 1 AS ,HITL]'S ASC5T TO P[] WAS CALL$ BY ITS ADH]5TS -- & HIS EMPHASIS ON ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM'S REG5]ATIVE 'SPIRITUAL' POT5TIALITIES1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ITS V]Y SECUL> P]=MANCE1 GAVE ,HEIDEGG] A GREAT DEAL ( LEGITIMACY AMONG HIS LAT] ,FR5*- & ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ SYCOPHANTS4 ,IT IS H>D TO TELL :E!R ,HEIDEGG] WAS A NAIF TRAPP$ 9 A MISGUID$ SKE9 ( FASCI/ 9TRIGUE & BETRAYAL OR :E!R HIS ,FR5* ADMIR]S DECID$ TO BEHAVE LIKE NAIFS TRAPP$ 9 AN UNSAVORY ADMIRATION = ! =M] RECTOR ( ,FREIBURG ,UNIV]SITY4 

,RAMBUNCTI\SLY FASCI/IC & NATIONALI/IC 9 HIS SPEE*ES & LECTURES DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 ,HEIDEGG]'S METAPHYSICS N[ ACQUIR$ A MORE 'RE/FUL'1 9DE$ FATALI/IC TONE1 TURN+ TO POETRY1 P>TICUL>LY ,HOLD]F9'S1 ! ONTOG5ETIC ROLE ( LANGUAGE1 & PHILOSOPHICAL ALLUSIONS TO A QUIETISM ?AT >E R$OL5T ( ,ASIAN !ISMS4 ,HIS PO/W> WRIT+S W]E P]MEAT$ BY MY/ICISM1 9DE$ BY AN APOCALYPTIC !ISM4 ,9 AN 9T]VIEW HE GAVE TO ! ,G]MAN WEEKLY ,D] ,SPIEGEL 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiff 7ON ! OCONDITION ?AT IT BE PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY71 HE CONFRONT$ ! ?REAT ( ! 'TE*NOLOGICAL /ATE' & PHILOSOPHY'S ROLE 9 RESI/+ ITS 5CROA*M5T ) ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3  
  

,IF ,I MAY ANSW] QUICKLY & P]HAPS SOME:AT VEHEM5TLY1 BUT FROM LONG REFLECTION3 ,PHILOSOPHY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO BR+ AB\T A DIRECT *ANGE ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY ( PHILOSOPHY BUT ( ALL M]ELY HUMAN M$ITATIONS & 5DEAVORS4 ,ONLY A GOD CAN SAVE US4 ,I ?9K ! ONLY POSSIBILITY ( SALVATION LEFT TO US IS TO PREP>E READ9ESS1 ?R\< ?9K+ & POETRY1 = ! APPE>ANCE ( ! GOD OR = ! ABS5CE ( ! GOD DUR+ ! DECL9E2 SO ?AT WE DO NOT1 SIMPLY PUT1 DIE MEAN+LESS DEA?S1 BUT ?AT :5 WE DECL9E1 WE DECL9E 9 ! FACE ( ! ABS5T GOD4.<#b#f.>  
  

,9 A S5SE1 ! 9T]VIEW WAS ,HEIDEGG]'S TE/AM5T -- & ALSO A FASC9AT+ CL>IFICATION ( HIS VIEWS :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK EV5 TO ,BE+ & ,TIME1 ,IT IS (T5 SAF] TO TAKE ,HEIDEGG]'S /ATEM5TS AT FACE VALUE ?AN TO RELY ON HIS EXEGETI/S TO ADORN !M ) OV]LOAD$ 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT REMOVE US FROM ! ESS5TIAL MEAN+ ( HIS WORDS -- A SOLUTION1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT W\LD BANKRUPT MANY COMM5TATORS ON ,HEIDEGG] :O HAVE MANAG$ TO R5D] HIS WORKS & PO/MOD]NISM A H]METIC WORLD ACCESSIBLE ONLY TO DEV\T 9ITIATES4 

,! 5TRY ( ,FR5* PO/W> PHILOSOPH]S 9TO ! MURKY WAT]S ( ,HEIDEGG]IAN ?\<T WAS A DISA/] TO S]I\S REFLECTION -- & WE >E /ILL BE>+ ! BURD5 !Y IMPOS$ AS ?IS C5TURY NE>S ITS 5D4 ,:ATEV] ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] WROTE1 !IR ,FR5* ADMIR]S RAT*ET$ UP TO EV5 MORE OBSCURE1 & 9 MANY RESPECTS1 MORE ANTIMOD]N LEVELS ?AN ! TWO ,G]MANS A*IEV$1 ALBEIT %ORT ( TURN+ TO FASCISM & NATIONALISM4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ VEX+ MEMB]S ( ?IS CREW IS ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 :OSE USE ( ,HEIDEGG] LEFT A TRAIL ( WRECKAGE 9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN LIT]>Y CRITICISM ?AT HAS ALSO PASS$ OV] 9TO SOCIAL ?\<T4 

,AN 9DEFATIGABLE WRIT] & LECTUR] ) AN 5ORM\S FOLL[+1 ,D]RIDA HAS MADE P>ADOX1 CONTRADICTION1 L+UI/IC JUGGL+1 &' 9*OATE ?9K+ 9TO VIRTUES4 ,MANY ( HIS V]BAL GYMNA/ICS D]IVE FROM ,HEIDEGG]1 AL?\< HE CANNOT BE D5I$ ! RESPONSIBILITY = G5]AT+ CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION 9 HIS [N RI<T4 ,TO 5T] 9TO ! ,D]RIDEAN SKE9 ( CRISS-CROSS+ IDEAS1 ASS]TIONS1 9SCRIPTIONS1 & CONVOLUT$ 'HORIZONS'1 'SPACES'1 & SELF-9DULG5T QU]IES ?AT1 9 MY VIEW1 MUDDLE RA!R ?AN CL>IFY A VIEWPO9T IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS BOOK4 ,9DE$1 MORE ?AN ONE BOOK W\LD BE NE$$ TO GIVE ,D]RIDA HIS DUE -- & ,I DO NOT MEAN ?IS 9 ANY COMPLIM5T>Y S5SE4 

,! RELATION%IP ( ,D]RIDA TO ,HEIDEGG] HAS BE5 METICUL\SLY *RONICL$1 /EP BY /EP & WORD BY WORD1 9 AN ESSAY BY ,*>LES ,SP9OSA4.<#b#f#a.> ,DESPITE HIS RA!R EASYGO+ /YLE1 ,SP9OSA'S COMP>ISON IS DEM&+1 & ,I %ALL DO NO MORE ?AN TAKE UP ! SALI5T COMMONALITIES ?AT HE ID5TIFIES4 

,! CONV5TIONAL BELIEF HAS BE5 ?AT ,D]RIDA'S FILIATIONS ) ,HEIDEGG] BEGAN WD? ,HEIDEGG]'S 'TURN' FROM A MORE OR LESS TRADITIONAL ONTOLOGY TO EXPLICIT ANTIHUMANISM AFT] ! W>4 ,YET ,SP9OSA %[S QUITE 9ADV]T5TLY ?AT ,BE+ & ,TIME FE$S AS MU* 9TO ,D]RIDA'S ?9K+ AS DOES ,HEIDEGG]'S V]Y 9FLU5TIAL PO/W> ANTIHUMANI/ ESSAY1 ',! ,QUE/ION ,CONC]N+ ,TE*NOLOGY'1 AS WELL AS O!R ESSAYS ( ! LATE #a#i#dS & #a#i#eS4 

,?IS RELATION%IP IS NOT SIMPLY AN ACADEMIC ISSUE4 ,D]RIDA HAS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME1 WRITT5 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 HIS #a#i#cS WRIT+S1 ,HEIDEGG] WAS /ILL TI$ TO A 'METAPHYSICS ( PRES5CE' -- ?AT IS1 A METAPHYSICS ( UND]LY+ F\NDATIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! TRADITIONAL ONTOLOGIES ( ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY FROM ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE TO ,HEGEL & EV5 9CLUD+ ,NIETZS*E4 ,= ,D]RIDA1 ?IS 'METAPHYSICS ( PRES5CE' CON/ITUTES ! PREMISES ( HUMANISM1 AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 SCI5CE1 & RATIONALISM -- :I*1 YES1 L$ ULTIMATELY TO FASCISM6 ,9DE$1 IF ,I READ ,D]RIDA'S ANALYSIS CORRECTLY1 ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM IS A RESULT ( HUMANISM1 POSSIBLY EV5 ITS APOGEE4 

,?US IT IS WOR? REF]R+ TO ONE ( ,HEIDEGG]'S MORE REPULSIVE ,NAZI 'TEXTS'1 MO/ FAM\SLY HIS ',SELF-,ASS]TION ( ! ,G]MAN ,UNIV]SITY'1 ! LECTURE HE GAVE ON ASSUM+ ! RECTOR%IP ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,FREIBURG 9 #a#i#c#c1 TO GET A S5SE ( :AT ,D]RIDEANS REG>D AS ,HEIDEGG]'S EXPLICIT OR LAT5T 'HUMANISM'4 ,LAC$ ) REF]5CES TO 'SPIRIT' & ! 'SPIRITUAL LEAD]%IP' ?AT ! UNIV]SITY MU/ UND]TAKE 9 S]V+ ! ,?IRD ,REI*1 ,HEIDEGG]'S ADDRESS ACTUALLY PIVOTS >\ND A REJECTION ( ACADEMIC FRE$OM AS M]ELY 'NEGATIVE LIB]TY' & APPEALS = ! MORE 'SUB/ANTIVE' CLAIMS ( S]VICE BY /UD5TS ?AT RESULT FROM '?REE BONDS'4 ,ALL ?REE >E L>GELY ,HITL]IAN3 ',! ?REE BONDS BY ! PEOPLE1 TO ! DE/9Y ( ! /ATE1 9 SPIRITUAL MISSION -- >E EQUALLY PRIMORDIAL TO ! ,G]MAN ESS5CE4 ,! ?REE S]VICES ?AT >E FROM IT -- ,LABOR ,S]VICE1 ,MILIT>Y ,S]VICE1 & ,KN[L$GE ,S]VICE -- >E EQUALLY NECESS>Y & ( EQUAL RANK4'.<#b#f#b.> 

,NOR WAS ,HEIDEGG] FREE ( ! J+OI/IC & RACI/ RHETORIC ( ! TIME :5 HE REF]R$ TO ',SPIRIT'4 ,HE TOLD HIS LI/5]S3  
  

,SPIRIT IS NOT EMPTY CLEV]NESS1 NOR ! NONCOMMITTAL PLAY ( WIT1 NOR ! B\NDLESS DRIFT ( RATIONAL DISSECTION1 LET ALONE WORLD REASON2 SPIRIT IS ! PRIMORDIALLY ATTUN$ KN[+ RESOLUT5ESS T[>D ! ESS5CE ( ,BE+4 ,& ! SPIRITUAL WORLD ( A PEOPLE .<,VOLK.> IS NOT ! SUP]/RUCTURE ( A CULTURE ANY MORE ?AN IT IS AN >M ORY FILL$ ) USEFUL 9=MATION & VALUES2 IT IS ! P[] ?AT MO/ DEEPLY PRES]VES ! PEOPLE'S E>?- & BLOOD-B\ND /R5G? AS ! P[] ?AT MO/ DEEPLY >\S$ & MO/ PR(\NDLY %AKES ! PEOPLE'S EXI/5CE4.<#b#f#c.>  
  

,IT REQUIRES 5ORM\S CR$ULITY -- OR NAIVETY -- TO REG>D SU* PASSAGES FROM ! RECTORAL ADDRESS AS SPIRITUAL1 /ILL LESS AS BE+ 9 ACCORD ) A TRADITIONAL1 PRESUMABLY HUMANI/IC METAPHYSICS ( SPIRIT2 RA!R1 IT IS AN ODI\S EX]CISE 9 FASCI/ RHETORIC4 ,9 !IR DEVA/AT+ ACC\NT ( '! 0,FR5* ,HEIDEGG]IANS0 GA!R$ >\ND ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA'1 ,LUC ,F]RY & ,ALA9 ,R5AULT OBS]VE ?AT1 CONFRONT$ ') ! QUE/ION ( ,HEIDEGG]'S ,NAZISM'1 !Y  
  

HAVE IRREVOCABLY *OS5 !IR SIDE & F\ND !IR CONCEPT ?R\< AN EXTRAORD9>Y RECOMM5DATION3 IF ,HEIDEGG] WAS A ,NAZI1 :I* NO ONE N[ CAN DISPUTE1 IT C]TA9LY WAS NOT BECAUSE HE CONDEMN$ ! WORLD ( DEMOCRATIC HUMANISM & ?US SAW ! APPEAL ( A CONS]VATIVE REVOLUTION2 & IF AS ONE /UD5T ( ,D]RIDA'S .<,PHILIPPE ,LAC\E-,LAB>!.> COOLLY ASS]TS1 C ,NAZISM IS A HUMANISM ' 7SIC71 WE %\LD JUDGE ?AT ! ,HEIDEGG] ( #aicc WAS NATURALLY L$ TO ,NAZISM BECAUSE HE IVAS /ILL 9 ! GRIP ( A HUMANI/IC & SPIRITUALI/IC TRADITION HE HAD NOT YET ADEQUATELY DECON/RUCT$1 ,Q4,E4,D4.<#b#f#d.>  
  

,9 FACT1 ,D]RIDA'S ,( ,SPIRIT3 ,HEIDEGG] & ! ,QUE/ION BE>S \T ?AT ,F]RY & ,R5AULT HAVE TAK5 AIM ) CONSID]ABLE ACCURACY4.<#b#f#e.> ,D]RIDA'S 'TEXT' BEG9S ) A TANGL$ S]IES ( QUE/IONS ON ! MEAN+ (',SPIRIT' 7,GEI/7 ?AT LEADS ! READ] 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY AB/RACT DISCUSSION ( ! RECTORAL ADDRESS4 ,IT REQUIRES NO 9TELLECTUAL A/UT5ESS TO SEE ?AT1 H[EV] MU* ,HEIDEGG] US$ PHILOSOPHICAL V]BIAGE TO GIVE A HI< TONE TO HIS ADDRESS1 IT WAS MEANT TO S]VE ! NE$S ( ! ,NAZI REGIME4 ,?IS FACT DOES NOT ELUDE ,D]RIDA1 BUT HIS COMM5TS ON ! ADDRESS >E M>K$ BY NUM]\S EQUIVOCATIONS1 9 :I* HE SEEMS TO TAKE ,HEIDEGG]S MANIPULATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS1 P>TICUL>LY SPIRIT'1 9 A /RICDY PHILOSOPHICAL S5SE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,D]RIDA OBS]VES ?AT 'ONE C\LD SAY ?AT .<,HEIDEGG].> SPIRITUALIZES ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4 ,& ONE C\LD REPROA* HIM = ?IS1 AS HE WILL LAT] REPROA* ,NIETZS*E = HAV+ EXALT$ ! SPIRIT ( V5GEANCE 9TO A 0SPIRIT ( V5GEANCE0 SPIRITUALIZ$ TO ! HI<E/ PO9T' -- AS IF ,HEIDEGG]'S WORDS & ,NIETZS*E'S W]E ( COMP>ABLE SIGNIFICANCE 9 ?IS CONNECTION & ,HEIDEGG] W]E DEAL+ ESS5TIALLY ) PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES 9 HIS RECTORAL ADDRESS3 

',BUT ON ! O!R .<6.> H&1' ,D]RIDA PROCE$S1 TREAT+ BO? SIDES ( ! >GUM5T AS IF !Y W]E EQUALLY VALID1  
  

BY TAK+ ! RISK ( SPIRITUALIZ+ NAZISM1 HE MI<T .<6.> HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO ABSOLVE OR SAVE IT BY M>K+ IT ) ?IS AFFIRMATION .<6.> 7SPIRITUALITY1 SCI5CE1 QUE/ION+1 ETC471 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ?IS SETS AP>T ,HEIDEGG]'S COMMITM5T & BREAKS .<6.> AN AFFILIATION4 ,?IS ADDRESS SEEMS NO LONG] TO BELONG SIMPLY .<6.> TO ! 'IDEOLOGICAL' CAMP 9 :I* ONE APPEALS TO OBSCURE =CES -- =CES :I* W\LD NOT BE SPIRITUAL1 BUT NATURAL1 BIOLOGICAL1 RACIAL1 ACCORD+ TO ANY?+ BUT SPIRITUAL 9T]PRETATION ( E>? & BLOOD4'.<#b#f#f.>  
  

,?IS DECON/RUCTION ( ! ADDRESS IS ALL ! MORE UNSAVORY BECAUSE ,HEIDEGG]'S ADDRESS WAS EM95TLY IDEOLOGICAL & DID APPEAL TO !SE 'OBSCURE =CES'1 SU* AS '! PEOPLE'S E>?- & BLOOD-B\ND /R5G?S'1 EV5 DIGNIFY+ !M ) SWEEP+ REF]5CES TO ,PLATO1 ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY1 ,HEGEL -- & ,G5]AL VON ,CLAUSEWITZ1 ! !ORI/ P> EXCELL5CE ( ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM4.<#b#f#g.> 

,AS TO ,HEIDEGG]'S & ,D]RIDA'S SIMIL>ITIES3 DESPITE !IR DIFF]5T EMPHASES -- NOTABLY1 ,HEIDEGG]'S ON ! RURAL CRAFTSMAN 9 HIS %OP & ,D]RIDA'S ON LANGUAGE -- ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO >E NOT P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT4 ,HEIDEGG]'S NOTION ('EQUIPM5T'1 ! TOOLS & TE*NIQUES ) :I* A CRAFTSMAN WORKS1 CORRESPONDS TO ,D]RIDA'S NOTION (  
DIFF]ANCE1 OR ! WAY WE L+UI/ICALLY UND]/& DEF9ITIONS4 ,\R UND]/&+ ( PH5OM5A DEP5DS ON DIFF]5CES OR CONTRA/S 9 MEAN+ SU* AS TRUE_/FALSE1 REAL_/IMAG9>Y1 DISCOV]$_/9V5T$1 & SO =?4 ,= ,D]RIDA1 A 'SIGNIFI$ CONCEPT IS NEV] PRES5T 9 & ( ITSELF'4 ,9DE$1 'EV]Y CONCEPT IS 9SCRIB$ 9 A *A9 OR 9 A SY/EM )9 :I* IT REF]S TO ! O!R1 TO O!R CONCEPTS1 BY MEANS ( ! SY/EMATIC PLAY ( DIFF]5CES4'.<#b#f#h.> 

,I WILL NOT BELABOR ! WAY ,HEIDEGG]'S 'EQUIPM5T' & ,D]RIDA'S  
DIFF]ANCE CONV]GE 9 PRACTICE EXCEPT TO NOTE ?AT ,D]RIDA IS ONLY TOO CONSCI\S ( !IR SIMIL>ITIES 9 ! CLOS+ PAGES ( HIS ESSAY ' ,DIFF]ANCE'2 & ?AT WE >E NOT EXAM9+ A PO/-TURN' OR PO/W> ,HEIDEGG] BUT ! AU?OR ( ,BE+ & ,TIME HIMSELF4 ,SP9OSA GOES ON TO %[ ?AT ,D]RIDA'S DIFF]ANCE 
  
  

COMES V]Y CLOSE TO ,HEIDEGG]'S NOTION ( REVEAL+ 7BE+7 ONCE WE MAKE ADJU/M5TS = SEE+ ?+S 9 T]MS ( SY/EMS ( DIFF]5CES 9/EAD ( PRACTICES OR COMPON5TS1 444 ,NO P]SON CONTROLS DIFF]ANCE4 ,?AT W\LD BE LIKE ?9K+ ?AT SOMEONE CONTROLS LANGUAGE4 ,WE MI<T AS WELL SAY ?AT .<:5.> A NEW IVAY ( REVEAL+ IS HAPP5+ ?IS AM\NTS TO PUTT+ ,D]RIDA'S 9SI<T AB\T DIFF]ANCE 9TO ,HEIDEGG]'S LANGUAGE4.<#b#f#i.>  
  

,AT TIMES1 9 FACT1 ,D]RIDA SEEMS TO \T-,HEIDEGG] ,HEIDEGG]4 ,= IT IS NOT 'P]SONS' :O 'CONTROL DIFF]ANCE -- /ILL LESS SOCIETY -- BUT1 VAGUELY & IMP]SONALLY1 'SY/EMS'1 !REBY REIFY+ BEYOND LIV$ EXP]I5CE & HI/ORY ! WAY 9 :I* DIFF]ANCES 'REVEAL' !MSELVES4 ,ASIDE FROM ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! TWO M51 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M >E ADVANCES & RETREATS1 CL>IFICATIONS & OBFUSCATIONS1 >\ND !IR RESPECTIVE DEGREES ( ANTIHUMANISM4 ,:]E ,D]RIDA 7AS ( ?IS WRIT+7 %>ES ,HEIDEGG]'S VIEW ?AT PHILOSOPHY IS ! ORIG9AT+ S\RCE ( ALL \R CULTURAL A*IEVEM5TS -- & PROBLEMS -- HE ADDS NO TIL+ TO ! BASICALLY IDEALI/IC CLAIM ?AT ,HEIDEGG] MADE E>LY 9 ,9S C>E]1 :5 HE SAW METAPHYSICS AS ! DET]M9+ FACTOR 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 

,AL?\< A GOOD DEAL MORE CAN BE WRITT5 AB\T ! CORRESPOND5CES BETWE5 ,HEIDEGG] & ,D]RIDA1 ! P>ALLEL 5DS 9 ! WAY ?AT ! TWO M5 FOCUS ON '! ,O!R'4 ,9 ,HEIDEGG]'S CASE1 ! SECTION ON ',EV]Y ,BE+-ONE'S-,SELF .<AS AN 9DIVIDUAL -- ,M4,B4.> & ! 0,!Y0' OR1 %ALL WE SAY1 US+ ,NIETZS*EAN LANGUAGE1 '! H]D'1 ADDRESSES 9 ,BE+ & ,TIME ! LEVEL+ D[N PROCESS 9DUC$ BY ! 'H]D'1 ) ITS LAT] IMPLICATIONS ( AN AU!NTIC ELITE & A 'H]O'4 ,9 ,D]RIDA'S CASE1 ! 'PLAY ( DIFF]5CES SUPPOSES 444 SYN!SES & REF]RALS :I* =BID AT ANY MOM5T1 OR 9 ANY S5SE1 ?AT A SIMPLE ELEM5T BE PRES5T 9 & ( ITSELF1 REF]R+ ONLY TO ITSELF'1 SO ?AT 'NO ELEM5T CAN FUNCTION AS A SIGN )\T REF]R+ TO ANO!R ELEM5T4'.<#b#g.> 

,9 BO? CASES1 !RE DOES SEEM TO BE A 'LEVEL+' D[N PROCESS1 BE IT ACCOMMODATION TO ! ',!Y' 9 ,HEIDEGG]'S CASE ?AT LEADS TO AN ELITE OR H]O1 OR A L9K 9 ! '*A9' ( 'DIFF]5CES' 9 ,D]RIDA'S CASE ?AT >E EXP&$ 9TO 'O!RNESSES' BY ! 'PLAY ( DIFF]ANCE' TO 9CLUDE ALL ?AT TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHY TRIES TO SUPPRESS BY CREAT+ AN OSSIFY+ 'METAPHYSICS ( PRES5CE' ) ITS =MS1 A PRIORI CATEGORIES1 PRIME MOV]S4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ,D]RIDA1 LIKE ,F\CAULT1 EXHIBITS A CONC]N = ! ',O!RS' ?AT LIT]ALLY CON/ITUTE ! 'M>G9S ( PHILOSOPHY'4 

,FROM A LIT]>Y /&PO9T1 ?IS SUPPRESS$ ',O!R' 9CLUDES ! HIDD5 MEAN+S )9 A 'TEXT'2 FROM A SOCIAL /&PO9T1 IT 9CLUDES ! SUPPRESS$ ',O!R'1 SU* AS WOM51 NON-,WE/EM PEOPLES1 M>G9ALS1 & ! LIKE -- 9 BO? CASES ! VICTIMS ( ,WE/]N 'LOGOC5TRISM' 4 ',DECON/RUCTION' 1 TO CITE ! PRACTICE ?AT ,D]RIDA BR+S TO TEXTUAL ANALYZES1 UND]M9ES 'LOGOC5TRISM' & AN ALL-P]VASIVE 'METAPHYSICS ( PRES5CE' BY REVEAL+ ! ELEM5T ( DIFF]ANCE -- ! HIDD5 REF]5TS -- :OSE EXPOSURE SUBV]TS ! SEEM+ COH]5CE ( A P>TICUL> WORK4 ,9 'MANK9D'1 = EXAMPLE1 DECON/RUCTION F9DS TRACES ( ! REPRESS$ O!R1 'WOMANK9D' -- OR P]HAPS K9D AS SU*1 MAN OR WOMAN4 ,DECON/RUCTION DEC5T]S ! PRIVILEG$ SIGN -- SAY1 MAN -- ?AT '9SCRIBES' ITSELF ON A 'TEXT'4 ,!SE PRIVILEG$ SIGNS >E CONT9UALLY UND]M9$ BY RADICALLY UN/ABLE OR M>G9AL SIGNS1 7'UNDECIDABLES'7 & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY BY 'DEF]M5T'1 9 :I* ONE SIGN ALWAYS REF]S TO O!R SIGNS ?AT >E IMPLICIT 9 A GIV5 WORK1 !REBY DE/ABILIZ+ A 'TEXT'S' 'LOGOC5TRIC' CLAIMS TO COH]5CE4 ,ONE CAN ?US ?9K ( DECON/RUCTION AS A SORT ( OCTOPUS :OSE >MS >E CONT9UALLY EXT5D+ \TW>D T[>D HIDD5 OR IMPLICIT 'O!RS' ?AT S]VE TO UND]M9E ! C5TRALITY ( A 'TEXT'S' /RUCTURE & ID5TITY -- 9DE$1 A SORT ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 :I* ALL[S ! CRITIC TO W&] UNRE/RICT$ 9 ANY DIRECTION HE OR %E *OOSES4 

,DECON/RUCTION IS ?US A =MULA -- & PRACTICE -- = 9COH]5CE 9 ! NAME ( 9-DEP? CRITIQUE4 ,IMMAN5T CRITIQUE1 TO BE SURE1 IS EM95TLY DESIRABLE1 AS LONG AS IT IS NOT >BITR>Y4 ,BUT BY VIRTUE ( ITS ANTI-'LOGOC5TRISM' 1 DECON/RUCTION CAN MEAN ALMO/ ANY?+4 ,9 CURR5T USAGE IT CAN RANGE FROM ! MO/ FLIPPANT CRITICISMS TO ALMO/ 9COMPREH5SIBLE 'METAPHYSICAL' ANALYZES4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ,D]RIDA HIMSELF DESCRIB$ IT 9 APOCALYPTIC T]MS1 :5 APOCALYPSES W]E HI<LY FA%IONABLE1 AFT] :I* ITS MEAN+ SEEMS TO HAVE AG$ ) TIME FROM A 'RADICAL TREMBL+' TO A FATALI/IC RECOGNITION ?AT ,WE/]N RATIONALISM IS SO COMPLETELY ) US1 EV5 9 'TRACES'1 ?AT 'BREAKS >E ALWAYS1 & FATALLY1 RE9SCRIB$ 9 AN OLD CLO? ?AT MU/ CONT9UALLY1 9T]M9ABLY BE UNDONE'4.<#b#g#a.> ,BY PRIVILEG+ ! WRITT5 'TEXT' OV] SPEE*1 DECON/RUCTION REMOVES ! READ] FROM ! AU?OR ( A WORK & PLACES HIM OR H] COMPLETELY 9 ! H&S ( ! 9T]PRET] -- OR AT ! M]CY ( ,H>OLD ,FROMM'S '9VISIBLE PUPPETE]'4 7,SEE ,*APT] #d47 

,9 FACT1 DECON/RUCTION SO DEP]SONALIZES ! 'TEXT' ?AT IT SAFELY REMOVES ! READ] FROM HEAT$ ISSUES ?AT >E (T5 RAIS$ 9 A LIT]>Y WORK4 ,FRE$ ( ?AT EXI/5TIAL CONT5T1 !SE D]AC9AT$ WRIT+S CAN BE COOLLY MANIPULAT$ 9TO ANY CONFIGURATION ONE *OOSES LIKE *ECK] PIECES ON A BLANK BO>D4 ,>?UR ,C4 ,DANTO OBS]VES3  
  

,TO TREAT PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTS AFT] ! MANN] ( ,D]RIDA1 SIMPLY AS NETWORKS ( RECIPROCAL RELATION%IPS1 IS PRECISELY TO PUT !M AT A DI/ANCE FROM ITS READ]S SO 9TRAV]SABLE AS TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT !Y BE AB\T US 9 ! WAY LIT]ATURE REQUIRES4 ,!Y BECOME SIMPLY >TIFACTS MADE ( WORDS1 ) NO REF]5CES SAVE 9T]NAL ONES OR 9CID5TAL EXT]NAL ONES 1 ,& READ+ !M BECOMES EXT]NAL1 AS ?\< !Y HAD NO?+ TO DO ) US1 W]E M]ELY !RE1 9TRICATELY WR\<T COMPOSITES ( LOGICAL LACE-WORK1 PUZZL+ & PRETTY & PO9TLESS4.<#b#g#b.>  
  

,DANTO1 IF ANY?+1 IS TOO K9D TO ! ,D]RIDEANS & DECON/RUCTIONI/S4 ,(T5 DECON/RUCTIONI/S SUBJECT ! READ] TO A B>RAGE ( ELUSIVE QUE/IONS1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ,D]RIDA'S [N 'TEXTS'1 ?AT !Y TURN FROM HORTATORY QU]IES 9TO UNRE/RA9$ FREE ASSOCIATION4 ,9 A PO9T$ ILLU/RATION ( DECON/RUCTION AT WORK1 ,DAVID ,LEHMAN %[S H[ AN EI<T-L9E ELEGIAC POEM EXPRESS+ B]EAVEM5T = ! DEA? ( A GIRL1 ',A ,SLUMB] ,DID ,MY ,SPIRIT ,SEAL'1 FROM ! ',LUCY' S]IES BY ,WORDSWOR?1 WAS CONTORT$ BY A PROM95T DECON/RUCTIONI/1 ,J4 ,HILLIS ,MILL]1 9TO A DRIFT+ J>GON-LAD5 9T]PRETATION4 ,! POEM IS %ORT 5\< TO BE CIT$ 9 FULL3 
 ,A SLUMB] DID MY SPIRIT SEAL2 

 ,I HAD NO HUMAN FE>S2 

 ,%E SEEM A ?+ ?AT C\LD NOT FEEL 

 ,! T\* ( E>?LY YE>S4  

 ,NO MOTION HAS %E N[1 NO =CE2 

 ,%E NEI!R HE>S NOR SEES2 

 ,ROLL$ R\ND 9 E>?'S DIURNAL C\RSE 

 ,) ROCKS1 & /ONES1 & TREES4  

,NOT ONLY DOES ,MILL] TREAT ?IS SIMPLE1 ECONOMICAL1 & T\*+ POEM AS A 'PLAY ( TROPES' ?AT 'LEADS TO A SUSP5SION ( FULLY RATIONALIZABLE MEAN+ 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( AN APORIA OR BOGGL+ ( ! M9D' 7,I %ALL MAKE NO ATTEMPT TO 9T]PRET ?IS J>GON71 BUT AS ,LEHMAN OBS]VES1 ,MILL] AV]S  
  

?AT ! POEM PRES5TS ,ANO!R AS AGA9/ DAU<T] OR SI/]1 OR P]HAPS ANY FEMALE FAMILY MEMB] AS AGA9/ SOME WOMAN FROM \TSIDE ! FAMILY 2 ?AT IS1 MO!R 2 SI/] 2 OR DAU<T] AS AGA9/ MI/RESS OR WIFE1 9 %ORT1 9CE/U\S DESIRES AGA9/ LEGITIMATE SEXUAL FEEL+S4' ,= ,MILL] 9SI/S ?AT ! POEM IS C ODD]' ?AN IT LOOKS1 /RANG] & MORE 5IGMATIC ?AN TRADITIONAL 9T]PRETATIONS ALL[ 4 ,! POET'S ,T IS ABS5T 9 ! POEM'S SECOND /ANZA1 ,MILL] NOTES2 P]HAPS '! SPEAK] HAS LO/ HIS SELFHOOD' AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ,LUCY'S DEA?4.<#b#g#c.>  
  

,MILL]'S FREE ASSOCIATION CONT9UES1 (T5 QUITE >BITR>ILY1 UNTIL WE LOSE COMPLETE SI<T ( ! 'TEXT' & F9D \RSELVES 5TANGL$ 9 ! ETYMOLOGICAL D]IVATION ( ! NAME ,LUCY -- IT COMES FROM ! ,LAT9 ROOT = 'FI<T' :I* ALL[S ,MILL] 'TO TAKE ONE F9AL LEAP'4 ,! POEM1 HE SAYS1 IS AN ALLEGORY ( LOSS4 ,BUT IT IS NOT A DEAD GID ?AT ,WORDSWOR? M\RNS =2 IT IS '! LO/ S\RCE ( FI<T1 ! FA!R SUN AS LOGOS1 AS HEAD P[] & F\NT ( MEAN+4'.<#b#g#d.> ,WE MAY OR MAY NOT BE DEAL+ ANY LONG] ) :AT ,WORDSWOR? WROTE1 BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT WE >E COMPLETELY 9 ! H&S ( ! CRITIC4 

,IT REMA9S TO SURVEY SEV]AL O!R ,FR5* LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS :O C>V$ PO/MOD]NI/ NI*ES = !MSELVES AFT] ! FAILURE ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h4 ,GILLES ,DELEUZE1 AN ACADEMIC1 & ,FELIX ,GUATT>I1 A LEFTI/ MILITANT & PRACTITION] ( AN EXP]IM5TAL PSY*OANALYTIC CL9IC1 BOLT$ ACROSS ! PO/-#a#i#f#h FIRMAM5T ) A BOOK !Y COAU?OR$ 9 #a#i#g#b1 ,ANTI-,O$IPUS3 ,CAPITALISM & ,S*IZOPHR5IA4 .<#b#g#e.> ,IT ESS5TIALLY MELD$ ELEM5TS 9 ! WORKS ( ,WILHELM ,REI*1 ,R4 ,D4 ,LA+1 ,DAVID ,COOP]1 ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N1 & ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT 9TO AN EXPLORATION ( USES ( SEXUALITY = CO]CION & LIB]ATION1 A !ME ?AT WAS ALREADY COMMON 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,9 ,FRANCE ?IS !ME SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RELATIVELY NEW2 H5CE ! 5COMIA ?AT ! BOOK RECEIV$ = ITS 'ORIG9ALITY'4 

',! TRU? IS ?AT SEXUALITY IS EV]Y:]E'1 DECLAIM ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 AS ?\< ! /ATEM5T W]E EXTRAORD9>Y1 IF NOT \TRAGE\S4 ,SEXUALITY IS NOT ONLY PHYSICALLY POLYMORPH\S1 IT IS SOCIALLY POLYMORPH\S AS WELL4 ,?US3 ',HITL] GOT FASCI/S SEXUALLY >\S$'1 DECL>E ! TWO AU?ORS4 ',FLAGS1 NATIONS1 >MIES1 BANKS GET A LOT ( PEOPLE >\S$4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y MA*9E IS NO?+ IF IT DOES NOT ACQUIRE AT LEA/ AS MU* =CE AS !SE CO]CIVE MA*9ES HAVE = PRODUC+ BREAKS & MOBILIZ+ FL[S4'.<#b#g#f.> ,!SE CONCEPTS >E AS CLOSE TO ,WILHELM ,REI*'S AS ONE CAN GET )\T QUOT+ FROM HIM DIRECTLY4 

,= ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I1 S*IZOPHR5IA IS MORE A SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ?AN AN 9TRAFAMIFIAL ONE1 AN 9SI<T ?AT1 !Y CLAIM1 DI/+UI%ES !M FROM ,FREUD'S 'MOMMY & DADDY' APPROA*4 ,! JOB ( RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS IS TO PROBE ?IS SOCIAL DOMA9 ?AT 5COMPASSES SEEM+LY 9DIVIDUAL PA?OLOGIES1 BUT TO DO SO ON A MICROP(ITICAL LEVEL -- 9DE$1 ONE R$OL5T ( ,H5RI ,LEFEBVRE'S EMPHASIS ON LE QUOTIDI54 ,A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ NOT BE SO PREOCCUPI$ ) L>G] SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT IT FAILS TO RELEASE 5]GY BLOCKAGES 9 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN 'DESIR+ MA*9ES' -- ESPECIALLY IF IT IS TO PROVIDE A RADICAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! SEXUAL >\SAL PRODUC$ BY FASCISM1 'FLAGS1 NATIONS1 >MIES'1 & SO ON4 ,?US1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I CONT5D1 'A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P AT ! PRECONSCI\S LEVEL REMA9S A SUBJUGAT$ GR\P1 EV5 9 SEIZ+ P[]1 AS LONG AS ?IS P[] ITSELF REF]S TO A =M ( =CE ?AT CONT9UES TO 5?RALL$ & CRU% DESIR+-PRODUCTION4'.<#b#g#g.> ,HAV+ ATTA9$ ! CONSCI\S LEVEL ('DESIR+-PRODUCTION'1 H[EV]1 IT REMA9S UNCLE> H[ A REVOLUTION>Y 'MA*9E' IS TO ADVANCE BEYOND A NAIVE 'LIFE-/YLE' AN>*ISM1 RAG+ ) DESIRE & A FIBID9AL SEXUAL POLITICS1 & TRY TO *ANGE SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,?IS ,ANTI-,O$IPUS BADLY NE$$ ANO!R VOLUME TO ADDRESS ?IS PROBLEM4 ,:AT ITS ADMIR]S GOT AS A COMPANION WORK1 EI<T YE>S LAT] 7#a#i#h71 WAS ,A ,?\S& ,PLATEAUS1 ADORN$ ) ! SAME SUBTITLE AS ! PREVI\S BOOK1 ,CAPITALISM & ,S*IZOPHR5IA4 ,F> FROM CONFRONT+ ! ISSUES ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I 9 ?IS WORK RAN RIOT 9 A SELF-9DULG5T EX]CISE 9 LIT]>Y /YLES1 9TELLECTUAL CAPRICES1 EXCURSIONS 9TO FIELDS ( TRIVIA SU* AS 'TICKS & QUILTS & FUZZY SUBSETS & NOOLOGY & POLITICAL ECONOMY'1 WROTE ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATOR1 ,BRIAN ,MASSUMI1 :O W>N$ ! READ]1 ',IT IS DIFFICULT TO KN[ H[ TO APPROA*' ! BOOK4.<#b#g#h.> ,LEAV+ ASIDE 'ITS COMPLEX TE*NICAL VOCABUL>Y'1 AS ,MASSUMI PUTS IT ) EXCESSIVE CIVILITY1 '! AU?ORS RECOMM5D ?AT Y\ READ IT AS Y\ W\LD LI/5 TO A RECORD4'.<#b#g#i.> 

,9 %ORT1 ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO ADVANCE 'DESIR+ MA*9ES' ALONG SOCIALLY REVOLUTION>Y F9ES WAS NOT ANSW]$4 ,9/EAD1 IMMUNIZ$ TO CRITICAL SCRUT9Y BY !IR LANGUAGE1 /YLE1 & DISORD]1 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I LAUN*$ A TYPICAL PO/MOD]NI/ ATTACK UPON RATIONAL ?9K+ & ITS 9TELLECTUAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,COMP>+ REASON TO A 'TREE'1 !Y *ALL5G$ ?IS LONG/&+ ,WE/]N METAPHOR = KN[L$GE ?AT HAS ROOTS 7F\NDATIONS71 =M 7LOGIC71 & /RUCTURE 7COH]5CE71 OPPOS+ TO IT !IR [N METAPHOR ( ! 'RHIZOME'1 :I* SNAKES ALONG UND]GR\ND1 PUTT+ \T T5DRILS ?AT EVOKE NOTIONS ( MULTIPLICITY1 HET]OG5EITY1 DEC5T]$NESS1 =MLESSNESS -- 9 EFFECT1 9COH]5CE4 ,?IS 'RHIZOMATIC' IMAG]Y & ME?OD BR+S US BACK TO ,F\CAULT1 :OSE MICROANALYSES T5D TO DISSOLVE HI/ORY 9TO EPISODES & DISCONT9U\S EV5TS4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,F\CAULT WROTE A W>MLY APPROV+ 9TRODUCTION TO ,ANTI-,O$IPUS4 

,>\ND ! SAME TIME ?AT ,ANTI-,O$IPUS WAS CAUS+ A /IR 9 ,FRANCE1 ,JEAN-,FRAN,G,B,POIS ,LYOT>D ALSO BEGAN TO %9E 9 ! PO/MOD]NI/ WORLD4 ,EV5 MORE DOGMATIC ?AN ,GUATT>I AS A LEFTI/1 :O WAS AN AV[$ 'AUTONOMI/'1 ,LYOT>D MIGRAT$ FROM ! ,SOCIALISME ON B>B>IE GR\P TO ! DOGMATIC ,WORK]S' ,P[] DUR+ ! #aifh EV5EM5TS4 ,AFT] HIS 5?USIASM = ! M>G9AL 9 ! LEFT DIM9I%$1 HE DECID$ TO AB&ON ! 'PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION' = ACADEMIC PO/MOD]NISM4 ,LYOT>D'S POSITIONS 9 ?IS NEW 9C>NATION HAVE UND]GONE SO MANY *ANGES ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HIM & ,D]RIDA >E N[ M9IMAL1 9 MY VIEW4 

,NO LESS A DECON/RUCTIONI/ ?AN ,D]RIDA 9 FIELDS ?AT RANGE BEYOND LIT]ATURE1 ,LYOT>D CREAT$ HIS [N 'GRAMMATOLOGY' \T ( A COMB9ATION ( ,NIETZS*E & ,WITTG5/E91 LAC$ ) ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D'S *AOTIC 'EPI/EMOLOGICAL AN>*ISM'4 ,IT IS NOT V]Y FRUITFUL TO EXAM9E H[ ,LYOT>D'S 'PRAGMATICS ( LANGUAGE' YIELD ! NOT P>TICUL>LY />TL+ CONCLUSION ?AT 'TO SPEAK IS TO FI<T4'.<#b#h.> 

,MORE IMPORTANT1 = \R PURPOSES1 IS ?AT ,LYOT>D EXHIBITS A /URDY HO/ILITY TO REASON1 OBJECTIVITY1 & TRU?4 ,ALL EV5TS >E REALLY N>RATIVES2 !IR 'OBJECTIVITY' CONSI/S 9 :E!R WE COMMIT !M TO PAP] AS A N>RATIVE OR NOT4 ,9 ONE DIALOGUE ) HIMSELF1 ! VOICE ,I WILL CALL ,LYOT>D-,I DECL>ES3 ',:5 ,I TELL MY /ORY1 ,I AM NOT ACT+ AS A M\?PIECE = SOME UNIV]SAL HI/ORY4 ,& ,I MAKE NO CLAIM TO BE+ A PR(ESSIONAL !ORI/1 OR TO BE SAV+ ! WORLD BY REM9D+ IT ( A LO/ MEAN+4' ',:AT6' ! SECOND VOICE1 ,LYOT>D-,I,I1 EXCLAIMS4 ',SO ! .<,P>IS.> ,COMMUNE1 ,CRON/ADT1 & ,BUDAPE/ 9 '#e#f >E JU/ /ORIES6 ,& :AT AB\T ! PEOPLE :O DI$8' 

,LYOT>D-,I DISMISSES ?IS COMPLA9T ) ! OBS]VATION3 ',! DEAD >5'T DEAD UNTIL ! LIV+ HAVE RECORD$ !IR DEA?S 9 N>RATIVES4 ,DEA? IS A MATT] ( >*IVES4 ,Y\ >E DEAD :5 /ORIES >E TOLD AB\T Y\1 & :5 ONLY /ORIES >E TOLD AB\T Y\4 ,& Y\ >E FREE TO EXP& ! >*IVE AS MU* AS Y\ LIKE1 BY 9CLUD+ 9 IT EV5 ! MO/ ANODYNE ( DOCUM5TS4'.<#b#h#a.> ,EV5TS >E SIMPLY /ORIES2 !ORIES >E M]ELY 'CONCEAL$ N>RATIVES' -- 'N>RATIVES' ?AT PRESUMABLY REQUIRE DECON/RUCTION2 & WE %\LD 'NOT BE TAK5 BY !IR CLAIMS TO BE VALID = ALL TIME' -- AS ?\< SU* CLAIMS >E USUALLY VOIC$4 ,?IS ,NIETZS*EAN-P]SPECTIVI/ VIEW ( EV5TS & !ORIES IS A COMMONPLACE 9 ! PO/MOD]NI/ WORLD & LEADS TO 'AGONI/IC' DUELS BETWE5 V>I\S TEXTS RA!R ?AN EXPLORATIONS ( REALITY4 

,LIKE ,LYOT>D1 ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D IS AN ACADEMIC ( ! ,FR5* LEFT4 ,FIE ESS5TIALLY EXP&$ ,M>X'S !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM 9TO A CRITIQUE ( ! 'CONSUM] SOCIETY'1 ) ITS PSY*OLOGICALLY OV]:ELM+ M$IA IMAG]Y & 'SPECTACLES'4 

,CAPITALI/ COMMODITIES1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAUDRILL>D1 PRODUCE A 'HYP]CIVILIZATION' ( SIGNS1 A SYMBOLIC REALM ( 'SIGN VALUES'1 :I* SUPPLEM5TS ,M>X'S ECONOMICALLY ORI5T$ REALM ( 'EX*ANGE VALUES'4 ,9DE$1 'SIGN VALUES' MAY 9VOLVE NOT ONLY SYMBOLIC 9TANGIBLES BUT '! EX*ANGE ( LOOKS1 ! PRES5T :I* COMES & GOES1 PRODIGALITY1 FE/IVAL -- & ALSO DE/RUCTION 7:I* RETURNS TO NON-VALUE :AT PRODUCTION HAS ]ECT$1 VALORIZ$74'.<#b#h#b.> ,BY REMOV+ SYMBOLIC EX*ANGE1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAUDRILL>D1 SOCIETY CAN UND]M9E ! /RICTLY PRODUCTIVI/ LOGIC ( CAPITALISM4 

,BY ! LATE #a#i#gS1 ,BAUDRILL>D WAS DESCRIB+ \R ]A AS A TIME ( 'SIMULATIONS'1 9 :I* SIGNS ACQUIRE A LIFE ( !IR [N & COME TO DOM9ATE SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! REAL IS REPLAC$ BY ITS IMAGE OR SIMULATION1 AS 9 TELEVISION DRAMAS1 :]E ACTORS :O PLAY DOCTORS & DETECTIVES >E SOLICIT$ = TE*NICAL ADVICE4 ,HYP]REALITY REPLACES REALITY2 9DE$1 BORR[+ A WORD FROM ,M>%ALL ,MC,LUHAN1 IMAGES >E 'IMPLOD$' 9TO COLLAGES1 & ADV]TIS+ SATURATES ! M$IA TO ! PO9T :]E IMAGES1 RAC+ ONE AFT] ! O!R ON TELEVISION PROGRAMS1 =M A DAZZL+ & DEAD5+ BLUR4 ,9 ! FACE ( SIMULATIONS ?AT TAKE OV] !IR LIVES1 PEOPLE BECOME 5]VAT$ & APA!TIC1 SU* ?AT ?IS 'IMPLOSION' CONTRACTS EXP]I5CE 9TO IMAG]Y ?AT R5D]S ONCE-PRIZ$ MORES & POLITICAL IDEAS MEAN+LESS4 

,9 ! 5D1 ,BAUDRILL>D IS SO OV]TAK5 BY HIS NOTION ( ! IMPLOSION ( SIMULATIONS ?AT1 AS HE CLAIMS1 P[] ITSELF 'UND]GOES A METAMORPHOSIS 9TO SIGNS & IS 9V5T$ ON ! BASIS ( SIGNS4'.<#b#h#c.> ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ,BAUDRILL>D WAS BE+ OV]TAK5 BY ,9S [N DISCUSSION ( SIMULATIONS & WAS BECOM+ ABSORB$ 9TO ! IMPLOSION HE EXPLOR$4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HE CALLS = A DEC5T]+ ( P[] SO RADICAL ?AT EV5 ! MICROPOLITICS ( ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I W]E 9SUFFICI5TLY 'MOLECUL>'4 ,F9ALLY1 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S1 HIS ABSORPTION 9TO ! WORLD ( SIMULATIONS IS REALLY COMPLET$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT HIS WORK IS N[ P>T ( ! V]Y CON/ELLATION ( IMAGES ?AT BOMB>D US TODAY4 

,HAV+ JETTISON$ EV5 SYMBOLIC EX*ANGE AS A SOCIAL DESID]ATUM1 ,BAUDRILL>D 5DS UP ) AN >ID NIHILISM4 ',IF BE+ A NIHILI/ IS TO BE OBSESS$ ) ! MODE ( DISAPPE>ANCE1 & NO LONG] ) ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 !N ,I AM A NIHILI/1' HE DECLAIM$ 9 ! MID-#a#i#hS4 ',DISAPPE>ANCE1 APHANISIS1 IMPLOSION1 FURY ( ! ,V]S*W9D5 .<! DISAPPE>+.>4'.<#b#h#d.> ,BUT A RADICAL NIHILISM ?AT ONCE *ALL5G$ ! SOCIAL ORD]1 HE OBS]VES1 IS 'UTOPIA'4 ,! SY/EM ITSELF IS ALSO NIHILI/1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT HAS ! P[] TO REV]SE EV]Y?+ 9 9DIFF]5TIATION1 9CLUD+ ?AT ':I* D5IES IT4'.<#b#h#e.> 

,?IS PASSAGE1 :I* ,D\GLAS ,KELLN] HAS CALL$ A 'CUL-DE-SAC'1 DID NOT M>K ! 5D ( ,BAUDRILL>D'S VOYAGE 9TO ! 'HYP]REAL'4.<#b#h#f.> ,BUT 9 MY VIEW ?IS CUL-DE-SAC TELLS US ALL WE NE$ TO KN[ AB\T ! FRIVOLITIES ( PO/MOD]NI/ PHILOSOPHY -- IF WE CAN DIGNIFY PO/MOD]NISM BY REG>D+ IT AS A PHILOSOPHY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/