,*APT] #f 
,TE*NOPHOBIA & ITS ,TRIBULATIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #f3 ,TE*NOPHOBIA & ITS TRIBULATIONS 

  

,FROM ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM ADVANC$ ?REE BASIC IDEALS ?AT IT ID5TIFI$ ) PROGRESS4 

,! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE IDEALS WAS A R5EW$ FOCUS ON REASON3 ! USE ( LOGICAL ?\<T 9 DEAL+ ) REALITY4 ,S9CE ! TIME ( ! CLASSICAL CULTURES ( ANCI5T ,GREECE &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ,ROME1 REASON HAD BE5 RELEGAT$1 AT BE/1 TO A H&MAID5 ( !OLOGY4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 HAD NOT BE5 EXPLA9$ 9 RATIONAL T]MS4 ,FEUDAL HI]>*IES & ROYAL P[] W]E LOOK$ UPON AS ,GOD-GIV51 :ILE SOCIAL 9EQUITIES W]E SE5 AS ! UN*ALL5GEABLE DISP5SATION ( A DEITY :OSE JUDGM5T WAS TAK5 ON FAI?4 ,?IS \TLOOK WAS RE9=C$ BY ! ,/ATE AS WELL AS ! ,*UR*1 9DE$ BY TRADITION AS WELL AS BY BIBLICAL PRECEPT1 H[EV] MU* RADICAL H]ETICS & POPUL> UPRIS+S DISAV[$ !M FROM TIME TO TIME4 

,! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,5H<T5M5T /RID5DY & EFFECTIVELY *ALL5G$ ?IS !I/IC VIEW ( WORLDLY AFFAIRS4 ,IT P]SI/5DY C\NT]POS$ RATIONAL UND]/&+ TO UN?9K+ BELIEF 9 CLAIMS TO KN[L$GE & TRU?1 BE !Y 9 ! REALM ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS OR 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ,5H<T5M5T SURPASS$ ! ,R5AISSANCE ( A C5TURY OR TWO E>LI]1 :I* 9VOK$ ,GRECO-,ROMAN CANONS ( >T & RHETORIC1 REV]+ ?AT HI<LY IDEALIZ$ ANCI5T PA/ RA!R ?AN AN 9NOVATIVE PRES5T & A RATIONAL FUTURE4 

,SECOND1 & FOLL[+ FROM ITS EMPHASIS ON REASON1 ! ,5H<T5M5T ADVANC$ AN 9CREAS+LY SECUL> VIEW ( SOCIAL REALITY -- ( A NEW POLITY ?AT 5HANC$ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & LEGITIMAT$ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS RATIONALLY1 BE !Y P>T ( RESPONSIVE CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*IES OR REPUBHCS4 ,VOLTAIRE'S FAM\S CRY ',ECRASEZ L'9FAME6' MEANT NOT NECESS>ILY A D5IAL ( ! ,*UR* DOCTR9E & 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R ITS 9FAM\S CONTROL OV] POLITICAL1 MORAL1 & CIVIL AFFAIRS ON ! /R5G? ( DOGMA1 FE>1 & TRADITION4 ,MANY ( ! ,5LI<T5]S S\<T TO SEP>ATE ,*UR* FROM ,/ATE1 LEAV+ ! ,*UR* ) ! AU?ORITY ONLY ( A MORAL =CE ON SOCIETY4 

,?IS DEM&1 TO BE SURE1 WAS MORE ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO OBVIATE ECCLESIA/ICAL M$DL+ 9 ! CIVIL LIFE ( A POLITY4 ,AS RATIONALI/S1 ! ,5LI<T5]S W]E DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! ADV]SE ROLE ( SUP]/ITION1 MY/ICISM1 & M9DLESS BELIEFS 9 DET]M9+ HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,SUP]/ITION1 9 P>TICUL>1 !Y BELIEV$1 HAD TO BE BANI%$ FROM ! WAY HUMAN BE+S VIEW$ EA* O!R1 ?R\< SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATIONS ( REALITY 9 /RICTLY NATURALI/IC T]MS4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,5LI<T5M5T 'ME*ANI/S'1 :OSE 9FLU5CE HAS BE5 DEPRECAT$ & EXAGG]AT$ BY ANTIHUMANI/S !SE DAYS1 ! SUBD] CRITICAL ?9K]S ( ! TIME1 SU* AS ,D5IS ,DID]OT1 /RESS$ ! FOCAL IMPORTANCE ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS AN >5A ( HUMAN 9QUIRY1 9DE$1 AS A GUIDE TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,TO EQUATE ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S NATURALISM ) N>R[-M9D$ ME*ANISM1 )\T REG>D = ! EVOLUTION>Y & DIALECTICAL !ORIES ?AT W]E ALSO V]Y MU* 9 ! AIR1 IS TO C>ICATURE IT 9 SUPPORT ( MOD]N-DAY MY/ICAL & IRRATIONAL 5DS4 

,LA/1 & V]Y SIGNIFICANT1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T PLAC$ A /RONG PREMIUM ON ! NE$ TO CONTROL NATURAL =CES ON BEHALF ( HUMAN MAT]IAL WELLBE+4 ,! APPALL+ DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL? 9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY SOCIETY2 ! P]SI/5T FAM9ES ?AT PLAGU$ ,FRANCE2 ! DIRE MIS]Y ( ! UND]CLASSES 9 CITIES & VILLAGES 7ALL BUCOLIC IMAGES ( RURAL SOCIETY NOT)/&+72 ! UNC]TA9TIES ( ECONOMIC LIFE2 MAT]IAL SC>CITY & ! NECESSITY = >DU\S TOIL1 :I* LIMIT$ P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC LIFE -- ALL CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 5?USIA/IC EMBRACE ( ADVANCES 9 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 ) !IR POT5TIAL = EXT5D+ HUMAN FRE$OM & P]SONAL DIGNITY4 

,?IS PO9T CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY4 ,AL?\< ! ,5LI<T5]S DID NOT *ALL5GE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION -- WORK$ MA9LY BY PEASANTS & CRAFTSM5 -- !Y W]E ALMO/ ONE 9 !IR COMMITM5T TO SUPPORT SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES = SOCIAL PURPOSES -- NOT IDEOLOGICAL 'HUBRIS' = ! PURPOSE ( 'DOM9AT+ NATURE'4 ,AS ! LAVI% TE*NICAL ILLU/RATIONS 9 ,DID]OT'S MONUM5TAL ,5CYCLOP$IA 9DICATE1 ! ,5H<T5M5T CELEBRAT$ HUMAN +5UITY & ITS PROMISE TO PRODUCE A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 9DE$1 TO EASE LABOR -- ) ITS IMPLICIT MESSAGE ( A MORE P>TICIPATORY POLITY -- NOT TO 'SUBDUE' NATURAL =CES \T ( A LU/ = DOM9ATION4 

,IF ! ,5LI<T5M5T SAW ,PROME!US AS ! MY?IC AG5T = PROMOT+ HUMAN WELF>E1 IT WAS NOT BECAUSE IT NO LONG] RESPECT$ FIR/ NATURE2 9DE$1 FEW C5TURIES EXHIBIT$ A GREAT] DEVOTION TO ! 'NATURAL' ?AN ! EI<TE5? C5TURY -- BE IT TE*NOLOGICALLY1 BEHAVIORALLY1 $UCATIONALLY1 OR MORALLY4 ,RA!R1 ! ,5H<T5M5T DIRECTLY ASSOCIAT$ ! REMOVAL ( WANT & TOIL FROM HUMANITY ) SOCIAL IMPROVEM5T & A RELATIVELY FREE POLITY4 

,! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY -- P>TICUL>LY ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* -- W]E PR$OM9&Y POLITICAL EV5TS1 AL?\< !Y HAD WIDESPREAD ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS = ! R$I/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY [N]%IP4 ,!IR GREATE/ LONG-RANGE A*IEVEM5TS W]E 9 ! REALM ( P]SONAL LIB]TY1 UPHOLD+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A VOLATILE ECONOMIC WORLD4 ,! CRY ('LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY' RANG SOME:AT HOLL[1 H[EV]1 AS ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE :O HAD MADE !SE REVOLUTIONS CONT9U$ TO LIVE 9 MAT]IAL WANT1 TOIL+ ON ! L& & 9 NEWLY EM]G+ FACTORIES FROM DAWN TO DUSK4 ',LIB]TY'1 )\T ! MEANS ( LIFE & ! FREE TIME TO EX]CISE IT1 SEEM$ M]ELY RHETORICAL4 ',EQUALITY'1 9 TURN1 BECAME A MOCK]Y ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS AS OLD PRIVILEGES BAS$ ON /ATUS DIFF]5CES W]E REPLAC$ ) NEW PRIVILEGES BAS$ ON DIFF]5CES 9 WEAL?4 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! FOCUS ( RADICALISM %IFT$ OV]:ELM+LY FROM EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL EGAHT>IANISM TO MAT]IAL EGALIT>IANISM1 TO A =M ( EQUALITY ?AT ALL[$ NOT ONLY P]SONAL POLITICAL FRE$OM BUT ALSO DIGNITY & LEISURE TO ALL LABOR+ CLASSES1 BE !Y ON ! L&1 9 CRAFT %OPS1 OR 9 FACTORIES4 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! V>I\S SOCIALISMS ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY AV[$ ! NE$ = A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BR+ NOT ONLY POLITICAL BUT ECONOMIC EGALIT>IANISM TO HUMANITY -- A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN MAT]IAL NE$S ) M9IMAL TOIL4 ,IF HUMANITY W]E TO A*IEVE A TRULY DEMOCRATIC POLITY1 WORK+ PEOPLE HAD TO ACQUIRE ! MEANS ( LIFE & SUFFICI5T FREE TIME TO P>TI CIPATE 9 IT4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! UND]PRIVILEG$ MASSES ( ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS VIEW$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES4 ,DESPITE ,LUDDITE OPPOSITION TO ! USE ( MA*9]Y ?AT SUBV]T$ TRADITIONAL CRAFTS 7A PROVISIONAL OPPOSITION1 LET ME ADD1 ?AT DID NOT *ALL5GE TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE AS SU*1 PRES5T-DAY DI/ORTIONS ( ,LUDDISM TO ! CONTR>Y71 ! LABOR+ CLASSES VIEW$ ! POT5TIALITIES = HUMAN BETT]M5T OP5$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD ) CONSID]ABLE HOPE & 9CORPORAT$ !M 9TO !IR PROGRAMS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9DE$1 ! RESI/ANCE TO 9DU/RIALISM CAME MA9LY FROM ! ROMANTIC 9TELLECTUALS1 >TI/S1 & MY/ICS :O DECRI$ ! LOSS ( A RURAL SOCIETY ?AT !Y IDEALIZ$1 /EEP$ IT 9 QUASI-FEUDAL TRADITIONS & A MY?OPEIC M5TALITY4 ,NOT ONLY DID !SE ROMANTICS DAMN ! PAT5DY H>MFUL EFFECTS ( CAPITALI/ SELF-9T]E/ & EXPLOITATIVE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y DECRI$ REASON & ! ,5LI<T5M5T ITSELF ,:ATEV] ! B5IGN 9T5TIONS ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ROMANTIC MOVEM5T1 !IR IDEAS LAT] F$ 9TO A SEEM+LY 'POPULI/' MOVEM5T ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ,G]MAN FASCISM4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,K>L ,M>X1 ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL SOCIALI/ !ORI/ ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ID5TIFI$ ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = A COOP]ATIVE & FREE SOCIETY ) ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM4 ,HE HELD ?IS VIEW NOT BECAUSE HE ADMIR$ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS BUT BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT A M>KET ECONOMY BAS$ ON COMPETITION W\LD YIELD VA/ ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,SU* ADVANCES1 HE CONT5D$1 W\LD EV5TUALLY E/ABLI% ! TE*NICAL BASIS = A*IEV+ ! L>GELY POLITICAL & CULTURAL GOALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS WELL AS ! MAT]IAL GOALS ( ! EM]G+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,!RE IS A TRAGIC IRONY 9 ! FACT ?AT ,M>X 5%R9$ A CLASS & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL SY/EM -- CAPITALISM -- AS AN 'HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y' /AGE = A*IEV+ AN ECONOMICALLY EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY4 ,EV5 AS CAPITALISM CORROD$ ! H]$IT>Y RUL+ /RATUM ( FEUDALISM1 IT DID NOT *ALL5GE DOM9ATION AS SU* -- CAPITALI/S W]E NO LESS DOM9E]+ ?AN !IR FEUDAL PR$ECESSORS4 ,! B\RGEOIS SY/EM ( DOM9ATION ?AT !Y CREAT$1 H[EV]1 WAS H>D] TO DEF9E -- & H5CE ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,BY CREAT+ A MY? ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY -- & ID5TIFY+ IT ) ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS -- ! EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE C\LD LEGITIMATE ITS DE FACTO RULE OV] SOCIETY4 ,IT MADE CAPITALISM SEEM LIKE ! RESULT ( GRITTY P]SONAL 5T]PRISE1 P>SIMONY1 & +5UITY4 ,ITS PRECEPT ( =MAL EQUALITY -- BE IT BE=E ! LAW OR 9 ! NAME ( 'EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY' -- CONCEAL$ ! SUB/ANTIVE 9EQUALITY 9 WEAL? & 9FLU5CE 9 SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALI/ APOLOGI/S EV5 D5I$ ?AT CAPITALISM WAS1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 A CLASS SOCIETY AT ALL1 9ASMU* AS 'ANYONE' C\LD BECOME A CAPITALI/ IF HE OR %E SO *OSE4 

,M>X WAS 9T5SELY AW>E ( ?IS OBSCURANTI/ SUBT]FUGE & PROP]LY DESIGNAT$ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS AS ! MO/ MY/IFI$ 9 HI/ORY3 A SY/EM :]EBY CLASS RULE WAS %REWDLY CONCEAL$ BY ! MY? ('EQUAL OPPORTUNITY'4 ,?IS MY/IFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ COMPELL+ FACTS ( MOD]N-DAY CLASS RULE4 ,9 ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES1 IT HAS GREATLY CONDITION$ WAYS ( ?9K+ G5]ALLY T[>D MY/IFICATION1 FROM :I* CURR5T ANTIHUMANI/IC IDEOLOGIES /RONGLY B5EFIT4 

,M>X'S CLAIM ?AT CAPITALISM PROVID$ ! TE*NOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM & H5CE WAS 'PROGRESSIVE'1 H[EV]1 RAIS$ PROBLEMS 9 TRANS=M+ SOCIETY ?AT HE NEV] !ORETICALLY ANTICIPAT$4 ,H[ C\LD A SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND COMPETITION LEAD1 EV5 AFT] A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 TO ONE /RUCTUR$ >\ND COOP]ATION8 ,H[ C\LD A SOCIETY1 S$IM5T$ BY A LONG HI/ORY ( CLASS RULE1 LEAD1 EV5 AFT] A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 TO ONE /RUCTUR$ >\ND SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY8 ,!SE PROBLEMS W]E NOT ADEQUATELY RESOLV$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY -- & !Y F+] ) US TO ?IS DAY4 

,YET 9 MANY RESPECTS1 ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ON ! IMPETUS ?AT CAPITALISM GIVES TO TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T WAS PRESCI5T4 

,! M>KET ECONOMY ?AT ATTA9$ PR$OM9ANCE 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES DID 9NOVATE AN 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,IT FO/]$ A BROAD NATURALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD1 GREAT] BY F> ?AN ! MY?OPEIC 9SI<TS ( ! PA/1 CL\D$ AS !Y W]E 9 NAIVE ILLUSIONS4 ,AT LEA/ ON A /RICTLY PRAGMATIC & 9/RUM5TAL LEVEL1 CAPITALISM C>RI$ MU* ( ! WORLD \T ( AN ILLUSORY ANIMISM1 RELIGIOSITY1 & P>O*IALISM -- ! '5*ANT$' WORLD SO TREASUR$ BY ! ROMANTICS -- & 9TO A SECUL> WORLD ?AT 5C\RAG$ HUMAN ACTIVITY & RATIONAL 9QUIRY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS A CLASS & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY ?AT WAS RIDDL$ BY CONTRADICTIONS & ?AT MADE = PR(\ND SOCIAL & ULTIMATELY ECOLOGICAL 9/ABILITY4 ,FROM ! #a#h#cS TO ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! 'PROGRESSIVE' DIM5SIONS (T5 OV]%AD[$ ITS UGLY & DEEPLY ANTIHUMANI/IC ASPECTS1 AL?\< EXPLOIT$ CLASSES WAG$ DESP]ATE /RUGGLES AGA9/ !M ?R\<\T ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN WORLD4 

,YET EV5 !SE CONFLICTS W]E EV5TUALLY M>G9ALIZ$ BY RE=MS WON BY TRADE UNIONS & LABOR P>TIES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 ,9EVITABLY1 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS FLIRT$ ) ! IDEA ( SUFFICI5TLY IMPROV+ ! CAPITALI/ ORD] SO AS TO R5D] IT MORE EQUITABLE & ULTIMATELY MORE COOP]ATIVE -- P]HAPS EV5 MORE SOCIALI/IC4 ,EV5 AS ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E DR5*$ 9 ! RADICAL RHETORIC ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY1 !Y MADE SOCIALISM 9 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 & ,FRANCE 9CREAS+LY P>LIAM5T>Y RA!R ?AN 9SURRECTION>Y1 & !Y !MSELVES BECAME LOYAL OPPOSITIONS RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GES4 

,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> EXPLOD$ ! MY? ( A SL[1 PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL EVOLUTION FROM A CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY TO A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,BEAT5 D[N BY F\R UNREL5T+ YE>S ( TR5* W>F>E & HORRIFY+LY LE?AL WEAPONS1 SOLDI]S FROM ! MASS >MIES ( ,EUROPE RETURN$ HOME EI!R TO TOPPLE AN 5TR5*$ SOCIAL ORD] 9 ! ,EA/ OR ?REAT5 IT M5AC+LY 9 ! ,WE/4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#c#i1 ?AT ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY FAC$ ITS GREATE/ MOM5T ( TRU?3 EI!R IT W\LD C>RY \T ! HI/ORICALLY CRUCIAL TASK ( REPLAC+ A M>KET SOCIETY ) A COOP]ATIVE ONE1 OR IT W\LD SP9 (F 9TO AN OM9\S P]IOD ( T]RIBLE REACTION4 ,! TRAGIC FAILURE ( V>I\S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ?IS P]IOD TO A*IEVE ! GREAT GOALS !Y HAD ELABORAT$ OV] ! N9ETE5? C5TURY S]V$ TO N\RI% ! EPO*AL CRISIS OP5$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aiad -- A CRISIS :I* EV5 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 BLOODI] & MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ! ,FIR/1 HAS FAIL$ TO RESOLVE4 

,9 FACT1 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> =M$ A %>P B\ND>Y BETWE5 ONE ]A ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ANO!R4 ,! PRE9DU/RIAL CULTURE ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE HAD NOT YET BE5 5TIRELY ABSORB$ BY ! ECONOMY2 9DE$1 AS DOM9ANT AS CAPITALISM HAD BECOME BY ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ECONOMICALLY1 IT WAS F> FROM ALL-P]VASIVE SOCIALLY4 ,ITS SY/EM ( M>KET RELATION%IPS -- :AT E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY SOCIAL !ORI/S CALL$ COMMODIFICATION -- HAD NOT YET FULLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! L>GELY PRE9DU/RIAL EV]YDAY LIFE ( FAMILY RELATION%IPS1 P]SONAL ASSOCIATIONS1 & COMMUNITY TIES4 

,9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 H[EV]1 ?IS DISP>ITY BETWE5 CULTURE & ECONOMICS *ANG$ DRA/ICALLY4 ,/>T+ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS ! CAPITALI/IC M>KET EXP&$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 TO A PO9T :]E IT IS N[ UBIQUIT\S & AIL-P5ETRAT+1 EV5 BY COMP>ISON ) ! CAPITALISM ( M]ELY A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO4 ,IT N[ P]MEATES NE>LY EV]Y FACET ( ORD9>Y LIFE1 FROM ! B$ROOM TO ! S*OOLROOM1 FROM ! KIT*5 TO ! *UR*4 ,?IS M>KET SOCIETY1 ) ITS DEF9+ VALUES ( PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 PR(IT1 & GR[?1 WAS ONLY DIMLY ANTICIPAT$ BY ,M>X 9 ! #a#h#eS1 EV5 AS HIS MAJOR WORKS UNMASK$ ! COMPETITIVE IMP]ATIVES ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION & ITS ACCOMPANY+ CULTURE ( MAT]IAL ACQUISITION4 ,CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION1 OR :AT WE N[ CALL 'CONSUM]ISM'1 :I* ,M>X C\LD NOT HAVE =ESE51 BECAME ! C\NT]P>T ( :AT HE HAD D5OT$ AS 'PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION' -- A DRIV5 =M ( G5]AL ECONOMIC GR[? ?AT HAS 5VELOP$ ! CONSUM] AS WELL AS ! PRODUC]1 & HAS BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 IRRESPECTIVE ( SOCIAL NE$S OR CONSEQU5CES4 

,CAPITALISM1 ABETT$ BY ITS 'PROGRESSIVE' TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS1 HAS !REBY ACQUIR$ A TE*NOLOGICAL P]SONA -- A PROJECTION ( ITSELF AS ! 9DU/RIAL 'LOGIC' ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY AS SU*4 ,?US1 ADD$ TO ITS SELFMY/IFICATION AS A SOCIETY ( '9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY' & 'POLITICAL FRE$OM'1 IT HAS ACQUIR$ /ILL ANO!R LAY] ( MY/IFICATION -- ! MY? ?AT SCI5CE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & EV5 REASON CON/ITUTE ITS IMP]ATIVE = UNREL5T+ EXPANSION4 

,?IS CUNN+ MY/IFICATION HAS BEGUIL$ NE>LY ALL ECOMY/ICS & HAS 5HANC$ ! 'MY/]Y' SURR\ND+ CAPITALISM'S ECONOMIC & M>KET OP]ATIONS4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! SPECI\S SOBRIQUET 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY BECOME SYNONYM\S ) CAPITALISM1 BUT TODAY IT HAS VIRTUALLY REPLAC$ IT1 COMP\ND+ ! MY/IFICATION ?AT SURR\ND$ CAPITALISM FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 

,?IS MY/IFICATION MAY BE ! MO/ OB/REP]\S ( ALL1 HAV+ G5]AT$ A SIZABLE LIT]ATURE1 EV5 A TRADITION1 ?AT ASSIGNS UNCANNY P[]S TO TE*NOLOGY AP>T FROM ! SOCIAL CONTEXT ?AT DET]M9ES ITS USE4 ,IT BECOMES DIFFICULT = ! ORD9>Y P]SON TO SEE ?AT IT IS NOT SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY ?AT ?REAT5 TO TURN ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO A HUGE M>KET & FACTORY2 RA!R1 IT IS ! M>KET & FACTORY ?AT ?REAT5 TO 'TE*NOLOGIZE'1 TO OBJECTIFY OR COMMODIFY ! HUMAN SPIRIT & R$UCE ! NATURAL WORLD TO M]E RAW MAT]IALS = CAPITAL EXPANSION4 

,?US1 ! DAZZL+ SCI5TIFIC LEAPS & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> >E ! PRODUCT ( V]Y DI/9CT SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & AN EV]-GR[+ M>KET SOCIETY4 ,! NOTION ?AT SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY >E 'AUTONOM\S' ( SOCIETY1 ?AT !Y !MSELVES >E CONTROLL+ FACTORS 9 GUID+ SOCIETY1 IS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ 9SIDI\S ILLUSIONS ( \R TIME4 ,?AT SCI5CE & TE*NICS CONDUCT L9ES ( RESE>* & OP5 VISIONS T[>D NEW DEVELOPM5TS IS C]TA9LY TRUE1 BUT !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E RIGOR\SLY GUID$ BY ! PREVAIL+ M>KET SOCIETY RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,AL?\< SOCIETY ABETS SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 SOCIETY ALSO ABORTS ! EXPLORATION ( NEW TE*NIQUES1 DEP5D+ UPON ! NE$S ?AT GUIDE CORPORATE RESE>*4 ,!SE NE$S >E OV]:ELM+LY ECONOMIC1 C5T]+ ON CORPORATE PR(IT & EXPANSION>Y 9T]E/S1 AS WITNESS ! /IMULI GIV5 BY L>GE 5T]PRISES TO L9ES ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* ?AT PROMISE TO GIVE !M ECONOMIC HEGEMONY1 :ILE WILLFULLY IGNOR+ O!RS ?AT1 AL?\< 9T]E/+ TO SCI5TI/S OR 5G9E]S1 >E NOT CONSID]$ SUFFICI5TLY PR(ITABLE FROM A BUS9ESS /&PO9T4 

,?US IT TOOK YE>S TO >\SE ! 9T]E/ ( BUS9ESS 9 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 SOL> & W9D P[]1 NONPOLLUT+ FUELS1 RECYCL+ TE*NIQUES1 & MANY O!R 9VIT+ TE*NOLOGIES4 ,9DE$1 ) ! RISE ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#gS1 IT WAS (T5 NECESS>Y = SCI5TI/S & 5G9E]S TO E/ABLI% PREC>I\S & PRIVATELY FUND$ 9/ITUTES 9 :I* !Y C\LD DEVOTE !MSELVES TO DEVELOP+ '5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY' TE*NOLOGIES ?AT 9DU/RY OBDURATELY IGNOR$ OR EV5 DISAV[$4 ,:]E L>GE CORPORATE 5T]PRISES & GOV]NM5TAL AG5CIES F9ALLY UND]TOOK RESE>* TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITIES ( :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ 'ECOTE*NICS'1 !Y COMMONLY DID SO ONLY AFT] CONSID]ABLE PUBLIC PRESSURE4 ,EV5 TODAY1 V>I\S TE*NOLOGIES ?AT W\LD IMPROVE SAFETY 9 TRANSPORTATION -- ALLUR+ AS !Y MAY BE TO 5G9E]S EAG] TO SOPHI/ICATE !M -- /ILL LIE WOEFULLY ON DRAW+ BO>DS BECAUSE !Y >E EI!R TOO CO/LY OR TOO UNPR(ITABLE FROM A CORPORATE /&PO9T4 ,NOTORI\SLY1 ! PR(IT-ORI5T$ APPROA* GUIDES RESE>* 9 A HO/ ( TE*NICAL >EAS1 9CLUD+ /EEL-MAK+ FACILITIES ?AT1 W]E !Y PUT TO USE1 W\LD YIELD PRODUCTS ?AT >E LA/+1 UNLIKE ! 'PLANN$ OBSOLESC5CE' WORK$ 9TO APPLIANCES1 C>S1 HOMES1 & EV5 TOOLS TODAY4 

,! FACTORY MODEL >\ND W9* CAPITALISM IS /RUCTUR$ HAS GIV5 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS !MSELVES A TE*NOLOGICAL =M1 JU/ AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ,*RI/IANITY GAVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS A RELIGI\S =M4 ,9 A S5SE1 EV]Y FACTORY IS A 'MEGAMA*9E'1 TO USE ,LEWIS ,MUM=D'S WORD = WAYS ( MOBILIZ+ LABOR4 ,NOR >E MEGAMA*9ES PECULI> TO MOD]N SOCIETIES BAS$ ON HI< TE*NOLOGY4 ,!Y EXI/$ ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO1 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ & 9 ! ,ROMAN WORLD1 :5 TOOLS W]E H>DLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN 9 ! ,NEOLI?IC P]IOD4 ,! PYRAMIDS ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 ! TEMPLES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 & ! ROADS ( ,ROME W]E CON/RUCT$ PRIM>ILY BY ! BRUTE LABOR ( S]FS & SLAVES4 ,9 ! E>LY MOD]N P]IOD1 CAPITALISM SIMPLY MOBILIZ$ LABOR MORE ME*ANICALLY BY MAK+ ! RURAL COTTAGE WORK] AN APP5DAGE TO ! SP9N+ :EEL & H& LOOM4 ,9 TIME1 ! TWO W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ! =M ( A FACTORY ?AT N[ 5COMPASSES SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 NOT ONLY ITS ECONOMY4 

,TODAY1 ! UNBRIDL$ EXPANSION ( ! M>KET TRANS=MS NE>LY ALL TRADITIONAL P]SONAL RELATION%IPS 9TO COMMODITY TIES1 FO/]+ A BELIEF 9 ! M]ITS ( CONSUMPTION & A HI<LY SYN!TIC IMAGE ('! GOOD LIFE'4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION HAS M]ELY MADE ?IS COMMODIFICATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE EASI] TO A*IEVE4 ,TO BE SURE1 MOD]N TE*NOLOGIES MAY BE US$1 AS 9 ! CASE ( TELEVISION1 TO PROMOTE ! SALE ( GOODS1 TO 9FLU5CE TA/E1 & TO CREATE NEW 'WANTS'4 ,YET BY ! SAME TOK51 ADV]TIS+ TE*NIQUES W]E ALWAYS 9 USE1 :E!R 9 M$IEVAL FAIRS1 ,R5AISSANCE M>KETS1 OR L>GE PRECAPITALI/ COMM]CIAL C5T]S4 ,= C5TURIES1 ! *UR*ES & MOSQUES ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY W]E IMM5SELY EFFECTIVE NETWORKS = PROMOT+ ECCLESIA/ICAL1 NOBLE1 & ROYAL 9T]E/S1 PREA*+ MESSAGES ( QUIET ACCEPTANCE ( DUTIES1 AWE T[>D SA9TS1 & DEF]5CE T[>D ONE'S SOCIAL 'BETT]S'4 ,DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL CRISES W]E NECESS>Y BE=E ! CAPTIVES ( CL]ICS C\LD DISLODGE ECCLESIA/ICAL CONTROL OV] ! M9DS ( ! OPPRESS$ -- A PROCESS ?AT IS F> FROM COMPLET$ TODAY1 ) OR )\T TELEVANGELI/S4 

,CONV]SELY1 EV5 ! HI<LY CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD REG>D$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ) A/ONI%+ 9DIFF]5CE AT BE/ & ACTIVE HO/ILITY AT WOR/1 PRIM>ILY BECAUSE S]VILE HUMAN LABOR WAS *EAP & READILY AVAILABLE4 ,NOT ?AT ! /EAM 5G9E & ! PADDLE :EEL W]E UNKN[N1 BUT !Y W]E NEV] PUT TO 9DU/RIAL USES4 ,IRONICALLY1 WELL 9TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 ,*RI/IANITY 7:I* TE*NOPHOBES REG>D AS ONE ( ! MO/ ANT9ATURALI/IC ( IDEOLOGIES7 REA*$ ITS HEI<T1 ! P[]S ?AT BE (T5 SAW TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES AS DEMONIC1 NOT AS AN 9SPIRATION = PURSU+ ! 'DOM9ATION ( NATURE'4 

,:ILE CAPITALISM HAS TURN$ TO TE*NOLOGY ) A F]VOR UNKN[N TO ANY PREVI\S SOCIETY & DRESS$ IT 9 ! MY/IFY+ G>B ( AN '9DU/RIAL SOCIETY'1 CAPITALI/S HAVE NOTORI\SLY NEGLECT$ V]Y IMPORTANT TE*NOLOGIES & *OS5 TO DEVELOP PRECISELY ?OSE TE*NIQUES ?AT B5EFIT ITS UNIQUE IMP]ATIVE = GR[? & ITS 9FLAT$ APPETITE = PR(IT4 

,I HAVE EXAM9$ AT SOME L5G? ! EXT5T TO :I* TE*NOLOGY IS A HET]ONOM\S OR DEP5D5T PH5OM5ON BECAUSE ECOMY/ICISM T5DS TO EMPHASIZE ITS AUTONOMY FROM SOCIETY & ! MY/IQUE ( A 'TE*NOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE'1 CRUDELY OBSCUR+ ! PR(\NDLY SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT PROMOTE OR 9HIBIT TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,GIV5 ?IS SIMPLI/IC VIEW1 MOD]N TE*NOLOGY & A 'TE*NOLOGICAL M5TALITY' BECOME ! PR9CIPAL1 (T5 ! EXCLUSIVE CAUSES ( 5VIRONM5TAL ILLS1 CULTURAL MALAISE1 & ! LOSS ('PRIMAL' 9NOC5CE4 

,MOREOV]1 CONTEMPOR>Y CRITIQUES ( TE*NOLOGY (T5 GO H&-9-H& ) PRIMITIVISM & ECOMY/ICISM4 ,! SOPHI/ICATION ( TE*NICS1 WE >E (T5 TOLD1 HAS ALI5AT$ US FROM 'NATURE' & \R PRIMAL' ROOTS1 R5D]+ US M]ELY P>TS ( A VA/ 'MEGAMA*9E' ?AT ?REAT5S NOT ONLY TO DE/ROY ! NATURAL WORLD BUT TO DIM9I% \R AWE BE=E ! 'SACR$' 9 ! BIOSPH]E1 \R 'FEEL+' = LIFE1 & \R CONTACT ) ! 'SPIRITUAL'4 ,FROM ! ROMANTICS ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 TO ,G]MAN CONS]VATIVE WRIT]S E>LY 9 ! PRES5T ONE1 AN EFFLUVIUM ( BOOKS & P]IODICALS HAS SURFAC$1 /RESS+ ! 'AUTONOMY' ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & EI!R EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY CALL+ = A RETURN TO TE*NICALLY SIMPL] WAYS ( LIFE4 ,! MORE PRIMITIVI/IC ( ! REC5T TE*NOPHOBIC WRIT]S CALL = A RETURN TO ! PRI/9E LIVES ( ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE DWELL]S1 ,NEOLI?IC HORTICULTURI/S1 OR M$IEVAL S]FS & CRAFTSPEOPLE4 

,:E!R SU* VIEWS CAN BE ACCEPT$ AT FACE VALUE IS1 TO PUT IT G5TLY1 >GUABLE4 ,[+ TO ! MASSIVE 9ROADS P]SONAL COMPUT]S HAVE MADE 9TO ! LIVES EV5 ( TE*NOPHOBES1 :O >E USUALLY UNPREP>$ TO SACRIFICE ?IS HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ DEVICE = ! QUILL1 ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT !Y >E AS NATURAL AS FRUIT & ?RIVE 9 ,CALI=NIAN ORANGE GROVES4 ,9DE$1 FEW ( TE*NOPHOBIA'S \T/&+ SPOKESP]SONS HAVE AB&ON$ ! HORRORS ( ! CIVILIZATION !Y DECRY TO FIVE H]METIC LIVES FREE FROM TE*NOLOGICAL SUBV]SION2 NOR DO !Y DESI/ FROM ACCEPT+ FEES = BOOKS & LECTURES ?AT 9VEI< AGA9/ ! MEGAMA*9E & ITS 'DESPIRITIZ+' IMPACT ON ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 ONE PRIMITIVI/IC1 TE*NOPHOBIC P]IODICAL CONFESS$1 ',WE GOT A COMPUT] -- & WE HATE IT6'.<#b#a.> ,:I* CAUSES ONE TO WOND]3 :Y ACQUIRE ONE AT ALL :5 ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ W]E SUMMON$ TO ACTION BY SIMPLE H&PRESSES8 

,IF ?IS K9D ( CANT & SILL9ESS W]E ALL ?AT TE*NOPHOBIA PRODUC$1 IT C\LD EASILY BE DISREG>D$4 ,BUT TE*NOPHOBIA RAISES S]I\S ANTIHUMANI/IC ISSUES ?AT REQUIRE CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4 

,FIR/1 TE*NOPHOBIA SETS UP A MISLEAD+ 5EMY = COMMITT$ 5VIRONM5TALI/S & CULTURE CRITICS1 R$IRECT+ !IR ATT5TION AWAY FROM PAT5TLY SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE >E URG$ TO FOCUS ON A PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE S]I\SLY F\<T -- SPECIFICALLY1 TE*NOLOGY -- ASSUM+ !Y AGREE IT IS A PROBLEM ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,SECOND1 TE*NOPHOBES LEAVE UNANSW]$ ! /RATEGIC QUE/ION ( H[ A TRULY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY C\LD BE POSSIBLE1 IF ITS MEMB]S LACK$ ! MEANS ( LIFE & ! FREE TIME TO EX]CISE !IR FRE$OMS4 ,CLAIMS ?AT A 'PRIMITIVE' WAY ( LIFE W\LD ALL[ = 'BANK]'S H\RS'1 TO USE ,J]RY ,M&]'S EXPRESSION1 >E SIMPLY FALLACI\S4.<#b#a#a.> ,M&]'S S\RCES1 N\RI%$ ON ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS CRAZE = ! VIRTUES ( ABORIG9AL WAYS ( LIFE1 >E N[ V]Y QUE/IONABLE1 IF NOT COMPLETELY SPECI\S1 AS WE SAW 9 ,*AP T] #e4 ,UNLESS PEOPLE >E PREP>$ TO GIVE UP LIT]ACY1 BOOKS1 MOD]N MUSIC1 PHYSICAL COM=T1 & ! GREAT WEAL? ( PHILOSOPHICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 & CULTURAL IDEAS ASSOCIAT$ ) CIVILIZATION1 ! BASIC DECISION !Y FACE IS  
H[ TO USE !IR VA/ FUND ( TE*NOLOGICAL KN[L$GE & DEVICES1 NOT  
:E!R TO USE !M4 

,?IS DECISION IS ( MOM5T\S SOCIAL PROPORTIONS -- & MU/ NOT BE BAS$ /RICTLY ON A SUBJECTIVE LOVE OR DI/A/E = TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,9 A BETT] WORLD1 HUMANITY MI<T *OOSE TO DISC>D MANY COMPON5TS ( ITS CURR5T TE*NOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T1 POSSIBLY SOPHI/ICATE O!RS1 & 9NOVATE ECOLOGICALLY MORE DESIRABLE WAYS ( PRODUC+ ?+S4 ,BUT )\T A TE*NICS ?AT WILL FREE HUMANITY FROM ON]\S TOIL -- & )\T VALUES ?AT /RESS DEMOCRATIC =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 W9*  
EV]YONE CAN P>TICIPATE -- ALL HOPES = A FREE SOCIETY 9 ! FUTURE >E *IM]AS4 

,TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 9 ITSELF1 WILL NOT 9CREASE ! FREE TIME ?AT IS NE$$ = A DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CULTURE4 ,9DE$1 9 CLASS SOCIETIES ! USE ( TE*NOLOGIES TO DISPLACE LABOR BY MA*9ES1 TO DE=E/ VA/ >EAS ( TLIE PLANET1 TO EXPLOIT L[-WAGE POPULATIONS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD -- ALL RAISE PRECISELY ! SOCIAL ISSUE ( ! WAYS 9 :I* TE*NOLOGY IS US$4 

,NOR >E ALL TE*NOLOGIES NEUTRAL 9 !IR IMPACT ON SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL WELL-BE+ -- OR EV5 NECESS>ILY DESIRABLE4 ,CLE>LY SOME TE*NOLOGIES1 SU* AS NUCLE> WEAPONS & P[] PLANTS1 %\LD BE BANN$ COMPLETELY4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID = AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL BIOCIDES1 SURVEILLANCE DEVICES1 HI<-TE* WEAPONRY1 & A HO/ ( O !R SOCIALLY & ECOLOGICALLY H>MFUL TE*NIQUES4 

,BUT TO GLIBLY AB/RACT TE*NOLOGY FROM ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT1 TO LET DE/RUCTIVE CURR5T USES ( TE*NOLOGIES \TWEI< !IR POT5TIALLY MORE RATIONAL APPLICATION 9 A BETT] SOCIETY1 W\LD D5Y US ! OPPORTUNITY TO *OOSE :AT TE*NOLOGIES %\LD BE US$ & ! =MS !Y WILL TAKE4 ,V>I\S SOCIETIES USE A GIV5 TE*NOLOGY 9 RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS3 SOME = P]SONALLY PR(ITABLE & EXPLOITATIVE 5DS2 O!RS USE IT RE/RICTIVELY1 [+ TO TRADITIONS ( P>SIMONY OR FE>S ( SOCIAL 9/ABILITY2 & /ILL O!RS MI<T WELL USE IT RATIONALLY1 TO ADVANCE HUMAN FRE$OM1 SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 

,MOD]N TE*NOPHOBES1 ESPECIALLY ( ! MY/ICAL P]SUASION1 T5D TO CONFUSE SOCIAL ) TE*NOLOGICAL FACTORS4 ,LANGDON 0,W9N]1 ONE ( ! MORE 9=M$ CRITICS ( TE*NOLOGY1 9DISCRIM9ATELY 9T]M+LES SOCIAL ) TE*NOLOGICAL FACTORS1 AN APPROA* ?AT (T5 MAKES ! MO/ SPECI\S DEF5SES ( TE*NOPHOBIA SEEM ALMO/ PLAUSIBLE4 ,W9N] OBS]VES3  
  

,IF ! EXP]I5CE ( MOD]N SOCIETY %[S US ANY?+ IT IS ?AT TE*NOLOGIES >E NOT M]ELY AIDS TO HUMAN ACTIVITY 2 BUT ALSO P[]FUL =CES ACT+ TO RE%APE ?AT ACTIVITY & ITS MEAN+ 4 ,TLTE 9TRODUCTION ( A ROBOT TO AN 9DU/RIAL WORKPLACE NOT ONLY 9CREASES PRODUCTIVITY1 BUT (T5 RADICALLY *ANGES ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 R$EF9+ :AT 'WORK' MEANS 9 ?AT SETT+1 ,:5 A SOPHI/ICAT$ NEW TE*NIQUE OR 9/RUM5T IS ADOPT$ 9 M$ICAL PRACTICE1 IT TRANS=MS NOT ONLY :AT DOCTORS DO1 BUT ALSO ! WAYS PEOPLE ?9K AB\T HEAL?1 SICKNESS1 & M$ICAL C>E4 ,WIDESPREAD ALT]ATIONS ( ?IS K9D 9 TE*NIQUES ( COMMUNICATION1 TRANSPORTATION1 MANUFACTUR+1 AGRICULTURE1 & ! LIKE >E L>GELY :AT DI/+UI%ES \R TIMES FROM E>LY P]IODS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,! K9DS ( ?+S WE >E APT TO SEE AS 'M]E' TE*NOLOGICAL 5TITIES BECOME MU* MORE 9T]E/+ & PROBLEMATIC IF WE BEG9 TO OBS]VE H[ BROADLY !Y >E 9VOLV$ 9 CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL & MORAL LIFE4.<#b#a#b.>  
  

,BUT H[ A TE*NOLOGY AFFECTS SOCIAL CONTEXT DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON :I* NEW TE*NOLOGIES >E 9TRODUC$ & ! REASONS = 9TRODUC+ !M4 ,9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY -- UNLIKE ! ONE 9 :I* WE LIVE TODAY -- A ROBOT 9TRODUC$ 9TO A FACTORY 5VIRONM5T MI<T REMOVE PEOPLE FROM ON]\S TOIL & ASSEMBLY-L9E DRUDG]Y1 LEAV+ !M FREE TO 5GAGE 9 PLEASURABLE & CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 A M>KET1 PR(IT-ORI5T$ SOCIETY LIKE ! ONE 9 :I* WE FIVE TODAY1 A ROBOT W\LD PROBABLY 9T5SIFY ! EXPLOITATION ( WORK]S :OSE TASKS >E OR*E/RAT$ BY ! PRES5CE ( A ROBOT & 9CREASE ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( DIOSE :O >E DISPLAC$ BY IT4 ,W9N]'S UNIT>Y /ATEM5T AB\T ! IMPACT ( A ROBOT ON WORK1 9 EFFECT1 LACKS SUFFICI5T SOCIAL CONTEXTUALITY & T5DS TO BE MORE OBFUSCATORY ?AN ILLUM9AT+4 

,IMPLICIT 9 ,W9N]'S NOTION ('TE*NOLOGICAL SOMNAMBULISM'1 9 :I* 'WE SO WILL+LY SLEEPWALK ?R\< ! PROCESS ( RECON/ITUT+ ! CONDITIONS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE'1 IS ,IRIS [N SOCIAL SOMNAMBULISM4.<#b#a#c.> ,= ,W9N]1 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY IS A GIV51 SEEM+LY UNALT]ABLE PH5OM5ON1 ! BACKGR\ND = EXI/+ & FUTURE TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,?AT TE*NOLOGY AUTONOM\SLY OR*E/RATES RA!R ?AN IS OR*E/RAT$ BY ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* TOOLS & MA*9ES EXI/ IS ESS5TIALLY ASSUM$4 ,?AT ! R$UCTION ( WORK BY A ROBOT MAY1 9 FACT1 MAKE LIFE EASI]1 9DE$ RI*]1 ?AT ITS EFFECTS C\LD BE M9IMAL OR EV5 DESIRABLE1 IS NOT SPELL$ \T 9 HIS BOOK1 :I* IS TILT$ T[>D !ORI/S :O SEE TE*NOLOGY AS %AP+ SOCIETY4 

,LIKE MANY TE*NOPHOBES :O >E PREOCCUPI$ ) UNEXPLA9$ 'TE*NOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES' & ! PSY*IC EFFECTS ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE1 ,W9N] M>G9ALIZES ! C5TRALITY ( SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,?US1 HE CALLS UPON HIS READ]S TO BE AW>E ( ! RAMIFICATIONS ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE UPON SOCIETY & ITS VALUES -- A RA!R FOGGY REQUE/1 S9CE ! NATURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 ITS CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S1 & RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! PRES5T HUMAN CONDITION REMA9 UNEXPLOR$ & >E AS PROBLEMATICALLY 9T]ME%$ AS EV] ) EA* O!R4 ,SO >E QUE/IONS AB\T :O CONTROLS ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 ! H>%1 REAL WORLD1 ?OSE :O DECIDE :I* NEW TE*NOLOGIES >E OR >E NOT TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO WORKPLACES1 HOSPITALS1 (FICES1 & FACTORIES >E ! PROPRIETORS ( ?OSE OP]ATIONS4 ,NOT EV5 MANAG]S1 5G9E]S1 & SCI5TI/S -- OR :AT HAS BE5 LOOSELY CALL$ ! 'NEW CLASS' -- MAKE LONG-RANGE DECISIONS AB\T ! USE ( TE*NOLOGIES 9 ! MOD]N ECONOMY4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS ! [N]S & DIRECTORS ( A P>TICUL> CONC]N -- LEA/ ( ALL ORD9>Y CITIZ5S -- :O DECIDE :AT K9D ( TE*NOLOGY WILL BE US$ 9 A GIV5 5T]PRISE1 AS ! =MULATION ( REC5T 'D[N-SIZ+' POLICIES BY L>GE CORPORATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD SO CLE>LY REVEAL4 

,!SE [N]S & DIRECTORS >E CONC]N$ LESS ) ! SOCIAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & IDEOLOGICAL IMPACTS ( A NEW TE*NOLOGY ?AN ) ! PR(IT & COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES IT MAY YIELD4 ,LESS SOCIALLY VISIBLE ?AN ! CORPORATE 'BOSSES' ( AN E>LI] ]A1 LIKE ! OLD ,JOHN ,D4 ,ROCKEFELL]1 CONTEMPOR>Y 'BOSSES' >E (T5 HI<LY PR(ESSIONAL & WELL TRA9$ 9 ! MORE COMPLEX ASPECTS ( BUS9ESS MANAGEM5T & 5G9E]+4 ,& !IR AU?ORITY /EMS ULTIMATELY FROM DIEIR P[] AS [N]S & DIRECTORS AT ! APEX ( ! ECONOMIC PYRAMID1 NOT M]ELY AS KN[L$GEABLE TE*NICAL P]SONNEL4 

,W9N]'S \TLOOK T5DS TO CONCEAL ! REAL ISSUES ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,MU* AS TE*NOLOGY MAY 5HANCE ! OP]ATIONS ( A GIV5 SOCIETY1 IT IS A DI/9CT MEANS DEPLOY$ BY SELF-S]V+ [N]S & DIRECTORS TO EX]CISE !IR P[] & 9CREASE !IR GA9S4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! EFFECTS ?AT NEW TE*NOLOGIES HAVE UPON PEOPLE & DIEIR VALUES1 ,W9N]'S BOOK KEEPS US FROM CLE>LY UND]/&+ ?AT !SE EFFECTS >E ! RESULTS ( MANIPULATIONS BY DEF9ABLE SOCIAL ELITES :OSE BEHAVIOR1 9 REAL LIFE1 IS GUID$ OV]:ELM+LY BY ECONOMIC FACTS -- NOT BY ! EXT5T TO :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE SUFF] FROM 'TE*NOLOGICAL SOMNAMBULISM'4 

,D\BTLESS1 AS ,W9N] >GUES1 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES 'AFFECT ! TEXTURE ( MOD]N LIFE'1 BUT SOCIAL *ANGES AFFECT MOD]N LIFE F> MORE DRA/ICALLY4 ,?US1 A ,R5AISSANCE BANK] ( SOME F\R HUNDR$ YE>S AGO -- SAY1 A MEMB] ( ! ,FUGG] BANK+ FAMILY -- HELD A VIEW ( ! WORLD1 POSSESS$ AN 9DIVIDUALIZ$ S5SE ( SELF1 & HAD POLITICAL VALUES ?AT W]E MU* MORE AK9 TO ?OSE ( A MOD]N BUS9ESSMAN ?AN1 SAY1 ( AN ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES4 ,YET ,GREEK & ,R5AISSANCE TE*NOLOGIES W]E REM>KABLY SIMIL> BY COMP>ISON ) ,R5AISSANCE & MOD]N ONES4 ,BO? ! ,FUGG] BANK] & ! MOD]N BANK] LIV$ 9 A CALCULAT+1 MONEY-ORI5T$1 EGOI/IC1 & COMM]CIAL WORLD ?AT = MANY ,GREEKS W\LD HAVE SEEM$ DEBAS+ & ASOCIAL4 ,A!NIANS ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B,C W]E EXPECT$ TO PLACE ! 9T]E/S ( ! POLIS OR SO-CALL$ 'CITY /ATE' BE=E P]SONAL CONSID]ATIONS & G5]ALLY VIEW$ COMM]CE AS A DEGRAD+ ACTIVITY1 UNFIT = AN AU!NTIC CITIZ51 AN ATTITUDE ?AT /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ,FUGG] & MOD]N BANK]S4 ,AL?\< ! TE*NOLOGICAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 COMM]CIALLY ORI5T$ ,R5AISSANCE BANK]S & ,A!NIANS WAS RELATIVELY SMALL1 ! PSY*OLOGICAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! TWO WAS IMM5SE4 

,W9N]'S ASS]TION ( TE*NOLOGICAL AUTONOMY ULTIMATELY BECOMES TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM4 ,IF '\R 9/RUM5TS >E 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! MAK+'1 AS HE FATALI/ICALLY DECL>ES1 & 'TE*NE HAS AT LA/ BECOME  
POLITEIA'1 !N \R BEHAVIOR IS DET]M9$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL FACTORS4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY REAL HOPE ?AT ! 'POLITICAL WISDOM ( A DEMOCRACY' CAN 'DISCIPL9E' TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 S9CE 'IT W\LD REQUIRE QUALITIES ( JUDICI\SNESS 9 ! POPULACE ?AT HAVE R>ELY BE5 APPLI$ TO ! JUDGM5T ( 9/RUM5TAL_/FUNCTIONAL AFFAIRS4''.<#b#a#d.> ,HIS BOOK1 ,! ,:ALE & ! ,REACTOR 5DS ) A QUE/ION3 '.<A.>T PRES5T \R SOCIETY SEEMS TO PREF] 444 MONUM5TS TO GIGANTISM1 WAX1 & ! OV]/EPP+ ( NATURAL & CULTURAL B\ND>IES4 ,SU* >E ! ACCOMPH%M5TS WE SUPPORT ) \R DOLL>S & \R VOTES4 ,H[ LONG WILL IT BE UNTIL WE >E READY TO DO ANY?+ BETT]8'.<#b#a#e.> ,:I* QUE/ION SIDE/EPS ! ISSUE ( H[ EFFECTIVE VOT+ CAN BE 9 A POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT IS AN OLIG>*Y ( ! P[]FUL & WEAL?Y -- A FACT ?AT LEAVES ! PREF]5CES ( '\R SOCIETY' V]Y MU* 9 D\BT & ITS EXPOSURE TO RADICALLY FRE% ALT]NATIVES V]Y LIMIT$1 SO SAY ! LEA/4 

,AMONG ! LESS SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOPHOBES1 LIKE ,J]RY ,M&]1 ! AMBIGUITIES ?AT M>K ,W9N]'S TREATM5T ( TE*NOLOGY BECOME WILD SLOGANE]+1 LAC$ ) APPEALS TO ! 'SACR$' & G5UFLECTIONS BE=E 'PRIMITIVES'1 :OM ,M&] ECUM5ICALLY CALLS ',9DIANS' :E!R !Y >E NATIVE TO ! ,AM]ICAS OR NOT4 

,9TELLECTUALLY1 ,M&]'S ,9 ! ,ABS5CE ( ! ,SACR$ IS A CACOPHONY ( WILDLY DISCORDANT >GUM5TS ?AT 9T]M+LES ! SOCIAL & ! TE*NOLOGICAL ) A DEGREE ( AB&ON ?AT V]GES ON ! EMB>RASS+4.<#b#a#f.> ,TE*NOLOGY1 WE >E TOLD1 IS ALL-P]VASIVE4 ,IT 9VADES \R CONSCI\SNESS &1 ) EA* G5]ATION ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T1 SEP>ATES US FROM ! NATURAL WORLD BY 5FOLD+ US 9 A PURELY TE*NOLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,AGA91 ! MEGAMA*9E IMAGE RE>S ITS T]RIFY+ HEAD3 ',! WEB ( 9T]ACTIONS AMONG MA*9ES BECOMES MORE COMPLEX & MORE 9VISIBLE1 :ILE ! TOTAL EFFECT IS MORE P[]FUL & P]VASIVE4 ,WE BECOME EV] MORE 5CLOS$ & EV] LESS AW>E ( ?AT FACT4 ,\R 5VIRONM5T IS SO MU* A PRODUCT ( \R 9V5TION ?AT IT BECOMES A S+LE WORLDWIDE MA*9E4 ,WE LIVE 9SIDE IT1 & >E A PIECE ( IT4'.<#b#a#g.> ,9 ,M&]'S VIEW1 ?IS 'WEB ( 9T]ACTIONS' IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY A PRODUCT ( TE*NOLOGY AS SU* & ! M5TALITY IT BRE$S4 

,A DIRECTOR ( ! ,B]KELEY-BAS$ ,ELMWOOD ,9/ITUTE1 ,M&] DELIV]S :AT ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE 5?USIA/ICALLY LAUDS AS A 'SKEW]+ CRITIQUE ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 9 :I* C>S1 TELEPHONES1 COMPUT]S1 BANKS1 BIO-G5ETICS & TELEVISION 444 ALL >E %[N TO BE P>T ( A MAD MEGATE*NOLOGY0 ?AT IS DE/ROY+ ! WORLD'S RES\RCES & ROBOTIZ+ ITS PEOPLES4'.<#b#a#h.> ,! READ] CANNOT HELP BUT WOND] :I* ( !SE T]RIFY+ TE*NOLOGICAL >TIFACTS >E ACTUALLY US$ BY ! ,ELMWOOD ,9/ITUTE'S MEMB]S & ASSOCIATES4 ,9DE$1 ,M&]1 :O ROBU/LY CELEBRATES ! FACT ?AT HE M]ELY USES 'AN OLD ,I,B,M ,SELECTRIC'1 MAY WELL BE AN EXCEPTION AMONG HIS ASSOCIATES4.<#b#a#i.> ,9 ANY CASE1 LIKE P]SONAL COMPUT]S1 NOT EV5 OLD1 9DE$ ANCI5T ,I,B,M ,SELECTRICS GR[ ON TREES4 

,9 A HEADY PASSAGE1 ,M&] CELEBRATES HIS TE*NOLOGICALLY SIMPLE *ILDHOOD WORLD 9 ! ,BRONX ( ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS1 DUR+ :I* TIME HIS MO!R'S 'FAVORITE ACTIVITY WAS %OPP+' & A PHYSICIAN1 :OSE PR9CIPAL PH>MACEUTICAL SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ASPIR91 ATT5D$ TO HIS FAMILY'S HEAL? NE$S4 ,! ,M&] FAMILY ( ?IS BLISSFUL ]A HAD A TELEVISION 9 ! LIV+ ROOM ?AT FEATUR$ ,MILTON ,B]LE1 AT A TIME :5 BROADCA/+ WAS HAPPILY RE/RICT$ TO SEV5 H\RS EA* DAY4 ,M&] S5IOR'S PRIZE POSSESSION WAS A ,BUICK S$AN ?AT HE ROTAT$ ONLY EV]Y ?REE YE>S & ! ,M&]S W]E SATISFI$ ) ANNUAL FAMILY TRIPS TO ,FLORIDA1 PLUS A /AY AT SUMM] CAMP = ,M&] JUNIOR4.<#b#b.> 

,YET H[ FREE ( 'CONSUM]ISM' & 'TE*NOLOGY' WAS ?IS HALCYON ]A1 =TY OR FIFTY YE>S AGO8 ,DID ,MRS ,M&] BEAT ! DIRT \T ( H] FAMILY S CLO?+ ) A SCRUB BO>D & SQUEEZE \T ! WAT] ) ROLL]S1 :ILE ,MR ,M&] 9DULG$ HIS PASSION = NEW ,BUICKS8 ,DID %E CLEAN ! FLOORS ON H] KNEES8 ,DID %E C>RY HEAVY %OPP+ BAGS1 FILL$ ) FOOD /APLES1 OR WAS %E DRIV5 TO & HORN M>KET BY ,M&] S5IOR 9 A NEW ,BUICK8 

,M&] JUNIOR DOES NOT 5T] 9TO !SE TRIVIAL DETAILS4 ,BUT HAV+ GR[N UP 9 ! SAME ,BRONX MILIEU A G5]ATION OR SO E>LI]1 ,I FEEL OBLIG$ TO PROTE/ ?AT ! ,M&]S 5JOY$ EM95TLY PRIVILEG$ MIDDLE-CLASS COM=TS & TE*NOLOGICAL GOODIES ?AT W]E 5TIRELY UNKN[N TO ME1 MY FAMILY1 & MY FRI5DS4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#bS TO WELL 9TO ! #a#i#cS1 MY [N FAMILY DID NOT EV5 [N EV5 A RADIO1 /ILL LESS A C>1 TELEVISION SET1 OR TELEPHONE4 ,NOR W]E !Y SO PRIVILEG$ AS TO MAKE TRIPS TO ,FLORIDA OR S5D ME TO SUMM] CAMP4 ,AT ! ONSET ( ! ,DEPRESSION1 MY MO!R & ,I DID NOT EV5 HAVE A FAMILY PHYSICIAN4 ,9/EAD1 :5 WE W]E SICK1 WE SAT = H\RS 9 ! CL9ICS ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S PUBLIC HOSPITALS1 HOP+ TO RECEIVE ANY K9D ( M$ICAL ATT5TION4 

,I AM NOT TRY+ TO GUILT ,M&] OR TRADE EXP]I5CES ) HIM4 ,HIS TE*NOPHOBIA IS PREMIS$ ON A FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO WAY ( LIFE1 AS IS ! TE*NOPHOBIA ( SO MANY BABY BOOM]S ( LATE4 ,HIS DEPRECATION ( ANTIBIOTICS R+S HOLL[ AT A TIME :5 *ILDR5 UND]W5T DANG]\S MA/OID-BONE SURG]Y = DEADLY E> 9FECTIONS & ELD]LY PEOPLE BECAME S]I\SLY ILL FROM EV5 M9OR W\NDS4 ,)\T ANTIBIOTICS1 ,I W\LD PROBABLY HAVE DI$ ( A /REPTOCOCCUS 9FECTION 9 ! E>LY #a#i#dS4 ,!RE IS A SICK5+ >ROGANCE 9 TE*NOPHOBES :O1 HAV+ 5JOY$ ! FRUITS ( MIDDLE-CLASS1 EV5 WEAL?Y LIFE-/YLES1 CONDEMN APPLIANCES ?AT FRE$ WOM5 FROM CONSID]ABLE DOME/IC DRUDG]Y1 MA*9ES ?AT FRE$ WORK]S FROM M5TALLY DEBILITAT+ TASKS ON ASSEMBLY L9ES1 & OP5$ ALT]NATIVES TO />VATION 9 L&S ?AT W]E ONCE COMPLETELY AT ! M]CY ( ',MO!R ,NATURE' & ',H]' MANY CLIMATIC VAG>IES4 

,9 EXTOLL+ ! RELATIVE TE*NOLOGICAL SIMPLICITY ( HIS ,BRONX *ILDHOOD1 ,M&]1 9 FACT1 IS EXTOLL+ A CULTURE -- ! ,JEWI% IMMIGRANT MIDDLE-CLASS WAY ( LIFE -- ?AT WAS PRE9DU/RIAL 9 MANY RESPECTS1 ?AT HAD NOT YET BE5 COMPLETELY P5ETRAT$ BY ! M>KETPLACE4 ,ITS LANGUAGE1 VALUES1 FAMILY /RUCTURE1 & IDEALS W]E ULTIMATELY ]OD$ NOT BY TE*NOLOGY -- :I*1 9 FACT1 ITS MEMB]S G5]ALLY PRIZ$ AS MU* AS ,MR ,M&] DID HIS ,BUICK -- BUT BY ! SOCIALLY 9VASIVE P[] ( CAPITALISM & ITS COMMODITY ORI5TATION4 

,MY [N MO!R1 AN ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT1 WELCOM$ ) ALMO/ SUBLIME EC/ASY H] FIR/ ',FRIGIDAIRE' & H] ACCESS TO WA%+ & DRY+ MA*9ES4 ,TO [N A MOTORIZ$ VEHICLE 9 MY *ILDHOOD & Y\? W\LD HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS AN UNIMAG9ABLE LUXURY1 9DE$ A M>K ( NEW SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,SUMM] VACATIONS W]E H>DLY COMMON AMONG POOR PEOPLE :O HAD TO HAGGLE = L[] FOOD PRICES4 ,AS AN ADULT1 

,I WORK$ AS A F\NDRYMAN & AUTO WORK]2 TO BE F9ALLY FREE FROM ?AT TOIL WAS AN OCCUPATIONAL EPIPHANY ( A K9D AT LEA/ AS 9T5SE AS ! ONE ,M&] HIMSELF SEEMS TO HAVE EXP]I5C$ AFT] HE LEFT HIS WORK ) ADV]TIS+ AG5CIES & DRIFT$ 9TO ! ,ELMWOOD ,9/ITUTE4 

,M&]'S C>ELESS CONFUSION ( ! PRE9DU/RIAL CULTURAL ROOTS ( HIS FAMILY ) ! SOCIAL USES ( TE*NOLOGY LEAD TO ! SAME IDEOLOGICAL DIS>RAY ?AT M>KS ,W9N]'S MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ BOOK4 ,DESPITE !IR DIFF]5T LEVELS ( DISCUSSION1 BO? WRIT]S REPEAT$LY CONFUSE ! PROMISE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY ) ITS ABUSES 9 ! PRES5T IRRATIONAL ONE4 ,) CONSID]ABLE APLOMB1 WE >E %[N ?AT TE*NOLOGY DOES NOT1 AFT] ALL1 PRODUCE MORE LEISURE TODAY -- AS DI\< 'TODAY' W]E SOMEH[ '=EV]' -- OR ?AT RADICALS ( PA/ G5]ATIONS DID NOT KN[ ?AT TE*NOLOGY CAN BE US$ = EXPLOITATIVE 5DS UND] CAPITALISM1 AS IT CAN BE = LIB]AT+ 5DS 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 

,WORSE /ILL1 TE*NOLOGY CREATES MORE WORK1 WE >E TOLD -- ) M9IMAL REF]5CES TO SOCIETY1 BECAUSE PEOPLE MU/ N[ HOLD TWO JOBS 9/EAD ( ONE1 AS A4 RESULT ( ! WAY AN 9NOVATION CURR5TLY YIELDS P>TIAL EMPLOYM5T & L[]$ 9COME4 ,?AT AN AV>ICI\S CLASS ( PROPRIETORS & ADM9I/RATORS MU/ -- & WANT TO -- GA9 A 'COMPETITIVE $GE' 9 ! M>KET ) UNSEEMLY PR(ITS & ?AT MONEY LEADS TO EXPLOITATION ALL BUT ELUDES ,M&]1 :O DEVELOPS A S]I\S CASE ( SOCIAL SOMNAMBULISM4 ,! VE/$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ?AT USE TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS TO EXPLOIT RA!R ?AN DIM9I% LABOR >E NOT ONLY FRE$ ( !IR ODIUM1 BUT SC5T$ BY FLAMBOYANT D5UNCIATIONS ( TE*NICS AS SU*4 

,?US1 AFT] CONC$+ ?AT M$ICAL TE*NOLOGY 'ON ! :OLE1 AIDS LONG] LIFE & ?AT IS GOOD'1 ,M&]1 AS A CON/RA/1 !N M+LES APPLES ) ORANGES BY REM9D+ US ?AT ! MURD] RATE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS SKYROCKET$1 ?AT ! PRISON POPULATION IS BUR/+1 ?AT SUICIDE & DRUG USE HAVE REA*$ EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONS1 ?AT #cb MILLION ,AM]ICANS LIVE 9 POV]TY1 ?AT #ac P] C5T ( ! POPULATION HAS NO HEAL? 9SURANCE1 ?AT #c MILLION PEOPLE >E HOMELESS1 ?AT #bg P] C5T >E FUNCTIONALLY ILLIT]ATE1 & ?AT #bh MILLION ,AM]ICAN ADULTS SUFF] FROM ONE OR ANO!R K9D ( M5TAL DISORD]4.<#b#b#a.> ,ONE IS OBLIG$ TO ASK -- IS ALL ?IS REALLY BECAUSE ( TE*NOLOGY8 

,F9ALLY1 HAV+ RECIT$ MORE /ATI/ICS ON ! EXT5T ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 ,M&] MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO DELIV] A P[]FUL REBUKE AGA9/ A SOCIETY ?AT P]MITS1 9DE$ FO/]S1 !SE T]RIBLE1 PAT5TLY SOCIAL1 ABUSES4 ,9/EAD1 WE >E TOLD3 ',GIV5 ?AT TE*NOLOGY WAS SUPPOS$ TO MAKE LIFE BETT]1 & GIV5 ITS APP>5T FAILURE 9 BO? ! SOCIAL & ! 5VIRONM5TAL SPH]ES1 %\LDN'T REASON DICTATE ?AT WE %>PLY QUE/ION ! WILD CLAIMS WE HAVE ACCEPT$ AB\T TE*NOLOGY8'.<#b#b#b.> 

,P]MEAT$ AS HIS BOOK IS BY SOCIAL AMNESIA1 ! READ] (T5 HAS ! FEEL+ ?AT IF ONLY PEOPLE C\LD ALL GET TOGE!R 9 A HUGE 5C\NT] GR\P1 POSSIBLY AT ! ,ELMWOOD ,9/ITUTE1 ALL \R PROBLEMS C\LD BE HAPPILY RESOLV$4 ,WE >E1 IT APPE>S1 5TRANC$ BY A 'PRO-TE*NOLOGY P>ADIGM' ?AT HAS DAZZL$ US 9TO A BELIEF 9 ! PROMISE ( 'TE*NOTOPIA'4 ,IF ONLY WE C\LD REMOVE ITS 9H]5T APPEAL TO \R PSY*ES1 WE MI<T -- GUID$ BY ! 'SACR$1' AS DEF9$ BY ,CALI=NIA'S V]SION ( NATIVE ,AM]ICAN S5SIBILITIES -- F9D \R WAY TO SELF & POSSIBLY SOCIAL R$EMPTION4.<#b#b#c.> 

,AS TO SOCIETY1 ,M&]'S 9SI<TS >E SP>SE4 ,! MO/ SEM9AL ?\<T 9 ,9 ! ,ABS5CE ( ! ,SACR$ IS ?AT 'CORPORATIONS >E MA*9ES'BY :I* HE MEANS ?AT CORPORATIONS CON/ITUTE A BUS9ESS TE*NOLOGY & >E ! PRODUCT ( A 'TE*NOLOGICAL M5TALITY'.<#b#b#d.> ,?AT CORPORATIONS >E IMP]SONAL & AMORAL -- H5CE1 MA*9ELIKE -- MI<T MAKE ?IS =MULATION A REASONABLY GOOD METAPHOR1 PROVID$ ?AT ,M&] EXPLOR$ !IR FUNCTION AS S\RCES ( PR(IT & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,BUT !SE BASIC ATTRIBUTES ( ANY CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISE >E GIV5 M9IMAL ATT5TION4 ',! ,PR(IT ,IMP]ATIVE' 1 ONE ( HIS SUBHEAD+S1 RECEIVES F\R SCANT L9ES1 & NO ANALYSIS IS GIV5 TO BACK UP HIS CONCLUSION ?AT 'PR(IT IS ! ULTIMATE MEASURE ( ALL CORPORATE DECISIONS'.<#b#b#e.> ',! ,GR[? ,IMP]ATIVE' 1 :I* IMM$IATELY FOLL[S ,M&]' S IMPRESSIVELY ABBREVIAT$ DISCUSSION ( PR(IT1 OCCUPIES LESS ?AN HALF A PAGE1 & IT TOO IS NOTABLE = ITS LACK ( S]I\S ANALYSIS ( ! IMPELL+ FACTORS 9 CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,LA/1 ,M&] SEES ',COMPETITION & ,AGGRESSION' PRIM>ILY AS AN 9T]NAL PROBLEM )9 9DIVIDUAL CORPORATIONS1 A =M ( P]SONAL AGONI/IC ACTIVITY COMP>ABLE TO ! BEHAVIOR ( COMPET+ PR(ESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAY]S4.<#b#b#f.> 

,M&]'S 9T]PRETATION ( TE*NOLOGY IS BASICALLY OBSCURANTI/3 CONCEIV$ AS A QUASI-MY/ICAL 'WEB ( 9T]ACTIONS' 1 TE*NOLOGY NOT ONLY TAKES ON AN ALMO/ PSY*IC & SELF-G5]ATIVE LIFE ( ITS [N1 BUT IT IS GIV5 AN OV]P[]+ PRES5CE 9 EV]Y DIM5SION ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,9 ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( ! 'FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES' 1 PEOPLE :O MAKE ! ?+S !Y CONSUME SEEM UND] CAPITALISM TO BE MY/]I\SLY RUL$ BY !M2 SO = ,M&]1 TE*NOLOGY1 :I* RESULTS FROM 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & ! NATURAL WORLD1 BECOMES A MY/]I\S 'AUTONOM\S' =CE ?AT PLAYS A =MATIVE & OV]RID+ ROLE 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,TO UND]/& ! AU!NTIC REALITY ( ! HUMAN CONDITION TODAY1 WE >E ?US OBLIG$ TO /RIP AWAY NOT ONLY ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES BUT ALSO ! FETI%ISM ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,NOT ONLY DO WE FIVE F> MORE )9 A V]Y REAL WEB ( COMMODITY RELATION%IPS ?AN TE*NOLOGICAL ONES1 BUT WE >E JU/IFIABLY F> MORE AFFLICT$ BY A M>KET-ORI5T$ M5TALITY ?AN BY A TE*NOLOGICAL ONE4 ,WE >E F> MORE CONC]N$ ) SECUR+ A LIV+ ?AN ) ASSESS+ ! EXT5T TO :I* TE*NOLOGY AFFECTS \R PSY*ES4 ,\R ?9K+ IS FA%ION$ ALONG QUANTIFI$ F9ES MORE BECAUSE ( \R ATTEMPTS TO BALANCE A DW9DL+ DOME/IC BUDGET ?AN BECAUSE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,C>TESIAN ME*ANISM4 

,! SOCIAL AMNESIA ?AT AFFLICTS TE*NOPHOBES & ANTIHUMANI/S G5]ATES AN >ROGANCE T[>D ! SEEM+LY MUNDANE PROBLEMS ?AT PEOPLE ORD9>ILY FACE1 A ,NEW ,AGE >ROGANCE MU* GREAT] ?AN ! >ROGANCE ( SO-CALL$ 'TE*NOTOPIANS' 7A CATEGORY ?AT SEEMS TO 9CLUDE ALMO/ EV]YONE :O IS S]I\SLY CONC]N$ ) HUMAN WELF>E & ! A*IEVEM5T ( A MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT SOCIETY74 ,9DE$1 LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES1 ! PRES5T SOCIETY MI<T WELL PRODUCE 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS SO PR(\ND ?AT HUMANITY WILL BE OBLIG$ TO FIVE 9 A 'TE*NOTOPIA' 1 AN >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ 5VIRONM5T1 & NO APPEALS :ATEV] = A RETURN TO ! 'SACR$' 1 LEA/ ( ALL TO A CONTRIV$ ',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' 1 WILL BE ABLE TO BR+ BACK ! OZONE LAY]1 RE/ORE A BREA?ABLE ATMOSPH]E1 UNDO ! DAMAGE TO BASIC BIOGEO *EMICAL CYCLES1 & CLEANSE A HOPELESSLY POISON$ WAT] SUPPLY4 ,IF SU* A SWEEP+ ECOLOGICAL REGRESSION W]E EV] TO OCCUR1 FUTURE G5]ATIONS MI<T WELL HAVE TO BUILD DOMES OV] !IR CITIES1 CREATE OXYG5-MAK+ MA*9ES1 & PRODUCE SYN!TIC FOOD4 

,SU* A NI<TM>I% FUTURE -- ) ITS DESPOTIC POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES -- W\LD NOT BE ! PRODUCT ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION OR ?9K+4 ,IT ,W\LD BE ! PRODUCT ( A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT1 BY ITS COMPETITIVE NATURE -- ) OR )\T TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS -- IS 9CAPABLE ( PLAC+ ANY LIMITS ON GR[? & LIMITS ON ! ACQUISITION ( PR(IT ) :I* TO GR[4 ,IF ! COMPETITIVE M>KET SOCIETY CONT9UES TO EXP& UNOPPOS$1 IT WILL BE BECAUSE ! S]I\S RADICAL MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE ( =M] DECADES HAVE BE5 SUPPLANT$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY ANTIHUMANI/1 MY/ICAL1 & TE*NOPHOBIC CULTS = SELFIR$EMPTION & N>CISSI/IC EPIPHANIES4 

,AS TO ,M&] S KN[L$GE ( ! 'SACR$' 1 MU* ( ! AN?ROPOLOGY 9 ,9 ! ,ABS5CE ( ! ,SACR$ IS QUE/IONABLE1 DRAWN L>GELY FROM ! NATIVE ',MAN ! ,HUNT]' S*OOL ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 

,M&] IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MORE WIDELY READ ANTITE*NOLOGICAL WRIT]S >\ND !SE DAYS1 & LIKE MANY ( HIS POP CONFR]ES1 HAS N\RI%$ A GREAT DEAL ( TODAY'S RIS+ TE*NOPHOBIA4 ,BUT O!R !ORI/S DEAL PHILOSOPHICALLY ) TE*NOLOGY1 9 WRIT+S ?AT HAVE BROAD IMPLICATIONS = ! CONFLICT BETWE5 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM & ANTIHUMANISM4 ,JACQUES ,ELLUL'S ,TE*NOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 1 ONE ( ! ANCE/RAL LIT]>Y S\RCES ( PRES5T-DAY TE*NOPHOBIA1 CRITICIZES NOT ONLY TE*NOLOGY AS SU* BUT TE*NIQUE2 9DE$1 HE GIVES ! T]M SU* A BROAD SCOPE ?AT IT CAN ESS5TIALLY BE DEF9$ AS NE>LY ANY MEANS = EFFECTUAT+ A GOAL TODAY3 ',! T]M TE*NIQUE1 AS ,I USE IT1' HE WRITES1 'DOES NOT MEAN MA*9ES1 TE*NOLOGY1 OR ?IS OR ?AT PROC$URE = ATTA9+ AN 5D4 ,9 \R TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 TE*NIQUE IS ! TOTALITY ( ME?ODS RATIONALLY >RIV$ AT & HAV+ ABSOLUTE EFFICI5CY 7= A GIV5 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T7 9 EV]Y FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4' ,IT MI<T WELL BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ,ELLUL IS TALK+ AS MU* AB\T HUMAN-G5]AT$ CAUSALITY 9 ! MOD]N WORLD AS HE IS AB\T TOOLS & MA*9ES4.<#b#b#g.> 

,AL?\< ,ELLUL GIVES US NO SPECIFIC REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT TE*NIQUE AS SU* IS GOOD OR BAD1 IT CLE>LY BECOMES DEGRAD$ :5 REASON & CONSCI\SNESS 5T] 9TO TE*NICAL OP]ATIONS4 ,9ASMU* AS EV]Y TE*NICAL OP]ATION UNAVOIDABLY 9VOLVES REASON & CONSCI\SNESS1 IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT TE*NIQUE CAN EV] EXCLUDE ?\<T4 ,?US ! TWO WORDS >E FUNCTIONALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE4 ,9DE$1 IF ,ELLUL IS TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY1 HUMANITY HAS ALWAYS BE5 LIV+ 9 A TE*NOLOGICAL AGE 9S(> AS ?\<T & TOOLS HAVE BE5 OP]ATIONALLY 9T]ACTIVE ) EA* O!R4 

,CLAIM+ ?AT HE DOES 0NOT D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTION OR ( SOME 9N] SPH]E ( FRE$OM1' ,ELLUL NOTES ?AT 0!SE >E NOT DISC]NIBLE AT ! MO/ G5]AL LEVEL ( ANALYSIS4'.<#b#b#h.> ,?IS 5TRANCE 9TO ! '9N] SPH]E ( FRE$OM' NECESS>ILY R5D]S HIS BOOK 9TO AN 9T]PRETIVE1 NOT M]ELY A FACTUAL1 WORK -- :I* MEANS DRAT WE CAN ONLY ASK :E!R HIS 9T]PRETATIONS >E TRUE & HIS FACTS ACCURATE4 ,ON BO? ACC\NTS1 ,ELLUL SIGNIFIC&Y FAILS US4 ,9 A WORK ?AT GR&LY M>*ES FROM ! 0PRIMITIVE' TO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & 0REPORTS' ON ! 0*>ACT]OLOGY ( TE*NIQUE' 9 G5]AL -- ITS 0MOD]N *>ACT]I/ICS'1 ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! ECONOMY1 ITS 9T]ACTION ) ! ,/ATE1 & SO ON ?R\< A HO/ ( HI<LY NUANC$ ISSUES & TOPICS -- 9T]PRETATION1 ( C\RSE1 IS UTT]LY UNAVOIDABLE4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! MOM5T HE 5T]S 9TO A DISCUSSION ('PRIMITIVE TE*NIQUE'1 HE EXPRESSES VIEWS ON MAGIC ?AT RE/ ON UNC]TA9 & SPECULATIVE GR\NDS4 ,SO TOO 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ,ASIAN1 & ,*RI/IAN WORLDS1 DUR+ :I*1 AP>T FROM A TANG5TIAL REF]5CE TO ,>*IM$ES1 HE COMPLETELY OMITS ! EXTRAORD9>Y TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,HELL5I/IC AGE4 ,BUT :AT IS AT ISSUE1 H]E1 IS NOT ?AT ,ELLUL IS TO BE FAULT$ = LOAD+ HIS BOOK ) 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! FAULT LIES ) HIS UTT]LY BIZ>RE 9SI/5CE ?AT HE DOESN'T DO SO6 

,AL?\< ,ELLUL ASS]TS ?AT 9 BIS BOOK HE HAS 0DELIB]ATELY NOT GONE BEYOND DESCRIPTION' & D5IES ?AT HE IS 'A PESSIMI/'1 ! CONCLUSIONS ( HIS CONSID]ABLE TOME FLAGRANTLY BELIE !SE DISAV[ALS4.<#b#b#i.> ,9 FACT1 HE IS A CLUMSY TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9I/ -- P]HAPS NOT A 'RIGOR\S' ONE1 AS HE PUTS IT1 BUT SIGNIFICANTLY SO4 ,& HE IS IMM5SELY PESSIMI/IC4 ,:AT ,ELLUL DOES IS TO =MULATE A UBIQUIT\S 0DIALECTIC' ( TE*NIQUE ?AT 9EXORABLY 5DS 9 A DICTATORIAL 'MEGAMA*9E'4 ,HIS CLOS+ *APT]1 0,A ,LOOK AT ! ,FUTURE'1 :I* 5DS ) 0,A ,LOOK AT ! ,YE> #b'1 DESCRIBES  
  

! MONOLI?IC TE*NICAL WORLD ?AT IS COM+ TO BE4 ,IT IS VANITY TO PRET5D IT CAN BE *ECK$ OR GUID$4 ,9DE$1 ! HUMAN RACE IS BEG9N+ CONFUS$LY TO UND]/& AT LA/ ?AT IT IS LIV+ 9 A NEW & UNFAMILI> UNIV]SE4 ,! NEW .<TE*NOLOGICAL.> ORD] WAS MEANT TO BE A BUFF] BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT HAS EVOLV$ AUTONOM\SLY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT MAN HAS LO/ ALL CONTACT ) HIS NATURAL FRAMEWORK & HAS TO DO ONLY ) ! ORGANIZ$ TE*NICAL 9T]M$I>Y :I* SU/A9S RELATIONS BO? ) ! WORLD ( LIFE & ! WORLD ( BRUTE MATT]4.<#b#c.>  
  

,ANTICIPAT+ ,M&] & O!RS LIKE HIM1 ,ELLUL DECL>ES3 ,5CLOS$ )9 HIS >TIFICIAL CREATION1 MAN F9DS ?AT !RE IS 0NO EXIT02 ?AT HE CANNOT PI]CE ! %ELL ( TE*NOLOGY TO F9D AGA9 ! ANCI5T MILIEU TO :I* HE WAS ADAPT$ = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S4'.<#b#c#a.> 

,?IS PRELAPS>IAN VISION ( AN 0ANCI5T MILIEU TO :I* .<MAN.> WAS ADAPT$ = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S'1 ! MO/ RAGG$ MYDI ADVANC$ BY PRIMITIVES1 ECOMY/ICS1 & TE*NOPHOBES1 COLLAPSES UND] CRITICAL SCRUT9Y4 ,ALDI\< ! DIFF]5T HOM9ID SPECIES W]E V>I\SLY VEGET>IAN FOOD-GA!R]S1 SCAV5G]S1 & -- P]HAPS ONLY )9 ! PA/ #f1 YE>S -- FAIRLY SOPHI/ICAT$ HUNT]S1 !RE IS EV5 EVID5CE ?AT !Y BEGAN TO SY/EMATICALLY CULTIVATE FOOD DUR+ C]TA9 SEASONS 9 ! ,NILE VALLEY SOME #c1 YE>S AGO1 :5 MU* ( ,EUROPE WAS /ILL GLACIAT$ & ! FAM\S ,MAGDAL5IAN CULTURE WAS FL\RI%+ 9 S\!RN ,FRANCE & ! ,PYR5EES4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS !SE V>IATIONS NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y CONTROV]T ! FICTION ( A S+LE ',PALEOLI?IC S5SIBILITY' BUT BECAUSE ,ELLUL1 LIKE SO MANY O!R TE*NOPHOBES1 BASES HIS ACC\NT ( ':Y ! FIR/ /EPS W]E TAK5' T[>D A 0TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY' EXCLUSIVELY ON IDEOLOGICAL & SUBJECTIVE FACTORS4 ,AFT] REJECT+ ! COMMON NOTION ?AT !SE 0/EPS' W]E ! RESULT ( SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS1 0:I* PREP>$ ! WAY = TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 BUT IT CANNOT EXPLA9 IT'1 & NOT+ ?AT IT W\LD 0EXAGG]ATE ! =CE ( P,BNH<T5M5T.> PHILOSOPHIC IDEAS & SY/EMS' TO GIVE !M 0! HI<E/ PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( TE*NIQUES'1 ,ELLUL SETTLES UPON 0! OPTIMI/IC ATMOSPH]E ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 MORE ?AN .<,5LI<T5M5T.> PHILOSOPHY4.<#b#c#b.> 

,?IS EXPLANATION IS EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,RELY+ ON ,LEWIS ,MUM=D'S V]Y UNEV5 ACC\NT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICS -- ! DESCRIPTIVE VIVIDNESS ( ,MUM=D'S N>RATIONS & /YLE CAN EASILY BE MI/AK5 = A CAUSAL ACC\NT -- ,ELLUL CONC$ES ?AT ! ACCRETIONS ( SMALL TE*NICAL ADVANCES F9ALLY LAID ! BASIS = A QUALITATIVE LEAP1 TOGE!R ) POPULATION 9CREASES1 A FLEXIBLE ECONOMIC LIFE1 &1 MO/ DECISIVELY1 '! PLA/ICITY ( ! SOCIAL MILIEU4'.<#b#c#c.> 

,BUT AS TO :AT MADE = ?IS 'PLA/ICITY' &1 PRESUMABLY1 ! RECEPTIVITY ( 'PEOPLE' TO SWEEP+ TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS1 ,ELLUL GIVES US A JUMBLE ( IDEOLOGICAL REASONS RANG+ FROM ! IMPACT ( ,*RI/IANITY TO ! BREAKUP ( TRADITIONAL SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ,ELLUL CONC$ES1 DID PLAY A ROLE 9 CATAPULT+ ! PRE9DU/RIAL EI<TE5? C5TURY 9TO ! HI<LY 9DU/RIAL N9ETE5? C5TURY1 'BUT IT WAS NOT 5\< TO C>RY ! :OLE ( SOCIETY ALONG ) IT4'.<#b#c#d.> ,?AT ! B\RGEOISIE DID NOT NE$ 0! :OLE ( SOCIETY' TO GO ALONG ) IT [+ TO ITS ECONOMIC P[] SEEMS TO ELUDE ,ELLUL4 ,9 FACT1 RA!R ABSURDLY1 ,ELLUL TELLS US ?AT 0,K>L ,M>X REHABILITAT$ TE*NIQUE 9 ! EYES ( ! WORK]S' BY PREA*+ ?AT IT 'CAN BE LIB]AT+' -- AS ?\< ,M>X W]E ?AT 9FLU5TIAL 9 '! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY'1 :I* ,ELLUL REG>DS AS HIS GOLD5 MOM5T -- & ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT SPRANG UP LIKE MU%ROOMS AFT] A VIGOR\S RA9 FOLL[+ ! PUBLICATION 7B>ELY NOTIC$7 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 #a#h#d#h6.<#b#c#e.> 

,PHILOSOPHICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOPHOBES :O F9D ! LIKES ( ,M&] P>TICUL>LY CRUDE CAN ALWAYS TURN TO ! WORKS ( ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG]1 :O ESS5TIALLY ELEVATES TE*NE 7& PRESUMABLY TE*NOLOGY7 TO A1 L>GELY METAPHYSICAL CATEGORY4 ,! TORTUR$ COMPLEXITIES ( ,HEIDEGG]'S ONTOLOGY ( ,BE+ >E BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS *APT]1 NOR IS IT POSSIBLE1 H]E1 TO COPE 9 ANY DETAIL ) A PHILOSOPHY ?AT NOTORI\SLY FOLL[$ SO MANY DIFF]5T 'WOODPA?S' & 5GAG$ 9 SO MANY 'TURNS' -- TO USE ,HEIDEGG]'S [N J>GON4 ,MY ACC\NT ( ,HEIDEGG] S 'ONTOLOGY' IS ADMITT$LY SELECTIVE & FOCUS$ ON ITS UNADORN$ ESS5TIALS4 ,I MAY ADD ?AT ,HEIDEGG]1 NOT TO SPEAK ( HIS MANY DISCIPLES1 WAS V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) HIMSELF FROM ! #a#i#bS TO ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE 9 ! #a#i#gS4 

,9S(> AS ,HEIDEGG] CAN BE SAID TO HAVE HAD A PROJECT TO %APE HUMAN LIFEWAYS1 IT WAS AS AN 5DEAVOR TO RESI/1 OR %\LD ,I SAY1 DEMUR FROM1 :AT HE CONCEIV$ TO BE AN ALL-5CROA*+ TE*NOCRATIC M5TALITY & CIVILIZATION ?AT R5D]$ HUMAN BE+S '9AU!NTIC' 9 !IR RELATION%IP TO A PRESUMABLY SELF-G5]ATIVE REALITY1 'ISNESS'1 OR MORE ESOT]ICALLY1 ',BE+' 7,SE974 ,NOT UNLIKE MANY ,G]MAN REACTION>IES1 ,HEIDEGG] VIEW$ 'MOD]NITY' ) ITS DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 RATIONALISM1 RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES AS A 'FALL+' 7,GEFALL57 FROM A PRIMAL & NAIVE 9NOC5CE 9 :I* HUMANITY ONCE 'DWELL$'1 REMNANTS ( :I* HE BELIEV$ EXI/$ 9 ! RU/IC WORLD 9TO :I* HE WAS BOM A C5TURY AGO4 

',AU!NTICITY'1 IT CAN BE SAID )\T ANY PHILOSOPHICAL FRILLS1 LAY 9 ! PRI/9E ,TEUTONIC WORLD ( ! TRIBAL ,G]MANS :O RETA9$ !IR TIES ) '! ,GODS'1 & ) LAT] PEOPLES :O /ILL TRI$ TO N\RI% !IR PA/ AMID ! BLI<T$ TRAITS ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,S9CE SOME AU?ORS TRY TO MUDDY ,HEIDEGG]'S PRELAPS>IAN MESSAGE BY FOCUS+ ON HIS ASSUM$ BELIEF 9 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & IGNOR+ HIS HATR$ ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS EGALIT>IAN1 'H]D'-LIKE DEMOCRACY ( ! ',!Y'1 IT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+ ?AT SU* A VIEW WI!RS 9 ! LI<T ( HIS D5IAL ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ',! 9DIVIDUAL BY HIMSELF C\NTS = NO?+'1 HE DECL>$ AFT] BECOM+ A MEMB] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#c#c4 ',! FATE ( \R ,VOLK 9 ITS /ATE C\NTS = EV]Y?+4'.<#b#c#f.> 

,AS A MEMB] ( ! ,NAZI P>TY1 :I* HE REMA9$ UP TO ! DEFEAT ( ,G]MANY TWELVE YE>S LAT]1 HIS ANTIHUMANISM REA*$ /RID5T1 (T5 BLATANTLY REACTION>Y PROPORTIONS4 ,NEWLY APPO9T$ AS ! RECTOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,FREIBURG UPON ,HID]'S ASC5T TO P[]1 HE READILY ADOPT$ ! ,EW_/IR]-PR9CIPLE ( ,G]MAN FASCISM & PREF]R$ ! TIDE  
,REKTOR-,FUHR]1 HAIL+ ! SPIRIT ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM AS AN ANTIDOTE TO '! D>K5+ ( ! WORLD1 ! FLI<T ( ! GODS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! E>? .<BY TE*NOLOGY.>1 ! TRANS=MATION ( M5 9TO A MASS1 ! HATR$ & SUSPICION ( EV]Y?+ FREE & CREATIVE4'.<#b#c#g.> ,HIS MO/ UNSAVORY REM>KS W]E DIRECT$ 9 ! LECTURES1 FROM :I* !SE L9ES >E TAK51 'FROM A METAPHYSICAL PO9T ( VIEW'1 AGA9/ '! P9C]S' CREAT$ BY ,AM]ICA & ,RUSSIA ?AT ?REAT5 TO SQUEEZE '! F>DI]MO/ CORN] ( ! GLOBE 444 BY TE*NOLOGY & 444 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4'.<#b#c#h.> 

,TE*NOLOGY1 AS ,HEIDEGG] CON/RUES IT1 IS 'NO M]E MEANS4 ,TE*NOLOGY IS A WAY ( REVEAL+4 ,IF WE GIVE HE$ TO ?IS1 !N ANO!R :OLE REALM = ! ESS5CE ( TE*NOLOGY WILL OP5 ITSELF UP TO US4 ,IT IS ! REALM ( REVEAL+1 I4E41 ( TRU?4'.<#b#c#i.> ,AFT] :I* ,HEIDEGG] ROLLS \T TE*NOLOGY'S TRANS=MATIONS1 9DE$ MUTATIONS1 :I* GIVE RISE TO A MOOD ( ANXIETY & F9ALLY HUBRIS1 AN?ROPOC5TRICITY1 & ! ME*ANICAL CO]CION ( ?+S 9TO M]E OBJECTS = HUMAN USE & EXPLOITATION4 

,HEIDEGG]'S VIEWS ON TE*NOLOGY >E P>T ( A L>G] ,WELTANS*AUUNG :I* IS TOO MULTICOLOR$ TO DISCUSS H]E1 & DEM&S A DEGREE ( 9T]PRETIVE EF=T WE MU/ =GO = ! PRES5T 9 ! CONTEXT ( A CRITICISM ( TE*NOPHOBIA4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A GOOD DEAL ( PRIMITIVI/IC ANIMISM 9 ,HEIDEGG]'S TREATM5T ( ! 'REVEAL+' ?AT OCCURS :5  
TE*NE IS A 'CLE>+' = ! 'EXPRESSION' ( A CRAFT$ MAT]IAL -- NOT UNLIKE ! ,ESKIMO SCULPTOR :O BELIEVES 7QUITE WRONGLY1 ,I MAY ADD7 ?AT HE IS 'BR++ \T' A HIDD5 =M ?AT LIES 9 ! WALRUS IVORY HE IS C>V+4 ,BUT ?IS ISSUE MU/ BE SE5 MORE AS A MATT] ( METAPHYSICS ?AN ( A SPIRITUALLY *>G$ TE*NIQUE4 ,?US1 :5 ,HEIDEGG] PRAISES A W9DMILL1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! '*ALL5GE' TO A TRACT ( L& FROM :I* ! 'HAUL+ \T ( COAL & ORE' IS SUBJECT$1 HE IS NOT BE+ 'ECOLOGICAL'4 ,HEIDEGG] IS CONC]N$ ) A W9DMILL1 NOT AS AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NOLOGY1 BUT MORE METAPHYSICALLY ) ! NOTION ?AT 'ITS SAILS DO 9DE$ TURN 9 ! W9D2 !Y >E LEFT 5TIRELY TO ! W9D'S BL[+'4 ,! W9DMILL 'DOES NOT UNLOCK 5]GY FROM ! AIR CURR5TS 9 ORD] TO /ORE IT'4.<#b#d.> ,LIKE MAN 9 RELATION TO ,BE+1 IT IS A M$IUM = ! 'REALIZATION' ( W9D1 NOT AN >TIFACT = ACQUIR+ P[]4 

,BASICALLY1 ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( A TE*NOLOGICAL 9T]RELATION%IP REFLECTS A REGRESSION -- SOCIALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY AS WELL AS METAPHYSICALLY -- 9TO QUIETISM4 ,HEIDEGG] ADVANCES A MESSAGE ( PASSIVITY OR PASSIVITY CONCEIV$ AS A HUMAN ACTIVITY1 AN 5DEAVOR TO LET ?+S BE & 'DISCLOSE' !MSELVES4 ',LETT+ ?+S BE' W\LD BE LITTLE MORE ?AN A TRITE ,TAOI/ & ,BUDDHI/ PRECEPT W]E IT NOT ?AT ,HEIDEGG] AS A ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ BECAME ALL TOO IDEOLOGICALLY 5GAG$1 RA!R ?AN LETT+ ?+S BE'4 :5 HE WAS BUSILY UNDO+ '9TELLECTUALISM'DEMOCRACY1 & TE*NOLOGICAL 9T]V5TION 9TO ! 'WORLD'4 

,CONSID]+ ! TIME1 ! PLACE1 & ! AB/RACT WAY 9 :I* ,HEIDEGG] TREAT$ HUMANITY'S ',FALL #g 9TO TE*NOLOGICAL '9AU!NTICITY' -- A ',FALL' ?AT HE1 LIKE ,ELLUL1 REG>D$ AS 9EVITABLE1 ALBEIT A METAPHYSICAL1 NI<TM>E -- IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE :Y HE C\LD TRIVIALIZE ! ,HOLOCAU/1 :5 HE DEIGN$ TO NO TICE IT AT ALL1 AS P>T ( A TE*NO-9DU/RIAL 'CONDITION'4 ',AGRICULTURE IS N[ A MOTORIZ$ 7MOTORISI]TE7 FOOD 9DU/RY1 9 ESS5CE ! SAME AS ! MANUFACTUR+ ( CORPSES 9 ! GAS *AMB]S & EXT]M9ATION CAMPS1' HE COLDLY OBS]V$1 '! SAME AS ! BLOCKADE & />VATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! SAME AS ! PRODUCTION ( ! HYDROG5 BOMBS4'.<#b#d#a.> ,9 PLAC+ ! 9DU/RIAL MEANS BY :I* MANY ,JEWS W]E KILL$ BE=E ! IDEOLOGICAL 5DS ?AT GUID$ !IR ,NAZI EXT]M9ATORS1 ,HEIDEGG] ESS5TIALLY DISPLACES ! B>B>ISM ( A SPECIFIC /ATE APP>ATUS1 ( :I* HE WAS A P>T1 BY ! TE*NICAL PR(ICI5CY HE CAN ATTRIBUTE TO ! WORLD AT L>GE6 ,!SE IMM5SELY REVEAL+ (FH&$ REM>KS1 DRAWN FROM A SPEE* HE GAVE 9 ,BREM5 9 #a#i#d#i1 >E B5EA? CONTEMPT4 ,BUT !Y PO9T TO A WAY ( ?9K+ ?AT GAVE AN AUTONOMY TO TE*NIQUE ?AT HAS FE>FUL MORAL CONSEQU5CES :I* WE >E FIV+ ) !SE DAYS 9 ! NAME ( ! SACR$1 A PHRASEOLOGY ?AT ,HEIDEGG] W\LD F9D V]Y CONG5IAL W]E HE ALIVE TODAY4 

,9DE$1 TE*NOPHOBIA1 FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL & CRUDELY PRIMITIVI/IC CONCLUSIONS1 F9ALLY DEVOLVES 9TO A D>K REACTIONISM -- & A P>ALYZ+ QUIETISM4 ,= IF \R CONFRONTATION ) CIVILIZATION TURNS ON PASSIVITY BE=E A 'DISCLOS+ ( ,BE+'1 A M]E 'DWELL+' ON ! E>?1 & A 'LETT+ ?+S BE'1 TO USE ,HEIDEGG]'S V]BIAGE -- MU* ( :I* HAS SLIPP$ 9TO DEEP ECOLOGY'S VOCABUL>Y AS WELL -- ! *OICE BETWE5 SUPPORT+ B>B>ISM & 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM HAS NO E?ICAL F\NDATIONS TO SU/A9 IT4 ,FRE$ ( VALUES GR\ND$ 9 OBJECTIVITY1 WE >E LO/ 9 A QUASIRELIGI\S ANTIHUMANISM1 A SPIRITUALITY ?AT CAN ) ! SAME EQUANIMITY HE> ! CRY ( A BIRD & IGNORE ! ANGUI% ( SIX MILLION ONCE-LIV+ PEOPLE :O W]E PUT TO DEA? BY ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ /ATE4 

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