,*APT] #e 
,! ,MY? ( ! ,PRIMITIVE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e3 ,! MY? ( ! PRIMITIVE 

  

,!RE IS A P]V]SE IRONY 9 ! FACT ?AT1 AFT] A VIRTUAL CONS5SUS HAS BE5 REA*$ AB\T ! ABUSES ?AT ,EUROPEAN COLONIALI/S 9FLICT$ ON ABORIG9AL PEOPLES1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ATTA9+ A REALI/IC & SYMPA!TIC VIEW ( '! PRIMITIVE' IS BE+ GUTT$ BY ASSORT$ ECOMY/ICS1 ANTICIVILIZATIONI/S1 & MORE G5]ICALLY1 SELF-AV[$ PRIMITIVI/S :O HAVE MADE '! PRIMITIVE' 9TO A PO/MOD]N P>ODY ( ! NOBLE SAVAGE4 

,TODAY ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PRIMITIVI/S HAVE GROSSLY DI/ORT$ \R UND]/&+ ( ! LIVES & CULTURES ( ABORIG9AL PEOPLES BY ATTRIBUT+ TO !M SUPRAHUMAN1 P>ADISIACAL DIM5SIONS4 ,BY TURN+ O/5SIBLY PRIMITIVE LIFEWAYS 9TO MODELS = 'SIMPLE LIV+' & 'CLOS5ESS TO NATURE' 1 !Y HAVE NOT ONLY MADE TRIBAL CULTURES 9TO ROMANTIC C>ICATURES ( SOCIAL H>MONY & VIRTUE BUT RE>$ !M UP AS A /&>D ?AT PRIVILEG$1 URBAN :ITE PEOPLE %\LD EMULATE4 

,NOT ONLY IS ?IS ROMANTICIZATION EXTREMELY NAIVE1 IT IMPOSES AN IDEOLOGICAL BURD5 ON ABORIG9AL PEOPLES ?AT D[NPLAYS !IR REAL PROBLEMS1 NE$S1 & HOPES = A BETT] FUTURE4 ,WORSE /ILL1 ! 'NOBLE SAVAGE' MY? OBLIGES ABORIG9ALS TO BE SUP]IOR BE+S1 9DE$ ALMO/ ANGELICALLY VIRTU\S & EXEMPL>Y 9 BEHAVIOR & ?\<T1 IF !Y >E TO 5JOY ! PRE/IGE ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN RECOGNITION & ! RI<TS TO :I* !Y >E 5TITL$4 

,?IS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! REALITIES ?AT ABORIG9AL 'PRIMITIVES' FACE & ! TAX+ EXPECTATIONS ?AT ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PRIMITIVI/S IMPOSE UPON !M IS EM95TLY TANGIBLE4 ,9 ! MID-#a#i#gS ,NOR?WE/ ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES W]E BEG9N+ TO USE TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ME?ODS TO BRE$ & H>VE/ SALMON4 ,AFT] YE>S ( NEGLECT & POV]TY1 ! PRIDE !Y TOOK 9 !IR A*IEVEM5TS WAS AS MOV+ AS IT WAS ADMIRABLE4 ,DUR+ A CONF]5CE ,I ATT5D$ 9 ,BELL+HAM1 ,WA%+TON1 TO MY UTT] A/ONI%M5T1 SOME :ITE ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S REPROA*$ !M = US+ MOD]N TE*NOLOGICAL1 PRESUMABLY 'NON-ECOLOGICAL' ME?ODS4 ,HAV+ BE5 DEGRAD$ & EXPLOIT$ = C5TURIES AS 'SAVAGES' 1 !SE ,9DIANS W]E N[ BE+ TOLD ?AT !Y W]E BE+ TOO CIVILIZ$4 ,BY ADOPT+ ADVANC$ AQUACULTURE TE*NIQUES1 !Y FAIL$ TO QUALIFY = !IR HI< E/ATE 9 ! ECOMY/ICA#a FIRMAM5T4 ,HAV+ BE5 DEFAM$ = BE+ PRIMITIVES 9 AN E>LI] TIME1 !Y W]E N[ BE+ DEFAM$ = NOT BE+ PRIMITIVE 5\<4 

,SU* ECOMY/ICAL & PRIMITIVI/IC >ROGANCE IS EPIDEMIC TODAY4 ,PRIMITIVISM1 TO BE SURE1 HAS MANY FACES1 RANG+ FROM A :OLESALE REJECTION ( CIVILIZATION 7COMMONLY DESIGNAT$ AS 9DU/RIAL & TE*NOCRATIC7 TO COMPROMISES ) CIVILIZ$ PRACTICES GUID$ BY A 'PRIMITIVE S5SIBILITY' OR SPIRITUALITY 4 ,?US ! LATE ,$W>D ,ABBEY -- :OSE WRIT+S W]E 9SPIRATIONAL = ,E>? ,FIR/6 & >E RECIT$ REV]5TIALLY BY SELF-/YL$ 'RADICAL' 5VIRONM5TALI/S -- EXPRESS$ HIS PREF]5CE = '! COM+ RE/ORATION ( A HI<] CIVILIZATION' ?AN ! PRES5T MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL ONE4 ,?IS PREF]5CE W\LD C]TA9LY BE LAUDABLE BY ANY PROGRESSIVE /&>D4 ,BUT ,ABBEY'S 'HI<] CIVILIZATION' 1 AS IT TURNS \T1 IS ONE 9 :I* 'SCATT]$ HUMAN POPULATIONS MODE/ 9 NUMB]S .<W\LD.> LIVE BY FI%+1 HUNT+1 FOOD-GA!R+1 SMALL-SCALE F>M+ & RAN*+' -- A CURI\S MIX ( OCCUPATIONS ?AT W\LD SEEM TO /& AT ODDS ) EA* O!R 7'SMALL-SCALE RAN*+' M+L$ ) 'FOOD-GA!R+'874 ,! NEW 'PRIMITIVES' W\LD 'ASSEMBLE ONCE A YE> 9 ! RU9S ( AB&ON$ CITIES = GREAT FE/IVALS ( MORAL1 SPIRITUAL & 9TELLECTUAL R5EWAL -- A PEOPLE = :OM WILD]NESS IS NOT A PLAYGR\ND BUT !IR NATURAL & NATIVE HOME4'.<#a#g#g.> ,! RUMS ( AB&ON$ CITIES W\LD BECOME AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ! DESPIS$ PLAYGROTMD = A 'MORAL1 SPIRITUAL & 9TELLECTUAL R5EWAL' &1 ODDLY 5\<1 ! !AT] = ! 'HI<] CIVILIZATION'S' FE/IVALS -- :I* %\LD PUT CITY LIFE 9 ANY %APE OR =M 9 ITS PLACE6 

,= ALL ITS 9CONGRUITIES & ITS TOTAL FAILURE TO APPRECIATE ! UNIV]SALIZ+ HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! CITY1 ,ABBEY'S VISION IS BY NO MEANS ! MO/ EXTREME EXAMPLE ( *IC PRIMITIVISM4 ,E>? ,FIR/6]S COMMONLY SPORT BUMP] /ICK]S ) ! SLOGAN ',BACK TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E6' ,AS ,JOHN ,DAVIS1 ONETIME $ITOR ( ,E>? ,FIR/61 WROTE1 ',MANY ( US 9 ! ,E>? ,FIR/6 MOVEM5T W\LD LIKE TO SEE HUMAN BE+S LIVE MU* MORE LIKE ! WAY DIEY DID FIFTE5 ?\S& YE>S AGO AS OPPOS$ TO :AT WE SEE N['1 :I*1 ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES SOB]LY EXPLA9S1 MEANS1 '! K9D ( HUNT]-GA!R]1 %IFT+ AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIES ( TRIBAL PEOPLES4'.<#a#g#h.> ,PRECISELY :Y MOD]N HUMANITY %\LD DRAW A /RAI<T L9E FROM ,SUNBELT CITIES DIRECDY BACK TO ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC IS A PROBLEM ,I %ALL LEAVE TO ! READ] TO RESOLVE4 

,JUDG+ FROM ! EXAMPLES USUALLY GIV5 BY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S1 'PRIMAL' S5SIBILITIES CORRESPOND TO BELIEFS & PRACTICES IMPUT$ TO ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS4 ,?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ,9DIAN PEOPLES ) >*AIC PRACTICES & ,PALEOLI?IC VIEWS HAS L$ TO BITT] CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! EXPECTATIONS ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PRIMITIVI/S & ! V]Y PEOPLES !Y EXTOLL4 ,ECOMY/ICS1 PRIMITIVI/S1 & DEEP ECOLOGI/S HAVE *ALL5G$ ! RI<TS ( NATIVE ,AM]ICANS TO DIV]T WAT] FROM RIV]S = IRRIGATION PURPOSES & H>VE/ TIMB] ON !IR TRIBAL L&S4 ,!IR L&S /OL5 BY ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S & !IR CULTURES SUBV]T$1 VICTIMIZ$ BY G5OCIDAL ATTACKS & D5I$ FREE ACCESS TO GAME & F]TILE SOIL1 NATIVE PEOPLES >E N[ EJECT$ -- IF ECOMY/ICS HAVE !IR WAY -- TO REJECT ! 'TE*NOCRATIC-9DU/RIAL' SUPPORT SY/EMS ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ :ITE WORLD TAKES = GRANT$4 

,I MAKE NO CLAIM ?AT A COMPETITIVE 'FREE 5T]PRISE' ECONOMY1 R5D]$ EV5 H>%] BY A HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY1 IS A DESID]ATUM -- EI!R = ABORIG9AL PEOPLES OR = ,EURO-,AM]ICANS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I >GUE = A WAY ( LIFE ?AT IS NOT FOCUS$ ON CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & PR(IT4 ,NOR DO ,I FAVOR A 'TE*NOCRATIC-9DU/RIAL' SOCIETY ?AT C5T]S ITS CONC]NS ON ! PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 HUMAN LIFE IS MEAN+LESS IF IT IS NOT 5RI*$ BY >T1 IDEALS1 & A SPIRITUALITY ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL & HUMANE4 

,BUT A WAY ( LIFE BURD5$ BY MAT]IAL 9SECURITY & TOIL CANNOT N\RI% ! K9D ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM ?AT MAKES HUMAN LIFE MEAN+FUL & CREATIVE -- 9DE$1 ?AT IS LIKELY TO FO/] A RI* ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,MAT]IALLY DEPRIV$ & SOCIALLY UND]PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE :OSE BELLIES >E EMPTY >E NOT LIKELY TO BE MU* CONC]N$ ) ! 9TEGRITY ( WILDLIFE & =E/S4 ,:AT !Y NE$ IS FOOD & A DEC5T LIFE BE=E !Y CAN ?9K ( ! WELF>E ( O!R LIFE-=MS4 

,NOR CAN AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY BE F\ND BY TRY+ TO RETURN TO AN IDEALIZ$ PRIMITIVE' WORLD4 ,9 ! B& & TRIBAL SOCIETIES ( PREHI/ORY1 HUMANITY WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY AT ! M]CY ( UNCONTROLLABLE NATURAL =CES & PAT5TLY FALSE & MY/IFI$ VISIONS ( REALITY4 

,LIKE ECOMY/ICS1 PRIMITIVI/S >E %IFT+ PUBLIC ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! TASKS ( S]I\SLY REMAK+ SOCIETY ALONG RATIONAL L9ES1 T[>D DUBI\S -- & (T5 CONTRIV$ -- >CADIAN CULTURAL ATTITUDES ?AT >E IMPUT$ TO ! LONG-LO/ PA/4 ,= A HUMANI/IC VISION ( A FUTURE ?AT HAS YET TO BE WON1 BO? = NATIVE & ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PEOPLES ALIKE1 !Y >E TRY+ TO SUB/ITUTE MY?IC NOTIONS ( A PRI/9E & PRIMITIVE PA/ ?AT PROBABLY NEV] EXI/$4 

,UND]/&+ ABORIG9AL LIFE REQUIRES ?AT WE F9D A BALANCE BETWE5 ! 'PRIMITIVE' & ! CIVILIZATIONAL ?AT CORRESPONDS TO :AT WE REALLY KN[1 BAS$ ON EVID5CE PROVID$ BY PALEOAN?ROPOLOGY & AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,?IS PROBLEM CANNOT BE SL\<$ (F ) DREAMY ACC\NTS ( :AT WE W\LD LIKE TO BELIEVE \R ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS DID OR ?\<T4 ,! EVID5CE WE HAVE AB\T ICE AGE PEOPLE & EXI/+ ABORIG9ALS MU/ BE EXAM9$ S]I\SLY ON !IR [N T]MS1 UNTA9T$ BY WI%FUL ?9K+4 

,:ATEV] NATURAL FEATURES WE IMPUTE TO ! PRIMITIVE WORLD1 & :ATEV] SYN!TIC FEATURES WE IMPUTE TO ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 ! OLD ,VICTORIAN IMAGE ( ! DEMONIC ABORIG9AL SAVAGE & ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECOMY/ICAL IMAGE ( ! ANGELIC ABORIG9AL SA9T >E MY?S WE CAN NO LONG] 5T]TA94 ,MOD]N CIVILIZATION IS TOO DYNAMIC TO BE DISSOLV$ 9TO A L>GELY MY?IC PA/4 ,9 ! NEXT G5]ATION OR TWO HUMANITY IS LIKELY TO MOVE AHEAD TE*NOLOGICALLY1 SCI5TIFICALLY1 & 9DU/RIALLY EV5 MORE RAPIDLY ?AN IT DID DUR+ ! PA/ ?REE C5TURIES4 

,BUT :AT DIRECTION WILL !SE *ANGES TAKE8 ,T[>D A RATIONAL FUTURE ?AT CREATES A S5SITIVE BALANCE WIDI9 SOCIETY & BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD8 ,OR T[>D A DOM9E]+ & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL ORD] ?AT MAKES E>LI] SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION SEEM B5IGN8 

,IF PRIMITIVI/S USE ! WORD PRIMITIVE TO REF] TO 'CLOS5ESS TO NATURE' 1 ! PHRASE PRIMITIVE CULTURE IS SIMPLY AN OXYMORON1 = CULTURE -- OR SOCIETY -- IS H>DLY A 'NATURAL' PH5OM5ON1 A PH5OM5ON ( FIR/ NATURE4 

,AL?\< ANIMALS MAY BE MORE OR LESS SOCIABLE1 !IR SOCIABILITY IS NOT EVID5CE ( ! EXI/5CE ( A SOCIETY4 ,SOCIETY IS UNIQUE TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,!RE IS A CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIETY1 ) ITS DI/9CDY /RUCTUR$ & MUTABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 & COMMUNITY ) ITS SIMPLE1 (T5 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ RELATIONS BETWE5 ORGANISMS4 ,SOCIETIES1 H[EV] WELL OR POORLY 5TR5*$ !IR 9/ITUTIONS1 CAN BE *ANG$ BY HUMAN ACTION2 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES >E EI!R ! PRODUCT ( G5ETIC FACTORS1 SU* AS BEEHIVES1 OR !Y >E RELATIVELY =MLESS & UN/ABLE4 ,NON-HUMAN ANIMALS CAN BE V]Y SOCIABLE 9DE$1 AS >E WOLVES1 ,AFRICAN DOGS1 & BABOONS2 BUT SOCIABILITY DOES NOT MAKE = A SOCIETY1 ANY MORE ?AN ! AD HOC USE ( /ONES BY SEA OTT]S TO OP5 OY/] %ELLS OR ! USE ( TWIGS BY C HIM PANZEES TO GET AT T]MITES CON/ITUTES A TE*NOLOGY 7OR :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S CALL A TOOL-KIT7 ) ITS C>EFULLY %AP$ P]MAN5T OR SEMIP]MAN5T IMPLEM5TS4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN BE MODIFI$ OR RADICALLY *ANG$ -- A PH5OM5ON ?AT IS DI/9CTLY HUMAN -- NON-HUMAN ANIMALS MAY =M & DISSOLVE GR\PS1 BUT AP>T FROM G5ETICALLY 9DUC$ AGGREGATIONS1 LIKE ?OSE ( 'SOCIAL 9SECTS' 1 !Y HAVE M9IMAL /RUCTURE & P]MAN5CE4 

,H5CE NO CULTURE IS 'NATURAL' 9 A /RICTLY BIOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,TO BE SURE1 A TRIBAL CULTURE MAY BE 'CLOSE TO NATURE' 9 ?AT ITS 5VIRONM5T IS RELATIVELY PRI/9E1 BUT ITS MEMB]S USUALLY KN[ ( NO O!R HABITATS ?AN ! ONES 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES1 =M$ BY NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,! =E/S1 GRASSL&S1 & M\NTA9S ?AT SURR\ND !M MAY HAVE BE5 C\NTLESS YE>S1 9DE$ EONS1 9 ! MAK+1 TOGE!R ) ! WILDLIFE & PLANTS ON :I* !Y RELY = FOOD1 CLO?+1 & %ELT]1 BUT IT IS A WORLD SEEM+LY UNBROK5 BY *ANGES1 AP>T FROM ! FEW ?AT !Y1 AS HUMANS1 HAVE PRODUC$4 

,SU* TRIBAL CULTURES MAY BASE !IR SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ON BIOLOGICAL FACTS1 SU* AS AGE GR\PS1 G5D] RELATIONS1 & K9%IP TIES1 :I* MAY SEEM NATURAL BECAUSE ( !IR BIOLOGICAL PREMISES -- AGE1 G5D]1 & K9%IP -- BUT !Y >E P>T ( SECOND NATURE1 NOT FIR/ NATURE4 ,NO SU* 9/ITUTIONAL 5SEMBLES EXI/ AMONG NON-HUMAN ANIMALS4 ,NON-HUMAN ANIMALS HAVE NO G]ONTOCRACIES1 PATRI>*IES1 OR SY/EMS ( RI<TS & DUTIES BAS$ ON A COMMON ANCE/RY -- AP>T HORN MO!R-(FSPR+ RELATIONS1 & EV5 !SE RELATIONS T5D TO BE UN/ABLE & T5TATIVE :]E !Y P]SI/ = ANY GREAT L5G? ( TIME4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! HUMAN SOCIETIES ( SECOND NATURE >E A QUALITATIVE DEP>TURE FROM ANIMAL COMMUNITIES1 AN ALI5ATION FROM /RICDY BIOLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 H[EV] MU* !Y 9ITIALLY RE/ ON C]TA9 BIOLOGICAL FACTS"9 ,A 'PRIMITIVE' CULTURE ?AT IS 'CLOSE TO NATURE' IS NOT 9 ANY WAY CONGRU5T ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 OR FIR/ NATURE4 ,ONCE HOM9IDS & E>LY HUMANS FA%ION$1 RETA9$1 & ELABORAT$ A TOOL-KIT1 E/ABLI%$ A DIVISION ( LABOR 7H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y71 %>$ FOOD1 ACT$ ALTRUI/ICALLY1 & ORGANIZ$ !IR RELATION%IPS 9TO DEF9ABLE /RUCTURES1 !Y NO LONG] M]ELY ADAPT$ TO !IR 5VIRONM5T2 !Y BEGAN TO SIGNIFICANTLY *ANGE IT ) A DI/9CT PURPOSIV5ESS4 ,! SECOND NATURE !Y CREAT$ FUNDAM5TALLY SEP>AT$ !M FROM !IR FIR/ NATURE AS M]E ANIMALS4 ,H5CE1 H[EV] PRIMITIVE A HUMAN CULTURE MAY HAVE BE51 IT WAS NOT ID5TICAL ) PURELY BIOLOGICAL LIFEWAYS -- 9DE$1 NOT EV5 ) ! FAIRLY SOCIABLE RELATIONS ?AT EXI/ AMONG *IMPANZEES & BABOONS4 

,HUMANS W]E N[ 5GAG$ 9 DO+ FIR+S & US+ MEANS ?AT1 NASC5T AS !Y MAY BE 9 O!R ANIMALS1 %>PLY DI/+UI%$ !M FROM O!R LIFE-=MS4 ,!Y BEGAN TO TRANS=M !IR 5VIRONM5T WILLFULLY1 (T5 ) A CLE> IDEA ( ! MEANS !Y REQUIR$ TO CREATE A MORE CONG5IAL HABITAT & WAY ( LIFE4 

,A 'PRIMITIVE CULTURE'1 !N1 IS ACTUALLY V]Y 'UNNATURAL'4 ,IT M>KS A DECISIVE BREAK ) ! L>GELY PASSIVE & ADAPTIVE NATURE ( ANIMAL BEHAVIOR4 ,TO SPEAK ( A 'PRIMITIVE CULTURE' IS TO ?OR\<LY MY/IFY ! 'PRIMITIVE'1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! CONCEPT ( SOCIETY4 0,) ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY1 A QUALITATIVELY NEW REALM ( EVOLUTION1 ( SUBJECTIVITY1 & POT5TIALLY1 AT LEA/1 ( FRE$OM DEVELOP$ \T ( A REALM ?AT WAS ESS5TIALLY BIOLOGICAL1 ROOT$ 9 GREAT P>T BY G5ETICALLY GUID$ BEHAVIOR4 

,ODD AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! FACT ?AT B& & TRIBAL CULTURES BROKE ) FIR/ NATURE IS MO/ CLE>LY SE5 9 ! APPE>ANCE ( :AT ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S 5?USIA/ICALLY CELEBRATE TODAY -- NOTABLY1 'PRIMITIVE SPIRITUALITY'4 

,:E!R IT IS 'PRIMITIVE' OR NOT1 SPIRITUALITY IS 5TIRELY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,?AT IS1 IT IS A PROCESS ( ?9K+1 ( SYMBOLIZ+1 & ( REFLECT+ AB\T EXP]I5CE4 ,H[EV] CLEV] OR 9TELLIG5T MANY ANIMALS MAY SEEM1 !Y HAVE NO IDEOLOGIES2 BY CONTRA/1 HUMANS DEF9ITELY DO4 ,!Y HAVE SY/EMATIC WAYS ( TRY+ TO UND]/& !IR 5VIRONM5T 9 SYMBOLIC T] M S2 !Y POSSESS ! COMPLEX =M ( EXPRESSION ?AT IS LANGUAGE2 !Y USUALLY WORK COLLABORATIVELY TO GA9 ! MEANS ( LIFE & DI/RIBUTE GOODS ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 ACCEPT$ RULES2 !Y ASSUME COMMUNAL DUTIES & DEM& C]TA9 RI<TS4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y DEVELOP CR$OS ?AT R5D] !IR ACTIVITIES 9TELLECTUALLY & EMOTIONALLY COH]5T4 

,:E!R !SE =MS ( ?9K+ >E BAS$ ON CU/OM1 OR >E 5%R9$ 9 MORALS & GUID$ BY MAGICO-RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 OR >E BAS$ ON E?ICS & GUID$ BY CANONS ( RATIONALITY1 !Y CLE>LY 9FLU5CE H[ PEOPLE DO ?+S 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 H[EV] MUTABLE !Y MAY BE1 !SE 9FLU5CES (T5 HAVE ! T5ACITY ( ANIMAL 9/9CTS4 

,PRECISELY SU* BELIEF SY/EMS1 OR =MS ( SPIRITUALITY1 M>K$LY ALI5ATE HUMANS FROM ! NATURAL WORLD >\ND !M & DI/+UI% !M FROM ! ANIMAL 9HABITANTS ?AT COEXI/ ) !M 9 A %>$ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! V]Y IDEATIONAL SY/EMS ?AT ECOMY/ICS CITE TO DI/+UI% 'PRIMITIVE' S5SIBILITIES FROM CIVILIZ$ ONES >E ALREADY HI<LY COMPLEX1 & BY ACT+ ACCORD+ TO PRECEPTS !Y =MULAT$ 9 !IR M9DS1 B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES TRANSC5D FIR/ NATURE2 9DE$1 AS SOCIAL BE+S :O ACT CONSCI\SLY UPON ! WORLD1 !Y MANIPULATE !IR 5VIRONM5TS AS BE/ !Y CAN1 9DE$ *ANGE !M4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES OP5 A *ASM BETWE5 !MSELVES & FIR/ NATURE = :I* !RE IS NO PREC$5T 9 FIR/ NATURE1 EI!R 9 DEGREE OR 9 K9D4 

,EV5 MORE DI/URB+ = ECOMY/ICAL & PRIMITIVI/IC NOTIONS ( 'PRIMITIVE' S5SIBILITIES1 ! SPIRITUAL VIEWS ( ABORIG9AL CULTURES (T5 PIT !M AGA9/ !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,! EXIG5CIES ( LIFE 9 A DEM&+ WORLD USUALLY ?R[ ABORIG9ALS 9TO COMPETITION ) O!R LIFE-=MS1 A CONFLICT ?AT MAY LEAD TO SEV]E 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT R5D] A GIV5 HABITAT UNFIT = O!R ANIMALS4 ,!SE *ANGES1 9 TURN1 MAY RESULT 9 ! COMPLETE EXT]M9ATION ( FOOD ANIMALS1 9DE$ !IR WANTON DE/RUCTION ON A L>GE SCALE4 

,IT 9SULTS ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ABORIG9AL PEOPLES TO BURD5 !IR LIFEWAYS & SPIRITUALITY ) ,NEW ,AGE 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT MAKE !M MORE SELFLESS & LESS OPPORTUNI/IC 9 SATISFY+ !IR MAT]IAL NE$S ?AN MOD]N PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< ABORIG9AL ME?ODS ( DEAL+ ) A GIV5 5VIRONM5T DIFF] APPRECIABLY FROM MOD]N ONES1 NO HUMAN BE+S C\LD SURVIVE IF !Y FATU\SLY SACRIFIC$ !IR [N NE$S = FOOD1 %ELT]1 & SELF-DEF5SE 9 FAVOR ( O!R SPECIES -- UNLESS1 TO BE SURE1 !Y ATTA9$ A MOD]N LEVEL ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT LEFT !M SUFFICI5TLY PRIVILEG$ & LEISUR$ TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T ! WELF>E ( NON-HUMAN CREATURES3 ?AT IS1 UNLESS !Y W]E WELL-F$1 WELL-H\S$1 & AFFLU5T -- LIKE MANY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S TODAY4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO DEPRECATE ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( MANY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S :O F]V5TIY URGE US TO DEVELOP A ',PALEOLI?IC CONSCI\SNESS' \T ( A CONC]N = PROTECT+ ! BIOSPH]E4 ,BUT C]TA9 TR\BL+ FEATURES ( ?AT 'CONSCI\SNESS' /& 9 ! WAY ( A*IEV+ SO LAUDABLE AN 5D4 

,TO BEG9 )1 MOD]N PEOPLE C]TA9LY >E NOT LIKE ,PALEOLI?IC OR 'ICE AGE' PEOPLE4 ,DUR+ ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN ICE AGES1 PROBABLY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 LIV$ 9 ! RELATIVELY W>M OR BALMY CLIMATES ( ,AFRICA & S\!RN ,ASIA4 ,NOR DO WE KN[ ) ANY C]TA9TY H[ ICE AGE PEOPLE & W>M-CLIMATE PEOPLE REALLY VIEW$ ! IMM5SELY DIFF]5T WORLDS 9 :I* !Y LIV$4 ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE LIV$ 9 SU* VASDY DIV]SE CLIMATIC & 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS ?AT !Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE %>$ A COMMON S5SIBILITY -- /ILL LESS ! UNIFI$ SET ( VALUES & BELIEFS ?AT ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S SO EAG]LY IMPUTE TO !M4 

,VALUES & BELIEFS 9 TODAY'S ABORIG9AL COMMUNITIES (T5 DO NOT CON=M TO :AT ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S ?9K ABORIG9AL PEOPLES %\LD ?9K4 ,ABORIG9AL S5SIBILITIES >E G5]ALLY MORE PRAGMATIC & LESS 'SPIRITUAL' ?AN ,MAX ,OELS*LAEG] 9 ,! ,IDEA ( ,WILD]NESS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4.<#a#g#i.> ,AS =AG]S1 !Y HAVE TO KN[ !IR 5EMIES FROM !IR FRI5DS4 ,!Y HAVE TO UND]/& ! BEHAVIOR & HABITS ( ! ANIMALS !Y HUNT1 (T5 9 COMPETITION ) ANIMAL PR$ATORS4 ,!Y HAVE TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL TE*NIQUES = COAX+ H]DS 9TO TRAPS & DEVELOP SY/EMATIC1 C>EFULLY COORD9AT$ ME?ODS ( HUNT+ L>GE1 DANG]\S GAME LE/ !Y !MSELVES BECOME VICTIMS ( ! ANIMALS !Y HUNT4 ,9 ! UNC]TA9 & PREC>I\S WODD 9 W9* !Y FIVE1 !SE PROBLEMS C\LD BE ALMO/ 5DLESS4 

,9 ! FI<T ( !SE REALITIES1 MANY ( ,OELS*LAEG]'S NOTIONS ( ',PALEOLI?IC CONSCI\SNESS' >E F>-FET*$4 ,SOME SEEM TO RE/ ON 9F]5CES MADE FROM MOD]N ABORIG9AL VALUES1 :I* MAY HAVE FITDE TO DO ) ',PALEOLI?IC VALUES'4 ,9DE$1 MANY VALUES HELD BY ABORIG9AL PEOPLES TODAY >E LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 SIGNIFICANTLY %AP$ BY !IR C5TURIES-LONG CONTACT ) ,WE/]N & ,ISLAMIC CULTURES4 

,OELS*LAEG] MEANS TO CONVEY ! IDEA ?AT ,PALE(I?IC =AG]S SPIRITUALLY VIEW$ !IR WORLD AS PRI/9E1 & REG>D$ FIR/ NATURE AS 'FEM99E' 1 'ALIVE' 1 & 'SACR$'1 A WORLD 9 :I* TIME 'FOLD$ 9TO AN ET]NAL MY?ICAL PRES5T' & 'RITUAL WAS ESS5TIAL TO MA9TA9+ ! NATURAL & CYCLICAL ORD] ( LIFE & DEA?4'.<#a#h.> 

,YET ,OELS*LAEG] IS LOOK+ BACK UPON ! ,PALE(I?IC WORLD -- :I* LA/$ SOME TWO MILLION YE>S & :I* 9CLUD+ HOM9IDS & HUMANS ?AT RANG$ FROM ,AU/RALOPI!C9ES ?R\< ,HOMO ]ECTUS1 ,NE&]?ALS1 PROT O-,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S1 & MOD]N ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S -- FROM A 

NAIVELY RETROSPECTIVE VIEW4 ,HE 9F]S FROM MOD]N ROMANTICIZATIONS ( B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES ! 'CONSCI\SNESS' ?AT A WIDE V>IETY ( HOM9ID & HUMAN SPECIES HELD 9 A WORLD ?AT WAS EXTREMELY V>I$ & NOTABLE = ITS DIFF]5T & FLUCTUAT+ 5VIRONM5TS4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ',NATURE' 9VOLVES A LONG PROCESS ( AB/RACTION ?AT REA*ES WELL 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES4 ,A DUALITY BETWE5 ! NATURAL & UNNATURAL IS NECESS>Y TO BR+ ! NATURAL 9TO CLE> RELIEF CONCEPTUALLY4 ,PALE(I?IC =AG]S1 TO BE SURE1 W]E PROBABLY ?OR\<LY 9=M$ AB\T !IR HABITAT2 9DE$1 A PRAGMATIC & HI<LY CONCRETE KN[L$GE ( ITS FEATURES W\LD HAVE BE5 9DISP5SABLE = ! SURVIVAL & WELL-BE+ ( ANY =AG+ COMMUNITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 \R ,PALE(I?IC ANCE/ORS W]E NO DIFF]5T FROM \RSELVES3 !Y HAD1 9 EFFECT1 TO BE '/REET WISE' 1 COMPLETELY FAMILI> ) /RATEGIES TO SURVIVE4 ,BUT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO DI/+UI% CONTRA/S BETWE5 ! NATURAL & UNNATURAL1 OR TO CALL !IR [N WORLD NATURAL1 = :AT WE BLI!LY CALL ',NATURE' WAS ALL ?AT EXI/$ >\ND !M & ALL !Y C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY KN[N -- ?AT IS1 !IR HABITAT4 ,! CONCEPT ( ,NATURE1 9 EFFECT1 C\LD HAVE EM]G$ ONLY :5 HUMAN BE+S BEGAN TO TRANS=M ! NATURAL WORLD SIGNIFICANTLY 5\< TO BR+ :AT WAS NOT ,NATURE 9TO RELIEF AGA9/ A NOTION ( ,NATURE4 

,NOR IS IT CLE> ?AT ,PALE(I?IC =AG]S ?\<T ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS '9TR9SICALLY FEM99E' -- :ATEV] ,OELS*LAEG] MEANS BY ?IS -- UNLESS WE >E REF]R+ TO A ,MO!R ,E>? ,GODDESS OR AN ALL-P]VASIVE1 PAN!I/IC FEM99E PR9CIPLE ASSOCIAT$ ) F]TILITY4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( A ,MO!R ,E>? GODDESS IS A BLATANTLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC 9T]PRETATION ( ORD9>Y NATURAL FACTS ( LIFE4 ,SU* GODDESSES >E USUALLY EMBODI$ AS DI/9CTIY HUMAN DEITIES ) FEMALE BREA/S1 BUTTOCKS1 LEGS1 & HEADS4 ,WE CANNOT EV5 BE SURE ?AT SOME FEMALE REPRES5TATIONS1 LIKE ! GODDESS ,A/>TE1 SIGNIFI$ A MAT]NAL PR9CIPLE 9 ANY G5]AL S5SE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 GODDESSES LIKE ,A/>TE >E NOT ,PALE(I?IC2 !Y SEEM TO HAVE EM]G$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,NEOLI?IC & ,BRONZE ,AGE SOCIETIES1 :I* ALREADY APPROA*$ ! HI< CIVILIZATIONS ( HI/ORICAL TIMES4 

,! MO/ WIDELY CIT$ EVID5CE = ! CLAIMS ?AT ICE AGE =AG]S 'REG>D$ NATURE AS 9TR9SICALLY FEM99E' >E ! 'GODDESS' FIGUR9ES -- ! ',V5USES' -- F\ND 9 UPP] ,PALE(I?IC CAVES & 9 E>LY OR MIDDLE ,NEOLI?IC DWELL+S4 ,! ASSUMPTION ?AT !SE REMA9S >E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY DEITIES IS A MATT] ( PURE FAI? RA!R ?AN ACCURATE KN[L$GE2 NOR HAS MU* ATT5TION BE5 GIV5 TO ! USES TO :I* SIMIL> ',V5USES' HAVE BE5 PUT BY ABORIG9AL PEOPLES 9 MOD]N TIMES4 

,M>G>ET ,EHR5B]G1 9 H] SPL5DID /UDY1 ,WOM5 9 ,PREHI/ORY 1 W>NS US ?AT !SE ,/ONE ,AGE FIGUR9ES BY NO MEANS SUPPORT ! NOTION ?AT A ,MO!R ,GODDESS RELIGION4 -- OR1 ,I W\LD ADD1 A VIEW ( ,NATURE AS '9TR9SICALLY FEM99E' -- P]VAD$ PREHI/ORY4 ,SU* FIGUR9ES MAY WELL HAVE BE5 US$ = PRAGMATIC & MAGICAL 5DS RA!R ?AN = REV]5TIAL & RELIGI\S ONES4 ,EHR5B]G WRITES3  
  

,! USE ( FIGUR9ES 9 SYMPA!TIC MAGIC TO AID F]TILITY IS ATTE/$ 9 MANY E?NOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES & MAY HAVE BE5 P]CEIV$ AS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT 9 SOCIETIES :]E ! L9K BETWE5 MALE IMPREGNATION & *ILDBIR? WAS NOT FULLY UND]/OOD 4 ,A WOMAN WI%+ = A *ILD W\LD MAKE1 OR HAVE MADE1 A MODEL EI!R ( H]SELF PREGNANT1 OR MORE COMMONLY 9 KN[N E?NOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES -- ( ! HOP$-= *ILD1 P]HAPS %[N AS ! ADULT !Y W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME4 ,%E MI<T !N C>RY ! IMAGE >\ND1 P]HAPS SLEEP ALONGSIDE IT1 OR USE IT TO P]=M O!R RITUALS4.<#a#h#a.>  
  

,SU* PRACTICES1 ,EHR5B]G TELLS US1 OCCUR AMONG A NUMB] ( ,WE/ ,AFRICAN & ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN TRIBES4 ,ONCE ! WOMAN BECAME PREGNANT1 ! FIGUR9E W\LD BE DISC>D$1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT A SORC]] OR %AMAN DISC>DS A REPRES5TATIONAL FIGUR9E AFT] COMPLET+ A MAGICAL RITUAL4 ',! FACT ?AT BO? ,PALEOLI?IC & MANY ,NEOLI?IC FIGUR9ES >E COMMONLY F\ND )9 H\SES & HOME BASES1 & (T5 AMONG DEBRIS1 W\LD /R5G!N ?IS POSSIBILITY1 IF ! IMAGE C\LD BE CA/ ASIDE ONCE IT HAD FULFILL$ ITS FUNCTION1 :ILE ! IDEA ( DISC>D+ ! IMAGE ( A SPECIFIC DEITY SEEMS LESS LIKELY4' 

,IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT GODDESSES EXI/$ 9 HI< CIVILIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD -- AT TIMES AS CREATIVE DEITIES1 AT O!R TIMES AS DE/RUCTIVE ONES1 AT /ILL O!R TIMES BO?1 BUT BY NO MEANS ALWAYS HOLD+ A SUPREME /ATUS 9 DIV]SE PAN!ONS4 ,GODDESSES1 E>? OR O!RWISE1 AB\ND$ ?R\<\T ! PAGAN WORLD &1 9 ! ,M>Y IMAGE1 9 ,*RI/IAN SOCIETIES4 ,BUT ,EHR5B]G'S HI<LY SUGGE/IVE HYPO!SIS ?AT FEMALE FIGUR9ES DO NOT A ',MO!R ,E>DI GODDESS' RELIGION MAKE -- 9DE$1 ?AT ! FIGUR9ES W]E M]ELY MAGICAL & HI<LY P]SONAL F]TILITY SYMBOLS -- IS F> MORE PLAUSIBLE ?AN ! BELIEF ?AT !Y 5JOY$ PAN!I/IC SUPREMACY 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC WORLD4 

,:AT CA/S EV5 MORE D\BT ON ! EXI/5CE ( AN UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC ,MO!R ,E>? GODDESS RELIGION IS EVID5CE ?AT MANY UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC FIGUR9ES >E NOT EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE4 ,AS ,PRI*>D ,E4 ,LEAKEY OBS]VES1 CIT+ FIFTY-SEV5 5GRAV+S ( ISOLAT$ HUMAN HEADS ON ! WALLS ( ! ,LA ,M>*E CAVE 9 ,WE/]N ,FRANCE3 '! SO-CALL$ ,V5USES1 /ATUETTES ) BULB\S BUTTOCKS & BREA/S 444 SUPPOS$LY EMBODY A F]TILITY OR MO!R-GOD IMAGE4 ,/ATUETTES ( ?IS TYPE >E C]TA9LY V]Y /RIK+ 9 !IR EMPHATIC SEXUALITY4' ,BUT1 ,LEAKEY W>NS1  
  

,( ! MANY HUNDR$S ( C>V$ FIGURES SO F> DISCOV]$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 SOME CAN BE ID5TIFI$ AS FEMALE1 AL?\< MO/ ( !SE HAVE NATURAL RA!R ?AN EXAGG]AT$ PROPORTIONS1 SOME >E CLE>LY MALE1 BUT MO/ >E1 TO \R EYES AT LEA/1 SEXLESS 1 ,! IDEA ( A CONT95T-WIDE CULT ( ! MO!R-GOD1 SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! BULB\S ',V5USES"91 APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 GREATLY OV]/AT$4.<#a#h#b.>  
  

,P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ KN[N ,PALEOLI?IC FIGUR9E1 AT ?IS WRIT+1 IS ?AT ( A MALE1 F\ND 9 A CAVE SOME #c#b1 YE>S AGO AT ,HOHL5/E91 ,G]MANY4 ,HE SEEMS TO BE WE>+ A LION' S MASK OR HAVE A LION' S HEAD & A MALE BODY1 NOT UNLIKE ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN DEITIES ?AT W]E P>T HUMAN & P>T ANIMAL4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :E!R ! FIGUR9E SIGNIFIES A DEITY1 A %AMAN1 OR A 'BIG MAN' 5D[$ ) COMMUNITY RESPECT1 BUT IT WAS DECID$LY NOT FEMALE4 

,NO LESS DRAMATIC >E ! FULL-FACE C>V+S & WALL-SKET*$ PR(ILES ( MALE 9DIVIDUALS :O >E REM>KABLY 9DIVIDUAT$4 ,/>+ 9 FASC9AT+ DETAIL & ) >RE/+ /R5G? ( *>ACT] -- A DI/9CT P]SONALITY & A DIGNIFI$ ME9 -- IS ! HEAD ( A MAN1 C>EFULLY SCULPT$ FROM ! IVORY ( A MAMMO? TUSK1 F\ND NE> ,DOLNI ,VE/ONICE 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 ,! HEAD DATES BACK TO SOME #b#f1 YE>S AGO4 

,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC SKET*ES %[ M5 9 PR(ILE :OSE APPE>ANCE IS V]Y 9DIVIDUAT$1 9DE$1 :O SEEM LIKE PLAYFUL C>ICATURES1 AS WITNESS ! 5GRAV$ 7L>GELY MALE7 HUMAN FACES FROM ,LA ,M>*E4.<#a#h#c.> ,9 FACT1 UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES MAY HAVE CREAT$ >TI/IC WORKS = PURPOSES NO MORE MAGICAL ?AN >TI/S HAVE TODAY -- NOTABLY PORTRAITURE & HEAD C>V+S ?AT W]E MEANT TO DELI<T OR TO RECORD AN IMAGE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL = PO/]ITY -- OR SIMPLY AS GRAFFITI4 ,WE CAN ONLY GUESS AT :AT !Y W]E MEANT TO CONVEY3 9 SOME CASES PROBABLY MAGICAL FIGURES1 9 O!RS F]TILITY FIGURES1 & /ILL ODI]S /RI$Y P]SONAL SKET*ES1 9CLUD+ C>ICATURES4 ,TO LUMP ALL ( !SE FIGURES TOGE!R AS 'FEM99E' SYMBOLS ( ALL-LIV+ ,NATURE IS TO READ BACK1 OV] A SPAN ( #c1 YE>S1 A VISION ?AT ALL TOO MANY MY/ICS WANT ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE TO HAVE BELIEV$ -- NOT :AT IS REVEAL$ BY ! EVID5CE AT H&4 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT1 = ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S1 '! 5TIRE WODD ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 EV5 ! L& ITSELF1 WAS SACR$1' AS ,OELS*LAEG] ASS]TS1.<#a#h#d.> ?IS ASSUMPTION W\LD H>DLY MAKE !M UNIQUE1 EV5 BY COMP>ISON ) MU*-MALIGN$ ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 ,9 HIS V]Y 9FLU5TIAL ',! ,HI/ORICAL ,ROOTS ( ,\R ,ECOLOGIC ,CRISIS' 1 ,LYNN ,:ITE1 ,JR1 GAVE A W>P$ IMAGE ( ! ,*RI/IAN TRADITION AS 9H]5DY ANT9ATURALI/IC4.<#a#h#e.> ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS ALONE 9 ?IS F9E ( ?9K+1 ,:ITE'S OV]:ELM+ SUBJECTIVI/ & IDEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION ( ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ECOMY/ICAL & ,NEW ,AGE ACC\NTS ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ?AT >E SO P]VASIVE TODAY4 

,H[EV] MU* ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S MAY QUOTE BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES ?AT ASSIGN TO MAN 'LORD%IP' -- MORE PROP]LY1 "9/EW>D%IP#h -- OV] ! BIOSPH]E1 ! FACT IS ?AT ,YAHWEH 9 ,G5ESIS IS NO LESS FECUND & CREATIVE ?AN ANY ,MO!R ,E>? GODDESS4 ,9 SCRIPTURE1 ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN DEITY CREAT$ ! UNIV]SE1 LI<T1 & ALL MANN] ( LIV+ BE+S4 ,HE CREAT$ A 'G>D5 9 ,$5 9 ! EA/' 1 CAUS+ 'EV]Y K9D ( TREE ?AT IS PLEAS+ TO SEE & GOOD TO EAT' TO 'GR[ FROM ! GR\ND' 7,G5ESIS #b3#h-#i74 ,HE IS AN ES!TIC AS WELL AS A FUNCTIONAL DEITY4 ,HE IS ALSO AN ADOR+ BIOLOGI/ :O CAUSES '! WAT] .<TO.> TEEM ) AN ABUNDANCE ( LIV+ CREATURES1 & .<LETS.> BIRDS FLY ABOVE ! E>? UND] ! C$+ ( ! SKY4' ,APP>5TLY BIOC5TRIC 9 ,HIS \DOOK1 DESPITE ASSIGN+ ! ROLE ( /EW>D%IP TO 'MAN' 1 ,HE EV5 CREATES '! GREAT MON/]S ( ! SEA & ALL LIV+ ANIMALS1 ?OSE ?AT TEEM 9 ! WAT]S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR K9D1 & EV]Y W+$ BIRD1 ACCORD+ TO ITS K9D' 4 ,HE BLESSES !M & 5JO9S !M TO BE 'FRUITFUL & 9CREASE 9 NUMB]1 FILL ! WAT]S ( ! SEA1 & LET ! BIRDS 9CREASE ON ! E>?' 7,G5ESIS #a3#b-#b#c74 

,9DE$1 ,ECCLESIA/ES 9=MS US ?AT ',GOD WANTS TO TE/ .<HUMANS.> & LET !M SEE ?AT !Y !MSELVES >E ANIMALS4 ,= ! DE/9Y ( HUMANITY & ANIMAL IS ID5TICAL3 DEA? = ONE AS = ! O!R4 ,BO? HAVE ! SAME 
SPIRIT2 HUMANS HAVE NO SUP]IORITY OV] ANIMALS = ALL PASSES AWAY LIKE W9D4 ,BO? GO TO ! SAME PLACE1 BO? COME FROM DU/ & RETURN TO DU/' 7,G5ESIS #c3#a#h-#b1 EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,C\LD BIOC5TRI/S ASK MORE ( ! MO/ G5]\S ,MO!R ,E>? GODDESS 9 RELIGI\S LIT]ATURE1 EA/ OR WE/8 

,! 'SACR$NESS' ( ! WORLD W\LD HAVE NOT BE5 SPECIFIC TO ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S1 !N1 ASSUM+ ) ,OES*LAEG] ?AT !Y HELD SU* A VIEW1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 TO CONTEMPOR>Y ,JUDAISM & ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* >E CONSI/5TLY DISDA9$ BY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S AS 'ANTI-NATURALI/IC' 4 ,! ATTEMPT TO IMPUTE TO ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S A UNIQUELY NATURALI/IC SPIRITUALITY TO :I* WE MU/ SOMEH[ RETURN -- DESPITE ALL WE ACTUALLY KN[ TODAY AB\T ! CAUSES ( PH5OM5A ?AT W]E COMPLETE MY/]IES TO !M -- REFLECTS NOT ONLY BAD AN?ROPOLOGY BUT DISQUIET+ NAIVETY4 

,ANY RELIGION ?AT 9CLUD$ A CREATOR DEITY1 MALE OR FEMALE1 TREAT$ ! CREATOR'S WORK AS DIV9E OR 'SACR$' 4 ,9DE$1 F> MORE PROBLEMATICAL TODAY IS :E!R ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S W]E ACTUALLY RELIGI\S 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE ORD9>ILY DEF9E ?AT WORD1 OR :E!R !IR BELIEF SY/EMS1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE CAN GUESS :AT !Y W]E1 W]E MA9LY PRAGMATIC & 9/RUM5TAL4 

,:AT 'PRIMITIVES' REALLY BELIEV$ MAY BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 ,NE>LY ALL =AG+ SOCIETIES KN[N TO MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAD ALREADY BE5 AFFECT$ BY ,WE/]N CULTURAL MORES & RELIGIONS BE=E TRA9$ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN 9VE/IGATORS REA*$ !M4 ,>TIFACTS FROM ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S ALL[ US TO MAKE GUESSES AB\T :AT !Y ?\<T1 BUT 9 AN ]A AWA% ) MY/ICISM LIKE \R [N1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO %[ GREAT PRUD5CE 9 MAK+ 9F]5CES AB\T ! FIGUR9ES1 SKET*ES1 PA9T+S1 & O!R MAT]IALS FROM LATE ,PALEOLI?IC CAVES -- & NOT TO LEAP FROM !SE REMA9S TO MY/ICAL NOTIONS AB\T ! PSY*OLOGICAL '>*ETYPES' & '9NATE' G5D] S5SIBILITIES1 SO MU* 9 VOGUE TODAY4 

,ASIDE FROM !IR ES!TIC VALUE1 !SE ,PALEOLI?IC REMA9S SEEM TO BE PRIM>ILY MAGICAL 9 FUNCTION1 P>TICULADY ?OSE ?AT DEPICT ANIMALS4.<#a#h#f.> ,PA9T+S1 DRAW+S1 & SCULPTURES ?AT SURVIVE FROM ! ,AURIGNACIAN & ,MAGDAL5IAN =AG]S ( SOME #c1 YE>S AGO 9 ! CAVES ( S\!RN ,FRANCE & ! ,SPANI% ,PYR5EES 7! SO-CALL$ CLASSIC >EA ( ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC REMA9S7 COMMONLY DEPICT ANIMALS1 9 SOME CASES CLE>LY BE+ ATTACK$ BY HUNT]S4 ,>E !SE DEPICTIONS MAGICAL EF=TS TO ASSURE SUCCESS 9 ! HUNT8 ,>E !Y EVID5CE ( MAGICAL EF=TS TO 9CREASE ! DW9DL+ POPULATION ( OV]HUNT$ GAME ANIMALS8 ,DO !Y REVEAL A RESPECTFUL ATTITUDE T[>D ! ANIMALS PURSU$8 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E IMPOSSIBLE TO ANSW] -- NOR >E !RE ANY ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S >\ND TO ANSW] !M = US4 

,9 FACT1 ! RANGE ( FUNCTIONS !SE PA9T+S1 SCULPTURES1 & DRAW+S HAD MAY HAVE BE5 LEGION4 ,CIRCUL> 9CIS$ DOTS ON AN IVORY PLAQUE SUGGE/ ?AT ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE MAY HAVE DEVELOP$ SOME SORT ( CAL5D>2 A CAVE LION 5GRAV$ ON A /ALAGMITE IS PITT$ BY M>KS ?AT SUGGE/ IT WAS US$ AS A T>GET = ?R[+ /ONES4 ,MANY ANIMALS >E DEPICT$ 9 SU* AMAZ+ & S5SITIVE DETAIL ?AT IT IS H>D TO SUPPOSE SOME ES!TIC 9T5TION WAS NOT AS IMPORTANT AS 'RELIGI\S' ONES4 ,HUNT+ SC5ES MAY HAVE BE5 PA9T$ TO CELEBRATE EPISODES ( SPECIFIC HUNTS RA!R ?AN AS MAGICAL & RITUAL SYMBOLS1 OR !Y MAY HAVE BE5 US$ TO 9/RUCT ! Y\NG 9 HUNT+ TE*NIQUES4 ,AL?\< MO/ PA9T+S & SKET*ES PORTRAY ANIMALS1 HUNDR$S ( !M DEPICT HUMAN BE+S -- & ( BO? SEXES4 

,A MULTITUDE ( POSSIBILITIES C\LD HAVE L$ \R LATE ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS TO PRODUCE ! >TIFACTS1 FIGUR9ES1 & PA9T+S 9 !IR CAVES & DWELL+ SITES4 ,! MO/ LIKELY COMMON D5OM9ATOR ?AT PROVIDES US ) A PLAUSIBLE ACC\NT ( ! ANIMAL FIGURES & ! SC5ES 9VOLV+ !M IS ?AT !Y S]V$ ! 5DS ( SYMPA!TIC MAGIC3 ! SIMULATION BY MEANS ( FIGUR9ES1 PA9T+S1 & DRAW+S ( SUCCESSFUL EV5TS1 LIKE HUNTS & PREGNANCIES4 ,!Y >E H>DLY EVID5CE ('REV]5CE' EI!R = A NIM ALS OR = A ,NATURE ?AT PRESIDES OV] HUMAN WELF>E & DE/9Y4 ,SU* CONCEPTS >E /RIK+LY HI/ORICAL1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM PREHI/ORICAL1 MORE ! PRODUCTS ( CIVILIZATION ?AN WE W\LD LIKE TO ?9K4 ,AGA91 A CONCEPT LIKE ,NATURE HAS MEAN+ ONLY TO PEOPLE :O HAVE ALREADY CREAT$ 'UNNATURAL' 5VIRONM5TS LIKE VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & CITIES1 PU%+ =E/S & WILDLIFE BACK TO EV] MORE SECLUD$ >EAS :]E !Y DID NOT 9T]F]E ) SU* 'UNNATURAL' ACTIVITIES AS AGRICULTURE & URBAN LIFE4 

,IT IS EM95TLY REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! PA9T+S & SCULPTURE WE F9D 9 ,PALEOLI?IC CAVES & DWELL+ PLACES HAD BASICALLY PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y W]E MO/ LIKELY MEANT TO ASSURE SUCCESS 9 PREGNANCIES & HUNTS & HELP PEOPLE ACQUIRE ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 ,MAGIC & ! IMPLEM5TS US$ TO DEPLOY IT W]E ULTIMATELY GUID$ BY AN EV]YDAY MEANS-5DS OR 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY -- NOT SIMPLY BY A MY/]I\S 'WISDOM' AB\T AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE ,NATURE -- TO ACQUIRE MEAT1 SK9S1 BONES = IMPLEM5TS1 & ! LIKE4 ,WE CANNOT FAULT ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S = EMPLOY+ SPECI\S MAGICAL TE*NIQUES ?AT1 AP>T FROM ! CONFID5CE !Y GAVE !M1 9 NO WAY 5HANC$ !IR SUCCESS4 ,! FIGURES PA9T$ ON CAVE WALLS W]E NOT ! LIV+ ANIMALS !Y HUNT$1 & ! IMAGES ?AT !Y OR !IR %AMANS DEPICT$ W]E /RICTLY ANALOGIES4 ,AS SU*1 !Y W]E NO MORE EFFECTIVE 9 LUR+ GAME 9TO ! RANGE ( !IR WEAPONS ?AN A BO>D GAME ( ,MONOPOLY MAKES ITS PLAY]S WEAL?Y OR POOR4 

,:E!R !SE MAGICAL PRACTICES 5HANC$ !IR RESPECT = ANIMALS OR WILD]NESS IS D\BTFUL4 ,! ATTITUDES ( MOD]N B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES T[>D ! GAME !Y KILL1 EV5 T[>D !IR DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS LIKE DOGS1 >E ANY?+ BUT G5DE4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT RESPECT IS A VAGUE WORD1 ) MULTIPLE MEAN+S4 ,TO ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S IT MI<T MEAN LOVE1 AWE1 REV]5CE1 A RELIGI\S 9TUITION1 OR 'BIOPHILIA -- SOME ALLEG$LY 9/9CTIVE LONG+ = WILD]NESS & WILDLIFE4 ,ALL ( !SE POSSIBILITIES ACTUALLY PRESUPPOSE A HO/ ( UN/AT$ BELIEFS OR BEG ! QUE/IONS !Y >E MEANT TO ANSW]4 

,IF ANY?+ MEAN+FUL CAN BE SAID AB\T ,PALEOLI?IC PA9T+S & C>V+S1 IT IS ?AT ! =AG]S :O PRODUC$ !M HELD A PRAGMATIC BELIEF 9 ! P[] ( MAGIC1 OR :AT ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZI] REG>D$ AS PRIMITIVE MAN'S SCI5CE4.<#a#h#g.> ,?AT \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS HELD SU* BELIEF SY/EMS IS COMPLETELY UND]/&ABLE 9 VIEW ( H[ LITDE !Y KNEW AB\T ! (T5 FRI<T5+ NATURAL =CES ?AT DET]M9$ !IR WELLBE+4 ,:AT IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE IS ?AT MILLIONS ( O/5SIBLY CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE TODAY1 EV5 $UCAT$ URBAN DWELL]S1 FIRMLY BELIEVE ?AT ,PALEOLI?IC & MOD]N ABORIG9AL BELIEFS PROVIDE A MORE VALID1 9SI<TFUL1 & SUP]IOR ACC\NT ( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN ! BRILLIANT EXPLANATIONS GIV5 BY MOD]N SCI5CE4 

,?AT MAGIC WAS NOT ! SOLE COMPON5T ( ,PALEOLI?IC IDEOLOGIES IS SUGGE/$ BY BASIC BELIEF SY/EMS F\ND AMONG ABORIG9AL PEOPLES ALMO/ EV]Y:]E3 ! BELIEF 9 SPIRITS1 9 VISIONS1 & 9 SPECTRAL P[]S ?AT W]E EI!R B5EFIC5T OR H>MFUL & 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R HAD TO BE PROPITIAT$ -- A BELIEF1 ALAS1 ?AT IS ONLY TOO PRES5T TODAY1 9 \R *ROME-PLAT$ TE*NO-9DU/RIAL-CYBEMETIC SOCIETY4.<#a#h#h.> 

,JUDG+ FROM :AT WE KN[ AB\T EXI/+ B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES1 PROBABLY ALL ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE BELIEV$ 9 ! EXI/5CE ( 'SPIRITS'1 A 'SPIRIT WORLD'1 & LAT] SOME K9D ( SPIRITISM4 ,:AT IS ! S\RCE ( !IR BELIEFS1 H[ DID !Y DEVELOP1 & :AT ATTITUDES T[>D WILDLIFE & WILD]NESS DID !Y REFLECT8 

,! MO/ LIKELY S\RCE ( PRIMITIVE SPIRITISM SEEMS TO BE DREAMS1 A NI<T-WORLD SORT ( WISDOM ?AT IS /ILL PRACTIC$ AMONG ECOMY/ICS TODAY4 ,AMONG ABORIG9AL BELIEV]S1 SPIRITISM GIVES SUP]NATURAL EXPLANATIONS = PH5OM5A ?AT WE CAN N[ EXPLA9 9 /RICTLY NATURALI/IC & SCI5TIFIC T]MS4.<#a#h#i.> ,ABORIG9ALS :O LACK AN UND]/&+ ( DREAM IMAGES 7A VEX+ PROBLEM EV5 UNTIL WELL 9TO MOD]N TIMES7 W\LD TAKE REC\RSE TO SPIRITS TO EXPLA9 ! REAPPE>ANCE ( ! DEAD 9 DREAMS1 OR ! OCCURR5CE ( BIZ>RE EV5TS 9 SEQU5CES ?AT W]E \T ( ! ORD9>Y4 

,DREAM+ ITSELF W\LD HAVE SUGGE/$ ! EXI/5CE ( ANO!R WORLD1 POSSIBLY MORE POT5T ONE ?AN ! WAK+ WORLD1 A SPIRIT WORLD ?AT PRESIDES OV] HUMAN WELF>E & TO :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY HELD SOME SORT ( OBLIGATION4 ,?IS S5SE ( OBLIGATION MAY HAVE BE5 9DUC$ BY \TRI<T FE> -- NOT NECESS>ILY BY 'REV]5CE'4 ,%AMANS EMBROID]$ T9S SPIRIT WORLD 9TO A COMPLEX UNIV]SE 9 ITS [N RI<T1 EMBELLI%+ DREAM MAT]IALS 9 WAYS ?AT GAVE !SE (T5 CYNICAL PRACTITION]S CONSID]ABLE P]SONAL P[] & MANY MAT]IAL PRIVILEGES4 ,S9CE DREAMS CAN BE V]Y COMPLEX1 BIZ>RE1 & FRI<T5+1 PEOPLE :O C\LD NOT ACC\NT = !M W\LD BE VULN]ABLE TO ! CLAIMS ( ANY CANNY 9DIVIDUAL :O PR(ESS$ TO BE ABLE TO 9T]PRET !M1 AS IS ! CASE EV5 9 A SECUL> SOCIETY LIKE \R [N ?AT M9IMIZES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUP]NATURAL4 ,%AMANS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 AVAILABLE TO GIVE 9T]PRETATIONS ( 9EXPLICABLE OCCURR5CES = SUITABLE REW>DS4 

,! %AMANI/IC IMAG9ATION %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$3 IT CAN BE A =MIDABLE P[] 9 ELABORAT+ MY?S AS WELL AS MAGICAL PRACTICES4 ,FIGURES ON LATE ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE WALLS SUGGE/ ?AT !Y W]E PRES5T V]Y E>LY ON 9 =AG+ CULTURES4 ,!Y PROBABLY PROVID$ 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX MAGICAL TE*NIQUES1 DEVIS$ ASSORT$ MY?S & RITUALS1 EXPLA9$ ! MEAN+ ( 9DIVIDUAL DREAMS1 & PREY$ ON COLLECTIVE FE>S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 5G5D]$ BY H<TN+1 ?UND]1 & E>?QUAKES4 ,MU* TO !IR MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE1 %AMANS W\LD HAVE EXPLOIT$ !SE 9EXPLICABLE PH5OM5A & GIV5 9T]PRETATIONS ( PORT5TS & DANG]S 9 DREAMS1 AS WELL AS MORE MY/]I\S PH5OM5A LIKE /ORMS1 METEORITES1 COMETS4 

,ACTUALLY1 WE PROBABLY T5D TO OV]/ATE ! SIMPLICITY ( LATE ,PALEOLI?IC CULTURES & !IR RESEMBLANCE 9 ?IS RESPECT TO B& OR TRIBELIKE CULTURES TODAY4 ,!RE IS AMPLE EVID5CE1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT 9 ! GREAT ,PYR5EES M\NTA9 PASSES1 LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S W]E CREAT+ HI]>*ICAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 MA9LY G]ONTOCRACIES1 & FABRICAT+ TOOLS ON A M>K$LY 9DU/RIAL BASIS -- NOT UNLIKE H&WORK$ ASSEMBLY L9ES ( PRES5T-DAY V9TAGE4 ,MASS MANUFACTURE WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO MOD]N TIMES BY ANY MEANS4 

,LATE ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S1 TO BE SURE1 KNEW V]Y WELL H[ TO SURVIVE UND] EXTREMELY 9HOSPITABLE CONDITIONS4 ,!Y W]E FAMILI> ) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR & DEVELOP$ SUP]B TE*NIQUES = H>VE/+ GAME4 ,!Y KNEW H[ TO SELECT NUTRITI\S FOOD PLANTS & AVOID TOXIC ONES4 ,!IR KN[L$GE ( !IR HABITATS & !IR ABILITY TO GA9 SUBSI/5CE HORN !M WAS EXCEPTIONAL 9 EV]Y DEGREE4 

,BUT !IR KN[L$GE AB\T ! REAL S\RCES ( CLIMATIC1 GEOLOGICAL1 & /ELL> EV5TS -- W\LD HAVE BE5 M9IMAL4 ,!IR SPIRITISM WAS 9 L>GE MEASURE A COMP5SATION = !IR IGNORANCE1 AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! UNKN[N & ALL ?AT :I* WAS CL\D$ 9 MY/]Y4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( AU!NTIC KN[L$GE AB\T DREAMS & SEEM+LY COSMIC PH5OM5A1 !IR %AMANS CONTRIV$ A HI<LY IMAG9ATIVE CORPUS ( EXPLANATIONS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ANALOGIES & FANCIES1 (T5 BLATANTLY S]V+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT 9VOLV$ P[] RELATION%IPS )9 & BETWE5 !IR COMMUNITIES4 

,MU* ( ?IS KN[L$GE WAS PAT5TLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC1 FILL$ AS IT WAS ) TALK+ ANIMALS1 MY/]I\S OM5S1 & A MULTITUDE ( HUMANLIKE MY?S & ANALOGICAL MAGICAL TE*NIQUES DESIGN$ TO GIVE ORD]1 MEAN+1 & /ABILITY TO ! WORLD4 ,ACCORD+LY1 MY?1 MAGIC1 & COSMIC N>RATIVES MADE ! PUZZL+ & MY/]I\S FACTS ( LIFE COMPREH5SIBLE TO HUMAN M9DS4 ,MORE COMMONLY ?AN NOT1 !Y W]E PROBABLY CONTRIV$ NOT SIMPLY TO EXPLA9 PH5OM5A BUT TO LEGITIMATE ! AU?ORITY ( EM]G+ HI]>*ICAL /RATA4 

,TO %[ H[ ! DREAM & SPIRIT WODDS >E R5D]$ AN?ROPOMORPHIC & SUBJECT TO %AMANI/IC CONTROL1 ! BELIEF SY/EM ( ! ,MAKUNA ,9DIANS ( ,COLOMBIA IS A VALUABLE EXAMPLE4 ,AS ,KAJ ,>HEM1 :O SP5T TWO YE>S ) !SE PEOPLE1 OBS]VES3  
  

,:5 ,MAKUNA M5 GO HUNT+ & FI%+ !Y ALSO1 9 !IR CONCEPTION1 C>RY \T AN EX*ANGE ) ! ANIMAL WORLD1 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT 9 ANO!R DIM5SION ( REALITY1 ALL ANIMALS >E PEOPLE2 !Y HAVE H\SES & G>D5S1 MUSICAL 9/RUM5TS & RITUAL ORNAM5TS1 *ANTS & DANCES1 AS PEOPLE DO4 ,!Y >E GR\P$ 9TO COMMUNITIES 9HABIT+ P>TICUL> T]RITORIES & ALSO HAVE !IR HEADM51 OR 'MA/]S ( ! ANIMALS'4 ,BE=E MAJOR HUNT+ & FI%+ EXP$ITIONS -- SU* AS ?OSE PREC$+ ! .<COMMUNITY'S.> ,SPIRIT ,DANCE -- A %AMAN MU/ VISIT ! LONG H\SES ( ! FI% & GAME ANIMALS & NEGOTIATE ) !IR HEADM54 ,! %AMAN (F]S !M SPIRIT FOODS1 COCA & SNUFF1 & IS PROMIS$ FI% & GAME 9 EX*ANGE4.<#a#i.>  
  

,:AT IS 9TRIGU+ AB\T ! ,MAKUNA COSMOLOGY IS NOT ONLY ! RECIPROCITY BETWE5 HUMANS & ANIMALS & ! ACTIVE ROLE %AMANS PLAY 9 NEGOTIAT+ ! 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO2 ?IS CAN BE EXPECT$ 9 MO/ ANIMI/IC VIEWS ( REALITY4 ,BUT ! 'SPIRIT WORLD' 9 ,MAKUNA COSMOLOGY MIRRORS 9 EV]Y DETAIL ALL ! FEATURES ( ,MAKUNA SOCIETY & CULTURE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ,MAKUNA SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY EXTRAPOLAT$ 9TO A SPIRIT WORLD4 

,:AT IS REALITY H]E1 & :AT IS NOT8 ,DO ! ,MAKUNA REG>D ! ANIMAL WORLD AS SACR$1 OR HAVE !Y M]ELY RECREAT$ ANIMALS AS SPIRITS ?AT 9/ITUTIONALLY & CULTURALLY SUIT !IR [N NE$S8 ,9DE$1 :]E DOES ! PAT5T AN?ROPOMORPHISM ( ! ,MAKUNA TURN 9TO A DE FACTO AN?ROPOC5TRISM ?AT TRANSMUTES ALL ANIMALS 9TO HUMAN BE+S -- SOCIALLY AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALLY -- !REBY R5D]+ !M OBJECTS ( HUMAN MANIPULATION 9 %AMANI/IC 'NEGOTIATIONS'8 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,MAKUNA 'ANIMALS' BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN BE+S & >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO DI/9CTLY HUMAN SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ) HEADM5 IS A PAT5TLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC VIEW ( ! 'SPIRIT WORLD' ?AT CLEADY BELIES ! POPUL> MY? ?AT ABORIG9AL PEOPLES ID5TIFY ) NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,IT IS NOT HUMANS :O O/5SIBLY BECOME' OR EV5 CO-EXI/ ) ANIMALS2 IT IS ANIMALS :O APP>5TLY BECOME HUMAN4 

,NOR DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT1 BECAUSE ! ,MAKUNA HAVE TURN$ ANIMALS & !IR COMMUNITIES 9TO EXACT REPLICAS ( !IR SOCIETIES1 !Y BELIEVE ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD IS 'ALIVE1' AS MANY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S CLAIM4 ',ANIMISM' 1 AS ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,$W>D ,TYLOR CALL$ ! VIEW ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD IS LIV+1 BY NO MEANS LEADS TO SEE+ LIFE EV]Y:]E 9 ONE'S SURR\ND+S4 ,TYLOR'S ASS]TION ?AT AN ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN W\LD 'REASON ) A HORSE AS IF RATIONAL' %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT AN ,9DIAN REG>D$ 9ANIMATE ?+S AS SU* AS ALIVE4.<#a#i#a.> ,ABORIG9AL PEOPLES >E NOT SO ABSURD AS TO VIEW /ONES & HORSES1 = EXAMPLE1 AS EQUALLY ALIVE4 ,H[EV] 'ANIMI/ICALLY' !Y REG>D ! NATURAL WORLD 9 !ORY1 9 PRACTICE !Y APPLY !IR ANIMI/IC VIEWS ) CONSID]ABLE DISCRETION4 ,9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 AS ,BRONISLAW ,MAL9[SKI HAS %[N1 !Y DEALT ) ROCKS & ANIMALS ON V]Y DIFF]5T T]MS1 JU/ AS MANY RELIGI\SLY 9CL9$ PEOPLE TODAY SEP>ATE !IR BELIEF SY/EMS FROM ! PRACTICAL DEM&S ( SURVIVAL 9 ! MUNDANE WORLD4.<#a#i#b.> ,:5 ,A4 ,IRV+ ,HALL[ELL ASK$ AN OLD ,OJIBWA ,9DIAN IF 'ALL ! /ONES WE SEE AB\T US H]E .<>E.> ALIVE' 1 HE RECEIV$ A V]Y %REWD RESPONSE4 ',NO6' REPLI$ ! OLD ,OJIBWA EMPHATICALLY1 ',BUT SOME >E' ,P]HAPS HE MEANT ?OSE ?AT W]E USEFUL 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TO HIS PEOPLE4.<#a#i#c.> 

,NONE ( !SE OBS]VATIONS >E MEANT TO CLAIM ?AT TE*NIQUES DISCOV]$ BY B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES >E LACK+ 9 PRACTICAL VALUE"9 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 IF ANYONE TODAY WANT$ TO HUNT MAMMO?S1 MA/ODONS1 GIANT SLO?S1 & LON<ORN BISON ) SPE>S & ) B[S & >R[S1 ! LORE AB\T ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ACCUMULAT$ BY \R LATE ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS MI<T 9DE$ BE 9VALUABLE"9 ,%\LD A TIME COME :5 SOCIETY RETURNS TO A WORLD ( 'SCATT]$ HUMAN POPULATION ?AT LIVES BY FI%+1 HUNT+1 & FOOD-GA!R+' 1 AS ,$W>D ,ABBEY SUGGE/S1 WE MI<T WANT TO 9VOKE !IR 'WISDOM'4.<#a#i#d.> ,P]HAPS WE C\LD 'RE-5*ANT' ! WORLD ) ! FABLES ?AT !Y BELIEV$ 9 -- ASSUM+ WE C\LD EMPTY \R HEADS ( ALL ! SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE ?AT PRESUMABLY BURD5S \R CIVILIZATION"9 ,:E!R SU* A RETURN OR REVIVAL IS POSSIBLE 9 A CULTURE ?AT KN[S A GREAT DEAL AB\T PH5OM5A ?AT W]E COMPLETE MY/]IES TO M5 & WOM5 ( ! REMOTE ,PALEOLI?IC P]IOD1 ! READ] WILL HAVE TO DECIDE4 

,! NOTION ?AT !IR ',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' FO/]$ 9 \R DI/ANT ANCE/ORS A CONS]VATIONI/ & RESPECTFUL ATTITUDE T[>D WILDLIFE1 =E/S1 & ! V>I\S ECOSY/EMS !Y 9HABIT$ IS P]HAPS ! MA9 REASON ?AT ! VIRTUES ( A REVIV$ ',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' >E PROMOT$ TODAY BY ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S1 FEW ( :OM >E !MSELVES LIKELY TO REALLY BEFIEVE ?AT ANIMALS LIVE UND] HEADM5 9 A3 'SPIRIT WORLD' OR ?AT ! DREAM WORLD IS AS REAL AS ! OBJECTIVE WORLD >\ND !M4 

,H[ ',PALEOLI?IC' OR 'PRIMITIVE' >E MOD]N ABORIG9ES1 :O SEEM TO LIVE LIKE \R ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS & PRESUMABLY PROVIDE US ) EVID5CE ( ! PREHI/ORIC WORLD8 ,MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S N[ AGREE ?AT ! =AG+ COMMUNITIES !Y 5C\NT] HAVE ALREADY BE5 PR(\NDLY ALT]$ BY E>LI] ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CONTACT1 P>TICUL>LY BY MISSION>IES1 TRAD]S1 & SOLDI]S4 ,AS ! EM95T SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ W>NS3 ! REMOTE ' 0\T-(-!-WAY #ee PEOPLES' :OM CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 ! PA/ /UDI$ AS 'NATURAL COMMUNITIES' W]E NOT RELICS ( ! DI/ANT PA/4 ,GE]TZ WRITES3  
  

,! REALIZATION1 GRUDG+ & BELAT$1 ?AT ?IS IS NOT SO1 NOT EV5 ) ! ,PYGMIES1 NOT EV5 ) ! ,ESKIMOS1 & ?AT !SE PEOPLE >E 9 FACT PRODUCTS ( L>G]-SCALE PROCESSES ( SOCIAL *ANGE :I* HAVE MADE !M & CONT9UE TO MAKE !M :AT !Y >E -- HAS COME AS SOME?+ ( A %OCK ?AT HAS 9DUC$ A VIRTUAL CRISIS 9 ! FIELD .<( AN?ROPOLOGY.>4.<#a#i#e.>  
  

,! #a#e1 OR #b1 YE>S ?AT HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! LATE ,PALEOLIDIIC W]E NOT A CULTURAL & SOCIAL VACUUM BUT DEEPLY AFFECT$ EV5 ! MO/ ISOLAT$ ABORIG9AL PEOPLES TODAY4 ,TODAY'S 'PRIMITIVES' -- & !Y >E DISAPPE>+ LIKE SN[FLAKES 9 A SUMM] HEAT WAVE -- UND]W5T COMPLEX DEVELOPM5TS ?AT SEP>ATE !M FROM ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES :OSE REMA9S >E ! OBJECTS ( EXTRAVAGANT FANTASIES4 

,9 ! #a#i#fS MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S ADOPT$ IDEALIZ$ VISIONS ('PRIMITIVE' 9NOC5CE & WELL-BE+4 ,A ',MAN ! ,HUNT]' SYMPOSIUM1 HELD AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO 9 ,APRIL #a#i#f#i1 PROMULGAT$ A MY? ( 'AFFLU5T' =AG+ CULTURES & ! EXI/5CE ( PRI/9E 'PRIMITIVE' COMMUNITIES4.<#a#i#f.> ,IT GAVE ! MY/ICAL 'C\NT]CULTURE' & LAT] ,NEW ,AGE *ILDR5 AN IDEA ?AT !Y WANT$ TO HE>3 NAMELY1 ?AT CIVILIZATION IS BAD1 & ?AT NEO-PRIMITIVES 7AN OXYMORON7 ADORN$ ) FL[]S & BEADS >E DELIRI\SLY GOOD"9 ,V>I\S ',PLEI/OC5E'1 ',PALEOLI?IC' 1 & 'E>LY ,NEOLI?IC' SPIRITUALITIES SPR\T$ UP LIKE MU%ROOMS AFT] A RA94 

,C>EFUL RESE>* DONE S9CE ! ',MAN ! ,HUNT]' CONF]5CE 9DICATES ?AT PEOPLE 9 =AG+ CULTURES SUFF]$ & SUFF] FROM CONSID]ABLE MAT]IAL 9SECURITY4 ,MONOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL REVIEW+ ABORIG9ES AT V>I\S LEVELS ('PRIMITIVITY' >E AT ODDS ) #a#i#fS MY?S ?AT \R ANCE/ORS 5JOY$ 'AFFLU5CE' & LIV$ 5VIABLY PACIFIC OR UNTR\BL$ FIVES4 ,MANY ( ! MOD]N-DAY =AG]S :OM AN?ROPOLOGI/S ONCE DESCRIB$ AS 5JOY+ 'AFFLU5T' 1 EV5 LEISURELY FIVES ACTUALLY SUFF]$ S]I\S MAT]IAL DEPRIVATIONS1 & !IR FIVES W]E (T5 QUITE %ORT4 

,NOR %\LD WE BE UND] ANY ILLUSIONS ?AT ABORIG9AL =AG]S >E A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S2 RA!R1 !Y W]E DRIV5 FROM /ABLE1 L>GELY HORTICULTURAL WAYS ( LIFE 9TO 9HOSPITABLE DES]TS & =E/S"9 ,! ,KALAH>I DES]T ,SAN PEOPLE1 OR ,BU%M51 >E A /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T1 AS ,$W9 ,N4 ,WILMS5 & HIS COLLEAGUES HAVE %[N4.<#a#i#g.> ,!SE HUNT]-GA!R]S1 SO WIDELY CELEBRAT$ 9 ! POP AN?ROPOLOGY LIT]ATURE ( ! PA/ FEW DECADES AS A LEISURELY & MAT]IALLY SECURE PEOPLE1 SEEM TO HAVE UND]GONE SEV]AL TRANSITIONS FROM FOOD CULTIVATORS & PA/ORALI/S TO HUNT]-GA!R]S4 ,TO CALL !M ,PALEOLI?IC1 LET ALONE IDEALIZE !IR FIFEWAYS AS 'AFFLU5T' 1 IS >GUABLE TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,!IR MU*-LAUD$ COOP]ATIVE \DOOK & T5D5CY TO %>E ?+S WAS EASILY UND]M9$ 9 REC5T DECADES1 & !Y N[ SEEM TO BE AS ACQUISITIVE AS ! ,EUROPEANS ) :OM !Y HAVE BE5 FAVORABLY CONTRA/$4 

,REASONABLE SPECULATIONS BAS$ ON SIMIL> FACTS CAN BE MADE AB\T MANY O!R PRES5T-DAY B&S ?AT W]E PROBABLY PU%$ BACK 9TO 9HOSPITABLE >EAS BY COMPET+ TRIBES AS WELL AS BY ,EUROPEANS1 & :O W]E OBLIG$ TO USE V]Y SIMPLE1 (T5 ATT5UAT$ TOOL-KITS BY COMP>ISON ) ! MORE ADVANC$ TE*NIQUES !Y HAD DEVELOP$ E>LI]"9 ,SOME W]E =C$ TO ADOPT SIMPL] & LESS SATISFACTORY WAYS ( LIFE BECAUSE ( 9VAD]S & COMPETITORS = RES\RCES4 ,?US ! ,YUQUI ,9DIANS1 'DISCOV]$' 9 ! #a#i#eS1 9ITIALLY SEEM$ FREE ( ,EUROPEAN 9FLU5CE & 'BLESS$' ) TOOLS ?AT W]E EV5 MORE PRIMITIVE ?AN ?OSE ( LATE ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES ( SOME #c1 YE>S AGO4.<#a#i#h.> ,! ,YUQUI HAD NEV] SE5 ,EUROPEANS UNTIL !IR L&S W]E 9VAD$ BY MISSION>IES 7:OM !Y 9ITIALLY KILL$7 & ! ,AMAZON JUNGLE NE> !IR COMMUNITY DOMA9 WAS DE=E/$4 ,!Y WORE NO CLO?+1 & !IR WEAPONS CONSI/$ EXCLUSIVELY ( B[S & >R[S4 ,!Y HAD NO TOOLS AP>T FROM ! CLAW$ LEGS ( ANIMALS4 

,BUT SIGNIFICANTLY1 !IR SOCIETY HAD A SLAVE CA/E1 & AFT] FUR!R /UDY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE GOOD REASON TO BEFIEVE ?AT !IR ANCE/ORS HAD ONCE HAD A FAIRLY COMPLEX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY ) POTT]Y & SOCIAL HI]>*IES4 ,!Y BECAME =AG]S BECAUSE C5TURIES E>LI] !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO FLEE F>!R & F>!R 9TO ! ,AMAZON =E/ TO ESCAPE PR$ATORY ,EUROPEAN COLONI/S1 UNTIL !Y LO/ ALL MEMORY ( !IR PA/4 

,PRES5T-DAY B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES MU/ HAVE UND]GONE CONSID]ABLE CULTURAL *ANGES S9CE ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC4 ,9DE$1 DUE NOT ONLY TO !IR CONTACT ) O!R CULTURES1 AS WELL AS ,EURO-,AM]ICAN ONES1 !Y PROBABLY DIFF] CONSID]ABLY FROM !IR [N ANCE/ORS ( ONLY A FEW C5TURIES AGO4 

,\R E>LY ANCE/ORS W]E PROBABLY NOT HUNT]S1 DESPITE MANY CLAIMS BY PRIMITIVI/S & SOCIOBIOLOGI/S ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E G5ETICALLY PR$ISPOS$ TO HUNT OR HAVE AN 9BORN LOVE ( WILDLIFE4 ,AS ,I HAVE NOT$ EALI]1 >*AEOLOGICAL >TIFACTS & A GR[+ BODY ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL OP9ION N[ SUPPORT ! VIEW ?AT1 UNTIL ! MIDDLE ,PALE(I?IC1 AB\T A MILLION YE>S AGO1 E>LY HOM9IDS W]E MORE LIKELY TO BE ! PREY ?AN ! PR$ATOR4 ,US+ /ONE IMPLEM5TS TO CRACK OP5 ! LONG BONES ( H]BIVORES = M>R[1 !Y W]E MORE LIKELY SCAV5G]S ?AN PR$ATORS4 

,?IS WAY ( ACQUIR+ PROTE9-RI* FOODS C\NT]VAILS ! PRES5T-DAY IMAGE ( 'MAN ! HUNT]'4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,J4 ,BLUM5S*9E & ,JOHN ,A4 ,CAVALLO OBS]VE3 ',?IS QUE/ION .<( ,MAN ! ,HUNT].> MATT]S P]HAPS AS MU* AS ANY 9 EVOLUTION>Y /UDIES BECAUSE IT T\*ES ON ! DEF9ITION ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ANSW] GIV5 BY ! !ORY ( ,MAN ! ,HUNT] IS BAS$ MORE ON SEXUAL & O!R PREJUDICES ?AN ON ! FOSSIL RECORD & ! ECOLOGY ( F9D+ FOOD4'.<#a#i#i.> ,! LIT]ATURE ON ?IS SUBJECT HAS GR[N SO CONSID]ABLY ?AT ! CONCLUSION ('MAN ! SCAV5G]' IS N[ BECOM+ ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( PALEOAN?XOPOLOGI/S4 

,AFT] TRAC+ ! ',MAN ! ,HUNT]' NOTION FROM ! #aifi CONF]5CE1 ,BLUM5S*9E & ,CAVALLO %[ ?AT CLOS] /UDIES 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS & ! #a#i#hS PRODUC$ 9CREAS+ EVID5CE ?AT \R HOM9ID & EV5  
,HOMO ANCE/ORS W]E SOPHI/ICAT$ SCAV5G]S1 GA9+ AN $GE ON O!R SCAV5G]S BY DEVELOP+ 9CREAS+LY EFFECTIVE CRU%+ & CUTT+ TOOLS4 ,AL?\< ! OPPORTUNI/IC HUNT+ ( SMALL ANIMALS PROBABLY ALWAYS EXI/$ AMONG HOM9IDS & HUMANS1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT UNTIL HUMAN BE+S DEVELOP$ PROJECTILE WEAPONS LIKE SPE>S & LAT] B[S & >R[S1 !Y SCAV5G$ ON ! PREY ( P[]FUL PR$ATORS1 P>TICUL>LY LEOP>DS1 :O (T5 LEAVE !IR P>TLY EAT5 KILL 9 TREES4 ,!IR %>P CUTT+ TOOLS & H& AXES MAY HAVE GIV5 !M KEY ADVANTAGES OV] O!R SCAV5G]S3 !Y C\LD QUICKLY BUT*] ANIMAL REMA9S BE=E !Y W]E DRIV5 AWAY BY L>GE PR$ATORS1 & !Y C\LD CRU% OP5 LONG BONES ?AT CONTA9$ NUTRITI\S M>R[ & ?AT EV5 HY5AS1 ) !IR P[]FUL JAWS1 C\LD NOT CRACK OP54 ,?IS SCAV5G] POSITION HAS BE5 SUPPORT$ MO/ REC5TLY BY ! DETAIL$ /UDIES ( ,DONALD ,JOHANSON1 ! DISCOV]] ( ! ,LUCY FOSSIL1 & HIS COLLEAGUES4.<#b.> 

,9 :AT PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S 9CREAS+LY CALL ! ',HUMAN ,REVOLUTION' -- REFLECT$ 9 *ANGES 9 ! TE*NOLOGICAL & >TI/IC EVID5CE ( ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S 9 ,EUROPE SOME #d1 YE>S AGO -- A RI* REP]TOIRE ( IMPLEM5TS WAS DEVELOP$1 AS WELL AS >T1 ) A RAPIDITY & ON A SCALE ?AT HAS NO PREC$5T 9 E>LI] TIMES4 ,9 P>T1 T9S REVOLUTION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SYLLABIC LANGUAGES2 P>TLY1 TOO1 ! REVOLUTION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO A V]Y RI* CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 ! ELABORATION ( HUMAN COMMUNAL TIES 9TO FAIRLY COMPLEX SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE CLANS & PROBABLY TRIBAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,9 A S5SE1 HUMAN BE+S AS WE KN[ !M HAD >RIV$4 ,!Y W]E RI* 9 POT5TIALITIES = SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 COMPLEX COMMUNICATION1 RATIONALITY1 COOP]ATION1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 M>K$ BY 9NOVATIVE ABILITIES & A CAPACITY TO KN[1 9T]V5E1 & *ANGE ! NATURAL WORLD PURPOSEFULLY TO A DEGREE UNKN[N TO ANY O!R LIFE-=M4 

,H[ DID !SE PEOPLE DEAL ) ! WORLD PRACTICALLY1 :ATEV] !IR SPIRITUAL EQUIPM5T MAY HAVE BE58 0,:AT CAN WE TELL FROM ! >*AEOLOGICAL & E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE AB\T ,PALE(I?IC ATTITUDES T[>D CONS]VATION & WILDLIFE8 ,H[ ECOLOGICAL W]E !Y 9 DEAL+ ) O!R LIFE-=MS EXI/5TIALLY1 NOT ONLY SPIRITUALLY8 

,WE HAVE EV]Y REASON TO BEFIEVE ?AT AS F> BACK AS ! TIMES ( ,HOMO ]ECTUS1 \R ANCE/ORS W]E PREP>$ TO ALT] !IR 'WILD' 5VIRONM5T 9 EV]Y WAY ?AT S]V$ !IR ADVANTAGE4 ,HAV+ GA9$ ! ABILITY TO USE FIRE1 ]ECTUS PROBABLY BURN$ AWAY =E/S TO CREATE GRASSL&S ON :I* GAME W]E TO SUBSI/ = MILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,MOREOV]1 WE HAVE EV]Y REASON TO SUSPECT ?AT ]ECTUS CUNN+LY US$ TOR*ES TO /AMP$E GAME ANIMALS OV] CLIFFS & *ASE (F PR$ATORS TO GA9 ACCESS TO !IR KILLS4 

,IF ,HOMO ]ECTUS ALT]$ ! 5VIRONM5T OV] TIME ) FIRE1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT MORE EVOLV$ =MS ( ! HUMAN G5US DID SO ON A SWEEP+ SCALE4 ,MU* ( :AT SEEMS LIKE ORIG9AL GRASSL& 9 ,EURASIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ! ,AM]ICAS MI<T /ILL BE COV]$ BY D5SE =E/S W]E IT NOT = ! BURN+S \R DI/ANT ANCE/ORS SY/EMATICALLY PRACTIC$ OV] MANY ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,9DE$1 L>GE P>TS ( PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,AM]ICA LOOK$ MORE LIKE P>KL& ?AN =E/ AT ! TIME ( ,EUROPEAN CONTACT1 BECAUSE ( ! REPEAT$ FIRES NATIVE PEOPLES FIT TO PROVIDE OP5 SPACES = L>GE H]BIVORES1 = ! REMOVAL ( BRU% ?AT C\LD CONCEAL !IR 5EMIES1 & = G>D5+4 

,AS ,/EPH5 ,J4 ,PYNE OBS]VES 9 HIS DETAIL$ /UDY1 ,FIRE 9 ,AM]ICA1 '! VIRG9 =E/ WAS NOT 5C\NT]$ 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURY2 IT WAS 9V5T$ 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES4 ,= ?IS CONDITION1 ,9DIAN FIRE PRACTICES W]E L>GELY RESPONSIBLE4'.<#b#a.> ,EVID5CE ( HUMAN ACTIVITIES 9 D5SE =E/ >EAS APPE> TO BE SUFFICI5TIY WIDESPREAD = MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S & BOTANI/S TO QUE/ION H[ 'ORIG9AL' MANY TROPICAL =E/S ACTUALLY W]E1 EV5 9 ! ,AMAZON & C]TA9LY 9 TROPICAL ,AFRICA4 

,\R ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS1 LIKE ANY O!R LIFE-=M1 ALMO/ C]TA9LY US$ !IR HABITATS TO ! FULL4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! RETREAT ( ! LA/ GLACI]S AB\T #a#a1 YE>S AGO WAS M>K$ BY ! RAPID EXT9CTION ( MORE ?AN #h P] C5T ( ! GREAT ,PLEI/OC5E MAMMALS -- AN IMM5SELY HI<] P]C5TAGE ( EXT9CTIONS ?AN ?OSE ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/GLACIAL P]IOD ON O!R CONT95TS4 ,AS ,PAUL ,S4 ,M>T9 HAS PUT IT1 ! LA/ RETREAT ( ! GLACI]S 9 ,AM]ICA WAS PROBABLY M>K$ BY 'OV]KILL' ( L>GE MAMMALS1 PRIM>ILY BY PEOPLES ) 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ WEAPONS & HUNT+ TE*NIQUES4.<#b#b.> ,LONG BE=E ,EUROPEANS L&$ ON ,AM]ICAN %ORES1 FAUNA LIKE ! MAMMO?1 MA/ODON1 GIANT GR\ND SLO?1 HUGE >MADILLOS1 SAB]-TOO!D TIG]S1 DIRE WOLVES1 L>GE BEAV]S1 & V>I\S BE> SPECIES1 AS WELL AS CAMELS & HORSES -- :I* HAD EVOLV$ ON ! CONT95T & SURVIV$ ONLY BECAUSE !Y HAD MIGRAT$ TO ,EURASIA -- W]E COMPLETELY GONE4 

,SOME HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( !SE SPECIES AS A RESULT ( ! ECOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT FOLL[$ ! RETREAT ( ! GLACI]S4 ,P]HAPS1 BUT MANY ( !SE MAMMALS HAD SURVIV$ PREVI\S GLACIAL & 9T]GLACIAL ALT]ATIONS1 GIV+ US LITTLE REASON TO SUPPOSE !Y C\LD NOT SURVIVE ! LA/ ( ! PO/GLACIAL CLIMATIC & ECOLOGICAL *ANGES4 ,:AT MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT AN EXPLANATION BAS$ 5TIRELY ON CLIMATIC *ANGE IS ! FAIRLY REC5T DISCOV]Y ( A REM>KABLY WELL-PRES]V$ MA/ODON1 AN ANIMAL PRESUMABLY DEP5D5T UPON ! WIDELY PREVAL5T SPRUCE-TREE 5VIRONM5TS ( ! GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,! /OMA* REMA9S ( ?IS EXT9CT ANIMAL 9DICATE ?AT IT HAD ADAPT$ QUITE SATISFACTORILY TO ! BOG-TYPE 5VIRONM5T FAVOR$ BY ANIMALS LIKE ! MOOSE1 :I* WAS WIDESPREAD 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/GLACIAL WORLD4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! MANY ECOLOGICAL NI*ES OP5$ BY !SE EXT9CTIONS ( ,PLEI/OC5E FAUNA 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA W]E SUBSEQU5TLY OCCUPI$ BY ! ,OLD ,WORLD ANIMALS1 :I* GAVE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ITS CELEBRAT$ *>ACT] AS A BIOTIC 'P>ADISE'3 %ORT-HORN$ BISON1 ELK1 MOOSE1 C>IB\1 BI<ORN %EEP1 & ! LIKE4 ,UNLIKE CAMELS & HORSES1 !SE ANIMALS DID NOT EVOLVE ON ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T BUT RA!R MIGRAT$ TO IT FROM ,EURASIA4 

,/ILL1 WE >E NOT OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT ! 'OV]KILL' >GUM5T TO AGREE ?AT MANY N[-EXT9CT FAUNA W]E HUNT$ D[N BY PROTO-,9DIAN =AG]S & ULTIMATELY EXT]M9AT$1 )\T ANY 'SPIRITUAL' RE/RICTIONS ON !IR WAYS4 ,:ATEV] !IR ',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' MAY HAVE BE51 !Y W]E PREP>$ TO HUNT GAME ) FEW 'SPIRITUAL' CON/RA9TS4 ,DEEP LAY]S ( BISON BONES HAVE BE5 F\ND AT ! FOOT ( CLIFFS1 OV] :I* ,9DIANS /AMP$$ ?\S&S ( ANIMALS = C5TURIES1 PROBABLY 9 NUMB]S ?AT F> EXCE$$ ! USES TO :I* !IR C>CASSES C\LD HAVE BE5 PUT4 ,ACCUMULATIONS ( BONES AT ONE SITE EXAM9$ BY ,BRIAN ,REEVES ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA REA*$ A DEP? ( ?IRTY-FIVE FEET4 ,AT /ILL ANO!R SITE4 ,JACK ,BR9K ( ! ,>*AEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ( ,ALB]TA E/IMATES ?AT1 OV] ! C5TURIES1 #a#b#c1 BISON W]E /AMP$$ OV] A S+LE 'JUMP SITE' BY ,9DIAN HUNT]S4 ,AS ,BRIAN ,FAGAN OBS]VES 9 HIS SURVEY ( SU* CLIFF SITES1 '! ,BLACKFOOT PRACTIC$ BISON HUNT+ & BUT*]+ ON A NE>-9DU/RIAL SCALE = MANY C5TURIES'1 SETTL+ D[N NE>BY 9 SEMIP]MAN5T CAMPS1 'TRAD+ ! SPOILS ( ! *ASE TO PEOPLE LIV+ LONG DI/ANCES AWAY4'.<#b#c.> 

,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS W]E BY NO MEANS ! ONLY =AG+ PEOPLES :O 5GAG$ 9 ! MASSIVE & SY/EMATIC KILL+ ( ANIMALS4 ,LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S 9 ,SYRIA1 = EXAMPLE1 SEEM TO HAVE LE>N$ H[ TO 'FUNNEL' GAZELLES 9TO KILL+ & BUT*]+ SITES DUR+ !IR SEASONAL MIGRATIONS UNTIL !Y W]E COMPLETELY EXT]M9AT$4.<#b#d.> ,9 ,PYR5EAN PASSES & O!R M\NTA9 >EAS1 SU* PRACTICES OCCURR$ UNTIL GAME WAS VIRTUALLY OR COMPLETELY WIP$ \T4 ,9DE$1 F]TILITY RITUALS MAY HAVE BE5 A V]Y PRACTICAL RESPONSE TO ! DECL9E ( ! GREAT FAUNAL H]D ANIMALS ?AT HAD FALL5 PREY TO LATE ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( !SE GAME ANIMALS CAN H>DLY BE ATTRIBUT$ TO CLIMATIC *ANGES ALONE4 ,! DOME/ICATION ( ANIMALS MAY EV5 HAVE PRES]V$ C]TA9 SPECIES :OSE EXT9CTION WAS AT RISK1 AS ! HUNT+ PR[ESS ( LATE ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLES BECAME 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ & DEADLY4 

,NO NATIVE ,AM]ICAN HUNT+ PRACTICES1 TO BE SURE1 EXCULPATE ! MASSIVE EXT]M9ATION ( WILDLIFE ?AT FOLL[$ ! SETTLEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAS BY ,EUROPEANS4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! GREAT BISON H]DS ON ! PLA9S -- POSSIBLY EXCE$+ =TY MILLION 9 TWO OR ?REE DECADES -- BY :ITE HUNT]S 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAS NO EQUAL AMONG NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,I WI% ONLY TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN1 ,PYR5EAN1 & ,SYRIAN HUNT]S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO DID NO MORE ?AN :AT ANY ANIMAL W\LD HAVE DONE3 !Y TRI$ TO F9D AMPLE QUANTITIES ( FOOD & GOOD %ELT] -- 9 %ORT1 TO SURVIVE & TO USE !IR 9TELLIG5CE TO MAKE !IR FIVES AS COM=TABLE AS POSSIBLE4 

,NOR IS !RE ANY REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT QUASI-RELIGI\S SCRUPLES AB\T ! 'SACR$NESS' ( LIFE MADE \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS NECESS>ILY K9D] OR G5D] 9 !IR TREATM5T ( WILDLIFE ?AN PEOPLE AX TODAY4 

,MOD]N ABORIG9ES NOTORI\SLY MI/REAT$ ! ANIMALS !Y CAU<T1 (T5 9DICT+ NE$LESS PA9 UPON !M4 ,= G5]ATIONS1 G>D5+ PEOPLES 9 ,BORNEO MADE A PRACTICE ( KILL+ PIGS BY FURI\SLY BEAT+ !M TO DEA?1 ON ! !ORY ?AT !IR ROA/$ FIE% WAS P>TICUL>LY T5D] AFT] !SE PRACTICES4 ,ESKIMOS W]E EXTREMELY H>% 9 DEAL+ ) !IR HUSKIES1 (T5 KICK+ & /RIK+ !M ) LITTLE OR NO COMPUNCTION1 AS W]E MANY ,PLA9S ,9DIANS 9 !IR TREATM5T ( !IR [N DOGS4 ,COL9 ,TURNBULL1 9 HIS G5]\S & APPRECIATIVE ACC\NT ( ! ,ITURI =E/ PYGMIES ( ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 WAS %OCK$ TO SEE H[ A S9DULA1 A TA/Y DOGFIKE CREATURE1 WAS TORM5T$ AFT] IT WAS CAU<T 9 A NET FOLL[+ A COLLECTIVE HUNT4 ,REPEAT$LY SPE>$ TO ! LAU<T] ( ! PYGMIES1 OBS]VES A %OCK$ ,TURNBULL1 ! ANIMAL '/ILL WRI!D & F\<T' UNTIL 'A ?IRD SPE> PI]C$ ITS HE>T'1 & IT WAS F9ALLY PUT \T ( ITS MIS]Y4 ,TURNBULL REPORTS3  
  

,AT O!R TIMES ,I HAVE SE5 ,PYGMIES S+E+ FEA!RS (F BIRDS ?AT W]E /ILL ALIVE1 EXPLA9+ ?AT ! MEAT IS MORE T5D] IF DEA? COMES SL[LY 4 ,& ! HUNT+ DOGS1 VALUABLE AS !Y >E1 GET KICK$ >\ND M]CILESSLY FROM ! DAY !Y >E BORN TO ! DAY !Y DIE444 ,:5 ,I TALK$ TO ! ,PYGMIES AB\T !IR TREATM5T ( ANIMALS1 !Y LAU<$ AT ME & SAID1 ',! =E/ HAS GIV5 US ANIMALS = FOOD -- %\LD WE REFUSE ?IS GIFT & />VE8' ,I ?\<T ( TURKEY F>MS & ,?ANKSGIV+1 & ( ! MILLIONS ( ANIMALS RE>$ BY \R [N SOCIETY ) ! SOLE 9T5TION ( SLAU<T]+ !M = FOOD4.<#b#e.>  
  

,!SE >E ! REM>KS NOT ( AN >ROGANT ,EUROPEAN BUT ( AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :OSE AFFECTION = ! PYGMIES IS ATTE/$ 9 EV]Y F9E ( HIS WRIT+S4 

,MY PO9T IS NOT TO EXCULPATE ABUSES ( ANIMALS TODAY BY ADDUC+ ABUSIVE ATTITUDES AMONG 'PRIMITIVE' PEOPLES -- CRUELTY TO ANIMALS IS 9HUMAN & 9SUPPORTABLE :]EV] & :5EV] IT IS PRACTIC$4 ,BUT IT IS ! HEI<T ( NAIVETY TO SUPPOSE ?AT BECAUSE ,PALEOLI?IC OR MOD]N =AG]S OCCASIONALLY EX]CIS$ A PRAGMATIC RE/RA9T ON KILL+ C]TA9 SPECIES OR TABOO$ !M ALTOGE!R1 !Y REG>D$ !M OR !IR FIVES AS 'SACR$'4 ,(T5 A WIDE GULF EXI/$ BETWE5 :AT !Y SEEM$ TO BELIEVE 7G5]ALLY = V]Y UTILIT>IAN REASONS7 & :AT !Y ACTUALLY PRACTIC$4 ,SEEM+LY UPLIFT+ EXCLAMATIONS BY C]TA9 MOD]N NATIVE ,AM]ICAN %AMANS & SPOKESPEOPLE1 = EXAMPLE -- TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! WOLF1 BISON1 BE>1 OR EAGLE IS '\R C\S9' OR '\R BRO!R' -- DO NOT MEAN ?AT !IR ANCE/ORS TREAT$ !SE ANIMALS ) F]V5T CONSANGU9ITY ONLY A FEW G5]ATIONS E>LI]4 

,RITUALS C5T]+ ON FOOD ANIMALS LIKE BISON OR BE>S W]E (T5 P]=M$ = V]Y PRACTICAL REASONS3 TO 'COAX' !M 9TO BECOM+ PREY DUR+ A HUNT OR TO ALLAY !IR 'SPIRITS' AFT] !Y W]E KILL$4 ,! PRAGMATIC CORE ( !SE C]EMONIES RE/$ ON ANALOGICAL PREMISES ?AT >E NO DIFF]5T 9 PR9CIPLE FROM *ILDI% FE>S ( 5C\NT]+ W]EWOLVES OR VAMPIRE BATS4 ,!IR C]EMONIES TOOK ! =M !Y DID BECAUSE !Y KNEW LITTLE AB\T ! BIOTIC FACTORS ?AT PRODUCE GAME = HUNTS4 ,TO E>LY PEOPLES1 SPIRITS AB\ND$ EV]Y:]E1 NOT BECAUSE !Y ?\<T EV]Y?+ WAS ALIVE BUT BECAUSE ! DREAM WORLD ITSELF WAS A CONT9UAL S\RCE ( P]PLEXITY4 ,!SE SPIRITS W]E NOT NECESS>ILY B5IGN2 9DE$1 IF ANY?+1 !Y W]E (T5 MALEVOL5T4 ,DISEASE1 IT WAS BELIEV$1 WAS CAUS$ BY SPIRITS1 AS W]E BIR?S1 BE !Y ( *ILDR51 BISON CALVES1 OR BE> CUBS4 ,IF \R LATE ,PALEOLI?IC ANCE/ORS PROBABLY KNEW LITTLE OR NO?+ AB\T HUMAN REPRODUCTION1 :Y %\LD !Y HAVE KN[N MORE AB\T ANIMAL REPRODUCTION8 ,IF !Y BELIEV$ ?AT HUMAN *ILDR5 >E CREAT$ BY SPIRITS1 :Y %\LD !Y HAVE HAD A DIFF]5T VIEW ( BISON CALVES OR BE> CUBS8 

,SUP]/ITION BE+ SUP]/ITION1 ABORIG9AL SPIRIT-BELIEFS W]E NOT ONLY WRONG BUT (T5 ECOLOGICALLY DELET]I\S4 ,CALV9 ,M>T9 HAS REC5TLY OP9$ ?AT BE=E ,EUROPEAN CONTACT1 BOREAL =E/ ,ALGONKIANS W]E CONS]VATIONI/S :O HUNT$ SELECTIVELY1 9 A 'CONTRACTUAL' RELATION%IP ) GAME ANIMALS BY :I* BO? HUMANS & ANIMALS AGRE$ NOT TO 'RU9' EA* O!R4 ,AFT] CONTACT1 :5 ! ,ALGONKIANS DI$ ( ,EUROPEAN DISEASES 9 GREAT NUMB]S1 !Y REG>D$ ! ANIMALS AS HAV+ VIOLAT$ ! 'CONTRACT' & SPREAD EPIDEMICS AMONG ! TRIBES4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS ALLEG$ BREA* ( FAI?1 SO ,M>T9'S !SIS GOES1 ! ,ALGONKIANS SLAU<T]$ ANIMALS WANTONLY 9 ! BELIEF ?AT !Y W]E MALEVOL5T DISEASE AG5TS4.<#b#f.> ,?IS !SIS HAS BE5 /RONGLY CONTROV]T$2 SOME AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE F\ND ?AT ! ,C]E1 ) :OM ,M>T9 DEALS1 MAY NEV] HAVE BE5 CONS]VATIONI/S AT ALL4 

,9DE$1 ,C]ES SEEM TO HAVE BELIEV$ '?AT GAME ANIMALS KILL$ BY HUNT]S SPONTANE\SLY REG5]ATE AFT] DEA? OR RE9C>NATE AS FETAL ANIMALS'1 AS ,ROB]T ,A4 ,BRI<TMAN OBS]VES 9 A FASC9AT+ REVIEW ( ! LIT]ATURE ON !IR MAGICO-REFIGI\S CONCEPTS4  
  

,MANITOBA ,C]ES 9 ! #a#i#hS CALL ?IS PROCESS AKWANAHAM OTOSKANA1 '.<ANIMAL.> COV]S ITS BONES'4 ,SU* EV5TS >E TAK5 = GRANT$ BY SOME ,C]E TRAPP]S4 ,I WAS TOLD ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS ?AT AN ADULT 1 TRAPP$ ANIMAL WAS '! SAME ONE' ?AT HAD BE5 KILL$ ! PREVI\S W9T]1 ,MOD]N ,C]ES ALSO /ATE ?AT RITUAL PROC$URES = DISPOS+ ( ANIMAL BONES & BLOOD PREFIGURE & 9FLU5CE ANIMAL REG5]ATION & RE9-C>NATION4 ,?IS KN[L$GE WAS PRES5T 9 ! N9ETE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES & PROBABLY D]IVES FROM >*AIC /RATA ( ,ALGONQUIAN CULTURE4.<#b#g.>  
  

,BRI<TMAN'S CONCLUSION FROM ,C]E ATTITUDES T[>D ANIMALS DEMON/RATES ?AT 'ECOLOGICAL WISDOM' DEP5DS F> MORE UPON KN[L$GE & RATIONA,L BEHAVIOR ?AN UPON ! VAG>IES ( SPIRITISM4 ,BRI<TMAN OBS]VES3  
  

,IF HUNT]S >E UNAW>E ?AT ANIMALS CAN BE MANAG$1 !Y MAY ALSO BE UNAW>E ?AT !Y CAN BE HUNT$ TO DEPLETION4 ,IT CANNOT BE ASSUM$ ?AT ,C]ES & O!RS 9VOLV$ 9 GAME DEPLETIONS 9ITIALLY UND]/OOD !IR [N ROLE AS DET]M9ANTS4 ,RA!R ?AN 9HIBIT+ OV]KILLRELIGI\S DEF9ITIONS ( ! HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION%IP 5C\RAG$ IT 9S(> AS !Y PREMIS$ AN 5VIRONM5T ( PRIMORDIAL ABUNDANCE 9 :I* GAME C\LD NOT BE DE/ROY$ BUT ONLY TEMPOR>ILY DISPLAC$4 ,SOME CONTEMPOR>Y ,ROCK ,C]ES REPRODUCE ?IS TRADITIONAL UND]/&+1 ,SIMIL>LY 1 SOME ,OSNABUR< ,H\SE ,OJIBWAS /AT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS ?AT CONS]VATION WAS UNNECESS>Y BECAUSE ANIMALS W]E 'GIV5' TO HUNT]S :5 !Y W]E NE$$4 ,!SE UND]/&+S >E HELD ALSO BY SUB>CTIC ,A?APASKAN GR\PS4.<#b#h.>  
  

,! ,OJIBWA VIEW ?AT ANIMALS >E 'GIV5' TO ! HUNT]S1 PRESUMABLY BY B5EFIC5T SPIRITS1 IS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! ,ITURI =E/ PYGMY'S VIEW1 AS IT WAS PRES5T$ TO ,TURNBULL4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! PYGMIES FRANKLY DECL>$ ?AT !Y C\LD TORM5T ANIMALS M]CILESSLY BECAUSE ! =E/ SPIRIT GAVE CAPTUR$ GAME TO !IR COMMUNITY = !IR [N DISPOSITION4 ,9 FACT1 AL?\< !RE IS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( EVID5CE = CONS]VATION AMONG ! =E/ ,9DIANS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 F> MORE EVID5CE EXI/S = LACK ( CONS]VATION AMONG =E/ TRIBES SU* AS ! ,MONTAGNAIS & V]Y /RIK+LY AMONG ,IROQUOIANS 9 ! ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT1 '= ALL K9DS ( ANIMALS1 :E!R !Y NE$ !M OR NOT1 444 !Y MU/ KILL ALL !Y F9D1 = FE>1 AS !Y SAY1 ?AT IF !Y DO NOT TAKE !M ! BEA/S W\LD GO & TELL ! O!RS H[ !Y HAD BE5 HUNT$ & ?AT !N1 9 TIMES ( WANT1 !Y W\LD NOT F9D ANY MORE4'.<#b#i.> ,!RE >E AS MANY1 POSSIBLY MORE1 REASONS = BELIEV+ ?AT PRECONTACT ,9DIAN SPIRITISM FO/]$ OV]KILL ( GAME ANIMALS RA!R ?AN = HOLD+ ! ECOMY/ICAL BELIEF ?AT !Y LIV$ 9 'FRAT]NAL' SOLID>ITY ) !M4 

,AGA91 !SE EXAMPLES >E NOT 9T5D$ TO DEFAME NATIVE ,AM]ICAN OR ,AFRICAN =AG]S1 /ILL LESS EXCULPATE ! PR$ATORY BEHAVIOR ( ,EURO-,AM]ICANS = !IR WANTON DE/RUCTION ( WILDLIFE 5VIRONM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,I SIMPLY WI% TO EXPLODE ECOMY/ICAL & PRIMITIVI/IC MY?S ?AT =AG]S W]E SOMEH[ LESS PRAGMATIC 9 DEAL+ ) !IR 5VIRONM5T ?AN ANY O!R LIFE-=M4 ,9 FACT1 !Y US$ IT TO ! HILT1 ALL !IR SPIRITISM TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,MOREOV]1 ! RELATION%IPS ( =AG]S TO ANIMALS W]E V]Y T5U\S4 ,! FACT ?AT LATE ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]S PA9T$ ANIMALS ON !IR CAVE WALLS OR SCULPT$ !M DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y VIEW$ !M AS 'BRO!RS' ANY MORE ?AN !Y W\LD VIEW A MU%ROOM AS K94 ,! NOTION ?AT A P>TICUL> SPECIES1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 ALL ANIMALS1 HAD A ,*IEF ,SPIRIT WAS NO 9DUCEM5T = TREAT+ 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS ) ANY MORE 'RESPECT' ?AN ! WOR%IP ( ,GOD1 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 HAS MADE 9DIVIDUALS OOZE ) K9DNESS = ! LESS =TUNATE HUMANS 9 !IR MID/4 

,IF =AG]S REG>D$ ! WORLD AS ALIVE1 AS ECOMY/ICS CLAIM1 ?IS VIEW CAN HE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT MU* ( IT WAS ALIVE4 ,!IR WORLD WAS L>GELY ORGANIC1 & IT WAS ! ONLY WORLD !Y KNEW4 ,IF IT WAS SACR$ 9 !IR EYES 7ASSUM+ !Y CONCEIV$ ( ! SACR$ 9 ANY MOD]N ,EURO-,AM]ICAN S5SE71 IT MAY V]Y WELL BE DUE TO !IR /RONG & PRAGMATIC NE$ TO 'COMMUNICATE' ) !IR 5VIRONM5T -- MORE REALI/ICALLY1 TO  
CONTROL IT TO SOME DEGREE4 ,MAGIC & RITUALS W]E SE5 AS EFFECTIVE MEANS ( ATTA9+ V]Y PRAGMATIC 5DS & ( EXPLA9+ AN UNKN[N SPIRIT WORLD ?AT APPE>$ 9 !IR DREAMS4 ,UNLIKE MOD]N HUMANS1 !Y DID NOT UND]/& ! REAL ORIG9S ( DISEASE1 ! CAUSES ( SUDD5 *ANGES 9 ! WEA!R1 ECLIPSES1 E>?QUAKES1 EV5 ! FULL MEAN+ ( DEA?4 

,TO EXTOLL MAGICO-RELIGI\S ATTITUDES IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR TRU?FULNESS1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE A SUP]FICIAL AFF9ITY ) C]TA9 ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITIES TODAY IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4 ,IF MOD]N =AG]S HOLD AN IDYLLIC ',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' AS ?\< TIME HAD NOT AFFECT$ !IR ?9K+ AFT] #b1 YE>S1 !Y HOLD SU* BELIEFS BECAUSE ( IGNORANCE1 NOT BECAUSE ( ANY >*AIC WISDOM4 ,NOTIONS CELEBRAT$ AS ',PALEOLI?IC' BY MOD]N ECOMY/ICS & PRIMITIVI/S RE/ MORE ON ANALOGY ?AN ON SUPPORTABLE IDEAS1 & !Y >E 9SPIR$ MORE BY A SPIRIT WORLD D]IV+ FROM 9EXPLICABLE DREAMS ?AN BY ECOLOGICAL UND]/&+4 

,TO CALL = ! REVIVAL (',PALEOLI?IC SPIRITUALITY' IS TO ASK HUMAN BE+S TO ACCEPT IGNORANCE AS A VALUE1 9DE$1 TO 'DIS5*ANT' ! FASC9AT+ WORLD ?AT HAS BE5 OP5$ TO !M BY SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL !ORY1 & PSY*OLOGY4 ,HUMANITY'S HOPE1 ,I WI% TO CONT5D1 LIES NOT 9 A RETURN TO A MY?OPEIC PA/ ?AT WAS RIDDL$ BY IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION & NAIVE AWE2 NOR DOES IT LIE 9 A PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO1 RIDDL$ BY GRE$1 COMPETITION1 & DOM9ATION4 ,IT LIES 9 A FUTURE ?AT WILL DRAW FROM ! PA/ :ATEV] IS WOR? RETA9+1 9CLUD+ ! HI<LY COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT ?AT EXI/$ )9 =AG+ BUT L>GELY P>O*IAL 'PRIMITIVE' COMMUNITIES ON ! ONE H&1 AS WELL AS ! UNIV]SALISM & S5SE ( HUMAN COMMONALITY ?AT MOVEM5TS = EMANCIPATION HAVE ADVOCAT$ 9 ! MOD]N ]A4 

,IF COOP]ATION & UNIV]SALITY CAN BE MELD$ TOGE!R1 !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ?AT A TRULY RATIONAL SOCIETY MI<T EM]GE 9 :I* A 'RE5*ANT$' HUMANITY N\RI%ES A SPIRITUALITY 9=M$ BY %>+1 A SOCIETY 9=M$ BY COOP]ATION1 & BY A S5SIBILITY ?AT GIVES DUE RECOGNITION TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ! NATURAL AS WELL AS ! SOCIAL WORLD4 

,PRIMITIVISM /&S WOEFULLY AT ODDS ) ANY ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE SU* A S5SIBILITY4 ,9 ONE S5SE OR ANO!R1 IT SEEKS TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK1 TO GO BACK TO A MY?IC ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL 9NOC5CE ?AT NEV] EXI/$4 ,9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 PRIMITIVISM >GUES = A NON-RATIONAL M5TALITY BAS$ ON CONTRIV$ MY?S AB\T 'PRIMITIVE REV]5CE' = A MY/IFI$ ,NATURE 9 :I* HUMANS CAN 9T]V5E ONLY = ! MO/ LIMIT$ REASONS4 ,9 ! WOR/ ( CASES1 IT (F]S A MISAN?ROPIC VIEW ( HUMANITY1 AN ID5TIFICATION ( ,NATURE ) PRI/9E WILD]NESS1 & A HATR$ ( RATIONALITY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY4 

,BO? VIEWS >E ANTIHUMANI/IC4 ,RE/+ ON DEEP ECOLOGY'S BIOC5TRISM1 & ON A HO/ ( IDEAS DEVELOP$ BY PO/MOD]NI/S1 !Y D5Y ! UNIQUE POSITION ( HUMANITY 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 OR WORSE1 !Y DISSOLVE IT 9 A MY?IC ANIMAL-HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT R5D]S ANY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ANIMALS & HUMANS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE -- IRONICALLY DEPRIV+ HUMAN BE+S ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY = NON-HUMAN LIFE & ITS WELF>E4 ,ONCE AGA91 ,H>OLD ,FROMM'S '9VISIBLE PUPPETE]' IS AT WORK1 MI/AK+ ! SEEM+LY AUTONOM\S ANTICS ( ! PUPPETS = ! PUPPETE]'S MANIPULATION ( !M4 

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

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