,*APT] #d 
,FROM ,ECOMY/ICISM TO ,ANGELOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d3 ,FROM ECOMY/ICISM TO ANGELOLOGY 

  

,SOCIOBIOLOGI/S1 MICROBIOLOGI/S1 ,MAL?USIANS1 & AMONG ! ,GAIANS ,JAMES ,LOVELOCK PR(ESS TO BE SCI5TI/S :O >E DEAL+ ) FACTS & /ATI/ICAL PROJECTIONS4 ,AS SU*1 !IR IDEAS & CONCLUSIONS >E OP5 TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS1 TO ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION BAS$ ON SCI5TIFIC CRIT]IA4 ,IF !IR VIEWS & CONJECTURES >E F\ND TO BE 9CORRECT1 !Y MAY BE MODIFI$ OR REJECT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! EVID5CE4 

,ALAS1 SU* 9TELLECTUAL RESPONSIBILITY IS ABS5T FROM RELIGION G5]ALLY1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! BURGEON+ CR$OS ( ECOLOGICAL MY/ICISM1 OR ECOMY/ICISM4 ,TO ATTEMPT TO CRITICALLY EXPLORE CONTEMPOR>Y ECOMY/ICISM IS TO 5T] A HALL ( MIRRORS1 :]E9 WE 5C\NT] A HO/ ( MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS1 D\BLE-TAKES1 CONFUS+ IMAGES1 & FALSE LEADS ?AT >E M]CIFULLY ABS5T 9 SOCIOBIOLOGY1 ,MAL?USIAN DEMOGRAPHY1 ,M>GULIS'S MICROCOSMOLOGY1 & ,LOVELOCK'S ,GAIA ,HYPO!SIS4 ,WE MAY ?9K ?AT ,WILSON1 ,MAL?US1 ,M>GULIS1 & ,LOVELOCK >E WRONG 9 !IR USE ( DATA & !IR EXTRAPOLATIONS1 BUT AT LEA/ !IR PREMISES & CONCLUSIONS CAN BE *ECK$4 

,BY CONTRA/1 MY/ICISM G5]ALLY CELEBRATES ITS V]Y IMP]VI\SNESS TO RATIONAL ANALYSIS4 ,EXPLICITLY ANTI-RATIONAL1 IT MAKES ITS /RONGE/ APPEAL TO ! AU?ORITY ( BELIEF OV] ?\<T4 ,REASON1 MY/ICS USUALLY TELL US1 IS COLD1 OBJECTIVE1 9DIFF]5T1 &1 ACCORD+ TO SOME ( ITS FEM9I/ CRITICS1 EV5 MASCUL9E4 ,NOT SO ) MY/ICAL \TLOOKS1 WE >E TOLD1 :I* >E W>M1 SUBJECTIVE1 C>+1 & FEM99E4 ,MY/ICS 5JO9 US TO 'LI/5' TO \R 9TUITIONS & FEEL+S1 TO LIVE ) A S5SE ( MY/]Y AB\T ! WORLD & \R '9T]CONNECT$NESS' ) ! ':OLE' ?AT SURR\NDS US4 

,ECOMY/ICS1 9 P>TICUL>1 T5D TO ADD A QUASI-ECOLOGICAL DIM5SION TO MY/ICISM BY IMP>T+ A PRET]NATURAL DIM5SION TO ! 9T]CONNECT$ NATURAL WORLD4 ,!Y COMMONLY ADVANCE A SPIRITUALITY ?AT IS LITDE MORE ?AN \TRI<T SPIRITUALISM1 ADORN$ ) EXPRESSIONS LIKE 'REV]5CE' & 'ADORATION'4 ,DRESS$ 9 ECOLOGICAL TRAPP+S1 SU* SPIRITUALISM HAS ! DUBI\S ADVANTAGE ( BE+ SO 'GLOBAL'1 EV5 'COSMIC' 9 ITS \TLOOK ?AT 'NATURE'1 CONCEIV$ EI!R AS A DEITY OR AS A PAN!I/IC1 ALL-EMBRAC+ ',ON5ESS'1 VA/LY OV]%AD[S HUMAN BE+S4 ,ONE MAY LIT]ALLY GET LO/ 9 ?IS ECOMY/ICAL %UFFLE4 ,:AT AT FIR/ GLANCE SEEMS LIKE A G5]\S APPROA* TO ! NATURAL WORLD SOMETIMES CONCEALS A HI<LY DEPRECATORY VIEW T[>D ONE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION'S [N SPECIES1 NOTABLY HUMANITY4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ALL ECOMY/ICS >E NECESS>ILY MISAN?ROPES1 UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 MANY ( !M >E ESS5TIALLY CONS]VATIONI/S1 IMBU$ ) A S5SITIVE REG>D = ! WELL-BE+ ( ANIMAL & PLANT LIFE1 :I* !Y SEE AS A CONT9UATION ( !IR CONC]N = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,H>DLY ANYONE ) A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! NATURAL WORLD CAN FAULT !M = ATTEMPT+ TO DEEP5 PUBLIC CONC]N = ! LOSS ( WILDLIFE1 =E/S1 & UNSETTL$ L&4 ,?IS LAUDABLE IMPULSE IS EM95TLY DESIRABLE 9 A TIME ( GR[+ ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION4 

,BUT /ILL O!RS ADVANCE F> MORE ?AN A CONS]VATIONI/ VIEWPO9T4 ,!Y PROP\ND A QUASI-RELIGI\S PHILOSOPHY ?AT IS EXPLICITLY ANTIHUMANI/IC4 ,EV5 AS !IR \TRI<T SPIRITUALI/IC BELIEFS IMMUNIZE !IR 9TUITIVE VIEWS TO RATIONAL 9QUIRY1 !IR EXPLICITLY ANTICIVILIZATORY & ANTITE*NOLOGICAL VIEWS YIELD A F>-REA*+ DEPRECATION ( HUMANITY & ITS 9T]V5TIONS 9 A PRESUMABLY PRI/9E NATURAL WORLD4 

,?IS DESCRIPTION ( ECOMY/ICISM IS BY NO MEANS EXTREME OR T5D5TI\S4 ,! ATTRIBUTES ,I HAVE T\*$ UPON APPE> V]Y CLE>LY 9 ! BODY ( VIEWS CALL$ 'DEEP ECOLOGY'1 AS NAM$ BY ! ,NORWEGIAN PHILOSOPH] ,>NE ,NAESS 9 A #aigb LECTURE4.<#a#b#d.> 

,NAESS'S BRIEF1' (T5 OBSCURELY WORD$ LECTURE ADVANCES SEV5 !SES ?AT >E ACTUALLY MORE PROCLAMATORY ?AN EXPOSITORY4 ,HE MAKES V]Y LITTLE ATTEMPT TO >GUE \T HIS CONCLUSIONS BUT 9/EAD ESS5TIALLY ANN\NCES !M UND] ! CAT*Y NAME ( ! '! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T' -- 9 CONTRA/ TO '! %ALL[ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T'1 :I* HE VIEWS ) UNMI/AKABLE DISDA94 ,:]E ! %ALL[ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS SIMPLY OCCUPI$ ) A 'FI<T AGA9/ POLLUTION & RES\RCE DEPLETION' & SEEKS TO PRES]VE '! HEALDI & AFFLU5CE ( PEOPLE 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES'1 ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 ACCORD+ TO ,NAESS1 SEES ALL LIV+ TIL+S1 9CLUD+ HUMANS1 AS 'KNOTS 9 ! BIOSPH]ICAL NET OR FIELD ( 9TR9SIC RELATIONS'4.<#a#b#e.> ,HIS USE ( ! WORD MOVEM5T 9 #aigb WAS AT BE/ METAPHORICAL2 !RE W]E NO DEEP ECOLOGY & %ALL[ ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD :5 ! >TICLE WAS WRITT54 ,NAESS'S NAMES REF] TO TWO ( SEV]AL 5VIRONM5TAL T5D5CIES ?AT W]E BEG9N+ TO ATTRACT PUBLIC ATT5TION4 ,9DE$1 DEEP ECOLOGY WAS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#gS & E>LY #a#i#hS4 

,NOR WAS ,NAESS'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ANTI-POLLUTION & ANTIRES\RCE-DEPLETION ACTIVITIES ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S & SOME?+ 'DEEP]' AN ORIG9AL !ORY4 ,A SIMIL> DI/9CTION HAD BE5 MADE 9 A MULTITUDE ( BOOKS & >TICLES ?R\<\T ! #a#i#fS1 NOT ONLY 9 MY [N WRIT+S BUT 9 ?OSE ( ,B>RY ,COMMON]1 ,LEO ,M>X1 & ,R45E ,DUBOS4 ,NOR WAS IT FAIR ON ,NAESS'S P>T TO CONFUSE ,WE/]N ECONOMIC AFFLU5CE ) ! V]Y REASONABLE CONC]NS ( 'PEOPLE 9 DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES' = !IR HEAL?4.<#a#b#f.> ,BY ! LATE #a#i#fS1 A V]Y SIZABLE LIT]ATURE -- & M\NT+ EVID5CE -- HAD APPE>$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE ON ! DANG]S ?AT FOOD ADDITIVES1 HEAVY METALS1 PE/ICIDES1 NUCLE> WA/ES1 & EXOTIC *EMICALS PRES5T$ TO PUBLIC WELL-BE+4 

,9 FACT1 BY ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 ,AM]ICAN 5VIRONM5TALI/S 7OR :AT ,NAESS CALL$ %ALL[ ECOLOGI/S71 W]E V]Y DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACT ('! AFFLU5T SOCIETY'4 ,!Y MADE SYMBOLIC PROTE/S LIKE ! PUBLIC BURIAL ( AUTOMOBILES -- NAIVE GE/URES1 P]HAPS1 BUT EXPRESSLY DEMON/RATIVE ACTIONS AGA9/ 'CONSUM]I/' VALUES4 ,:AT !Y LACK$ WAS NOT AN EXPLICIT OPPOSITION TO CONSUM]ISM OR AFFLU5CE BUT A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! PR(\ND SOCIAL S\RCES ( POLLUTION & ! DE/RUCTION ( WILDLIFE HABITATS4 

,NOR DID #a#i#gS 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE TO BE TOLD AB\T ! NE$ = BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY & SYMBIOSIS -- !MES ?AT =M ONE ( ,NAESS'S !SES 9 HIS ,9QUIRY >TICLE4 ,SU* IDEAS HAD BE5 P]COLAT+ )9 AN>*IC ,NEW ,LEFT ECOLOGICAL T5D5CIES S9CE ! MID-#a#i#fS1 & A LIT]ATURE WAS EM]G+ ?AT /RESS$ ! NE$ = DIV]SITY AS A BASIC REQUIREM5T = ECOLOGICAL WELL-BE+4 ,NAESS'S !SIS ON LOCAL AUTONOMY1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & 'S(T TE*NOLOGIES' WAS ALSO OLD HAT BY #a#i#g#b2 ,I HAD P]SONALLY ADVANC$ IT 9 A COMPREH5SIVE 9V5TORY ( ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES LIKE SOL>1 W9D1 & GEO!RMAL P[] AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#b4.<#a#b#g.> 

,F9ALLY1 IT IS WOR? ADD+ ?AT AP>T FROM HIS G5]AL REF]5CES TO DEC5TRALIZATION1 DIV]SITY1 & SYMBIOSIS1 LITTLE 9 ,NAESS'S REM$IES = ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS DI/+UI%$ HIS IDEAS FROM ! RE=MI/ ACTIVITIES ( %ALL[ ECOLOGI/S4 ,9DE$1 DEEP ECOLOGY WAS QUITE TAME 9 ITS VISION ( A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,BUT ,NAESS & HIS ACOLYTES DUR+ ! #a#i#gS1 CONF9$ TO !IR FA/NESSES 9 ! ACADEMY1 W]E BASICALLY ISOLAT$ FROM ! NEW ECOLOGICAL TR5DS -- TE*NOLOGICAL1 COMMUNIT>IAN1 & POLITICAL -- ?AT W]E EM]G+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!IR WRIT+S REVEAL LITTLE LIV$ CONTACT ) ! 9T]NATIONAL 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T ?AT WAS UNFOLD+4 ,IF DEEP ECOLOGY WAS A MOVEM5T1 IT WAS OV]:EKN+LY A C]EBRAL ONE ?AT HAD LITTLE 9T]ACTION ) GR\PS ACTIVELY TRY+ TO EXP& PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ( 5VIRONM5TAL HAZ>DS & 9DE$ ( ! NE$ TO *ANGE SOCIETY'S WAY ( 9T]ACT+ ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,FROM A !ORETICAL /&PO9T1 9 :AT WAY DID ,NAESS DI/+UI% DEEP ECOLOGY FROM %ALL[ & O!R ECOLOGIES8 

,NAESS'S =MULATION ?AT CON/ITUT$ DEEP ECOLOGY'S MO/ DI/9CTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO 5VIRONM5TALISM WAS 'BIOSPH]ICAL EGALIT>IANISM'4 ,:AT ,NAESS MEANT BY ?IS EXPRESSION WAS 'A DEEP-SEAT$ RESPECT1 OR EV5 V5]ATION1 = WAYS & =MS ( LIFE'4.<#a#b#h.> ',TO ! ECOLOGICAL FIELD-WORK]1 ,NAESS ADD$1 '! EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE & BLOSSOM IS AN 9TUITIVELY CLE> & OBVI\S VALUE AXIOM4'.<#a#b#i.> ,9 ! CLOS+ S5T5CES ( HIS TWO-P>AGRAPH !SIS1 ,NAESS W5T ON TO ADDRESS ! EXT5T TO :I* SU* RESPECT & REV]5CE >E IMPORTANT = ! QUALITY ( HUMAN LIFE1 9DE$1 '! DEEP PLEASURE & SATISFACTION WE RECEIVE FROM CLOSE P>TN]%IP ) O!R =MS ( LIFE'1 AS WELL AS ! 'ALI5ATION' WE FEEL FROM EA* O!R 9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* A 'P>TN]%IP'4 

,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T !SE PASSAGES IS PRECISELY ! 9TUITIVE BASIS ON :I* !Y RE/ & ! EXT5T TO :I* ,NAESS'S 'BIOSPH]ICAL EGALIT>IANISM' -- OR :AT WAS LAT] CALL$ 'BIOC5TRISM' BY HIS ACOLYTES -- IS ORI5T$ T[>D \R [N HUMAN1 P]HAPS EV5 AN?ROPOC5TRIC 'PLEASURE & SATISFACTION' 9 LIV+ 9 'CLOSE P>TN]%IP ) OTII] =MS ( LIFE'4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,NAESS'S RA!R AN?ROPOC5TRIC CONC]N = HUMAN PLEASURE & SATISFACTION IS EXCEPTIONAL AMONG ! MANY PEOPLE HE & HIS FOLL[]S W]E TO W9 OV] TO DEEP ECOLOGY & !IR WILDLIFE & CONS]VATIONI/ CONC]NS4 

,9 TIME1 ,NAESS ELABORAT$ HIS POSITION ( 'BIOSPH]ICAL EGALIT>IANISM' 9TO A SELF-PROCLAIM$ BIO C5TRIC E?IC ?AT PR(ESS$ TO 9TUITIVELY 5D[ EV]Y LIFE =M ) AN UNQUE/IONABLE '9TR9SIC WOR? OR 9TR9SIC VALUE'4 ,9 A 'BIOSPH]ICALLY EGALIT>IAN WORLD'1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS E?IC1 HU MAN BE+S >E 9TR9SICALLY ( NO GREAT] 7OR LESS]7 VALUE1 ?AN ANY LIFE-=M1 BE IT A WOLF1 BE>1 EAGLE1 OR FRUIT FLY4 ,LIKE ALL O!R ANIMALS1 ,NAESS ALL[$ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE A 'RI<T' TO KILL O!R LIFE-=MS TO MEET !IR 'VITAL NE$S' -- :I* RAISES ! V]Y >GUABLE QUE/ION ( :AT CON/ITUTES HUMAN VITAL NE$S4 ,TO ?IS QUE/ION ,NAESS & HIS ACOLYTES W]E ESS5TIALLY TO RESPOND BY ASK+ US TO R$UCE \R NE$S & 'FIVE SIMPLY' -- :I* AGA9 RAISES ! QUE/ION ( :AT ONE MEANS BY SIMPLY4 ,9 ,NAESS'S ,9QUIRY PAP]1 ALL ( !SE >GUABLE ISSUES W]E RESOLV$ ) A CAT*Y SLOGAN3 ',LIVE & LET FIVE' -- APP>5TLY ) ! EXCEPTION ( PR$ATION TO ACQUIRE FOOD & MEET O!R VAGUELY /AT$1 NE$S4 

,9 FACT1 MANY DEEP ECOLOGY ACOLYTES US$ ?IS SLOGAN TO JU/IFY -- 9 !ORY1 AT LEA/ -- A M9IMALI/1 9DE$ PRIMITIVI/ VISION ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ALL DEEP ECOLOGY !ORI/S NECESS>ILY GAVE UP !IR COMPUT]S1 SOPHI/ICAT$ B9OCUL>S1 & O!R HI<-TE* ACC\T]M5TS ( ! 'AFFLU5T' SOCIETY 9 FAVOR ( A 'PRIMITIVE' LIFE/YLE4 ,BUT 9T]F]5CE ) ! WAYS ( 'NATURE' WAS VIEW$ ASKANCE4 ,9DE$1 ! WORID VIEW ( PRIMITIVE OR PRIMAL PEOPLES -- :O1 IT WAS ASSUM$1 LIV$ 9 A JOY\SLY SIMPLE P>TN]%IP ) & LOVE = ! VIRG9AL WORLD >\ND !M -- BECAME A MODEL = CONTEMPOR>Y ECOLOGICAL VISIONS ( BEHAVIOR & REALITY4 

,NAESS1 = HIS P>T1 5JO9$ DEEP ECOLOGI/S TO 'FI<T AGA9/ ECONOMIC & CULTURAL1 AS MU* AS MILIT>Y1 9VASION & DOM9ATION1 & TO OPPOSE '! ANNIHILATION ( SEALS & :ALES AS MU* AS TO ?AT ( HUMAN TRIBES OR CULTURES'4.<#a#c.> ,SU* 9JUNCTIONS1 TOO1 W]E BECOM+ ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS 9 ! #a#i#gS ?R\<\T MU* ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUT 9 ,BRITA9 & ,G]MANY1 :]E ,NAESS'S ,9QUIRY PAP] WAS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N4 ,9DE$1 SO EMB$D$ W]E ANTIMILIT>I/ & CONS]VATIONI/ VIEWS 9 ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S BY ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS ?AT1 :5 W$D$ TO ! ,NEW ,LEFT ACTIVISM ( ?OSE DECADES1 !Y ACQUIR$ A RADICAL POLITICAL & SOCIAL =M4 

,!RE IS PRECI\S LITDE 9 ,NAESS'S ,9QUIRY PAP] ?AT WAS NOT OLD HAT AT ! TIME HE WROTE IT4 ,EV5 ,NAESS'S BIO C5TRISM1 SEEM+LY ! MO/ ORIG9AL FEATURE ( ! PAP]1 HAD BECOME ! /OCK 9 TRADE ( CONS]VATIONI/S 9FLU5C$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,JOHN ,MUIR & HIS CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S DEVOTEES4 ,YET DESPITE ITS BREVITY1 ,NAESS'S PAP] UNAVOIDABLY -- & P]HAPS DELIB]ATELY -- RAIS$ BUT LEFT UNANSW]$ A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS ?AT /ILL HAUNT ! DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 

,:Y DID SU* A PAT5TLY SIMPLI/IC & S+UL>LY UNORIG9AL BODY ( VIEWS AS DEEP ECOLOGY TAKE ROOT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE -- 9ITIALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & LAT] 9 ,EUROPE8 

,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 IT WAS ! V]Y SIMPLICITY -- 9DE$1 ! SIMPLE-M9D$ MESSAGE -- ( ,NAESS'S ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT MADE IT ATTRACTIVE4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY MAKES NO GREAT 9TELLECTUAL DEM&S UPON ITS FOLL[]S4 ,ITS 9TUITIONS & A PRIORI CONCEPTS1 USUALLY PRES5T$ AS SIMPLE1 HOMILIES & METAPHORS1 MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE TO ANYONE :O VAGUELY 'LOVES NATURE'4 ,MORE A MOOD ?AN A BODY ( IDEAS1 DEEP ECOLOGY D]IVES ITS MESSAGE FROM ! SAME 9TUITIVE MAT]IALS ?AT HAVE LONG BE5 EXPLOIT$ BY ASSORT$ GURUS1 %AMANS1 PRIE/S1 FAKIRS1 & DUBI\S PSY*O!RAPI/S4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 MAKES ITS APPEAL TO ! HE>T RA!R ?AN TO ! HEAD1 & LITTLE 9TELLECTUAL EF=T IS REQUIR$ TO ABSORB ITS MAUDL9 MESSAGE ( H[ TO LIVE ! 'SIMPLE LIFE' & BEHAVE 'ECOLOGICALLY'4 

,BUT :AT ACC\NTS = ITS RISE TO POPUL>ITY1 RA!R ?AN ! SIMIL>1 EQUALLY 9TUITIVE ECOLOGICAL T5D5CIES ?AT SURFAC$ ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY ) IT8 ,ONE ( ,NAESS'S MORE /AID ACADEMIC ADMIR]S1 ,W>WICK ,FOX1 EXPLA9S ITS 9FLU5CE AS ! RESULT ( A REM>KABLY SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC RELATIONS JOB4 ,AS ,FOX OBS]VES3  
  

! ECOPHILOSOPHY COMMUNITY'S ACCEPTANCE ( ! %ALL[_/DEEP ECOLOGY DI/9CTION IS DUE F> MORE TO ! P[]FUL ADVOCACY ?AT ! DI/9CTION RECEIV$ FROM A C\PLE ( UNIT]S FROM #a#i#g#i--#h ON1 RA!R ?AN TO ANY K9D ( COLLECTIVE DECISION ON ! P>T ( ! ECOPHILOSOPHY COMMUNITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS ) SO MANY IDEAS1 ! %ALL[_/DEEP ECOLOGY DI/9CTION WAS EFFECTIVELY ?RU/ UPON ITS RELEVANT 9TELLECTUAL COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ELECT$ TO (FICE'4.<#a#c#a.>  
  

,! 'C\PLE ( WRIT]S' TO :OM ,FOX ALLUDES >E TWO ,CALI=NIAN ACADEMICS1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS & ,BILL ,DEVALL1 :O ZEAL\SLY PROMOT$ DEEP ECOLOGY AMONG A NEWLY EM]G+ 5VIRONM5TAL PR(ESSORIAT AT ACADEMIC CONF]5CES & P>TICUL>LY ?R\< ,SESSIONS' NEWSLETT] ,ECOPHILOSOPHY 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,9 ,FOX'S VIEW1 IF A GIV5 'TYPOLOGY' 7,NAESS'S1 9 ?IS CASE7 F9DS 'A C\PLE ( P]SUASIVE1 COMMITT$1 9DU/RI\S1 & ELOQU5T SUPPORT]S :]E ! O!R TYPOLOGIES DID NOT444 Y\ HAVE ! BEG9N+S ( AN ID5TIFIABLE 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T_/GR\P+_/S*OOL4'.<#a#c#b.> 

,9DE$1 SO IMPORTANT W]E ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS TO ! PROMOTION ( DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT ,FOX1 9 HIS HI<LY SYMPA!TIC ACC\NT ( ! MOVEM5T1 OBS]VES ?AT ! TWO M5  
  

>E G5]ALLY1 & RI<TLY1 ACKN[L$G$ BY ECOPHILOSOPH]S1 FIR/1 AS BE+ ALMO/ :OLLY RESPONSIBLE = HAV+ 9TRODUC$ ,NAESS'S DI/9CTION .<BETWE5 DEEP & %ALL[ ECOLOGY.> TO ! ECOPHILOSOPHICAL COMMUNITY 79 AB\T #a#i#g#i-#h72 SECOND1 AS BE+ V]Y L>GELY RESPONSIBLE1 ALONG ) ,NAESS1 = HAV+ 9FLU5C$ ! ECOPHILOSOPHICAL COMMUNITY 9 G5]AL TO ! PO9T :]E REF]5CE TO ,NAESS'S TYPOLOGY BECAME ACCEPT$ AS /&>D )9 ! SPACE ( A FEW YE>S 7BY >\ND #a#i#h#c--#h#d72 &1 ?IRD1 AS BE+ V]Y L>GELY RESPONSIBLE -- AGA91 ALONG ) ,NAESS -- = HAV+ 9FLU5C$ A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL ECOPHILOSOPH]S TO ! PO9T :]E !SE 9DIVIDUALS N[ ID5TIFY !MSELVES &_/OR >E ID5TIFI$ BY O!R ECOPHILOSOPH]S AS DEEP ECOLOGI/S -- OR1 AT LEA/1 AS CLOSE RELATIVES4.<#a#c#c.>  
  

,9 FACT1 ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' PROMOTION ( DEEP ECOLOGY OCCURR$ OV]:ELM+LY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A COLLEGIATE-PR(ESSORIAL WORLD DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#gS1 9 BACKWOODS CAMPUSES LIKE ,SI]RA1 ,PITZ]1 & ,HUMBOLDT ,COLLEGES4 ,SESSIONS' G5]AL APPEAL MAY HAVE BE5 MORE ! RESULT ( HIS 9T]E/ 9 ,SP9OZA & ,:ITEHEAD ?AN 9 ,NAESS1 :OSE WORK HE DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE KN[N UNTIL #a#i#g#c4 ,NAESS1 9 TURN1 APP>5TLY ATTRACT$ ,SESSIONS BECAUSE ( !IR %>$ 9T]E/ 9 ,SP9OZA4 ,DEVALL APPE>S TO HAVE FOLL[$ ,SESSIONS MORE AS A WILD]NESS CONS]VATIONI/ ?AN AS AN ECOLOGICAL !ORI/4 

,9 ANY CASE1 9 J\RNALS1 BULLET9S1 CONF]5CES1 & SEM9>S1 ACADEMICS G5]ALLY DEAL ) O!R ACADEMICS4 ,LIKE ANY PR(ESSIONAL COT]IE1 !Y CITE ONE ANO!R'S WORKS & =M CLUBBY 5CLAVES1 QUITE AP>T FROM ! MOVEM5TS -- SOCIAL OR 5VIRONM5TAL -- ?AT SWIRL >\ND !IR CAMPUS WORLD4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS & E>LY #a#i#hS WAS MA9LY A CAMPUS-ORI5T$ PH5OM5ON4 ,ITS FOLL[+ SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 COMPOS$ MA9LY ( TEA*]S & ! /UD5TS !Y 9FLU5C$1 MANY ( !M W]E LOCK$ 9TO !IR [N DISCIPL9ES ) ONLY GLANC+ CONTACT ) ! ACTUAL 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS >\ND !M4 

,BUT ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE TO DEEP ECOLOGY'S RISE -- F> GREAT] ?AN ,SESSIONS' & ,DEVALL'S EF=TS 9 PROMOT+ IT -- WAS ! IDEOLOGICAL CLIMATE ?AT FOLL[$ ! DECL9E ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 A CLIMATE ?AT FAVOR$ 9TUITIVE & MY/ICAL NOTIONS4 ,!SE NOTIONS HAD ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ! #a#i#fS C\NT]CULTURE1 :I* HAD MIX$ SPORADIC POLITICAL ACTIVISM ) AN ABID+ FASC9ATION = ,ASIAN MY/ICISM4 ,) ! DEMISE ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 ! C\NT]CULTURE'S MY/ICISM LIT]ALLY EXPLOD$ 9 ,CALI=NIA 9 ! ,G,B,P ,NEW ,AGE'4 ,AS ! TIDAL WAVE ( MY/ICISM1 ) ALL ITS N>CISSI/IC BYPRODUCTS1 ROLL$ ACROSS ! ,SUNBELT1 IT CREAT$ A CULTURAL REGION ?AT CAN BE JU/IFIABLY CALL$ ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,JUDG+ FROM ! WRIT+S ( ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS1 !IR ACADEMIC CLOI/] DID NOT R5D] !M IMMUNE TO ! MY/ICAL VIRUSES ?AT W]E EXPLOD+ 9 ! COLLEGIATE & C\NT]CULTURAL WORLDS ( !IR REGION4 ,DR5*$ 9 ,TAOI/1 ,BUDDHI/1 PAGAN1 MAGICAL1 & G5ETICALLY MY/ICAL NOTIONS1 ! ,CALI=NIA AIR HAS PROV]BIALLY PRODUC$ ECLECTIC V]SIONS ( ! OCCULT1 9DE$1 ( ! CULTIC1 TO AN EXT5T ?AT GIVES IT FEW EQUALS ELSE:]E 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! RADICAL #a#i#fS HAD MORE OR LESS /EADI$ ! V>I\S SPIRITUALISMS ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 ?AT CULTURE >EA BY FREI<T+ !M ) POLITICAL BALLA/4 ,M]E 9TUITION ALONE DID NOT SUFFICE TO FI<T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RACISM 9 ! ,S\? OR TO PROTE/ ! REPRESSION ( FLEE SPEE* 9 NOR!RN UNIV]SITIES1 LET ALONE TO MA9TA9 A VIABLE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ON CAMPUS4 ,AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 OV]HEAT$ NOTIONS ( IMM95T SOCIAL REVOLUTION CREAT$ A DEGREE ( POLITICAL ZEALOTRY ?AT OV]%AD[$ ! MORE OR LESS ZANY RELIGI\S CULTS ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 ,CALI=NIA'S BOHEMIAS4 

,ONCE ! SECUL> CON/RA9TS ?AT ! ,NEW ,LEFT IMPOS$ ON ,CALI=NIA'S C\NT]CULTURE W]E REMOV$1 H[EV]1 ! M9DLESS SPIRITUALISM ( ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE RECLAIM$ ITS TRADITIONAL T]RITORY4 ,WORSE /ILL1 IT REB\ND$ MILIT&Y AGA9/ ! HI< POLITICIZATION ( ! DECADE FROM :I* IT HAD BE5 EXPELL$2 P>DY AS AN ANODYNE = ! ANOMIE1 ! MEAN+LESSNESS & DEAD5+ M$IOCRITY ?AT M>K$ ,AM]ICAN LIFE 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS2 P>TLY TOO AS A HI<LY PR(ITABLE S\RCE ( 9COME = ! GURUS :O SUPPLANT$ ,NEW ,LEFT ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IDEAS -- & ! NE$ TO ?9K !M \T OR S]I\SLY DEAL ) !M1 :I* ! ,NEW ,LEFT HAD AT LEA/ PR(ESS$ TO DEM& 9 ITS DEBATES & FACTIONAL CONFLICTS -- W]E 9CREAS+LY REPLAC$ BY ! FANTASY WORLD ?AT ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE HAD N\RI%$ OV] PREVI\S G5]ATIONS4 ,VAPOR\S 'FEEL+S' DISPLAC$ ! 'M9DB5D+' *ALL5GES ( RATIONALITY1 :ILE ! DELI<TS ( MY?OPOESIS & MY/]Y DISPLAC$ ! COLD DEM&S ( SECUL>ITY & 9TELLECTUAL CL>ITY4 

,QUITE BLUNTLY1 ! LATE #a#i#gS W]E AN IDEAL TIME = DEEP ECOLOGY TO TAKE ROOT 9 ,CALI=NIA1 9DE$ 9 ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE G5]ALLY4 ,IT WAS AN IDEAL SLOGAN = REPROCESS+1 9 TYPICAL ,SUNBELT FA%ION1 9TO A  
,WELTANS*AUUNG SUP]FICIAL 5\< = ANYONE TO ADOPT & SPIRITUALLY UPLIFT+ 5\< TO (F] A RE/FUL SOPORIFIC = ALL TR\BL$ S\LS4 ,9DE$1 DEEP ECOLOGY WAS AN EXCELL5T ANALGESIC = ! 9TELLECTUAL HEADA*ES ( A CULTURE ?AT FELT MORE AT HOME ) ,DISNEYL& & ,HOLLYWOOD ?AN ) POLITICAL RADICALISM4 

,NOR WAS ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE1 :I* PIONE]$ DEEP ECOLOGY1 ALONE 9 SEEK+ RELIEF FROM ! DEM&+ POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL TRIBULATIONS ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,! ANTIHUMANISM1 MY/ICISM1 & MISAN?ROPY ?AT >E N[ S$IM5T$ 9TO PRES5T-DAY CULTURE HAVE LONG ROOTS 9 ! SOCIAL DECAY ( \R TIME4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY IS A SYMPTOM ( ?AT DECAY EV5 MORE ?AN IT IS ONE ( ITS CAUSES4 

,:AT EV5TUALLY CATAPULT$ DEEP ECOLOGY FROM ! CAMPUS 9TO ! BROAD] PUBLIC REALM WAS A CONS]VATIONI/ DIRECT ACTION MOVEM5T --  
,E>? ,FIR/6 -- ?AT GAVE ,NAESS'S NOTION ( 'BIOSPH]ICAL EGALIT>IANISM' OR 'BIOC5TRISM' HEADL9E QUALITY4 

,9SPIR$ BY ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 :OSE BOOKS SU* AS ,DES]T ,SOLITAIRE HAD GA9$ A WIDE AUDI5CE ( NATURE-ORI5T$ READ]S1 A NUMB] ( FAIRLY Y\NG WILD]NESS 5?USIA/S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN S\?WE/ EMB>K$ ON A DIRECT-ACTION 'MONKEYWR5*+' CAMPAIGN TO PRES]VE &1 IF POSSIBLE1 5L>GE AS MU* ( 'PRIMORDIAL' ,AM]ICA AS !Y C\LD4 ,! CONCEPT ( MONKEYWR5*+ CAME FROM ,ABBEY'S POPUL> NOVEL1 ,! ,MONKEY ,WR5* ,GANG 7#a#i#g#e71 HI :I* A CONS]VATIONI/ B& ( SABOTEURS W&] ?R\< ,AM]ICAN DES]TS1 DEMOLI%+ BILLBO>DS & E>?-MOV+ EQUIPM5T1 & ULTIMATELY PLAN AN ILL-/>R$ ATTEMPT TO BL[ UP ! ,GL5 ,CANYON ,DAM4 

,E>? ,FIR/6 WAS O/5SIBLY F\ND$ BY FIVE M5 9 ,APRIL #aih -- ,DAVID ,=EMAN1 ,MIKE ,ROSELLE1 ,H[IE ,WOLKE1 ,B>T ,KOEHL]1 & ,RON ,KEZ> -- ( :OM F\R CAME FROM CONS.-]VATIONI/ ORGANIZATIONS & ONE1 ,ROSELLE1 FROM A ,NEW ,LEFT-ANTIW> ACTIVI/ BACKGR\ND4 ,JUDG+ FROM ,=EMAN'S  
,CONFESSIONS ( AN ,ECO-,W>RIOR1 ! NAME ,E>? ,FIR/6 WAS *OS5 TO EXPRESS ! PRIMACY ( ! PLANET ABOVE SU* 'HUMANI/IC' NOTIONS AS ',PEOPLE ,FIR/'4.<#a#c#d.> ,=EMAN1 AT ONE TIME A ,B>RY ,GOLDWAT] ADMIR] & POLITICAL CONS]VATIVE1 IS CR$IT$ ) 9V5T+ ITS NAME & ,ROSELLE IS CR$IT$ ) DESIGN+ ITS LOGO -- A CL5*$ FI/ 9 A CIRCLE4 ,IF ,=EMAN'S TITLE D5OT$ HIS MISAN?ROPIC ATTITUDE T[>D ! HUMAN SPECIES1 ,ROSELLE'S LOGO REFLECT$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! LEFTI/ TRADITION FROM :I* HE O/5SIBLY D]IV$ SOME ( HIS SOCIAL VIEWS2 HE LAT] BROKE ) ,=EMAN PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( HIS MISAN?ROPY4 

,ORGANIZATIONALLY1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 NEV] BECAME MORE ?AN A V]Y LOOSELY =M$ T5D5CY )9 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 MO/ ( ITS ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E ESS5TIALLY !ATRICAL4 ,MORE RHETORICAL ?AN REAL1 ) ITS SLOGANS FAVOR+ 'MONKEYWR5*+' & 'ECOTAGE'1 ! GR\P MADE HEADL9ES BECAUSE ( ITS ?REATS TO SABOTAGE LUMB]+ OP]ATIONS4 ,ITS COLORFUL GU]RILLA !AT] ANTICS AT LUMB]+ SITES1 9 :I* SUPPORT]S DRESS$ 9 ANIMAL CO/UMES & C>RI$ L>GE1 DECORATIVE BANN]S1 W]E M$IAG5IC PHOTO-OPPORTUNITIES ?AT MADE ! FRONT PAGES ( NEWSPAP]S4 

,E>? ,FIR/6 ALSO BECAME AN EXCELL5T & MU*-NE$$ T>GET = 9DU/RY'S CRIES AGA9/ '5VIRONM5TAL EXTREMI/S'1 :I* T5D$ TO GIVE A 'T]RORI/' PAT9A TO ! 5TIRE 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 !  
,E>? ,FIR/6 TACTICS ( SITT+ BE=E BULLDOZ]S1 OCCUPY+ TREE BRAN*ES1 & BLOCKAD+ SMALL TRACTS ( =E/ L& W]E L>GELY SYMBOLIC3 ! MOVEM5T WAS G5]ALLY MORE ( A M$IA CREATION ?AN A S]I\S *ALL5GE TO POLLUT]S1 LUMB]M51 & DEVELOP]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,E>? ,FIR/61 AT LEA/ :ILE ,=EMAN L$ IT1 ADD$ A %>P] $GE TO ! DEM&S ( CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS & EV5 EMB>RASS$ !M1 BUT ITS A*IEVEM5TS1 9 FACT1 W]E MODE/1 & AFT] MU* 9FI<T+1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ,E>? ,FIR/6 CAN /ILL BE SAID TO BE A /ABLE OR DEF9ABLE MOVEM5T IS >GUABLE4 

,9 ITS 'H]OIC' DAYS1 H[EV]1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 MEMB]S & SUPPORT]S %>$ C]TA9 VIEWS ?AT W]E EXPRESSLY ANTIHUMANI/IC4 ,AL?\< ITS MEMB]S-SUPPORT]S 7! DI/9CTION IS DIFFICULT TO MAKE7 HAD DIV]SE 5VIRONM5TAL AG5DAS1 ITS MO/ >TICULATE & BE/-KN[N LEAD]S W]E AV[$ ,MAL?USIANS & EV5 CRUDE MISAN?ROPES4 ,!IR ,NEW ,LEFT TACTICS & LOGO NOT)/&+1 !Y ADVANC$ NO S]I\S CRITICISM ( ! SOCIAL /ATUS QUO4 ,AS A NUMB] ( !IR MO/ >TICULATE SPOKESM5 W]E TO EMPHASIZE1 ,E>? ,FIR/6 REG>D$ SOCIAL ISSUES AS 'HUMANI/IC' -- !Y CONC]N$ ! MU*-DESPIS$ HUMAN SPECIES1 NOT ! FURRY OR FEA!RY NONHUMAN ONES4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#hS -- :ATEV] ! CL5*$ FI/ LOGO ?AT APPE>$ ON ITS P]IODICAL1 ,E>? ,FIR/61 MAY HAVE ORIG9ALLY MEANT -- ! P]IODICAL'S $ITORS & PR9CIPAL WRIT]S HAD ADOPT$ DEEP ECOLOGY AS !IR !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK1 & ! P]IODICAL OP5$ ITS PAGES TO DEEP ECOLOGY'S LEAD+ PROPON5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- ,BILL ,DEVALL & ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS4 

,9 #aih & #a#i#h#a1 9 FACT1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 H>D TO DECIDE :E!R DEEP ECOLOGY WAS A MOVEM5T OR AN ACADEMIC RIPPLE4 ,9ASMU* AS ,NAESS'S ,9QUIRY >TICLE WAS UNKN[N BEYOND A FEW CAMPUSES EV5 9 ,CALI=NIA1 DEEP ECOLOGY'S 9FLU5CE SEEM$ TO DEP5D UPON ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O READ ,SESSIONS' NEWSLETT]1 ,ECOPHILOSOPHY OR W]E PRIVY TO HE>+ ,DEVALL'S PAP]S AT ACADEMIC CONF]5CES4 ,ODDLY 5\<1 EV5 ,NAESS1 :O DID NOT MEET ,SESSIONS UNTIL #a#i#g#h1 US$ ! PHRASE DEEP ECOLOGY RA!R SP>+LY4 ,IT WAS ,DEVALL :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,W>WICK ,FOX1 'ELABORAT$ ! BASIC IDEAS ( DEEP ECOLOGY AT GREAT] L5G? .<?AN ,NAESS.>  
UND] ! NAME ( DEEP ECOLOGY & SURVEY$ & CLASSIFI$ MU* ( ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE 9 T]MS ( ITS PO9TS ( CONTACT ) !SE IDEAS4'.<#a#c#e.> 

,9 A SECOND S]IES ( NEWSLETT]S1 ,SESSIONS -- EV5 MORE ?AN ,NAESS -- SEEMS TO HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! 'TYPOLOGY' ?AT CURR5TLY PASSES UND] ! NAME ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,DESPITE HIS P5*ANT = A ,SP9OZI/IC PAN!ISM & ,ASIAN QUIETISM1 ,NAESS RETA9S /RONG ROOTS 9 HIS BACKGR\ND AS A LOGICAL POSITIVI/1 W9* IS TO SAY ?AT HE (T5 TAKES REC\RSE TO PRECISE MA!MATICAL & LOGICAL DEF9ITIONS1 SO AK9 TO ! ANALYTICAL =MALISM ?AT CON/ITUT$ HIS E>LI] PHILOSOPHICAL TRA9+4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,SESSIONS IS SO PAT5TLY MY/ICAL ?AT ,9S WRIT+S CONTRA/ M>K$LY ) ?OSE ( ,NAESS4 ,AS ,FOX OBS]VES3  
  

,UND] DEEP ECOLOGY .<,SESSIONS.> CLASSIFI$ ,*RI/IAN ,FRANCISCANS 7AS OPPOS$ TO ,B5$ICT9E RES\RCE /EW>D%IP72 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,SP9OZA2 ! LAT] PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG]2 ! PAN!I/IC ECOPHILOSOPHY ( ,ROB9SON FEJF]S2 ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD'S ECOSY/EM-ORI5T$ E?ICS2 ,JOHN ,RODMAN'S ECOLOGICAL RESI/ANCE_/ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY2 ,EA/]N PROCESS PHILOSOPHY 7,TAOISM & ,BUDDHISM72 ,WE/]N PROCESS PHILOSOPHY 7,H]ACLITUS1 ,:ITEHEAD1 &1 = ,SESSIONS1 ,SP9OZA AS WELL72 ! ECOLOGICAL WISDOM ( V>I\S TRIBAL CULTURES4.<#a#c#f.>  
  

,9 %ORT1 ?IS 'TYPOLOGY' IS AN ECLECTIC HODGEPODGE4 ,SP9OZA ALL[S = NO COMP>ISON ) ,HEIDEGG]1 & ?AT ,TAOISM & ,BUDDHISM CAN BE ' REG>D$ AS 'PROCESS PHILOSOPHIES' IS1 TO PUT IT MILDLY1 >GUABLE4 ,BUT :AT MO/ ( -- AL?\< BY NO MEANS ALL6 -- !SE PHILOSOPHIES HAVE 9 COMMON IS A /RONG MY/ICAL UND]T[ MORE *>ACT]I/IC ( ,CALI=NIAN NOTIONS ( 'WISDOM' ?AN ,NORWEGIAN NOTIONS ( ANALYTICAL SOBRIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 AP>T FROM ,SP9OZA1 :O BY NO /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION CAN BE REG>D$ AS 'BIOC5TRIC' 79DE$1 QUITE ! CONTR>Y IS TRUE7 & POSSIBLY ONE OR TWO O!RS1 MANY ( ! PROTO-DEEP ECOLOGY ?9K]S ,FOX FI/S >E ESS5TIALLY ANTI-RATIONALI/S4 

,?US1 PRECISELY :AT CON/ITUT$ A WIDE-RANG+ OR COH]5T !ORY ( DEEP ECOLOGY WAS ANY?+ BUT CLE> -- A PROBLEM ?AT BELEAGU]S IT TO ?IS DAY4 ,! DEEP ECOLOGY LIT]ATURE WAS CONF9$ = YE>S MA9LY TO ACADEMIC PAP]S & ,SESSIONS' NEWSLETT]S4 ,BY ! EADY #a#i#hS1 9 FACT1 NO S+LE VOLUME HAD YET APPE>$ 9 ,5GLI% ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ A DEF9ITIVE DEEP ECOLOGY BOOK4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY HAS S9CE BECOME AN 'E/ABLI%$' ECOPHILOSOPHY1 IT WAS PRIM>ILY AMONG SOME TWO HUNDR$ OR SO PR(ESSORS &_/OR !IR /UD5TS :OM ,SESSIONS & ,DEVALL C\LD REA* ) !IR NEWSLETT] & CONF]5CE PAP]S4 ,DESPITE GR[+ SUPPORT TODAY1 MANY ACADEMIC 5VIRONM5TALI/S VIEW$ DEEP ECOLOGY ) CONSID]ABLE SKEPTICISM OR REJECT$ IT \TRI<T4 ,= ! RE/ ( ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE1 DEEP ECOLOGY WAS MORE ( A RUMOR ?AT D5OT$ DEEP ?9K+ ?AN A MOVEM5T OR COH]5T \TLOOK4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! PHRASE DEEP ECOLOGY FIR/ APPE>$ AS ! TIDE ( A BOOK :I* WAS 9 AN AN?OLOGY $IT$ BY ,MI*AEL ,TOBIAS 9 #a#i#h#d4.<#a#c#g.> ,TOBIAS SEEMS TO HAVE US$ IT AS A CAT*ALL PHRASE TO D5OTE ANY 9SI<T ?AT SEEM$ MORE SE>*+ ?AN ! POPUL> 5VIRONM5TALI/ LIT]ATURE ( ! DAY4 ,NOT UNTIL #aihe DID ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS WRITE & $IT A COLLAGE 5TITL$ ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIV+ ,AS ,IF ,NATURE ,MATT]$1 MAK+ A DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ( DEEP ECOLOGY AVAILABLE TO ! ,5GLI%-READ+ PUBLIC4.<#a#c#h.> ,! BOOK WAS 9DE$ DEF9ITIVE1 = IT REFLECT$ ! ECLECTIC TYPOLOGY ( DEEP ECOLOGY ?AT ,SESSIONS HAD =MULAT$ MORE ?AN ANY BOOK ON ! SUBJECT S9CE4 

,BY !IR [N ADMISSION1 ! C5TRAL !SES ( ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY >E 'TWO ULTIMATE NORMS OR 9TUITIONS :I* AX NOT !MSELVES D]IVABLE FROM O!R NORMS OR 9TUITIONS 444 SELF-REALIZATION &  
BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY4'.<#a#c#i.> 

,LIKE ,NAESS BE=E !M1 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS USE ! T]M9OLOGY ( '9TUITIONS'1 NOT REASON$ REFLECTION4 ,9TUITIONS CON/ITUTE \R 'S5SE' OR FEEL+S AB\T SOME?+4 ,AS A MOM5T>Y P]SONAL APPREH5SION1 !Y >E NOTORI\SLY UNRELIABLE2 9DE$1 !Y CON/ITUTE PREC>I\S GR\NDS UPON :I* TO BASE ANY \TLOOK1 MU* LESS ! V]ITABLE ,WELTANS*AUUNG ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY PR(ESSES TO (F]4 ,IT IS MY 9TUITION1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' 9TUITIONS >E \TRAGE\SLY WRONG -- :I* SAYS NO?+ :ATEV] AB\T ! VALIDITY1 S\NDNESS1 OR 9SI<TFULNESS ( EI!R MY OR !IR CONFLICT+ 9TUITIONS4 ,LACK+ DIV9E GUIDANCE1 ,I FAIL TO SEE H[ ?IS CONFLICT CAN BE RESOLV$ EXCEPT BY ! 9TUITIONS ( \R READ]S4 

,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS TELL US ?AT !IR TWO ULTIMATE NORMS 'CANNOT BE VALIDAT$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! ME?ODOLOGY ( MOD]N SCI5CE BAS$ ON ITS USUAL .<6.> ME*ANI/IC ASSUMPTIONS & ITS V]Y N>R[ .<6.> DEF9ITION ( DATA4'.<#a#d.> ,?IS LOAD$ & HI<LY PEJORATIVE /ATEM5T 5CLOSES DEEP ECOLOGY'S NORMS' 9 A CLOSET BEYOND ! REA* ( CRITICAL ANALYSIS1 IMMUNIZ+ DEEP ECOLOGY TO ! 'ME?ODOLOGY' ( SCI5CE & ! *ALL5GE ( REASON$ >GUM5T4 ,BY CA/+ ASIDE REASON1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S MAY DISMISS -- PRESUMABLY 9TUITIVELY -- ANY ME?OD OR DATA ?AT >E CRITICAL ( !IR VIEWS4 

,9 ! PROCESS1 DEEP ECOLOGY APPEALS TO AN 9CREAS+LY POPUL> BUT ]RONE\S IMAGE ( SCI5TIFIC ME?OD AS 'ME*ANI/IC' & CONF9ES ITS T]RA9 ( 9QUIRY TO A 'V]Y N>R[ DEF9ITION ( DATA'4 ,?IS ANTISCI5TISM MAY GO OV] WELL 9 ! SC5T$ A%RAMS ( ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE1 BUT '! ME?ODOLOGY ( SCI5CE' M]ELY REQUIRES EXP]I5TIAL PRO( ?AT V>I\S IDEAS >E REAL1 NOT DIV9ATIONS SPUN \T BY MY/ICAL GURUS ) OR )\T ,PH4,D4S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ME?ODOLOGY ( SCI5CE CON/ITUTES A M9IMAL OBJECTIVE CRIT]ION BY :I* WE MAY JUDGE IDEAS ON ! BASIS ( REALITY & NOT ON ! BASIS ( ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ 9SI<TS ( SPOOKS4 ,?IS IS NO TRIVIAL PROBLEM 9 A WORLD 9CREAS+LY BESET BY SUP]NATURAL1 MANIPULATIVE1 &1 DANG]\SLY AU?ORIT>IAN 9TUITIONS ?AT RANGE FROM EXP]I5CES ) ANGELS TO FASCI/IC FE>S ( RACIAL 'POLLUTION'4 

,NOR IS ! ME?ODOLOGY ( SCI5CE ALWAYS ME*ANI/IC4 ,AP>T FROM :AT IS COMMONLY CALL$ 'SCI5TIFIC ME?OD'1 A PHRASE ?AT ,I BELIEVE REQUIRES RE/ATEM5T1 ! SPECIFIC TE*NIQUES ASSOCIAT$ ) SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS (T5 V>Y FROM SCI5CE TO SCI5CE4 ,H5CE DEEP ECOLOGY PLAYS UPON A POPUL> PREJUDICE ?AT '! ME?ODOLOGY ( SCI5CE' IS CONF9$ TO 'A V]Y N>R[ DEF9ITION ( DATA'4 ,COSMOLOGY TODAY IS SU* A SWEEP+1 EXTRAVAGANTLY CREATIVE1 & EV5 DIALECTICAL FIELD ( /UDY ?AT TO CALL ITS ME?ODOLOGY N>R[ IS1 TO PUT IT G5TLY1 EVID5CE ( GROSS IGNORANCE4 ,ITS EV]-*ANG+ & EXP&+ VISION ( ! ORIG9S1 NATURE1 & FUTURE ( ! UNIV]SE DEFIES SOME ( ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE PLOTS DREAM$ ( 9 SCI5CE FICTION4 

,*EMI/RY1 9 TURN1 ) ITS 'DISSIPATIVE /RUCTURES'1 IS ! SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E P> EXCELL5CE = D]IV+ SY/EMS !ORIES1 9 :I* SOME ( ! MO/ MY/ICAL ( ! ,MY/ICAL ,ZONE'S !ORI/S DABBLE4 ,BIOLOGY1 = ITS P>T1 AB\NDS ) A WEAL? ( SPECULATIONS & EXP]IM5TS ?AT MAKE ! 9SI<TS ( DEEP ECOLOGY'S F\ND]S SEEM S+UL>LY UNIMAG9ATIVE4 ,PALEOAN?ROPOLOGY1 E?OLOGY1 & GEOLOGY ALL HAVE ?R[N MORE LI<T ON ! M>VELS ( ! NATURAL & HUMAN WORLDS 9 S+LE PAP]S ?AN CAN BE F\ND 9 ALL ! TOMES ON SPIRITUALISM & DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ,NEW ,AGE BOOK/ORES4 

,:AT ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS SEEM TO BE TELL+ US1 9 EFFECT1 IS ?AT !Y HAVE AN IDEOLOGY1 CALL$ DEEP ECOLOGY1 ?AT RE/S ON !IR 9TUITIONS1 & DIAT TO *ALL5GE !M IS TO BE CAPTIVE TO ! N>R[ & ME*ANI/IC ME?OD !Y IMPUTE TO ! SCI5CES4 ,WORSE /ILL1 !IR 9TUITIONS CANNOT BE JUDG$ BY RATIONAL CRIT]IA1 :I* PRESUMABLY ORIG9ATE 9 A N>R[ & ME*ANI/IC ME?ODOLOGY4 ,& H]E9 LIES ! RUB3 WE CANNOT1 BY ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' CRIT]IA1 5T] 9TO A RATIONAL OR SCI5TIFIC EXPLORATION ( !IR 9TUITIONS BECAUSE TO DO SO W\LD *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY ( !IR P]SONAL FAI?4 

,?US1 = ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS TO CLAIM ?AT !IR 9TUIT$ NORMS >E '>RIV$ AT BY ! DEEP QUE/ION+ PROCESS & REVEAL ! IMPORTANCE ( MOV+ TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL & RELIGI\S LEVEL ( WISDOM' IS RHETORICAL4.<#a#d#a.> ,NO 'DEEP QUE/ION+ PROCESS' CAN RE/ EXCLUSIVELY ON 9TUITION1 LEA/ ( ALL ?AT ( ,>NE ,NAESS1 TO :I* !Y >E REF]R+ H]E4 ,IF ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' 'DEEP QUE/ION+' CANNOT BE SUPPORT$ BY EXP]I5TIAL REALITY1 O!R ?AN :AT !Y REG>D AS VALID EXP]I5CE1 IT SIMPLY CANNOT BE *ALL5G$4 ,ONE CANNOT ATTA9 A 'PHILOSOPHICAL & RELIGI\S WISDOM' )\T ACKN[L$G+ ! PREMISES ( OBJECTIVE KN[L$GE 7:I* 9CLUDE SCI5CE7 & ! NE$ = LOGICAL CONSI/5CY1 BO? ( :I* /& AT ODDS ) ! PRIVILEG$ CLAIMS ( 9TUITION4 ,A QUE/ION+ PROCESS ?AT IS 9SULAT$ FROM RATIONALITY & EXP]I5CE CAN H>DLY BE SAID TO 9VOLVE V]Y MU* QUE/ION+ AT ALL4 ,NOR IS ONE 9TUITION TRUE & ITS CONTR>Y FALSE IF BO? RE/ M]ELY ON A P]SONAL BELIEF 

,?IS IS NO TRIVIAL MATT]4 ,IT TOOK ?\S&S ( YE>S = HUMANITY TO BEG9 TO %AKE (F ! ACCUMULAT$ '9TUITIONS' ( %AMANS1 PRIE/S1 *IEFS1 MON>*S1 W>RIORS1 PATRI>*S1 RUL+ CLASSES1 DICTATORS1 & ! LIKE -- ALL ( :OM CLAIM$ IMM5SE PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES & 9FLICT$ T]RIBLE HORRORS ON !IR 9F]IORS ON ! BASIS ( !IR '9TUIT$ WISDOM'4 ,ONCE WE REMOVE ! IMP]ATIVES ( RATIONAL 9QUIRY ?AT MI<T *ALL5GE !IR BEHAVIOR & ! SCI5TIFIC CRIT]IA ( TRU? ?AT MI<T *ALL5GE !IR MY/ICAL CLAIMS TO 9SI<T1 SOCIAL ELITES >E FREE TO USE ALL !IR WILES TO SUBJUGATE1 EXPLOIT1 & KILL 5ORM\S NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ON ! BASIS ( UNSUPPORT$ BELIEF SY/EMS1 IRRATIONAL CONV5TIONS1 & PURELY SUBJECTIVE VIEWS ( SOCIETY & ! WORLD4 

,A MULTITUDE ( 9TUITIONS & IRRATIONAL BELIEF SY/EMS >E RETURN+ TO ! =EGR\ND 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ?IS C5TURY4 ,FROM MY/ICAL DIV9ATIONS TO E?NIC HATR$S1 !SE BELIEF SY/EMS HAVE GRAVE IMPLICATIONS = ! FUTURE ( MOD]N SOCIETY & ! WAY PEOPLE VIEW REALITY4 ,?AT DEEP ECOLOGY HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS REGRESSIVE TR5D ) HORTATORY CLAIMS ?AT >E /RICTLY SUBJECTIVE1 EV5 P]SONALI/IC1 & (T5 REACTION>Y CANNOT BE IGNOR$ -- & MU/ BE S]I\SLY PROB$4 

,( ! TWO 'ULTIMATE NORMS' ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS 9TUIT1 ! FIR/1 'SELF-REALIZATION' IS ! MORE WAYW>D4 

,9 ! C\NT]CULTURE ( REC5T YE>S1 FEW T]MS HAVE BE5 TOSS$ >\ND MORE FREQU5TLY ?AN ?IS EM95TLY ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & PSY*OLOGICAL EXPRESSION4 ,IF SELF-REALIZATION MEANS ANY?+1 IT C]TA9LY IMPLIES ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( A P]SON'S DI/9CTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL POT5TIALITIES4 ,?IS ,EURO-,AM]ICAN IMAGE ( SELFHOOD & 9DIVIDUATION HAS BE5 C5TURIES 9 ! MAK+4 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS DISMISSIVELY C>ICATURE IT AS '! MOD]N ,WE/]N SELF :I* IS DEF9$ AS AN ISOLAT$ EGO /RIV+ PRIM>ILY = H$ONI/IC GRATIFICATION OR = A N>R[ S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL SALVATION 9 ?IS LIFE OR ! NEXT4'.<#a#d#b.> 

,WE/]N CULTURE HAS NURTUR$ A S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT IS VA/LY MORE ?AN ISOLAT$1 H$ONI/IC1 & MAT]IALLY EGOI/IC4 ,9DE$1 SELF-REALIZATION AS A FULFILLM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL 9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL POT5TIALITIES WAS A MAJOR GOAL1 IF NOT ! MAJOR GOAL1 ( ?9K]S SU* AS ,SOCRATES1 ,PLATO1 ,>I/OTLE1 ,AQU9AS1 ! ,R5AISSANCE ?9K]S1 ,LU!R1 ! ,FR5* ,5LI<T5]S1 ,HEGEL1 ,M>X1 & ,FREUD1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 :OSE NAMES >E CONSPICU\SLY ABS5T FROM ,DEVALL'S & ,SESSIONS' BOOK4 

,! REASON !SE NAMES DO NOT APPE> 9 !IR BOOK IS OBVI\S4 ,BY 'SELF-REALIZATION'1 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS LEAVE LITTLE D\BT ?AT !Y MEAN A C]TA9 TYPE ( RELIGI\S NOTION ( ! SELF ?AT CAN MORE PROP]LY BE CALL$  
SELF-EFFACEM5T4 ,WE HAVE TO %$1 AS !Y PUT IT1 ! 'MOD]N ,WE/]N SELF' & RETURN TO ! TRADITIONAL ,ASIAN NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O DISAPPE>S 9 A 0'SELF-9-,SELF0 :]E 0,SELF0 /&S = ORGANIC :OL5ESS'4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 WE HAVE TO RETURN TO A SELF = :OM '! PHRASE .<SIC6.> 0ONE0 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ME1 AN 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN1' ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS EMPHASIZE1 'BUT ALL HUMANS1 :ALES1 GRIZZLY BE>S1 :OLE RA9 =E/ ECOSY/EMS1 M\NTA9S & RIV]S1 ! T9IE/ MICROBES 9 ! SOIL1 & SO ON4'.<#a#d#c.> ,SUBSUM$ 9 ! UN5D+ NATURAL CYCLES ( AHI/ORICAL COSMOLOGIES1 ?IS SELF 7OR MORE PRECISELY1 ! LACK !RE(7 IS DIVE/$ ( CONTROL OV] ITS DE/9Y4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 SU* A SELF WAS LONG SUBJUGAT$ TO DESPOTIC MON>*S & LORDS -- ALL ( :OM HAVE SPOK5 9 ! NAME ( A 'NATURAL ORD]'1 'NATURAL =CES'1 & A DIV9E OR 'COSMIC' P[]1 IDEOLOGIES ?AT DRA9$ PEASANTS1 CRAFTSPEOPLE1 & SLAVES ( ! WILL TO TRANS=M !IR DE/9IES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 

,?IS SELF-ABNEGAT+ NOTION ( 9DIVIDUALITY RESONATES ) PRECISELY ! ANIMAL DEITIES & SPIRITS ?AT HUMANITY HAD TO EV5TUALLY EXORCIZE 9 ORD] TO R5D] SOCIAL LIFE SECUL> & DIVE/ ITSELF ( IMP]IAL RUL]S :O CLAIM 'NATURALLY' 5D[$ P[]S = !MSELVES4 ,A 'SELF-9-,SELF' ?AT 'RE ALIZ ES' ITSELF AS P>T ( AN UN?9K+ 'COMMUNITY' (':OLE RA9 =E/ ECOSY/EMS1 M\NTA9S & RIV]S1 ! T9IE/ MICROBES 9 ! SOIL1 & SO ON' HAS NOT M]G$ ITS ID5TITY ) A L>G] COSMIC :OLE2 IT HAS LO/ ITS ID5TITY1 ITS DI/9CTIVELY HUMAN QUALITIES AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL CONT\RS4 

,MOREOV]1 IMPUT+ A NOTION ( ! SELF TO NON-HUMAN BE+S & EV5 9ORGANIC 5TITIES PRESUPPOSES A V]Y AN?ROPOMORPHIC TREATM5T ( !SE PH5OM5A1 W9* CANNOT CON/ITUTE A SELF 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! '& SO ON' 9VITES US1 ONCE WE HAVE IMP>T$ SELFHOOD TO M\NTA9S & RIV]S1 TO ?9K ( ! B>R5 MOON1 ! />S1 9T]/ELL> SPACE1 & GALAXIES -- 9 T]MS ( A DEGREE ( 'SELF-9-,SELF'1 P]HAPS 9 'H>MONY' & '9T]CONNECT$' ) ! 5TIRE COSMOS6 

,?IS RHETORICAL RECYCL+ ( ,TAOISM & ,BUDDHISM1 & !IR ,WE/]N FILIATIONS1 9TO A VULG> ,CALI=NIAN SPIRITUALISM LEADS US1 ALMO/ UN]R+LY1 TO ! O!R 'ULTIMATE NORM' ON :I* DEEP ECOLOGY RE/S3 'BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY'4 ,SIMPLY PUT3  
  

,! 9TUITION ( BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY IS ?AT ALL ?+S 9 ! BIOSPH]E HAVE AN EQUAL RI<T TO LIVE & BLOSSOM & TO REA* !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL =M ( UNFOLD+ & SELF-REALIZATION )9 ! L>G] ,SELF-REALIZATION4 ,?IS BASIC 9TUITION IS ?AT ALL ORGANISMS & 5TITIES 9 ! ECOSPH]E AS P>TS ( ! 9T]RELAT$ :OLE1 >E EQUAL 9 9TR9SIC WOR?4.<#a#d#d.>  
  

,?IS /UNN+ DOCTR9E LIT]ALLY DEF9ES DEEP ECOLOGY4 ',DEEP' IT IS 9 EV]Y S5SE -- NOT ONLY 9 ! 9TUITIONS ?AT ! AU?ORS & !IR ACOLYTES HOLD1 BUT 9 ! MANY PRESUPPOSITIONS !Y MAKE4 

,IF ! SELF MU/ M]GE -- OR DISSOLVE1 AS ,I CLAIM -- ACCORD+ TO DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 9TO RA9 =E/S1 ECOSY/EMS1 M\NTA9S1 RIV]S '& SO ON'1 !SE PH5OM5A MU/ %>E 9 ! 9TELLECTUALITY1 IMAG9ATION1 =ESI<T1 COMMUNICATIVE ABILITIES1 & EMPA?Y ?AT HUMAN BE+S POSSESS1 ?AT IS1 IF 'BIO C5TRIC EQUALITY' IS TO HAVE ANY MEAN+4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE MAY DECIDE TO AGREE ) ,ROBYN ,ECK]SLEY1 A *AMPION ( BIO C5TRISM1 ?AT NO SU* ABILITIES >E NECESS>Y1 ?AT ! 'NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS ( BIRDS' >E !MSELVES ON A P> ) ! WIDE-RANG+ 9TELLIG5CE ( PEOPLE4  
  

,IS !RE NOT SOME?+ SELF-S]V+ & >ROGANT 9 ! 7UNV]IFABLE7 CLAIM ?AT FIR/ NATURE IS /RIV+ TO A*IEVE SOME?+ ?AT HAS PRES5TLY REA*$ ITS MO/ DEVELOP$ =M 9 US -- SECOND NATURE8 ,A MORE IMP>TIAL1 BIOC5TRIC APPROA* W\LD BE SIMPLY TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT \R SPECIAL CAPABILITIES 7E4G4 A HI<LY DEVELOP$ CONSCI\SNESS1 LANGUAGE & TOOL-MAK+ CAPABILITY7 >E SIMPLY ONE =M ( EXCELL5CE ALONGSIDE ! MYRIAD O!RS 7E4G4 ! NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS ( BIRDS1 ! SON> CAPABILITY & PLAYFULNESS ( DOLPH9S1 & ! 9T5SE SOCIALITY ( ANTS7 RA!R ?AN ! =M ( EXCELL5CE ?R[N UP BY EVOLUTION4.<#a#d#e.>  
  

,:E!R BIRDS HAVE NAVIGATION SKILLS -- :I* ASSUMES CONSCI\S AG5CY 9 NEGOTIAT+ !IR MIGRATORY FLI<TS OV] VA/ DI/ANCE ) CLE> GEOGRAPHICAL GOALS -- OR PRIM>ILY TROPI/IC REACTIONS TO *ANGES 9 DAYLI<T & POSSIBLY ! E>?'S MAGNETIC FIELDS ( =CE1 NE$ NOT OCCUPY US H]E4 ,:AT C\NTS IS ?AT ,ECK]SLEY'S /ATE ( M9D1 LIKE ?AT ( DEEP ECOLOGI/S G5]ALLY1 ESS5TIALLY DEBASES ! 9TELLECTUAL P[]S ( PEOPLE :O1 OV] PREVI\S C5TURIES1 CONSCI\SLY MAPP$ ! GLOBE1 GAVE IT MA!MATICAL COORD9ATES1 & 9V5T$ MAGNETIC COMPASSES1 *RONOMET]S1 RAD>1 & O!R TOOLS = NAVIGATION4 ,!Y DID SO ) AN 9TELLECTUALITY1 FLEXIBILITY1 & ) TE*NIQUES ?AT NO BIRD CAN EMULATE -- ?AT IS1 ) AMAZ+ SKILLFULNESS1 S9CE SKILL 9VOLVES MORE ?AN PHYSICAL REACTIONS TO NATURAL =CES & /IMULI4 

,:5 ,ECK]SLEY PLACES ! L>GELY TROPI/IC REACTIONS ( BIRDS ON A P> ) HUMAN ?\<T1 %E DIM9I%ES ! HUMAN M9D & ITS EXTRAORD9>Y ABILITIES4 ,ONE MI<T AS WELL SAY ?AT PLANTS HAVE SKILLS ?AT >E ON A P> ) HUMAN 9TELLECTUALITY BECAUSE PLANTS CAN 5GAGE 9 PHOTOSYN!SIS1 A COMPLEX S]IES ( BIO*EMICAL REACTIONS TO SUNLI<T4 ,>E SU* REACTIONS REALLY COMM5SURATE ) ! ABILITY ( PHYSICI/S TO UND]/& H[ SOL> FUSION OCCURS & ( BIO*EMI/S TO UND]/& H[ PHOTOSYN!SIS OCCURS8 ,IF SO1 !N CORALS '9V5T$' TE*NIQUES = PRODUC+ ISL&S & PLANTS '9V5T$' TE*NIQUES = REA*+ TO ! SUN 9 HEAVILY =E/$ >EAS4 ,9 %ORT1 PLAC+ HUMAN 9TELLECTUAL =ESI<T1 LOGICAL PROCESSES1 & 9NOVATIONS ON A PAX ) TROPI/IC REACTIONS TO EXT]NAL /IMULI IS TO CREATE A /UP5D\S 9TELLECTUAL MUDDLE1 NOT TO EVOKE ! 'DEEP' 9SI<TS ?AT DEEP ECOLOGI/S CLAIM TO BR+ TO \R UND]/&+ ( HUMANITY'S 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,ECK]SLEY'S CRUDE LEVEL ( >GUM5TATION IS NO ACCID5T2 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS PREP>E US = IT BY APPROV+LY CIT+ ,W>WICK ,FOX TO ! EFFECT ?AT WE CAN MAKE 'NO FIRM ONTOLOGICAL DIVIDE 9 ! FIELD ( EXI/5CE3 ,?AT !RE IS NO BIFURCATION 9 REALITY BETWE5 ! HUMAN & ! NONHUMAN REALMS 444 TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE P]CEIVE B\ND>IES1 WE FALL %ORT ( DEEP ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS4'.<#a#d#f.> 

,NO ONE HAS QUITE TOLD :ALES1 ,I ASSUME1 AB\T ?IS NEW EVOLUTION>Y DISP5SATION4 ,/ILL LESS >E GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 5TIRE RA9=E/ ECOSY/EMS1 M\NTA9S1 RIV]S1 '& SO ON' AW>E ( !IR COMMUNITY ) HUMAN BE+S4 ,9DE$1 9 ?IS VA/ PANOPLY ( LIFE-=MS1 ECOSY/EMS1 M9]AL MATT]1 & 'SO ON'1 NO CREATURE SEEMS TO BE CAPABLE ( KN[+ -- IRRESPECTIVE ( H[ !Y COMMUNICATE ) MEMB]S ( !IR [N K9D -- AB\T ! EXI/5CE OR ABS5CE ( ?IS 'FIRM ONTOLOGICAL DIVIDE' EXCEPT 
HUMAN BE+S4 ,IF1 AS ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS SEEM TO BELIEVE1 !RE IS 'NO FIRM ONTOLOGICAL DIVIDE' BETWE5 ! HUMAN & NON-HUMAN REALMS1 IT IS UNKN[N TO EV]Y SPECIES 9 ! BIOSPH]E1 LET ALONE 5TITIES 9 ! ABIOTIC WORLD -- EXCEPT \R [N4 

,9 FACT1 ! ONTOLOGICAL DIVIDE BETWE5 ! NON-HUMAN & ! HUMAN IS V]Y REAL4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 TO BE SURE1 >E PRIMATES1 MAMMALS1 & V]TEBRATES4 ,!Y CANNOT1 AS YET1 GET \T ( !IR ANIMAL SK9S4 ,AS PRODUCTS ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 !Y >E SUBJECT TO ! NATURAL VICISSITUDES ?AT BR+ 5JOYM5T1 PA91 & DEA? TO COMPLEX LIFE-=MS G5]ALLY4 ,BUT IT IS A CRUCIAL FACT ?AT !Y ALONE KN[ -- 9DE$1 CAN KN[ -- ?AT !RE IS A PH5OM5ON CALL$ EVOLUTION2 !Y ALONE KN[ ?AT DEA? IS A REALITY2 !Y ALONE CAN EV5 =MULATE SU* NOTIONS AS SELF-REALIZATION1 BIOC5TRIC EQUALITY1 & A 'SELF-9-,SELF'2 !Y ALONE CAN G5]ALIZE AB\T !IR EXI/5CE -- PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE -- & PRODUCE COMPLEX TE*NOLOGIES1 CREATE CITIES1 COMMUNICATE 9 A COMPLEX SYLLABIC =M1 '& SO ON #c 6 ,TO CALL !SE /UP5D\S ATTRIBUTES & A*IEVEM5TS M]E DIFF]5CES 9 DEGREE BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS -- & TO EQUATE HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ) ! NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS ( MIGRATORY BIRDS -- IS SO PREPO/]\SLY NAIVE ?AT ONE MI<T EXPECT SU* ABSURDITIES FROM *ILDR51 NOT PR(ESSORS4 

,:AT APP>5TLY WORRIES DEEP ECOLOGI/S AB\T ?IS 'DIVIDE'1 ) ALL ITS BIFURCATIONS & B\ND>IES1 IS NOT SO MU* ?AT ITS EXI/5CE IS OBVI\S AS ?AT IT IS 9CONV5I5T4 ,BECL\D+ !IR SIMPLI/IC MONISM1 WE MAY SUPPOSE1 IS A FE> ( ! DUALISM ( ,R5E ,DESC>TES1 :I* !Y FEEL OBLIG$ TO DISPEL4 ,IRONICALLY1 !Y SEEM 9CAPABLE ( COP+ ) ?IS DUALISM )\T TAK+ REC\RSE TO A ,BAMBI-/YLE AN?ROPOMORPHISM ?AT EFFECTIVELY TRANS=MS ALL NON-HUMAN BE+S 9TO PRECISELY :AT !Y PR(ESS TO ABHOR -- NAMELY1 AN?ROPOMORPHISMS4 ,IF !Y CANNOT MAKE HUMAN BE+S 9TO NON-HUMAN ANIMALS1 !Y MAKE NON-HUMAN ANIMALS 9TO HUMAN BE+S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ANIMALS >E SAID TO HAVE 'SKILLS' 9 MU* ! SAME S5SE ?AT HUMAN BE+S DO4 ,! E>? HAS ITS [N 'WISDOM #c 1 WILD]NESS IS EQUAT$ ) 'FRE$OM #c 1 & ALL LIFE-=MS EXHIBIT 'MORAL #c QUALITIES ?AT >E 5TIRELY ! PRODUCT ( HUMAN 9TELLECTUAL1 EMOTIONAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,PUT BLUNTLY3 IF HUMAN BE+S >E 'EQUAL 9 9TR9SIC WOR? #c TO NONHUMAN BE+S1 !N B\ND>IES BETWE5 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN >E ]AS$1 & EI!R HUMAN BE+S >E M]ELY ONE ( A V>IETY ( ANIMALS1 OR ELSE NON-HUMAN BE+S >E HUMAN4 

,BUT !N1 :Y %\LD !Y NOT BE 9 ! ,DISNEYL& WORLD ( DEEP ECOLOGY8 

,HAV+ 5TANGL$ ! READ] ) EXTRAVAGANT CLAIMS = A SET ( UNSUPPORT$ P]SONAL BELIEFS1 ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS PROCE$ 9 ! NAME ( AN EXCLUSIVELY HUMAN 'ACTIVE DEEP QUE/ION+ & M$ITATIVE PROCESS' TO R$UCE READ]S TO ! /ATUS ( ' 0PLA9 CITIZ5S0 ( ! BIOTIC COMMUNITY1 NOT LORD OR MA/] OV] ALL O!R SPECIES4'.<#a#d#g.> 

,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS USE WORDS ) MULTIPLE MEAN+S TO GIVE ! MO/ ALI5AT+ 9T]PRETATION TO PEOPLE4 ,:ATEV] A DEMOCRACY C\LD POSSIBLY MEAN 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD1 HUMAN BE+S >E NOT M]E 'PLA9 CITIZ5S #c 9 A BIOSPH]IC DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y >E IMM5SELY SUP]IOR TO ANY O!R ANIMAL SPECIES1 AL?\< DEEP ECOLOGI/S EQUATE SUP]IORITY ) BE+ ! 'LORD & MA/] ( ALL O!R SPECIES'1 H5CE AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT4 ,BUT SUP]IOR MAY MEAN NOT ONLY HI<] 9 RANK1 /ATUS1 & AU?ORITY BUT '( GREAT VALUE1 EXCELL5CE2 EXTRAORD9>Y'1 IF MY DICTION>Y IS CORRECT4 ,?AT SUP]IORITY CAN SIMPLY MEAN 'HAV+ MORE KN[L$GE1 =ESI<T1 & WISDOM' -- ATTRIBUTES WE MI<T EXPECT TO F9D 9 A TEA*] OR EV5 A ,Z5 MA/] -- SEEMS TO DISAPPE> FROM ! HI<LY SELECTIVE DEEP ECOLOGICAL LEXICON4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY'S CONTRADICTORY PRESUPPOSITIONS1 9TUITIONS1 AN?ROPOMORPHISMS1 & NAIVE ASS]TIONS LEAVE US SP9N+ LIKE TOPS4 ,WE >E 5JO9$ TO 5GAGE 9 'DEEP QUE/ION+' 9 ORD] TO DECIDE ON 9TUITIVE GR\NDS ?AT WE >E 9TR9SICALLY NO DIFF]5T 9 'WOR?' OR 'VALUE' FROM ANY '5TITY' 9 ! 'ECOSPH]E'4 ,YET ! DEEP QUE/ION+ SO PRIZ$ BY ,DEVALL1 ,SESSIONS1 ,NAESS1 ET AH 1 IS SOME?+ ?AT NO O!R LIFE-=M CAN DO -- BESIDES US4 ,9 ! VA/NESS ( ! ECOSPH]E1 NO?+ AP>T FROM HUMAN BE+S IS CAPABLE ( EV5 VOIC+ ! NOTION ('BIOC5TRIC EGALIT>IANISM'1 MU* LESS UND]/&+ ANY NOTION ('RI<TS'1 '9TR9SIC WOR?'1 OR 'SUP]IORITY' & '9F]IORITY'4 ,IT IS ! ULTIMATE 9 AN?ROPOMORPHISM TO IMPUTE A MORAL S5SE TO ANIMALS ?AT LACK ! CONCEPTUAL MAT]IAL ( AB/RACT ?\<T PROVID$ BY LANGUAGE & ! RI* G5]ALIZATIONS WE =M 9 \R M9DS FROM \R VA/ REP]TOIRE ( WORDS4 

,/RICDY SPEAK+1 IF WE W]E NO?+ BUT 'PLA9 CITIZ5S' 9 ! ECOSPH]E1 WE %\LD BE AS FURI\SLY AN?ROPO-C5TRIC 9 \R BEHAVIOR1 JU/ AS A BE> IS ,URSO-C5TRIC OR A WOLF ,CANO-C5TRIC4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 AS PLA9 CITIZ5S ( ! ECOSPH]E -- & NO?+ MORE -- WE %\LD1 LIKE EV]Y O!R ANIMAL1 BE OCCUPI$ EXCLUSIVELY ) \R [N SURVIVAL1 COM=T1 & SAFETY4 ,AS ,RI*>D ,WATSON HAS SO A/UTELY NOT$3 '.<I.>F WE >E TO TREAT MAN AS P>T ( NATURE ON EGALIT>IAN T]MS ) O!R SPECIES1 !N MAN'S BEHAVIOR MU/ BE TREAT$ AS MORALLY NEUTRAL TRUE' -- ?AT IS1 AS AMORAL4 ,9 :I* CASE1 ,WATSON CONT9UES1 'WE %\LD NOT DR9K DI]E IS SOME?+ MORALLY OR ECOSOPHICALLY WRONG ) ! HUMAN SPECIES DISPOSSESS+ & CAUS+ ! EXT9CTION ( O!R SPECIES4'.<#a#d#h.> 

,YET DEEP ECOLOGI/S ASK US PRECISELY 9 ! NAME ( A BIOSPH]IC 'CITIZ5%IP' NOT TO BE OCCUPI$ EXCLUSIVELY ) \R SURVIVAL4 ,PUT SIMPLY3 DEEP ECOLOGI/S ASK US TO BE PLA9 CITIZ5S & AT ! SAME TIME EXPECT -- EV5 OBLIGE -- US TO ?9K & BEHAVE AS V]Y UNCOMMON1 9DE$ QUITE EXTRAORD9>Y ONESL ,9 A P]CEPTIVE >TICLE1 CRITIC ,H>OLD ,FROMM /ATES ?IS CONTRADICTION ) REM>KABLE PI?9ESS3  
  

,! '9TR9SIC WOR?' ?AT BIOC5TRI/S CONNECT ) ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 & M9]ALS IS PROJECT$ BY ! DESIR+ HUMAN PSY*E 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT '! WILL ( ,GOD' IS PROJECT$ BY HUMAN VANITY UPON A SIL5T UNIV]SE ?AT NEV] SAYS ANY?+4444 ,! 'BIOC5TRIC' NOTION ( '9TR9SIC WOR?' IS EV5 MORE N>CISSI/ICALLY ' AN?ROPOC5TRIC' ?AN ORD9>Y SELF-9T]E/ BECAUSE IT HOPES TO A*IEVE ITS 5DS BY D5Y+ ?AT ONESELF IS ! PUPPETE]--V5TRILOQUI/ BEH9D ! WORLD ONE P]CEIVES AS VALUABLE4.<#a#d#i.>  
  

,AS BIOC5TRI/S1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S ASK US TAKE ! ROLE ( ! 9VISIBLE PUPPETE] -- PULL+ ! /R+S & IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT WE >E PULL+ !M4 

,IF HUMAN BE+S >E TO REG>D !MSELVES M]ELY AS PLA9 CITIZ5S OR EQUALS TO ALL O!R SPECIES 9 ! BIOSPH]E1 !Y MU/ BE 9VISIBLE PUPPETE]S3 !Y MU/ BE GUID$ BY E?ICAL CANONS ?AT EXI/ NO:]E 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 D5Y ?AT !Y DIFF] 9 !IR RI<TS & 9TR9SIC WOR? FROM ! AMORAL WORLD ( NATURE1 9 %ORT1 B]EFT ( E?ICS4 ,9DE$1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S URGE US TO DO ?IS BECAUSE WE WILL ES!TICALLY1 MAT]IALLY1 & SPIRITUALLY 'B5EFIT' FROM HOLD+ SU* AN ATTITUDE T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD -- A CRASSLY AN?ROPOC5TRIC >GUM5T4 ,?AT ONLY HUMAN BE+S 9 ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E CAN CONF] 'RI<TS' UPON NONHUMAN BE+S PRECISELY BECAUSE AS HUMANS !Y >E SO RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM O!R LIFE-=MS SEEMS TO ELUDE MO/ DEEP ECOLOGI/S4 

,:]E DEEP ECOLOGI/S TRY TO RESOLVE ?IS CONUNDRUM1 !IR SOLUTIONS >E SOPHI/IC AT BE/ & CIRCUL> AT WOR/4 ',EMPLOY+ E?ICS & VALUES1 :I* >E CULTURAL OBJECTS1' OBS]VES ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 ONE ( ! MO/ MISAN?ROPIC ( ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S 'MAY APPE> TO CONTRADICT ! CONT5T ( BIO C5TRISM1 & IT IS UND\BT$LY 9CONGRU\S TO TALK AB\T ! RI<TS ( NATURE :5 ! CONCEPT ( LEGAL RI<TS IS TRADITIONALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! TRIUMPH ( CULTURE OV] NATURE1 OR1 9 ,KANTIAN T]MS1 DUTY OV] 9/9CT4'.<#a#e.> ,DESPITE ! PEJORATIVE *>ACT]IZATION ( RI<TS AS ! 'TRIUMPH ( CULTURE OV] NATURE' 1 'LEGAL RI<TS' >E NOT NECESS>ILY OR (T5 COMMONLY EQUATABLE ) 'E?ICS' & 'VALUES' 1 :I* MAY (T5 /& 9 FIAT OPPOSITION TO A CULTURE'S LAWS4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( HUMAN BE+S1 MOREOV]1 ,NATURE CANNOT ( ITSELF G5]ATE ANY SY/EM ( RI<TS -- :I* /ILL LEAVES US 9 A PUZZLE4 ,TO RESOLVE IT1 ,MANES 9VOKES ,NAESS'S PO9T ?AT '\R SELF 9CLUDES NOT ONLY \R EGO & \R SOCIAL SELF1 ON :I* ! IMP]ATIVES ( E?ICS PLAY1 BUT ALSO A BROAD] ID5TIFICATION ) ECOLOGY ITSELF4' ,SPEAK+ BLUNTLY3 ?IS IS PURE RHETORIC1 NOT A 'DEEP' REPLY4 ,9DE$1 BROAD5+ \R 'EGO & \R SOCIAL SELF' DOES NOT NECESS>ILY BR+ AB\T 'A BROAD] ID5TIFICATION ) ECOLOGY' 1 ?AT IS ) O!R LIFE-=MS1 M\NTA9S1 RIV]S1 & SO ON4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( SELFHOOD 9 :I* ! SELF IS =M$ 9 CONTRA/ TO O!R HUMAN SELVES1 NOT NECESS>ILY 9 CONTRA/ TO AN 5COMPASS+ NATURAL WORLD4 

,9 ANO!R IDEOLOGICAL /RATEGY1 ,MANES ASS]TS ?AT '9 ! CONCEPT ( ! ,ECOLOGICAL ,SELF1 HUMAN 9T]E/S & NATURAL 9T]E/S BECOME FUZ$ & !RE IS NO NE$ TO APPEAL TO ! TRADITIONAL DISC\RSE ( RI<TS & VALUES4 ,! 9TEGRITY ( ! BIOSPH]E IS SE5 AS ! 9TEGRITY ( \R [N P]SONS2 !  
RI<TS ( ! NATURAL WORLD >E IMPLI$ 9 \R RI<T TO BE HUMAN & HUMANE4'.<#a#e#a.> 

,?IS AM\NTS TO A :ITE FLAG ( SURR5D]4 ,:AT '9T]E/S' CAN BE IMPUT$ TO ',NATURE' ?AT >E EV5 DEF9ABLE 9 E?ICAL T]MS8 ,H[ DO !Y BECOME 'FUZ$' ) ! '9T]E/S' ( HUMANS1 ?OSE 'PLA9 CITIZ5S' :OSE '9TR9SIC WOR?' IS EQUAL TO ?AT ( ALL O!R LIFE-=MS8 ,:AT CON/ITUTES ! '9TEGRITY' ( ! BIOSPH]E8 ,:Y >E ! 'RI<TS' ( ! NATURAL WORLD 'IMPLI$ 9 \R RI<T TO BE HUMAN & HUMANE' 8 ,:]E DID IDEAS ( '9T]E/S' & '9TEGRITY' COME FROM1 IF NOT FROM HUMAN MORALITY & AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC CONCEPTUALIZATION ( 'HUMAN 9T]E/S' 8 

,TO ME*ANICALLY TRANSF] ! COMPLEX REP]TOIRE ( RI<TS1 MORAL /RICTURES1 WISDOM1 & PHILOSOPHY ?AT EXI/S 9 SOCIETY TO ! BIOSPH]E1 AS ?\< ?IS REP]TOIRE C\LD >ISE1 LET ALONE EXI/1 )\T HUMAN BE+S IS TO GROSSLY MY/IFY HUMANITY'S 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD & NEUTR ALIZ E ! RI* CONT5T ( !SE DI/9CDY HUMANI/IC T]MS4 ,DIVE/$ ( !IR HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL MOOR+S1 !SE SOCIAL IDEAS & PRACTICES >E *EAP5$ 9TO SLOGANS4 ,?IS DIVE/ITURE R5D]S IT IMPOSSIBLE TO =MULATE A S]I\S E?ICS ?AT CAN BE US$ 9 HUMANITY'S RELATIONS ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 AS WELL AS BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,R$UC$ TO AB/RACTIONS ?AT FLOAT 9 AN 9TUITIONAL CL\D1 'VALUES' 1 'RI<TS'1 & 'HUMANE' BEHAVIOR1 >E MORE TRANSC5D5TAL ?AN REAL1 9 A DE FACTO DUALISM ?AT SIMPLY BYPASSES !IR HUMAN ORIG9S -- & ACTUALLY BECOMES CAPTIVE TO ! V]Y ORIG9S IT SEEKS TO AVOID4 ,AS ,MANES WRITES1 9VOK+ ,W>WICK ,FOX1 ! REAL GOAL ( ?IS ECOLOGICAL E?ICS IS '! DEC5T]+ ( HUMANK9D' -- AS ?\< IT W]E NOT HUMAN BE+S ALONE & ONLY ALONE :O C\LD FOLL[ E?ICAL 9JUNCTIONS 9 RELATION TO ! NATURAL WORLD4.<#a#e#b.> 

,:ILE DEEP ECOLOGY TRIVIALIZES ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 IT DEP5DS IMM5SELY ON HUMANI/IC APPEALS TO SUPPORT ITS MO/ BASIC T5ETS4 ,MOREOV]1 ITS ABSORPTION ( HUMAN 9DIVIDUALITY 9TO A MY/ICAL SELF-9-,SELF ( COSMIC PROPORTIONS ADVANCES A REACTION>Y MESSAGE4 ,9 A MASS SOCIETY1 :]E SELFHOOD IS ATROPHY+ UND] ! ASSAULT ( SOCIAL =CES & 9/ITUTIONS OV] :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS VIRTUALLY NO CONTROL2 :5 DISEMP[]M5T HAS BECOME AN EPO*AL SOCIAL PA?OLOGY2 :5 WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 ! POOR1 & ! UND]PRIVILEG$ >E ASK$ TO SURR5D] :AT FRAGM5TS ( AUTONOMY & FRE$OM !Y /ILL POSSESS TO ! P[] ( MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRACIES1 & ! /ATE -- ! 'DEC5T]+ ( HUMANK9D' OP5S ! WAY = A CULTURAL & SOCIAL B>B>ISM ( FRI<T5+ PROPORTIONS4 

,EQUALLY TR\BL+ IS ! \TRI<T MISAN?ROPY ?AT MANY DEEP ECOLOGI/S ADVANCE4 ,TO ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 = EXAMPLE1 HUMANITY IS A 'RELATIVELY EXP5DABLE P>T' ( ! 5VIRONM5T4.<#a#e#c.> ,SU* D]OGATORY VIEWS ( HUMANITY >E MAT*$ BY ! ICY 9DIFF]5CE TO HUMAN LIFE & SUFF]+ 9 ! WRIT+ ( DEEP ECOLOGY'S MO/ IMPORTANT !ORI/S4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ DILEMMA3 AN ACTIVE RATTLESNAKE TAKES UP RESID5CE UND] A FAMILY H\SE1 POS+ A GRAVE DANG] TO ! *ILD :O LIVES !RE4 ,! FA!R MU/ DECIDE :E!R TO KILL ! SNAKE OR RISK ! DEA? ( HIS *ILD4 ,= MO/ PEOPLE1 ?IS W\LD NOT BE A DIFFICULT DECISION2 BUT = DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 ! VITAL NE$S ( ! *ILD & ! SNAKE -- = LIFE -- >E EQUAL4 ,BILL ,DEVALL1 :O ACTUALLY CITES SU* A CASE 9 HIS BOOK1 ,SIMPLE 9 ,MEANS1 ,RI* 9 ,5DS 7#a#i#i71 ADVANCES A PR9CIPLE ( 'SPECIES IMP>TIALITY' BY :I* SU* DECISIONS CAN BE MADE4 ,DEVALL'S PR9CIPLE READS3 '.<FJAIRNESS 9 RESOLUTION ( REAL CONFLICTS CAN ONLY OCCUR :5 HUMANS >E NOT GIV5 ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES BECAUSE !Y >E HUMANS4' ,BY ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ?AT IS1 HUMANS %\LD ALL[ !MSELVES NO 'SPECIAL PRIVILEGES' 9 COP+ ) SU* PROBLEMS M]ELY BECAUSE '!Y >E HUMANS'4.<#a#e#d.> ,! *ILD'S FA!R1 :O HAS ALREADY SURVIV$ SEV]AL BITES FROM RATDESNAKES1 OPTS = KILL+ ! SNAKE1 E>N+ ,DEVALL'S REPROVAL3 ',I URG$ .<! FA!R.> TO MAKE PEACE ) ! RATTLESNAKE ! WAY ,/4 ,FRANCIS MADE PEACE BETWE5 A WOLF & VILLAG]S 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY 9 ! FAM\S ?IRTE5-C5TURY /ORY4'.<#a#e#e.> ,ALAS1 WE >E NOT ALL 'SA9TS' LIKE ,FRANCIS ) A SPECIAL PIPEL9E TO ,GOD4 

,LE/ WE SUSPECT ?AT ,DEVALL IS M]ELY FATU\S1 >RANT MISAN?ROPY EM]GES 9 ! CLOS+ PAGES ( HIS BOOK3 '.<W.>E LACK COMPASSION & SEEM .<6.> MISAN?ROPIC IF WE TURN \R BACKS ON HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( HUMANS :O RESIDE 9 MEGALOPOLISES4 ,H[EV]1 :5 A *OICE MU/ BE MADE1 IT0 SEEMS CONSI/5T ) DEEP ECOLOGY PR9CIPLES TO FI<T ON ! SIDE ( 5DANG]$ SPECIES & ANIMALS'.<#a#e#f.> -- & PRESUMABLY IGNORE ! PLI<T ( CONGE/$ URBAN DWELL]S1 :I* IS A CONC]N ( 'MISPLAC$ HUMANI/S'4 ,:AT CONC]NS ,DEVALL AB\T CITIES IS NOT ONLY ! ABS5CE ( 'WILD ANIMALS' .<6.> !RE BUT ! EXT5T TO :I* 'URBAN ELITES' EX]CISE P[] ) !IR 'MAT]IALI/ IDEOLOGY & NIHILISM'4 ,?IS TR5D1 TOO1 IS A CONC]N ONLY ( 'MISPLAC$ HUMANI/S'1 :O ALSO W\LD WRON<EAD$LY -- 9 ,DEVALL'S VIEW -- JU/IFY 'L>GE-SCALE 9-MIGRATION TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA FROM ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,AFRICA'4.<#a#e#g.> ,SU* VIEWS >E R$OL5T ( ! REACTION>Y IDEOLOGY CURR5DY AB\ND+ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD AGA9/ PEOPLE ( COLOR FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 

,F9ALLY1 DEEP ECOLOGY IS HEIR TO ! F+]+ LEGACY ( ,MAL?US1 :OSE W>N+ AB\T POPULATION GR[? \T/RIPP+ FOOD PRODUCTION 'WAS IGNOR$ BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( 9DU/RIAL_/TE*NOLOGICAL OPTIMISM'1 ACCORD+ TO ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS4.<#a#e#h.> ,:]EUPON !Y EXTOLL ,WILLIAM ,CATTON1 ,JR1 AU?OR ( ,OV]%OOT1 = APPLY+ '! ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( C>RY+ CAPACITY' & REM9D US ?AT ,WILLIAM ,VOGT1 :O '>TICULAT$' ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS1 'ANTICIPAT$.> ! WORK ( RADICAL ECOLOGI/ ,PAUL ,EHRLI* 9 ! #a#i#fS'4 ,VOGT'S RECIPES = DIM9I%+ POPULATION BY )HOLD+ ANTIBIOTICS FROM ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES GO UNM5TION$4 7,SEE ,*APT] #c47.<#a#e#i.> 

,! MISAN?ROPIC ORI5TATION ( DEEP ECOLOGY WAS TAK5 TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION BY ,E>? ,FIR/6'S F\ND+ ?9K]S :O1 UN5CUMB]$ BY ACADEMIC PE] PRESSURES1 W]E MORE \TSPOK5 ?AN ,NAESS1 ,DEVALL1 & ,SESSIONS4 

,AN +LORI\S MOM5T ( TRU? OCCURR$ 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ,DAVID ,=EMAN1 ,E>? ,FIR/6'S 9DUBITABLE LEAD]1 CONDUCT$ BY ,BILL ,DEVALL & PUBLI%$ 9 AN ,AU/RALIAN P]IODICAL1 ,SIMPLY ,LIV+1 9 #a#i#h#f4.<#a#f.> ,DEVALL'S 9TRODUCTION TO ! 9T]VIEW WAS 9IMITABLE 9 ITS ADMIRATION ( ,=EMAN4 ',ONE ( .<,=EMAN'S.> QUOTES1' ,DEVALL EXUDES1 'IS FROM ,JOHN ,MUIR CONC]N+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 BE>S & PEOPLE4 ,MUIR WROTE1 OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ?AT IF A W> %\LD COME BETWE5 BE>S & HUMANS1 HE W\LD BE SORELY TEMPT$ TO FI<T ON ! SIDE ( BE>S4 ,SAYS ,=EMAN3 0,?AT DAY HAS >RIV$1 & ,I AM 5LI/+ 9 S]VICE TO ! BE>S4'0 

,DEVALL FIR/ ASK$ ,=EMAN1 ',:AT IS ! RELATION BETWE5 DEEP ECOLOGY & ,E>? ,FIR/68' ,TO :I* ,=EMAN REPLI$3 ',I DR9K DEEP ECOLOGY IS ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,E>? ,FIR/6 ,!Y >E PRETTY MU* ! SAME TIR+ .<BUT.> ,I ?9K ,E,F6 IS A P>TICUL> /YLE ( DEEP ECOLOGY4' ,! MOM5T ( TRU?1 H[EV]1 FOLL[$ ,DEVALL'S PO9T$ QUE/ION3 ',DO Y\ ?9K POPULATION IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE8' ,TO :I* ,=EMAN RESPOND$3  
  

,:5 ,I TELL PEOPLE H[ ! WOR/ ?+ WE C\LD DO 9 ,E?IOPIA IS TO GIVE AID -- ! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO JU/ LET NATURE SEEK ITS [N BALANCE1 TO LET ! PEOPLE !RE JU/ />VE !RE1 !Y ?9K ?AT IS MON/R\S4 ,BUT ! ALT]NATIVE IS ?AT Y\ GO 9 & SAVE !SE HALF-DEAD *ILDR5 :O WILL NEV] LIVE A :OLE LIFE4 ,!IR DEVELOPM5T WILL BE /UNT$4 ,& :AFS GO+ TO HAPP5 9 T5 YE>S TIME IS ?AT TWICE AS MANY PEOPLE WILL SUFF] & DIE4  
  

,!SE *>ITABLE REM>KS W]E FOLL[$ BY AN OP9ION ON IMMIGRATION BY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICANS TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ',LETT+ ! ,U,S,A BE AN OV]FL[ VALVE = PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA IS NOT SOLV+ A ?+4 ,IT'S JU/ PUTT+ MORE PRESSURE ON ! RES\RCES WE HAVE 9 ! ,U,S,A4 ,IT IS JU/ CAUS+ MORE DE/RUCTION ( \R WILD]NESS1 MORE POISON+ ( WAT] & AIR1 & IT ISN'T HELP+ ! PROBLEMS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4' ,DEVALL -- A PILL> 9 ! TRIUNE PROPAGATORS ( DEEP ECOLOGY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- F\ND NO?+ TO OBJECT TO 9 !SE /ATEM5TS2 9DE$1 HE SEEM$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! LEGITIMACY ( ,=EMAN'S CONC]N BY (F]+ ! HELPFUL QU]Y3 ',:Y HAV5'T MA9/REAM 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS DEALT ) ! POPULATION ISSUE8' 

,=EMAN'S M5TOR1 ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 9TMD$ E?NIC *AUV9ISM1 9DE$1 ELEM5TS ( NATIVISM1 9TO ! DEBATE ?AT FOLL[$ ?IS 9T]VIEW4 ,ABBEY WROTE3  
  

,!RE >E A GOOD MANY REASONS TO CALL A HALT TO FUR!R IMMIGRATION 444 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 4 ,ONE SELDOM M5TION$1 H[EV]1 IS CULTURE3 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT WE LIVE 9 TODAY1 ) ITS TRADITIONS & IDEALS1 H[EV] IMP]FECTLY REALIZ$1 IS A PRODUCT ( NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION4 ,IF WE ALL[ \R C\NTRY -- \R C\NTRY -- TO BECOME ,LAT9IZ$ -- WE WILL BE =C$ TO ACCEPT A MORE RIGID CLASS SY/EM1 A PATRON /YLE ( POLITICS 444 & A GREAT] RELIANCE ON CRIME & VIOL5CE AS NORMAL 9/RUM5TS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4.<#a#f#a.>  
  

,ELSE:]E HE REPEAT$ ?IS !ME3  
  

,P]HAPS EV]-CONT9U+ 9DU/RIAL & POPULATION GR[? IS NOT ! TRUE ROAD TO HUMAN HAPP9ESS4444 ,9 :I* CASE IT MI<T BE WISE = US AS ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S TO CONSID] CALL+ A HALT TO ! MASS IIRFLUX ( EV] MORE MILLIONS ( HUNGRY1 IGNORANT1 UNSKILL$1 & CULTURALLY-MORALLY-G5ETICALLY IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLE4.<#a#f#b.>  
  

',G5ETICALLY IMPOV]I%$'1 NO LESS8 ,ONE IS PRONE TO CRY3 REALLY6 

,9 FACT1 AN >TICLE ,I WROTE 9 RESPONSE TO !SE REM>KS & ! ,=EMAN--,DEVA,U 9T]VIEW1 ',SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,V]SUS 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY03 ,A ,*ALL5GE = ! ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T'1 WAS GREET$ ) SAVAGE ACRIMONY1 SPR9KL$ ) A MEASURE ( R$-BAIT+1 OV] SEV]AL ISSUES (  
,E>? ,FIR/64.<#a#f#c.> ,TO ?IS DAY1 ,I CAN ONLY WOND] IF ACADEMIC DEEP ECOLOGI/S W\LD EV] HAVE DISSOCIAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! MISAN?ROPIC & NATIVI/IC VIEWS ,=EMAN EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,SIMPLY ,LIV+ 9T]VIEW HAD ,I NOT CRITICIZ$ IT4.<#a#f#d.> ,EV5 AFT] MY 9T]V5TION1 IT TOOK A YE>1 TO ! BE/ ( MY KN[L$GE1 BE=E ,>NE ,NAESS1 ,BILL ,DEVALL1 ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 & ,W>WICK ,FOX R5\NC$ ,=EMAN'S POSITION ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( EMPHASIS4.<#a#f#e.> ,/ILL LAT]1 ,=EMAN 9 A DEBATE ) ME SEEM$ TO )DRAW HIS H>%] MISAN?ROPIC =MULATIONS4 ,= SOME TWO YE>S1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL PRESS RES\ND$ ) ! CRITICISM & C\NT]CRITICISMS BETWE5 SUPPORT]S ( ,=EMAN'S ,SIMPLY ,LIV+ VIEWS & MY [N -- NOR HAVE !Y 5TIRELY QUIET$ D[N TO ?IS DAY4.<#a#f#f.> ,SESSIONS' DISSOCIATION FROM ,=EMAN'S VIEWS1 9 FACT1 PROV$ TO BE EQUIVOCAL4 ,WRIT+ 9 ,=EMAN'S NEW MAGAZ9E1 ,WILD ,E>?1 9 #a#i#i#b1 ,SESSIONS DECL>$3  
  

,9 #a#i#h#a1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & HIS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY GR\P ATTACK$ ,E>? ,FIR/6 & ! ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,C]TA9 CASUAL REM>KS BY 9DIVIDUAL ,E>? ,FIR/]S 7MADE1 TO SOME EXT5T1 = !IR %OCK VALUE TO DRIVE HOME ! MESSAGE ( H[ \T ( BALANCE CONTEMPOR>Y HUMANS >E ON ! PLANET7 CONC]N+ ALL[+ ,E?IOPIANS TO /AIVE1 & ,A,I,D,S AS ,NATURE'S POPULATION CONTROL DEVICE1 PROVID$ ,BOOK*9 ) ! OPPORTUNITY HE NE$$4.<#a#f#g.>  
  

,SESSIONS' EXPRESSION ( SOLID>ITY ) ,=EMAN'S BEHAVIOR1 :I* HE HAD PREVI\SLY R5\NC$1 H>DLY M]ITS COMM5T4 ,AT ! TIME ! ,SIMPLY ,LIV+ 9T]VIEW WAS PUBLI%$1 TO ! BE/ ( MY KN[L$GE1 NEI!R ,=EMAN1 ,DEVALL1 OR O!R LUM9>IES 9 ! DEEP ECOLOGY 'MOVEM5T' *>ACT]IZ$ ,=EMAN'S OBS]VATIONS AS 'CASUAL'1 /ILL LESS DELIV]$ SIMPLY = !IR '%OCK VALUE'4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,=EMAN & MANY ( HIS SUPPORT]S DEF5D$ !SE REM>KS MILIT&Y4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY & MU* ( ITS LIT]ATURE IS UNN]V+LY R$OL5T ( ! REACTION>Y VIEWS *RONICL$ BY ,FRITZ ,/]N & ,GEORGE ,MOSSE 9 ,G]MANY PRIOR TO ! RISE ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4.<#a#f#h.> ,CRIES LIKE ',BACK TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E6' DUR+ ,E>? ,FIR/6'S MILITANT DAYS CONTRIBUTE TO A M5TALITY ?AT D5IES HUMAN UNIQU5ESS EV5 AS IT APPEALS TO HUMAN BE+S TO C>RY \T AN E?ICS ?AT NO ANIMAL CAN POSSIBLY HAVE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 DEEP ECOLOGY VIEWS HUMANITY RA!R *EAPLY4 ,ITS LIT]ATURE AB\NDS ) D5UNCIATIONS ( HUMANITY AS A 'CANC]' ON ! PLANET & HUMAN 9T]V5TION 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD AS DEMONIC4 ,H>DLY ANY CONNECTION IS %[N BETWE5 ! SOCIAL MALADIES ?AT AFFLICT \R AGE & !IR ROLE 9 DET]M9+ SOCIETY'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT HOLDS ! BASIC ASSUMPTION ( ,LYNN ,:ITE1 ,JR1 ?AT \R PRES5T 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS /EM FROM CULTURAL ORIG9S -- ?AT IS1 ,*RI/IANITY'S DISDA9 = ! NATURAL WORLD4.<#a#f#i.> ,?IS >GUM5T R$UCES SOCIETY'S RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD TO SIMPLI/IC PSY*OLOGICAL T]MS4 ,IF WE M]ELY REM$Y \R DR9K+ & LIV+ HABITS1 9DIVIDUAL BY 9DIVIDUAL1 WE %ALL PRESUMABLY BECOME 'PLA9 CITIZ5S' ( ! BIOSPH]E ) AGREEABLE ECOLOGICAL HABITS4 ,! IMPACT ( ?IS P]SONALI/IC VIEW ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS & ITS S\RCES1 HAS -- LIKE SOCIOBIOLOGY & ECOMY/ICISM -- SIGNIFIC&Y %IFT$ PUBLIC ATT5TION FROM ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( \R ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS TO A PSY*OLOGICAL LEVEL ( DISCUSSION1 IF NOT A RELIGI\S VIEW4 

,>NE ,NAESS1 P]HAPS ! MO/ SOCIALLY CONC]N$ ( ! DEEP ECOLOGI/S1 M]ELY COLLAPSES 9TO EXTREME 9CONSI/5CIES :5 HE DEALS ) ,IRIS SOCIAL IDEAS4 ,9 HIS ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY1 & ,LIFE/YLE3 ,\TL9E ( AN ,ECOSOPHY1 ,NAESS AV]S ?AT DEEP ECOLOGI/S 'SEEM TO MOVE MORE 9 ! DIRECTION ( NONVIOL5T AN>*ISM ?AN T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y NONVIOL5T AN>*I/S >E CLE>LY CLOSE TO ! GRE5 DIRECTION ( ! POLITICAL TRIANGLE4' ,:]EUPON ,NAESS QUICKLY CATAPULTS FROM ,IRIS SEEM+LY G5DE AN>*ISM 9TO CLAIMS ?AT ') ! 5ORM\S & EXPON5TIALLY 9CREAS+ HUMAN POPULATION PRESSURE & W> OR W>LIKE CONDITIONS 9 MANY PLACES1 IT SEEMS 9EVITABLE TO MA9TA9 SOME FAIRLY /RONG C5TRAL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4'.<#a#g.> ,9DE$1 LE/ ?IS NOT SEEM DEM&+ 5\<1 HE ADDS ?AT C ! HI<] ! LEVEL ( LOCAL SELF-DET]M9ATION ! /RONG] ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY MU/ BE 9 ORD] TO OV]RIDE LOCAL SABOTAGE ( FUNDAM5TAL GRE5 POLICIES4' ,ASIDE FROM ! ELEM5T ( ',NEWSPEAK' H]E1 9 :I* ! 'HI<] ! LEVEL ( LOCAL SELF-DET]M9ATION'1 ! GREAT] IS \R NE$ = A 'C5TRAL AU?ORITY'1 SU* CALLS = A /RONG C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 LET IT BE NOT$1 HAVE BECOME ! B$ROCK CR$O ( EXTREME RI<T-W+ '5VIRONM5TALI/S' 9 ,EUROPE4.<#a#g#a.> 

,9 ! LI<T ( ,NAESS'S COMMITM5T TO A /RONG /ATE1 :AT HAPP5S TO FREE *OICE1 IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIOR1 P]SONAL TAL5TS1 & 9DIVIDUALITY8 ,OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 TO HIS 'NONVIOL5T AN>*ISM'8 ,&1 IF ! ,COSMIC ',SELF' 9TO :I* ! 'SELF' %\LD DISSOLVE IS A SUPRAHUMAN ORGANISM1 A ':OLE' -- A 'TOTALITY'8 -- ?AT BLOTS \T P]SONAL ID5TITY 9 TRADITIONAL FAMILIES & COMMUNITIES /RUCTUR$ >\ND CA/ES1 DEEP ECOLOGY CAN EASILY BECOME AN IDEOLOGY = A /RONG C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9 ! NAME ( P]PETUAT+ ! 'RI<TS ( ,NATURE'4 

,ECOMY/ICISM IS P>T ( A L>G] SPECTRUM ( MY/ICISM ?AT PLAGUES ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN & ,G]MAN CONSCI\SNESS ON A SCALE ?AT SEEMS V]Y MU* LIKE A ?R[BACK TO M$IEVALISM4 ,IT IS SMUG1 9DE$1 TO EXPRESS WORRI$ CONC]N AB\T ! RISE ( ,ISLAMIC & ,*RI/IAN FUNDAM5TALISM :ILE IGNOR+ PH5OM5A LIKE *ANNEL+1 A/ROLOGY1 F5G %UI1 T>OT1 ,JUNGIAN >*ETYPAL PSY*OLOGY1 9FANTILISM1 & ANGELOLOGY1 TO CITE SOME ( ! MORE PROM95T IDEOLOGIES ON ! EV]-WID5+ L&SCAPE ( SPIRITUALISM & MY/ICISM4 

,DESPITE TWO C5TURIES ( 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM & RATIONALISM1 ! PA/ FEW DECADES HAVE SE5 AN APPALL+ REGRESSION BY A SIZABLE P>T ( ! PUBLIC 9TO SUP]NATURAL & SUPRANATURAL CULTS4 ,MORE ?AN #i P] C5T ( ,AM]ICANS1 = EXAMPLE1 BELIEVE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( A SUP]NATURAL DEITY4 ,A COMP>ABLE NUMB] BELIEVE 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( !IR S\LS1 & A FEW 9DIVIDUALS HAVE 'TE/$' ?IS CONVICTION ) 'NE>-DEA?' EXP]I5CES1 9 AN EFFLUVIUM ( REC5T BOOKS4 ,SIXTY-SEV5 P] C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC CLAIMS TO HAVE EXP]I5C$ 'EXTRAS5SORY P]CEPTION' 7,E,S,P72 #db P] C5T ALL[ ?AT !Y HAVE HAD 7OR HAVE7 CONTACT ) ! DEAD2 #ca P] C5T CLAIM TO POSSESS CLAIRVOYANT P[]S2 & #bi P] C5T HAVE HAD VISIONS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 

,&REW ,GREELEY1 :O CONDUCT$ ?IS SURVEY ) ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO'S ,NATIONAL ,OP9ION ,RESE>* ,C\NCIL 9 ! LATE #a#i#hS1 OBS]VES3 ',\R /UDIES %[ ?AT PEOPLE :O'VE TA/$ ! P>ANORMAL1 :E!R !Y ACCEPT IT 9TELLECTUALLY OR NOT1 >E ANY?+ BUT RELIGI\S NUTS OR PSY*IATRIC CASES4 ,!Y >E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ORD9>Y ,AM]ICANS1 SOME:AT ABOVE ! NORM 9 $UCATION & 9TELLIG5CE & SOME:AT LESS ?AN AV]AGE 9 RELIGI\S 9VOLVEM5T4'.<#a#g#b.> ,NOR %\LD ,EUROPEANS BE CONSOL$ ?AT ?IS PROBLEM IS /RICTLY ,AM]ICAN3 ! SCALE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MAY NOT BE AS GREAT AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT !RE IS PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE ( MY/ICISM'S RAPID GR[? ON ! CONT95T4 

,9DE$1 AT A TIME :5 ,NOBEL LAUREATES 9 PHYSICS & O!R LEAD+ FIGURES 9 HI< CULTURE >GUE QUITE S]I\SLY AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( DEITIES & SPIRITS1 WE HAVE REASON TO %UDD] AB\T :AT IS GO+ ON AMONG ! LESS $UCAT$1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE SURVEY$ BY ,GREELEY & ,9S ASSOCIATES4 ,SEEK]S 9 ! REALM ( ! P>ANORMAL :O UND]TAKE A SURVEY ( ! CULTS !MSELVES >E LIKELY TO SUFF] FEW DISAPPO9TM5TS AB\T !IR GRIP ON ! PUBLIC M9D4 

,A V]ITABLE JUNGLE ( P>ANORMAL CULTS & NO/RUMS AB\NDS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BROADCA/ AIRWAVES >E FILL$ ) FUNDAM5TALI/ PREA*]S1 ( (T5 DUBI\S !OLOGICAL CR$5TIALS & EV5 MORE DUBI\S MORALS2 ! ADV]TISEM5TS ( PSY*ICS & A/ROLOGI/S 7MANY ( :OM PR(ESS TO POSSESS A LIC5SE TO 5GAGE 9 !IR CRAFTS BY 'PR(ESSIONAL' SOCIETIES'7 >E EV]Y:]E4 ,!SE TELE-'VISIONI/S' >E PREP>$ TO (F] !IR 9SI<TS ON LIFE & DE/9Y OV] ! TELEPHONE = A SUITABLE *>GE1 *>ACT]I/ICALLY AT @s#c4#i#e A M9UTE 7A B>GA9 COMP>$ ) A @s#d *>GE674 ,SU* SUMS >E LIKELY TO *ILL ! >DOR ( ! MO/ P>SIMONI\S MY/ICS1 :O HAVE TO MAKE DO ) ! ADVICE & PR$ICTIONS !Y GLEAN FROM ! A/ROLOGY COLUMNS ( ! DAILY NEWSPAP] OR FROM P]IODICALS ) NAMES LIKE ,MIRACLES4 ,! AIRWAVES >E CLUTT]$ ) ! %RIEKS ( /RID5T 'OP9ION MAK]S' :O V>I\SLY B>K !IR VIEWS ON ,GOD & 9T]VIEW PEOPLE :O CLAIM TO HAVE COMMUNICAT$ ) EXTRAT]RE/RIALS4 ,TABLOID NEWSPAP]S 9 SUP]M>KETS CELEBRATE EV]Y?+ FROM ! REVIVAL ( ,EGYPTIAN MUMMIES TO P>5TS :OSE Y\NGE/ *ILD IS HALF-FI% & HALF-HUMAN4 

,TO BE SURE1 MY/ICAL CULTS >E AS MU* A P>T ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN LIFE AS APPLE PIE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FI% & *IPS 9 ,BRITA91 KNOCKWUR/ 9 ,G]MANY -- OR P]HAPS ,MC,DONALD'S HAMBURG]S EV]Y:]E4 ,WE NE$ NOT LOOK TO ANCI5T ,ROME1 ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 OR ! ,RE=MATION TO F9D EVID5CE ( H[ READILY CULTS HAVE TURN$ 9TO S$ATE1 EV5 UNIV]SALI/ RELIGIONS OR DEMONOLOGIES4 ,! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( ! ,*UR* ( ,LATT]-,DAY ,SA9TS 7,MORMONS7 BEYOND ITS HOME T]RA9 9 ,UTAH TO ALL P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & TO NUM]\S C\NTRIES ABROAD ATTE/S TO ! GR[+ GULLIBILITY ( PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 AN ]A ?AT HAS ACTUALLY UNE>!D ! 'SECRETS' ( LIFE & MATT]4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>Y ,$DY ,BAK]'S GOSPEL ( ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE1 ) ITS REJECTION ( MOD]N M$IC9E 9 FAVOR ( ! !RAPEUTIC P[]S ( BIBLICAL PRECEPT1 BY F> EXCE$S ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>K ,TWA9'S SCA?+ BOOKS ON ,MORMONISM & ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ALIKE4 ,YET ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE HAS BE5 ONLY A C5TURY OR SO 9 ! MAK+1 :ILE ,MORMONISM BEGAN TO SURFACE ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE ONLY 9 ! PA/ TWO G5]ATIONS4 

,:AT MAKES ! PRES5T-DAY CULTS A UNIQUE PH5OM5ON IS ?AT !Y >E APPE>+ AT A TIME :5 !RE IS NO LACK ( SECUL> KN[L$GE1 SU* AS *>ACT]IZ$ PA/ AGES1 BUT RA!R :5 !RE IS A SURFEIT ( SU* KN[L$GE4 

,MY/ICAL & P>TICUL>LY ANTIRATIONAL & ANTIHUMANI/IC CULTS >E BECOM+ PREVAL5T BECAUSE MORE & MORE PEOPLE KN[ TOO MU*1 EV5 IF VAGUELY1 AB\T ! NATURE ( REALITY -- & !Y >E FRI<T5$ BY :AT !Y KN[4 ,SCI5CE & REASON HAVE 'TOLD' !M ?AT !Y >E ON !IR [N -- ) 5ORM\S P[]S TO *ANGE ! WODD >\ND !M1 = BETT] OR WORSE4 ,LE/ WE EXAGG]ATE ! IMPACT ( METAPHYSICS & HI< CULTURE1 !IR PROBLEM IS NOT ?AT ,HEGEL & ,NIETZS*E HAVE TOLD !M ?AT ',GOD IS DEAD' 1 OR ?AT ,MAX ,WEB] HAS TOLD !M ?AT ! WODD IS 'DIS5*ANT$' 1 H[EV] MU* !SE NOTIONS HAVE BE5 PLAY$ UP BY ACADEMICS4 

,FEW ( ! MOD]N CULTI/S HAVE EV] READ ,NIETZS*E1 /ILL FEW] ,HEGEL1 NOR >E !Y LIKELY TO BE FAMILI> ) ,WEB]4 ,IT IS A VANITY ?AT ACADEMICS 5T]TA9 ?AT !IR [N 9T]E/S CORRESPOND TO ?OSE ( ! NONACADEMIC PUBLIC4 ,MOREOV]1 AS HI/ORY HAS %[N1 PEOPLE CAN BEHAVE QUITE FRI<TFULLY OR C>RY ! BURD5 ( T]RIBLE AFFLICTIONS1 FROM FAM9E TO W>1 ON !IR %\LD]S 9 ! FULL BELIEF ?AT ',GOD IS ALIVE' & ! WORLD IS '5*ANT$' 4 ,F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! >*AIC BELIEFS !Y HOLD OR HAVE DISC>D$ >E ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION ITSELF4 ,! 5ORM\S PROMISE ( TE*NOLOGY TO PROVIDE A WORLD ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE1 SECURITY1 & FRE$OM FROM TOIL HAS NOT BE5 FULFILL$ = MO/ ( HUMANITY1 & IT IS L>GELY ! MY/IFICATION ( SOCIAL REALITY1 NOT ! P[] ( IDEOLOGICAL HYP]REALITY1 ?AT HAS PRODUC$ A DESIRE TO ESCAPE FROM ! EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,PUT SIMPLY3 MOD]N PEOPLE ADH]E TO TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ) ! SAME DEVOTION ?AT FILL$ ! HE>TS ( !IR ANCE/ORS ( E>LI] TIMES4 ,! 5ORM\S REVIVAL ( RELIGION 9 ,RUSSIA1 FOLL[+ ! BREAKD[N ( A MILITANTLY A!I/IC ,COMMUNI/ /ATE1 TOGE!R ) ! GR[? ( A B\RGEOIS MEAN-SPIRIT$NESS & ANTI-,SEMITISM AFT] TWO G5]ATIONS ( 'SOCIALI/' RE$UCATION BETWE5 #aiag & ! #a#i#hS1 ATTE/S TO ! T5U\S HOLD ( BELIEF SY/EMS :5 !Y >E M]ELY SY/EMS ( BELIEF4 ,A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN BELIEFS ACC\NT = HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 EV5 = ! BELIEFS PEOPLE PR(ESS TO HOLD4 

,= MO/ PEOPLE1 :AT TRULY C\NTS IS :E!R !IR BELIEFS >E CONSI/5T ) ! REALITY >\ND !M4 ,IF !Y >E NOT1 PEOPLE MAY %IFT !IR BELIEFS1 ADOPT+ EI!R AN 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM ?AT EXPLA9S REALITY1 OR SUP]/ITIONS ?AT ALL[ !M TO ESCAPE FROM REALITY4 ,9 \R [N TIME1 BELIEF SY/EMS >E P>TICUL>LY T5U\S BECAUSE ! SOCIAL WORLD IS *ANG+ TOO RAPIDLY TO SUPPORT ANY IDEOLOGY = A GREAT L5G? ( TIME4 ,AN IDEOLOGY ?AT SEEMS ACCEPTABLE TODAY QUICKLY BECOMES OBSOLETE TOMORR[1 EV5 BE=E IT CAN BE ELABORAT$ & BECOME DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! POPUL> M9D4 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( !SE RAPID SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS IS ?AT WE FIVE 9 A WORLD ( CULTS RA!R ?AN 5TR5*$ TRADITIONAL ,IDEOLOGIES1 ( LI<TLY HELD MY?S RA!R ?AN S]I\SLY CONSID]$ CONVICTIONS -- &1 ABOVE ALL1 ( EASILY ADOPT$ ABSURDITIES ?AT >E ONLY HALF-BELIEV$ & DISC>D$ AS EASILY AS G>M5TS4 ,PSY*IC 9/ABILITY REFLECTS1 9 GREAT MEASURE1 MOD]N-DAY SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL 9/ABILITY4 ,! SILLI] A GIV5 CRAZE1 ! MORE LIKELY IT IS ?AT IT WILL BE ADOPT$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL PLAY?+ & !N LET GO AS A PASS+ ABSURDITY4 ,ITS FUTURE DEP5DS UPON :E!R IT PROVIDES PEOPLE ) RESPITE FROM ! DEM&S ( A *ANG+ WORLD ?AT IS V]Y MU* 9 NE$ ( RATIONAL CONTROL & :OSE MANAGEM5T SEEMS TO BE CL\D$ 9 MY/]Y4 ,?US PRES5T-DAY CULTS1 FROM ECOMY/ICISM TO V>I\S !ISMS1 'RE5*ANT' NO?+1 DESPITE !IR EXTRAVAGANT CLAIMS TO DO SO4 ,9 A BROAD S5SE1 !Y >E M]ELY MEANS TO AVOID AN EXTRAVAG&Y MOBILE REALITY ?AT MU/ SOON] OR LAT] BE 5GAG$ BY US+ C&OR & SECUL> UND]/&+1 IF ITS POT5TIALITIES = A RATIONAL WAY ( LIFE >E NOT TO BE ABORT$ -- BE IT BY AN ECOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 OR MILIT>Y DISA/]4 

,! PROCESS ( PSY*OLOGICALLY ELUD+ REALITY HAS BE5 V]Y MU* UND] WAY S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,ITS ROOTS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! #a#i#fS C\NT]CULTURE1 :I*1 ONCE IT LO/ ITS POLITICAL DIRECTION1 RAPIDLY DIS9TEGRAT$ 9TO PRIVATISM1 AN EV]-*ANG+ COLLECTION ( NO/RUMS = P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T1 & A MY/ICISM 9H]IT$ FROM ! BEATNIKS4 ,AN 'OMNIBOOK ( P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T' 1 PUBLI%$ 9 #aigg ) ! IMPRIMATUR ( ,PSY*OLOGY ,TODAY1 LI/S MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ /RATEGIES = V>I\SLY F9D+1 S$AT+1 &_/OR IMPROV+ ONESELF4.<#a#g#c.> ,SOME ( !SE /RATEGIES HAVE GONE \T ( FA%ION1 AFT] ONLY A FAIRLY %ORT LIFESPAN2 O!RS P]SI/ M>G9ALLY1 ALMO/ BY %E] PSY*IC & SOCIAL 9]TIA2 QUITE A FEW >E N[ 'E/ABLI%$' TE*NIQUES2 & /ILL O!RS >E QUASI-RELIGI\S & RELIGI\S BELIEF SY/EMS 9 !IR 5TIRETY4 ,!IR GREATE/ M]IT1 9 MO/ CASES1 IS ?AT !Y >E 'USABLE' 1 'PRACTICAL' 1 & POSSIBLY '9T]*ANGEABLE' 1 EA* ADD+ SYN]GI/ICALLY TO ! O!R = 5HANC$ 'RE-5*ANTM5T' OR !RAPY4 

,ACUPUNCTURE1 ( C\RSE1 5JOYS ! PRE/IGE ( ANTIQUITY4 ,JU/ AS ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS ?\<T ,EGYPT WAS ! FONT ( WISDOM BECAUSE ( ITS LONG HI/ORY1 SO ACUPUNCTURE1 TO :I* WE CAN ALSO ADD %AMANISM1 TANTRA1 & YOGA1 %>ES ! P$IGREE ( ANCI5T ,ORI5TAL ORIG9S4 ,BUT MU* ( ! OMNIBOOK IS FILL$ ) TE*NIQUES & BELIEF SY/EMS POPUL> 9 ! #a#i#gS :OSE HEYDAY HAS LONG S9CE PASS$1 SUPPLANT$ BY :AT ,I CAN BE/ CALL 'OLD-NEW' MY/ICISMS & !ISMS -- ! RECYCL$ PRODUCTS ( TRADITIONAL1 EV5 LONG-DISC>D$1 BELIEFS LEV]AG$ 9TO USAGE = ! 5D ( ! C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! NEW ONE4 ,!Y >E M>K$ BY JUV5ILITY1 BY A /EADY RETREAT 9TO A WORLD ( FAIRY TALES & *ILDHOOD PHASES ( LIFE4 ,!Y >E ! /UFF ( PRIMALITY1 CLOS$ TO CRITICAL EXAM9ATION & 9TELLECTUAL GR[?1 ) ALL ITS PHASES1 PA9S1 & DEM&S4 

,AN EXEMPL>Y PRIMAL FAD IS ! PURSUIT ( ! '9N] *ILD' 1 A PSY*OMY/IQUE ?AT WAS BORN DECADES AGO :5 A CULT %AP$ BY ! NOTION ( A 'FALL' HORN 9NOC5CE 9 PRIVATE LIFE FOCUS$ ON AN '9N] NATURE' ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT ADUL?OOD HAD TA9T$ ) EXP]I5CE1 RATIONALITY1 & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,SYN]GIZ$ BY NEO-,FREUDIAN NOTIONS ( 9FANTILE POLYMORPH\SNESS1 ,JUNGIAN >*ETYPES1 & ! LIKE1 IT CAN EV5 BE TRAC$ BACK TO A ,*RI/IAN PRECEPT1 :I* GIVES *ILDHOOD 9NOC5CE & %EEPLIKE MEEKNESS A HI< DEGREE ( VALUATION OV] MATURITY & ITS OV]LY CIVILIZ$ D\BTS AB\T ! WORLD4 

,LIKE ! NEW POPUL>ITY ( ,! ,SIMPSONS1 A TELEVISION C>TOON S]IES = ADULT AUDI5CES1 ! NEW 9FANTILISM SEEMS TO APPEAL TO A /ILL SURVIV+ SUCK+ 9/9CT 9 ! PSY*E ?AT IS BEYOND ! CON/RA9TS ( AGE & EXP]I5CE4 ,AS ,NEWSWEEK REPORTS1 ',) GR[N BABY BOOM]S ACT+ LIKE P]PETUAL TE5S1 REAL TE5S >E ACT+ LIKE 9FANTS4' ,AT A JUICE B> 9 A FA%IONABLE ,NEW ,YORK DANCE CLUB1 A MAN WE>S 'A PAJAMAS TOP & A ,DONALD ,DUCK BACKPACK' 1 :ILE 9 A CORN]1 ',DR4 ,SEUSS-/YLE /OCK+ CAPS FLOP MADLY4 ,NE>LY EV]YONE AT ! DANCE HALL IS ADORN$ ) PACIFI]S1 KIDDY *>MS1 DOLL-LIKE FIGUR9ES1 & PLAY+ ) TOYS4 ,A /URDY CON/RUCTION WORK] 9 HIS E>LY TW5TIES DECL>ES3 0,WE'VE GOT TO BE TOTS AGA94 ,?AT LIFE WAS SO COOL4 ,Y\ JU/ SUCK$40'.<#a#g#d.> 

,9FANTILISM P]SI/S 9 MODI% /ORES ?AT SELL TOYS & GAMES EXPRESSLY DESIGN$ = ADULTS ( ALL AGES4 ,NOT ONLY JUV5ILE AMULETS BUT GIANT ,P&A BE>S >E AVAILABLE TO ANY MIDDLE-CLASS MAN OR WOMAN :O MAY WANT TO CUDDLE UP ) ]SATZ FURRY ?+S 9 ! J\RNEY TO SLEEPL&4 ,TAPES CAN BE B\<T ?AT BR+ ON A GRADUAL DOZ+ -- IF NOT NO/ALGIA -- ) SONGS LIKE ',LONDON ,BRIDGE ,IS ,FAIL+ ,D[N'4 ,BATMAN & ,! ,FL9T/ONES1 MOVIES BAS$ ON C>TOONS POPUL> :5 ! BABY BOOM]S W]E *ILDR51 DRAW RECORD ADULT AUDI5CES TODAY4 

,IF !SE JUV5ILISMS DO NOT IMPROVE \R KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD1 PEOPLE :O SAY !Y HAVE HAD NE>-DEA? EXP]I5CES ASSURE US ALL WILL 5D WELL 9 ! NEXT ONE4 ,EV]YONE1 IT SEEMS1 WILL BE WELL RECEIV$ 9 HEAV54 ,AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( >TICLES1 BOOKS1 & RADIO & TELEVISION 9T]VIEWS DESCRIBE ! CONT\RS ( ! AFT]LIFE4 ,= ?OSE :O D\BT ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 MO/ NE>-DEA? EXP]I5CES DESCRIBE A GL[+ FI<T AFT] LIFE HAS TEMPOR>ILY 5D$ ?AT IS IRIDESC5TLY 9VIT+1 :I* %\LD CAUSE US TO WOND] -- GIV5 ! SALES FIGURES !SE BOOKS RACK UP -- :Y ! READ] DESIRES TO REMA9 9 ?IS E>?LY VALE ( TE>S AT ALL4 

,ECOMY/ICISM MAY BE = HI<BR[S1 BUT ANGELOLOGY IS = EV]YONE4 ,?IS LATE/ EXT5SION ( BIBLICAL !OLOGY 9TO MOD]N ,YUPPIE & PLEBEIAN CULTURE ALIKE HAS A NUMB] ( CL]GYM5 WORRI$ -- = IF WE ALL HAVE ANGELS ) :OM WE MAY DIRECTLY COMMUNICATE1 :AT NE$ HAVE WE = CL]ICS8 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! GR[+ PUBLIC FASC9ATION ) '! ANGELS AMONG US' 1 TO CITE ! TITLE ( A FEATURE >TICLE BY SEV]AL WRIT]S 9  
,TIME MAGAZ9E1 MAY BE TAK5 AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ ! MOD]N MY/ICAL ,ZEITGEI/ RELIES ON MAT]IALITY & TANGIBILITY1 NOT M]ELY ON ! 9VISIBLE & METAPHYSICAL4.<#a#g#e.> 

,CL]ICAL TREPIDATIONS ASIDE1 SU* PRE/IGI\S 9/ITUTIONS AS ,H>V>D ,DIV9ITY ,S*OOL & ,BO/ON ,COLLEGE1 AMONG O!RS1 (F] C\RSES ON ANGELS1 & ! POT5TIALITY = A GR[+ AUDI5CE ( BELIEV]S %\LD NOT BE SNEEZ$ AT4 ,A REC5T ,TIME_/,C,N,N TELEPHONE SURVEY REPORTS ?AT NE>LY #g P] C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC BELIEVE ?AT ANGELS EXI/4 ,FIFTY-FIVE P] C5T BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E HI<] SPIRITUAL BE+S CREAT$ BY ! DEITY :O HAS EMP[]$ !M TO ACT AS HIS AG5TS ON E>?4 ,ANO!R #ae P] C5T BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E ! SPIRITS ( PEOPLE :O DI$4 ,ONLY #g P] C5T B EH EVE ?AT ANGELS >E A FIGM5T ( ! IMAG9ATION1 :ILE #ah P] C5T REG>D !M AS SYMBOLICALLY IMPORTANT4 

,9ASMU* AS ANGELS >E ANNOY+LY 9VISIBLE1 C]TA9 TE*NIQUES >E OBVI\SLY IMPORTANT TO =CE !M TO MAT]IALIZE4 ,A V]ITABLE 9DU/RY HAS GR[N UP TO GIVE ANGELS TANGIBILITY4 ,A REC5T >TICLE 9 ,TIME READ3  
  

,9 !IR MOD]N 9C>NATION1 !SE MI<TY MESS5G]S .<ANGELS.> HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO BITE-SIZE-BE+S1 EASILY DIGE/$4 ,! T]RIFY +-*EMBIM HAVE BECOME ,KEIVPIE-DOLL *]UBS4 ,= ?OSE :O *OKE TOO EASILY ON ,GOD & HIS RULES1 !OLOGIANS OBS]VE1 ANGELS >E ! H&Y COMPROMISE1 ALL FLUFF & M]+UE1 K9D1 NONJUDGM5TAL4 ,& !Y >E AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE1 LIKE ASPIR94 ',EA* ( US HAS A GU>DIAN ANGEL'1 DECL>ES ,EILE5 ,FEETNAN1 :O PUBLI%ES A NEWSLETT] ,ANGEL,WAT* FROM H] HOME 9 ,M\NTA9SIDE1 ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ',!Y >E NON?REAT5+1 WISE & LIV+ BE+S4 ,!Y (F] HELP :E!R WE ASK = IT OR NOT4 ,BUT MO/LY WE IGNORE !M4  
  

,IF WE DO1 WE >E UNG5]\S -- & ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SUGGE/ ?AT WE MAY SOON BE GIV+ !M MORE ATT5TION ?AN \R M$IEVAL ANCE/ORS 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY GAVE !M4 ,AU?ORS S]I\SLY SPECULATE AB\T !IR =M & FALLIBILITY1 ! REASONS ?AT !Y 9TRIGUE US1 ! NATURE ( ANGEL 5C\NT]S1 & !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,!OLOGIANS >E N[ BEG9N+ TO COMPLA9 ?AT ! TRIVIALIZATION ( 'ANGELOLOGY' HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E 'POPUL> AU?ORS :O R5D] ANGELS 9TO H\SEHOLD PETS1 :O 9VITE READ]S TO GET 9 T\* ) !IR 9N] ANGEL1 OR SUMMON !IR [N 0ANGEL PSY*O!RAPI/0 OR VIEW !MSELVES AS ANGELS 9 TRA9+1' WRITE ! ,TIME REPORT]S ON ! SUBJECT1 '>E TRAFFICK+ 9 DISC\NT SPIRITUALITY'4 

,9ITIATES TO ?IS FASC9AT+ FIELD MAY ACQUIRE A 'PRACTICAL GUIDE TO WORK+ ) ! MESS5G]S ( HEAV5 TO EMP[] & 5RI* .<!IR.> LIVES' BY CONSULT+ ,ASK ,Y\R ,ANGELS4 ,TO GA9 SO COMM&+ A P[] = ONLY @s#a IS A LIT]>Y B>GA9 BY ANY CURR5T /&>D4.<#a#g#f.> ,9DE$1 AS ! BOOK COV] ADV]TISES3 ',IF Y\'VE PICK$ UP ?IS BOOK1 ! ANGELS HAVE ALREADY T\*$ Y\'1 :I* MAY WELL OBVIATE Y\R NE$ TO BUY IT4 ,BUT %\LD Y\ DO SO1 Y\ WILL F9D )9 A W9SOME1 FAIR1 FI<T-BR[N FEMALE ANGEL1 ) FL[]Y W+S SPR\T+ FROM H] %\LD] BLADES4 ,! SKET*ES 9SIDE ! BOOK %[ ANGELS BL[+ TRUMPETS -- :E!R TO ATTUNE !MSELVES TO ! 'MUSIC ( ! SPH]ES' OR AVOID ONCOM+ TRAFFIC IS NOT CLE>4 

,MO/ ( ! BOOK IS LOAD$ ) PRACTICAL DETAILS ON H[ TO 'ASK Y\R ANGELS' OR1 MORE 9SPIRATIONALLY1 ',! ,GRACE ,PROCESS'1 :I* SUBDIVIDES 9TO ',GR\ND+'1 ',RELEAS+'1 ',ALIGN+'1 ',CONV]S+'1 & ',5JOY+'4 ,Y\ CAN LE>N H[ TO WORK 9 'P>TN]%IP ) ! ANGELS' BY 'F9E-TUN+ ! ANGELIC CONNECTION'1 'WRIT+ LETT]S & DREAM+ ) ! ANGELS'1 'WORK+ ) ! ANGELS TO ADVANCE Y\R GOALS'1 'WORK+ ) ! ANGELS 9 RECOV]Y & HEAL+'1 & IF ALL ! BASES >5'T COV]$1 'WORK+ ) ! ANGELS 9 ALL Y\R RELATION%IPS'4 ,9DE$1 LE/ Y\R BURD5S BE TOO HEAVY = ONE ANGEL TO H&LE1 ! BOOK CLOSES ) A *APT] TID$ 'WORK+ ) ! ANGELS 9 GR\PS'4 ,IT WILL HELP1 ! WRIT]S ADVISE1 TO USE A TAPE RECORD] SO Y\ CAN LI/5 TO ! WAY Y\ ADDRESS ANGELS -- ?US DOES ! TE*NOLOGICAL AGE 9TRUDE UPON ! DIV9E & ITS BLESS+S4 

,?IS K9D ( M5TALITY FALLS )9 ! PROV9CE ( SYMPA!TIC MAGIC1 AN \DOOK ?AT ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZI]'S ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< EXPLA9S & ILLU/RATES 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL4 ,ITS PRIMITIVE ANCE/RY IS FAIRLY ASSUR$3 ANGELS W]E V>I\SLY DEITIES &1 E>LI]1 SPIRITS ?AT PEOPLE CREAT$ \T ( !IR [N F]TILE IMAG9ATIONS ) ! AID ( %AMANS & LAT] ( PRIE/S4 ,IF ,*RI/IANITY RANKS PEOPLE JU/ BEL[ 'ANGELS'1 !Y >E1 9 ALL TRU?1 BEL[ NO?+2 & IF 'RE-5*ANT+' ! WORLD OR R5D]+ IT 'SACR$' MEANS LOOK+ UP TO NO?+ & POPULAT+ IT ) FIGM5TS ( ITS [N IMAG9ATION1 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM DEM&S ?AT HUMANITY LOOK TO REALITY & TRY TO UND]/& ITS [N PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 

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