,*APT] #a 
,BECOM+ ,HUMAN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a3 ,BECOM+ HUMAN 

  

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 ! BELIEF ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ ABID+ NOTIONS ( NE>LY ALL SOPHI/ICAT$ CIVILIZATIONS4 

,! NATURE ( ?IS DIFF]5CE1 TO BE SURE1 WAS DEF9$ 9 A GREAT V>IETY ( WAYS4 ,HUMAN BE+S G5]ALLY ASSIGN$ TO !MSELVES ! POSSESSION ( S\LS1 MORAL S5SIBILITIES1 IMM5SE TE*NICAL P[]S1 & REM>KABLE M5TAL FACULTIES4 ,!SE TRAITS W]E (T5 MELD$ 9TO V>I\S COMB9ATIONS & ASCRIB$ TO SOME SOCIAL /RATA BY O!RS TO DI/+UI% V>I\S /RATA FROM ONE ANO!R & FROM ! PROV]BIAL BEA/S 9 ! FIELD4 ,EV5 TRIBAL PEOPLES1 :O PR(ESS$ TO SEE SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! ANIMALS >\ND !M1 9DIRECTLY GAVE A COMM&+ ID5TITY TO !IR [N K9D BY ATTRIBUT+ HUMAN SPEE*1 MOTIVES1 & 9T]E/S TO ANIMALS 9 ! AN?ROPOMORPHIZ$ UNIV]SE ( !IR MY?OLOGY4 

,WE/]N CIVILIZATION 9 P>TICUL> S+L$ \T REASON AS ! FACULTY ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 GAVE HUMANITY A UNIQUE /ATUS AMONG ALL O!R =MS ( LIFE4 ,! ,WE/ SAW REASON AS ! G5]ATIVE S\RCE NOT ONLY ( LOGIC1 DISC\RSE1 & REFLECTION BUT ALSO ( MORAL AW>5ESS & EMPA?Y4 ,! ANCI5T ,GREEKS GAVE TO ?\<T AN EM95CE SO GREAT ?AT IT ACQUIR$ ALMO/ H]OIC PROPORTIONS1 BO? 9 ! CLASSICAL ]A ( ,A!NIAN PHILOSOPHY & AS A MAJOR LEGACY 9 ! AGES ?AT FOLL[$4 ,SOCRATES1 DESIGNAT$ BY ! ,DELPHIC ORACLE AS ! 'WISE/ MAN 9 ,GREECE'1 BECAME ! PROTOTYPICAL SYMBOL ( HUMAN G5IUS1 & ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION SAW ! JURORS :O S5T HIM TO HIS DEA? = HIS 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE AS ! COLLECTIVE EMBODIM5T ( 9TOL]ANCE & IGNORANCE1 M5 :O DEFIL$ ! NOBLE/ TRADITIONS ( ,HELL5IC CIVILIZATION4 

,EV5 !OLOGY1 ,EA/]N AS WELL AS ,WE/]N1 DESPITE ITS EMPHASIS ON ! VALIDITY ( FAI? OV] REASON1 COMMONLY US$ REASON TO JU/IFY FAI? TO ITS FOLL[]S4 ,AUGU/9E'S ,! ,CITY ( ,GOD1 ,*RI/IANITY'S IDEOLOGICAL BRIDGE FROM ! ANCI5T TO ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 REMA9S TO ?IS DAY A CLOSELY REASON$ MA/]PIECE ( DIALECTIC1 ITS AU?ORITY P>TLY SUPPLANT$ C5TURIES LAT] BY ! SCRUPUL\SLY ANALYTICAL ,SUMMA ,!OLOGICA ( ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS 5TIRELY AN AGE ( FAI? ?AT ELB[$ REASON & PHILOSOPHY TO ! SIDEL9ES ( CULTURE IS A MY?1 9V5T$ *IEFLY BY LAT] RATIONALI/S TO FREE !MSELVES FROM CL]ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,! BIBLICAL CROSSROADS BETWE5 MAN & ! GODS 9T]SECTS PRECISELY AT ! PO9T :]E ,ADAM EATS ( ! TREE ( MORAL KN[L$GE1 TO BE EXPELL$ ) ,EVE 9TO '! EA/ ( ,$5' BY AN ANXI\S ,YAHWEH :O W>NS HIS FELL[ DEITIES 7OR ANGELS7 ?AT MAN 'HAS BECOME LIKE ONE ( ,US' -- 9 FACT1 ?AT HE WILL BECOME A DEITY -- IF HE EATS FROM ! TREE ( LIFE & BECOMES IMMORTAL 7,G5ESIS #d3#b#b--#b#d74 

,BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 REASON HAD NOT ONLY BE5 ELEVAT$ TO ! ,/ATUS ( A DEF9+ HUMAN TRAIT2 IT WAS SE5 AS ! >BIT] P> EXCELL5CE = CRITICALLY EVALUAT+ HUMAN SOCIAL PROGRESS & MORAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9DE$1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPECULATIVE CAPACITIES1 REASON HAD ! ALL-IMPORTANT P[] TO CRITICALLY SE>* BEYOND ! PA/ & PRES5T1 TO TRANSC5D ! GIV5 /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 & TO /AKE \T ! CONT\RS ( A PROGRESSIVE FUTURE LIT]ALLY DEF9$ AS A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,TURGOT1 ,DID]OT1 & ,HOLBA*1 AMONG ! GREAT ,5LI<T5]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 CONJO9$ REASON ) FRE$OM 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL P>TN]%IP ?AT PREP>$ ! IDEOLOGICAL CLIMATE = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,REASON W\LD ILLUM9ATE ! PA? TO LIB]TY1 !Y BELIEV$1 BY DE/ROY+ ! FETT]S ( SUP]/ITION & DOM9ATION4 ,DID]OT1 = ,IRIS P>T1 GAVE TO REASON A SUPPL5ESS & A NUANC$ S5SIBILITY EQUAL$ ONLY BY ! GREATE/ DIALOGUES ( ,PLATO4 ,A G5]ATION AFT] ,DID]OT1 ,HEGEL EQUIPP$ REASON ) A SY/EM ( LOGIC ?AT EMPHASIZ$ ! CREATIVE DYNAMICS ( DEVELOPM5T OV] ! >ID /ATICS ( =MAL ,>I/OTELIAN ANALYTICS4 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T1 AS ! RATIONAL & HUMANI/IC MOVEM5T 9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,WE/]N ,EUROPE CAME TO BE CALL$1 WAS APPROPRIATELY NAM$ = ITS ALL-EMBRAC+ RATIONALISM4 ,TO ! ?9K]S ( ! TIME1 ! WORLD ITSELF WAS 9H]5TLY RATIONAL4 ,NEWTON HAD %[N ?AT ITS PHYSICAL ASPECTS W]E M>K$ BY ORD] & 9TELLIGIBILITY2 ,MONTESQUIEU BROAD5$ ?IS \TLOOK TO SOCIETY & ITS HI/ORY2 ,VOLTAIRE *ALL5G$ ! AU!NTICITY ( SUP]NATURAL AG5TS2 & ,G]MAN IDEALI/S FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL 9C>NAT$ MAN FROM AN ,$5IC MALEFACTOR 9TO A CREATIVE SUBJECT :O HAD ! P[] TO KN[ HIMSELF & HIS [N DE/9Y4 ,?IS SWEEP+ VISION ('MAN ! KN[]'1 AS ,HOMO SAPI5S 7A NAME ?AT DATES FROM #a#h#b71 HELP$ TO RE9=CE ! EM]G+ NATURAL SCI5CES 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ !OLOGICAL RE/RICTIONS1 FO/]$ A BELIEF 9 SOCIAL PROGRESS1 & N\RI%$ ! TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :OSE LIMITS1 IF IT HAD ANY1 HAVE S9CE B\ND$ BEYOND ! REA* ( PR$ICTION4 

,CLASSICAL HUMANISM1 AS ! HUMANISM ( ! ,R5AISSANCE WAS CALL$1 WAS BOM 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,EMBODI$ 9 M5 LIKE ,]ASMUS & ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI1 IT TRI$ TO ORI5T ,EUROPEAN S5SIBILITIES T[>D ! 9TELLECTUAL A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 P>TICULADY ,GREEK CULTURE1 & ITS NATURALI/IC ES!TICS1 9 %>P OPPOSITION TO ! DOGMATISM & >TI/IC RIGIDITIES ( M$IEVALISM4 ,BUT ITS \TLOOK WAS BASICALLY RETROSPECTIVE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,5LI<T5M5T HUMANISM WAS BOM 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & SCI5TIFIC F]M5T ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS ORI5T$ NOT T[>D A PAGAN PA/ BUT T[>D A RATIONAL FUTURE4 ,IT WAS TO BE EMBODI$ NOT ONLY 9 ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S BUT 9 ! !ORI/S ( V>I\S N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALISMS1 ) !IR %>$ PR9CIPLES ( FUTURITY & HOPE4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BO? =MS ( HUMANISM -- ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T -- MELD$ 9TO :AT ,I %ALL CALL AN '5LI<T5$ HUMANISM' ?AT UNIT$ ,R5AISSANCE ES!TICISM ) ,5LI<T5M5T RATIONALISM1 AN \TLOOK ?AT P]VAD$ ! ?9K+ ( MO/ SOCIALI/S4 ,! =MIDABLE PRE/IGE ( 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM REMA9$ TRIUMPHANT = A C5TURY1 DESPITE ! ASSAULTS ?AT W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ IT BY MY/ICS1 ROMANTICS1 & NATIONALI/S1 ALL ( :OSE IDEAS CONV]G$ 9 ! PROTO-FASCI/IC VOLKIS* MOVEM5T ( ! F9 DE SIECLE4 ,9 ! PO/W> ]A IT IS DUE 9 NO SMALL P>T TO ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG]'S ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T & ANTI-RATIONAL TRACT1 ',A ,LETT] ON ,HUMANISM' 7#a#i#d#g71 ?AT ! WORD 'HUMANISM' HAS ACQUIR$ ITS PRES5T-DAY PEJORATIVE MEAN+ AS AN AMORAL1 N>R[LY AN?ROPOC5TRIC & UGLY TE*NOCRATIC \TLOOK4 

,MY EXP&$ 9T]PRETATION ( HUMANISM IS NOT FREE ( P>ADOXES -- 9DE$1 ( P>ADOXES )9 P>ADOXES4 ,R\SSEAU1 TO CITE A /RIK+ EXAMPLE1 :O WAS NO LESS A RATIONALI/ ?AN ! MA!MATICIAN ,D',ALEMB]T1 NONE!LESS PLAC$ AN EMPHASIS ON S5SIBILITE SO MAUDL9 ?AT HE MAY BE BROADLY CALL$ ! 'FA!R' ( MU* ( ! ANTI-RATIONALI/IC ROMANTICISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,VOLTAIRE WAS NO LESS A PROGRESSIVI/ ?AN ,TURGOT1 YET ! PESSIMISM ( HIS NOVELLA ,C&IDE F$ 9TO ! MISAN?ROPIC ATTITUDES ( LAT] G5]ATIONS4 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 /ILL ANO!R CASE1 ABSORB$ ! ALTRUI/IC MORAL PHILOSOPHIES ( ,%AFTESBURY & ,HUT*9SON AS A Y\NG MAN1 YET HE BECAME ! VOICE ( '5LI<T5$ SELF-9T]E/' & ! AMORALISM ( ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE44 ,ALL ( !SE P>ADOXES CAME TO A HEAD 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :OSE UNIV]SALI/IC DECL>ATIONS H]ALD$ ! UNITY & FRAT]NITY ( HUMANITY1 ONLY TO PLUMMET 9TO A /RID5T NATIONALISM & ,NAPOLEONIC IMP]IALISM4 

,)9 !SE MAJOR P>ADOXES LURK$ SEEM+LY M9OR ONES ?AT EM]G$ FULL-BL[N 9 ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES3 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES W]E RATIONAL1 YET !Y BR\<T T]RIBLE MIS]Y TO ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! NATIONAL RI<TS ( PEOPLES W]E REG>D$ AS RATIONAL1 YET ASS]T+ !M BR\<T A HO/ ( P>O*IAL CULTURAL & E?NIC HATR$S4 ,! GR[? ( CITIES1 COMM]CE1 MANUFACTUR+1 & SELF-9T]E/ WAS RATIONAL1 YET !Y DESPOIL$ ! L&1 WR\<T HAVOC ON ! NATURAL L&SCAPE1 & DE/ROY$ ! V]Y ABORIG9AL CULTURES ?AT ! 5LI<T5]S 9 !IR [N WRIT+S HAD CELEBRAT$ = !IR 'NATURAL VIRTUES'4 

,EV5 AS !SE P>ADOXES 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB] & 9T5SITY1 FO/]+ A XCNTIM5TAL & MORAL C\NT]WEI<T TO ! OV]RID+ IDEAL ( VALUE-FREE SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY1 ! >GUM5TS BETWE5 ! RATIONAL 5LI<T5$ HUMANI/S & !IR ANTI-RATIONAL ROMANTIC CRITICS 7:O MAY BE LOOSELY CALL$ ! ANTIHUMANI/S ( !IR DAY7 W]E EM95TLY IDEOLOGICAL 9 ! /RICTE/ MEAN+ ( ! WORD4 ,IDEAS W]E PITT$ AGA9/ IDEAS1 H[EV] PASSIONATE ! POETRY ( ! ROMANTICS & COLD ! PROSE ( ! RATIONALI/S4 ,EV5 AS REASON WAS D5\NC$ BY ROMANTICS AS 'M$DLESOME' OR HYPO/ATIZ$ BY RATIONALI/S AS 'SOV]EIGN'1 IT WAS 9 FACT REASON ?AT 9=M$ BO? P>TIES TO ! DEBATE4 ,AP>T FROM %E] RHETORIC1 FEW W]E PREP>$ TO *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( RATIONALITY ON ITS [N T]MS OR TO D5Y ITS P[]S ( CL>IFICATION & CONVICTION4 

,9 FACT1 ! P>ADOXICAL FACT ?AT RATIONALITY WAS AN APPROA* %>$ BY 5LI<T5$ RATIONALI/S & ROMANTIC ANTI-RATIONALI/S ALIKE BECAME ALL ! MORE M>K$ 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY4.<#c.> ,BO? F]V5TLY P>O*IAL RACI/S LIKE ! ,COMTE DE ,GOB9EAU & UNIV]SALI/IC SOCIAL VISION>IES LIKE ,K>L ,M>X CA/ !IR VIEWS 9 SCI5TIFIC OR AT LEA/ RATIONAL T]MS1 AS DID HEAT$ ROMANTIC NATIONALI/S LIKE ,G>IBALDI & SOB] REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALI/S LIKE ,EUG5E ,V>L94 ,! GREAT ,WE/]N TRADITION ( REASON1 9DE$1 ( AN EXPANSIVE HUMANISM ?AT 9CLUD$ ! NATURAL ICI5CES1 NOT ONLY S]V$ AS ! >BIT] ( TRU? BUT CON/ITUT$ ! =MATIVE CORE ( HUMAN SELF-DEF9ITION4 ,5LI<T5$ HUMANISM RETA9$ ITS 9FLU5CE EV5 :5 IT WAS UND] ASSAULT BY ITS OPPON5TS4 ,= UPON :ATEV] GR\NDS ANTI-RATIONALI/S & RATIONALI/S DIFF]$ 9 SPECIFICS1 !Y USUALLY %>$ AN IMPLICIT COMMON CONC]N = HUMANITY4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! 9FLU5CE :I* ! ROMANTIC ANTI-RATIONALI/S EX]CIS$ WAS L>GELY CONF9$ TO AN 9TELLECTUAL & ES!TIC ELITE4 ,ON SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 IT HAD A V]Y LIMIT$ 9FLU5CE4 ,CONV5TIONAL NATIONALISM & RELIGION HAD A MU* /RONG] IMPACT ON ! SOCIAL ATTITUDES & EMOTIONS ( N9ETE5?- & E>LY-TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,EUROPEANS1 ALBEIT G5]ALLY AS VISC]ALLY EXI/5TIAL PH5OM5A ) NO DISCURSIVE APPEAL TO 'MAN ! KN[]'4 ,CR$ITABLY1 ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT & 9TELLECTUALLY DEM&+ POPUL> MOVEM5T ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES WAS =M$ >\ND IDEAS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,K>L ,M>X1 :I* APPEAL$ NOT ONLY TO ! PROLET>IAT'S MAT]IAL 9T]E/S BUT1 ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS1 TO ITS M9D & ITS PRESUM$ 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,AP>T FROM ! 9TELLECTUALS :O DEBAT$1 (T5 9 ES!TIC REALMS1 ! VIRTUES & FIL+S ( REASON1 ! H]ITAGE ( 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM ACQUIR$ A MASS \TREA* 9 ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM &1 TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 9 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM4 

,! IDEOLOGICAL SITUATION WE FACE1 TODAY1 IS SIGNIFIC&Y DIFF]5T4 ,! CURR5T CROP ( ANTIHUMANI/S >E CO>S]1 9TELLECTUALLY %ODDI]1 &1 ALAS1 F> MORE 9FLU5TIAL ?AN ! ROMANTIC ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T WRIT]S & POETS ( A C5TURY AGO4 

,WORSE1 CONTEMPOR>Y ANTFIIUMANISM T5DS TO BE MORE BLURR$ ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR 9 ITS APPROA* TO ! GRAVE CONC]NS ?AT FACE HUMANITY & ?OSE ?AT LIE ON ! SOCIAL HORIZON4 ,IF MO/ ( \R ILLS -- ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL -- >ISE FROM 9CREAS+LY DANG]\S DISLOCATIONS 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 ! PROBLEM ( H[ WE DEAL ) EA* O!R & ) ! P[]FUL TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS ?AT SOCIETY HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL = RE%AP+ ! PLANET IS A MATT] ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE4 ,TO SLI<T !SE EM95DY SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 TO PLAY D[N ! IMPORTANCE ( REASON 9 RESOLV+ !M1 9DE$1 TO IGNORE ! NE$ TO A*IEVE :AT SOCIALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS CALL$ A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 IS 9 MY VIEW SUICIDAL4 ,[+ TO ! IMM5SITY ( \R SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 ! TURN TO AN IRRATIONAL ANTIHUMANISM S]VES TO P>ALYZE \R CAPACITY TO ACT ) PURPOSE & SANITY4 

,9DE$1 AT A TIME :5 ! WORLD SEEMS TO BE DESC5D+ 9TO CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL *AOS1 TO DEPRECATE ! V]Y MEANS = CREAT+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY -- NOTABLY1 AN 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM -- %\LD BE CAUSE = GREAT AL>M44,?IS IS ESPECIALLY SO :5 ANTIHUMANISM IS ON ! PO9T ( BECOM+ ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( \R TIME4 ,IT SURFACES TODAY 9 ORD9>Y TABLE CONV]SATION AS A *IC /ATE ( M9D FROM ! H\SEHOLDS ( ,AM]ICAN SUBURBIA TO ! REGAL DOMICILES ( ,5GL&4 ,NOT MU* ( ?IS 'CONV]SATION1 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( PO/MOD]NISM1 IS 5TIRELY 9TELLIGIBLE2 NOR IS IT NOTABLE = ITS CONSI/5CY4 ,IT IS R>E !SE DAYS TO COME UPON ANY S+LE WORK DRAT IS REASONABLY COH]5T & FREE ( JUV5ILE EXHORTATIONS & UN?9K+ WAYW>DNESS1 OR ?AT TRIES TO FOLL[ \T ) RELATIVE COMPLET5ESS ! LOGIC ( ITS PREMISES4 

,9 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL QUAGMIRE1 SEV]AL ANTIHUMANI/ WORKS CAN BE S+L$ \T ?AT TYPIFY ?OSE :I* FILL LIBR>IES & BOOK/ORES TODAY4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC WORK ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO COH]5T ANALYSIS -- :I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT IT IS FREE ( CONTRADICTIONS -- IS ,DAVID ,EHR5FELD'S  
,! ,>ROGANCE ( ,HUMANISM.<#d.> ,WRITT5 BY AN ACADEMIC AT ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY :O HOLDS NUM]\S DEGREES 9 HI/ORY & SCI5CE1 ,EHR5FELD S BOOK IS POSSESS$ ( A LIT]ACY & PI?9ESS ?AT >E UNUSUAL 9 CURR5T ANTIHUMANI/IC LIT]ATURE1 MU* ( :I* IS DR5*$ 9 ,NEW ,AGE METAPHORS & HEADY EXHORTATIONS4 ',:5 ONE *OOSES A GUID+ PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE'1 ,EHR5FELD /]NLY W>NS HIS READ]S1 '& ! MOD]N WORLD HAS *OS5 HUMANISM -- ONE BECOMES RESPONSIBLE = ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT FL[ FROM ?AT *OICE'4.<#e.> ,?IS DEM& ?AT WE FOLL[ ! LOGIC ( A *OICE TO ITS 5D IS 5TIRELY LAUDABLE4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ! HUMANISM ( :I* ,EHR5FELD IS SO SUSPICI\S8 ,HIS DEF9ITION IS UN]R+ 9 ITS C]TITUDE & DI/URB+ 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS4 ,HUMANISM1 WE >E TOLD1 IS  
  

A SUPREME FAI? 9 HUMAN REASON -- ITS ABILITY TO CONFRONT & SOLVE ! MANY PROBLEMS ?AT HUMANS FACE1 ITS ABILITY TO RE>RANGE BO? ! WORLD ( ,NATURE & ! AFFAIRS ( M5 & WOM5 SO ?AT HUMAN LIFE WILL PROSP]4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AS HUMANISM IS COMMITT$ TO AN UNQUE/ION+ FAI? 9 ! P[] ( REASON1 SO IT REJECTS O!R ASS]TIOM ( P[]1 9CLUD+ ! P[] ( ,GOD1 ! P[] ( SUP]NATURAL =CES1 & EV5 ! UNDIRECT$ P[] ( ,NATURE 9 LEAGUE ) BL9D *ANCE4  
  

,9 ! HUMANI/ \TLOOK1 NOTES ,EHR5FELD REPROV+LY1 NEI!R ! 'P[] ( ,GOD' NOR ! 'P[] ( SUP]NATURAL =CES' EXI/1 :ILE ! 'UNDIRECT$ P[] ( ,NATURE' CAN 'WIDI EF=T BE MA/]$4 ,BECAUSE HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE IS ! KEY TO HUMAN SUCCESS1 ! MA9 TASKS ( HUMANI/S IS TO ASS]T ITS P[] & TO PROTECT ITS PR]OGATIVES'4.<#f.> 

,EHR5FELD'S DEF9ITION ( HUMANISM MAY BE LESS ?AN SATISFACTORY1 P>TICUL>LY :5 HE CA/S ADH]5CE TO HUMANISM 9 !I/IC T]MS1 LIKE 'UUPREME FAI?' & 'UNQUE/ION+ FAI?'4 ,BUT 9V]T+ ,EHR5FELD'S DEF9ITION ( HUMANISM SUPPLIES US ) A PI?Y DEF9ITION ( HUMANISM3 NOTABLY1 A FAI? 9 ! P[]S ( ,GOD1 ( SUP]NATURAL =CES1 & ( ',NATURE'4 ,PRECISELY :AT !SE CRYPTIC P[]S & !IR S\RCES >E REMA9S DI/URB+LY UNCLE>4 ,EV5 MORE DI/URB+ >E ! >*AISMS CONTA9$ 9 BO? !SE DEF9ITIONS4 ,EHR5FELD SEEMS TO BELIEVE 9 ! V]Y P[]S ( ,GOD & P[]S ( ! SUP]NATURAL DIAT IT TOOK 5LI<T5$ M9DS C5TURIES1 IF NOT MILL5NIA1 TO EXORCIZE1 TOGE!R ) NECROMANCY1 SUP]/ITION1 & RELIGI\S FANATICISM1 A /RUGGLE LIT]ALLY WAG$ 9 TILE TORTURE *AMB]S ( ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 

,BY NO MEANS IS ,EHR5FELD ALONE 9 CRITICIZ+ 5LI<T5$ HUMANISM = ITS 'DEGODD$NESS' OR ,5TGOTT]+ 9 VIEW+ REALITY4 ,WE ALSO HAVE IT FROM ,E4 ,F4 ,S*UMA*] 9 HIS ,GUIDE = ! ,P]PLEX$ ?AT  
  

FAI? 9 MOD]N MAN'S OMNIPOT5CE IS WE>+ ?91 ,EV5 IF ALL ! 7 NEW #c PROBLEMS W]E SOLV$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL FIXES1 ! /ATE ( FUTILITY1 DISORD]1 & CORRUPTION W\LD REMA94444 ,MORE & MORE PEOPLE >E BEG9N+ TO REALIZE ?AT '! MOD]N EXP]IM5T' HAS FAIL$4 444 ,MAN CLOS$ ! GATES ( ,HEAV5 AGA9/ HIMSELF & TRI$1 ) IMM5SE 5]GY & +5UITY1 TO CONF9E HIMSELF TO ! ,E>?4 ,HE IS N[ DISCOV]+ ?AT ! ,E>? IS BUT A TRANSITORY /ATE1 SO ?AT A REFUSAL TO REA* = ,HEAV5 MEANS AN 9VOLUNT>Y DESC5T 9TO ,HELL4.<#g.>  
  

,CLE>LY1 'FAI? 9 MOD]N MAN'S OMNIPOT5CE' IS A PEJORATIVE 9T]PRETATION ( ! HUMANI/IC COMMITM5T TO RATIONALITY4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE EXPLICITIY ?AN ,EHR5FELD1 ,S*UMA*]1 ! GURU ( 'SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL' 7! TIDE ( HIS MO/ 9FLU5TIAL BOOK71 TILTS T[>D ! TRANSC5D5TAL1 IF NOT ! ECCLESIA/ICAL4 ,/ILL O!R ANTIHUMANI/ AU?ORS1 SU* AS ,WILLIAM ,IRW9 ,?OMPSON1 ,?OMAS ,B]RY1 & ,MAT!W ,FOX1 W\LD LIKELY HAVE FEW DISAGREEM5TS ) ,EHR5FELD'S & ,S*UMA*]'S ANTIHUMANISM4 

,!SE SEEM+LY REFLECTIVE JUDGM5TS BY PRESUMABLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ANTIHUMANI/S >E (T5 ! /UFF FROM :I* ! CRASSE/ ( VULG>ITIES >E WRITT5 = CONSUMPTION BY ! ,NEW ,AG]S ( ,CALI=NIA &1 9 REC5T YE>S1 NEADY ALL O!R PO9TS ( ! COMPASS4 ,NEI!R ,/ONEH5GE NOR ! ROMANTIC CLIFFS ( ! ,RH9E CAN BE EXCLUD$ AS A C5T] = ?OSE ',HI<] ,LEVELS'1 AS ,S*UMA*] CALLS !M1 '?AT ALONE CAN MA9TA9 .<MAN'S.> HUMANITY'4.<#h.> ,CRUD] =MS ( ?IS EXTREMELY LOOSE V]BIAGE CAN BE F\ND SNUGLY 5SCONC$ NOT ONLY 9 ESOT]IC P]IODICALS ?AT PROCLAIM ',NATURE' AS '! GATES ( ,HEAV5' BUT 9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN MASS M$IA4 

,CONSID] ! *>ACT]I/IC OP5+ ( A REC5T COV] >TICLE 9 ,TIME1 ! ,AM]ICAN MASS-CIRCULATION WEEKLY4 ',H[ ,MAN ,BEGAN'1 PR(ESS+ TO TELL ITS READ]S AB\T 'S5SATIONAL' DEVELOPM5TS 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGY1 DECL>ES3 ',NO S+LE1 ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE SEP>ATES HUMAN BE+S FROM O!R ANIMALS -- BUT ?AT HASN'T /OPP$ ! PHRASEMAK]S FROM TRY+ TO F9D ONE'4.<#i.> ,:]EUPON ! >TICLE PROCE$S1 PRESUMABLY UND] A TYRANNY ( >*AEOLOGICAL FACTS1 TO TELL US1 QUITE 9ADV]T5DY1 DIAT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HUMANS & O!R ANIMALS >E NOT ONLY ESS5TIAL BUT REALLY QUITE /AGG]+4 ,FILT]$ D[N TO EV] L[] LAY]S ( LIT]ACY1 ! >TICLE'S S5SATIONALI/IC OP5+ -- ! FACTS NOT)/&+ -- PRODUCES A VISION ( ! HUMAN CONDITION ?AT IS ULTIMATELY OPAQUE1 MY/]I\S1 & NECROMANTIC TO MILLIONS ( ORD9>Y READ]S4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY DEBATES BETWE5 ROMANTIC ANTIHUMANI/S & ! 5LI<T5$ HUMANI/S1 RATIONALITY R>ELY1 IF EV]1 5T]S 9TO CURR5T ANTIHUMANI/ AFFIRMATIONS4 ,/ATEM5TS ?AT >E NOT SIMPLY DECL>ATIVE >E FILL$ ) !I/IC METAPHORS ?AT SEEM B5T ON MAK+ ! SKEPTICAL READ] FEEL LIKE A H]ETIC :O VIOLATES ,GOD-GIV5 7OR ,GODDESS-GIV57 9JUNCTIONS4 ,9TONATIONS REPLACE 9SI<TS1 DULL REPETITI\S MANTRAS REPLACE ! EVOCATIVE POETIC RECITATIONS ( ! OLD-TIME ROMANTICS1 & REASON GIVES WAY NOT ONLY TO 9TUITION BUT TO VAGUE ALLUSIONS TO CRYPTIC 'P[]S' ?AT ALL[ = NO EXPLICATION1 MU* LESS ANALYSIS4 

,NO LESS IRRITAT+ IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS /UFF NOT ONLY BLURS ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ! HUMAN & NON-HUMAN2 IT OBLIT]ATES ! V]Y ID5TITY ( HUMAN BE+S 9 ! GREAT DRAMA ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION & !IR SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! EQUALLY IMPORTANT DRAMA ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,:ATEV] ! 'GATES ( ,HEAV5' MAY BE1 WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ :]E !Y >E LOCAT$1 /ILL LESS H[ TO OP5 !M4 ,! SPIRITUAL GEOGRAPHY ( !SE FREELY DRAWN & 9SPIRATIONALLY GUID$ MAPS1 SO CURR5DY POPUL> 9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN BOOK%OPS1 CON/ITUTE A C>TOGRAPHY GUID$ BY ! VISC]A RA!R ?AN BY ! BRA91 & BY VISIONS ?AT >E MORE HALLUC9OG5IC TIIAN 9SI<TFUL4 ,ANTIHUMANISM PROVIDES NO COMPASS = ?IS WORLD1 YET IT HAS NO O!R WORLD TO (F]1 %ORT ( AN IMAG9ATIVE ONE ?AT DIFF]S 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL ) EA* GURU1 P]IODICAL1 OR BOOK CONSULT$4 

,9 ! LI<T ( ! PUBLIC CONFUSION AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION1 P>TICUL>LY ) RESPECT TO HUMANITY'S ID5TITY1 IT BEHOOVES US TO ASK \RSELVES  
:O WE REALLY >E AS A SPECIES & :AT W\LD CON/ITUTE A SOCIETY ?AT FULFILLS \R POT5TIALITY AS RATIONAL & CREATIVE AG5TS 9 ! WORLD4 ,LET ME /RESS ! WORD POT5TIALITY1 A WORD ,I USE TO EMPHASIZE :AT WE C\LD BE IF WE BR\<T REASON 9TO \R AFFAIRS RA!R ?AN :AT WE >E TODAY 9 A MAD & MEAN+LESS WORLD4 

,\R BE+ AS A SPECIES IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO \R BE+ AS SOCIAL CREATURES4 ,TO DISCUSS !M REQUIRES ASK+ :AT CON/ITUTES \R PLACE 9 :AT IS BROADLY CALL$ ',NATURE' & :AT CON/ITUTES A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,C]TA9LY1 IF WE /UMBLE BL9DLY 9TO ! FUTURE ) NO S5SE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT MAKE US UNIQUELY HUMAN1 ANTIHUMANI/S W\LD HAVE A PRIMA FACIE CASE = DESIGNAT+ PEOPLE A 'CANC]' 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 ) LITTLE PROMISE ( DO+ MORE ?AN DE/ROY+ ! BIOSPH]E & MO/ ( !MSELVES4 

,9 TRY+ TO DEF9E \R HUMANITY AS ORGANIC BE+S1 WE WILL NOT GET V]Y F> UNLESS WE DEF9E WORDS ?AT >E USUALLY US$ V]Y LOOSELY 9 REF]5CE TO \R /ATUS 9 ! BIOSPH]E4 ,I REF] ESPECIALLY TO ! WORD  
,NATURE1 ONE ( ?OSE V]Y COMPLEX WORDS ?AT IS US$ GLIBLY & :OSE MEAN+ BECOMES MORE ELUSIVE ! MORE WE EXAM9E IT4 

,NO ONE D\BTS ?AT ',NATURE' IS1 M9IMALLY1 A WILD]NESS >EA ?AT ONE CAN SEE FROM A M\NTA9 TOP1 A SC5IC VIEW ( VALLEYS1 FIELDS1 =E/S1 & /REAMS1 9DE$1 ( ALL ?AT LIES SO MAGNIFIC5TLY & 9VIT+LY )9 \R PURVIEW4 ,NATURE1 TO MANY PEOPLE1 IS SIMPLY A VI/A FREE ( HUMAN BE+S & H5CE 'AU!NTICALLY' NATURAL4 ,SU* VI/AS ADORN PICTURE PO/C>DS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,F> ,WE/ ( ! ,U,S,A1 & ! CANVASES ( 'NATURE PA9T]S'4 

,ON ! SURFACE1 ?IS DEF9ITION IS P>TLY TRUE -- & ALSO P>TLY FALSE4 ,?AT ,NATURE IS A VI/A4 B]EFT ( HUMAN PRES5CE IS A CONV5TION DEEPLY +RA9$ 9 ! MOD]N M9D1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :]E  
,NATURE & WILD]NESS >E WIDELY REG>D$ AS SYNONYM\S4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 ! NOTION ?AT ,NATURE HAS ET]NAL ATTRIBUTES AS WILD]NESS IS SO COMMONPLACE ?AT IT HAS BECOME A FROZ5 IMAGE 9 9NUM]ABLE >TI/IC1 LIT]>Y1 & DOCUM5T>Y WORKS & A /APLE 9 A PSEUDO-PHILOSOPHICAL ,NEW ,AGE LIT]ATURE ?AT EXTOLS ! NE$ TO 'DWELL 9' & 'ABIDE )' AN UN*ANG+1 ET]NAL 'BALANCE ( ,NATURE'4 

,YET ?IS FROZ5 IMAGE ( ,NATURE IS EXTREMELY DECEPTIVE4 ,! FIXITY ( A BREA?TAK+ VI/A SIMPLY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,NATURE IS NOT ONLY DYNAMIC AT EV]Y MOM5T ( ! DAY BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 IS HI<LY DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,PLANTS & ANIMALS >E G5]ALLY NOT ONLY ACTIVE 9 MA9TA9+ !MSELVES HUT >E 9T]ACTIVE 9 CREAT+ NEW ECO-COMMUNITIES4.<#a.> ,LIFE-=MS >E CONT9UALLY BE+ BOM1 MATUR+1 & DY+1 5T]+ 9TO ELABORATE FOOD WEBS OR NETWORKS ?AT MAKE POSSIBLE ! VI/AS WE ADMIRE4 

,MO/ IMPORTANT = ! PURPOSES ( \R DISCUSSION1 :AT WE CALL ,NATURE IS CONT9UALLY EVOLV+3 PLANTS & ANIMALS V>Y )9 ! SAME SPECIES & MUTATE 9TO NEW LIFE-=MS4 ,!Y >E CONT9UALLY TRANS=M+ !MSELVES1 AT TIMES SO GRADUALLY ?AT !IR EVOLUTION IS COMPLETELY UNNOTICEABLE2 AT /ILL O!R TIMES ) GREAT RAPIDITY1 9 :AT SOME BIOLOGI/S CALL 'PUNCTUAT$ EQUILIBRIA'4 

,:AT MAKES \R NOTION ( ,NATURE AS A M]E VI/A P>TICUL>LY MISLEAD+ IS ?AT IT IGNORES HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT OBSCURES ! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E NOT ALI5S 9 A DI*OTOMY ( ,MAN PITT$ AGA9/ ,NATURE4 ,RA!R1 HUMAN BE+S >E A RESULT ( ! LONG EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,9 FACT1 !Y >E A V]Y SPECIAL RESULT ( ?AT HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E POSSESS$ ( ABILITIES NO O!R LIFE-=M HAS EQUAL$ 9 K9D4 ,9DE$1 IF ,NATURE IS A CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS -- 9 ! CASE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 FROM ! E>LIE/ PROK>YOTIC CELLS ?R\< EUK>YOTIC CELLS & !IR ELABORATION 9TO ! AQUATIC1 T]RE/RIAL1 REPTILIAN1 MAMMALIAN1 & PRIMATE GR\PS -- ! WORD ,NATURE BECOMES MORE ?AN A METAPHOR = M]E ',BE+'1 AN AB/RACT EXI/5CE4 

,! *ALL5GE ( ?9K+ AB\T ,NATURE AS A CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION >ISES FROM ! DUALITY ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE QUALITIES ?AT CAN BE F\ND 9 NASC5T =M 9 O!R ANIMALS AS A RESULT ( !IR %>$ EVOLUTION4 ,BUT BY VIRTUE ( A TWI/ ,9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 !Y HAVE ALSO DEVELOP$ WELL BEYOND !IR ANIMAL ANCE/ORS4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ A NEW REALM ( EVOLUTION BAS$ ON !IR EXTRAORD9>Y 9TELLIG5CE1 ANATOMICAL FLEXIBILITY1 UNPREC$5T$ COMMUNICATIVE ABILITIES1 DI/9CTLY MUTABLE & HI<LY MALLEABLE 9/ITUTIONS 7?AT WE CAN PROP]LY CALL SOCIETY71 & EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITY = 9NOVATION4 

,I CANNOT EMPHASIZE ! 9/ITUTIONAL1 MUTABLE1 MALLEABLE1 & 9NOVATIVE NATURE ( SOCIETY TOO /RONGLY4 ,SOCIETY1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 IS A /RICTLY HUMAN PH5OM5ON1 ONE ?AT /&S 9 SIGNIFICANT CONTRA/ TO ! G5ETICALLY IMPR9T$ COLLECTIVITIES ( SO-CALL$ 'SOCIAL 9SECTS'& ! RELATIVELY LOOSE1 DEVELOPM5TALLY /ATIC ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS ( H]DS1 TROOPS1 & SIMIL> GR\PS4 ,AL?\< SU* ANIMAL AGGREGATIONS *ANGE 9 POPULATION NUMB]S & >E F\ND 9 A WIDE RANGE ( DIFF]5T SPECIES1 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES UND]GO V]Y LITTLE V>IATION2 NOR DO !Y POSSESS AN 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK =M$ BY CONSCI\S DESIGN4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 BY CONTRA/1 =M B&S1 TRIBES1 TRIBAL F$]ATIONS1 MON>*IES1 DEMOCRACIES1 & REPUBLICS1 AMONG O!RS1 EA* ( W9* HAS RI*LY >TICULAT$ /RUCTURES1 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IPS1 & CULTURES1 & :I* CAN BE *ANG$ BY POPUL> ACTION1 C\PS1 & UPHEAVALS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 

,! MAJORITY ( ANIMALS1 MOREOV]1 M]ELY DWELL 9 !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,IF !Y ALT] ?AT 5VIRONM5T1 !Y DO SO PRIM>ILY 9ADV]T5TLY1 M]ELY BY !IR PRES5CE 9 IT1 OR BY NASC5T *OICES FROM AMONG NATURALLY AVAILABLE POSSIBILITIES4 ,) A FEW & V]Y LIMIT$ EXCEPTIONS1 !Y DO NOT CONSCI\SLY REMAKE ! CONDITIONS !Y F9D BUT RA!R TRY TO LIVE )9 !M4 ,BY %>P CONTRA/1 HUMAN BE+S CONSCI\SLY ACT UPON !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & ) NEW MAT]IAL TE*NIQUES1 !Y 9T5TIONALLY TRY TO %APE IT TO MEET !IR [N NE$S4 ,PUT SIMPLY3 ANIMALS G5]ALLY ADAPT1 :ILE HUMAN BE+S G5]ALLY 9NOVATE"94 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS A DIFF]5CE NOT M]ELY 9 DEGREE BUT 9 K9D4 

,EV5 SO1 \R UNIQUE HUMAN CAPACITIES DO NOT CON/ITUTE A COMPLETE BREA* ) ! NATURAL WORLD -- EV5 AS WE 9NOVATE1 WE SIMULTANE\SLY 9CORPORATE \R ANIMAL H]ITAGE 9TO \R LIVES4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! GREAT PROBLEMS 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS \R ANIMALI/IC 9]TIA -- \R CONS]VATISM -- 9 RETA9+ OBSOLETE SOCIAL TRADITIONS ?AT ACT AS A BRAKE ON MU*-NE$$ SOCIAL *ANGES & 9NOVATIONS4 ,AL?\< AS HUMAN BE+S WE >E V]TEBRATES1 MAMMALS1 PRIMATES1 &4 RETA9 C]TA9 9/9CTS & VAGUELY UND]/OOD IMPULSES ?AT >E ROOT$ 9 \R 9ESCAPABLE ANIMALITY1 WE >E ALSO CAPABLE ( TRANSC5D+ \R ADAPTIVE ANIMAL ATTRIBUTES & 9 ! PROCESS BECOM+ LESS ANIMALI/IC ?AN \R REMOTE HOM9ID =EBE>S4 

,IF WE >E TO ADVANCE BEYOND METAPHORICAL CONCEPTS ( ,NATURE & SEE ! ORGANIC WORLD AS AN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 WE HAVE TO VIEW ,NATURE 9 A LESS SIMPLI/IC & MORE GRAD$ WAY ?AN ! ROMANTIC IMAGE ( A M]E VI/A4 ,TO UND]/& ! EM]G5CE ( HUMANS & !IR CREATION ( CULTURE REQUIRES ?AT ! CONV5TIONAL IMAGE ( ,NATURE AS ! /RI$Y ORGANIC BE DIFF]5TIAT$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO DI/+UI% ! SOCIAL WORLD FROM ! M]ELY BIOLOGICAL4 ,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ALL HUMANS >E NECESS>ILY MAMMALS1 WE MU/ ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL MAMMALS >E NOT NECESS>ILY HUMANS -- 9DE$1 BETWE5 !M IS NOT ONLY AN EVOLUTION>Y CONT9UITY BUT ALSO AN IMM5SE DIVIDE4 ,9S(> AS ,NATURE 9CLUDES ! BIOLOGICAL REALM ( ANIMALITY ?AT PREC$ES ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY1 WE >E OBLIG$1 FOLL[+ ! ,ROMAN ORATOR-PHILOSOPH] ,CIC]O1 TO SPEAK ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AS 'FIR/ NATURE' & SOCIAL EVOLUTION AS 'SECOND NATURE'4 ,& :ILE WE WI% TO RECOGNIZE HUMANITY'S FILIATIONS ) ITS ORGANIC EVOLUTION OR FIR/ NATURE1 SECOND NATURE EVOLVES FROM & ALSO 9CLUDES FIR/ NATURE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 WE DO NOT DISSOLVE ! V]Y REAL QUALITATIVE DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN LIFE-=MS 9 A R$UCTIONI/ QUAGMIRE4 ,FIR/ & SECOND NATURE -- ! BIOLOGICAL & ! SOCIAL -- =M A RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$ CONT9UUM 9 :I* SECOND NATURE EM]GES FROM FIR/4 ,:ILE EA* 9T]ACTS ) ! O!R1 SECOND NATURE M>KS A TRANSC5D5CE ( FIR/ NATURE1 A SUBLATION ( AN ADAPTIVE ANIMALITY TO AN 9NOVATIVE HUMANITY4 

,GIV5 ! DI/9CTIONS AS WELL AS ! CONT9UITIES BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 ANTIHUMANI/S :O VIEW HUMAN BE+S M]ELY AS ANO!R ANIMAL >E MAK+ FOOLS ( !MSELVES -- & HAVE A N>R[LY R$UCTIONI/ IMAGE ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS WELL4 

,IF HUMANS W]E M]ELY ANIMALS ?AT JU/ HAPP5 TO BE ACUTELY 9TELLIG5T -- & IF 9TELLIG5CE W]E AN ATTRIBUTE NO DIFF]5T 9 K9D OR VALUE FROM1 SAY1 ! ABILITY ( BIRDS TO NAVIGATE OR C>IB\ TO MIGRATE -- !IR /RICTLY ANIMALI/IC BEHAVIOR 9 EX]CIS+ ?AT FACULTY %\LD BE CAUSE = LITTLE CONC]N4.<#a#a.> ,IF PEOPLE >E NO DIFF]5T FROM O!R ANIMALS1 :Y %\LDN'T !Y LIMITLESSLY POPULATE ! PLANET1 AS ALL ANIMALS W\LD IF !Y C\LD8 ,RABBITS1 AFT] ALL1 MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE OV]POPULAT$ ! ,AU/RALIAN CONT95T TO ! DETRIM5T ( ITS FLORA & O!R FAUNA IF HUMAN BE+S HAD NOT TAK5 RADICAL MEASURES TO CONTROL !IR REPRODUCTION RATES4 ,OR :Y %\LDN'T PEOPLE DEV\R ! E>?'S RES\RCES1 OR EV5 TE> D[N ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E M]ELY TO GRATIFY !IR IMM$IATE NE$S & IMPULSES8 ,IF RATIO NAHTY IS COMP>ABLE TO ! NAVIGATION ( BIRDS OR ! MIGRATION ( C>IB\1 HUMANS >E UND] NO OBLIGATION TO BEHAVE DIFF]-' 5TLY FROM ANY O!R ANIMAL4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT ALL NON-HUMAN ANIMAL SPECIES >E OCCUPI$ EXCLUSIVELY ) !IR [N WELL-BE+ & !IR NE$ TO REPRODUCE %\LD C\NT]VAIL ! ANTIHUMANI/ VIEW ?AT ILL-MANN]$ HUMAN BE+S CON/ITUTE AN ECOLOGICAL CANC] ON ! PLANET4 

,MY PO9T IS ?AT ANTIHUMANI/S UN?9K+LY PRESUPPOSE ! V]Y EXCEPTIONAL RATIONAL FACULTIES HUMAN BE+S ALONE POSSESS1 EV5 AS !Y D5\NCE !SE FACULTIES AS ! S\RCE ( HUMAN 'HUBRIS' & '>ROGANCE'4 ,9DE$1 EV5 AS !Y BELITDE 'FAI? 9 ! P[] ( REASON & HUMAN CAPABILITIES'1 TO CITE ANO!R ( ,EHR5FELD'S =MULATIONS1.<#a#b.> !Y IMPLICIDY RELY ON REASON TO CRITICIZE ?AT SEEM+LY S9I/] 'FAI?'4 ,?AT ANTIHUMANI/S CAN EV5 COMMUNICATE ) O!R HUMAN BE+S ON MORALLY & RELIGI\SLY *>G$ ISSUES -- ?AT W\LD BE UTT]LY MEAN+LESS TO ANIMALS1 9DE$ COMPLETELY BEYOND !IR UND]/&+ -- REVEALS ! UN/AT$ PRESUPPOSITIONS ( !IR D5UNCIATIONS ( HUMANISM4 ,MOREOV]1 IF !Y D5\NCE REASON AS A 'P[]' SUPPORT$ BY A MISPLAC$ 'FAI?'1 !IR ALT]NATIVE COGNITIVE FACULTIES -- 9TUITION8 -- W\LD ALSO REQUIRE ! 'P[] ( REASON' TO EXPLA9 :Y AN 9TUITIVE 'FAI?' HAS ANY VALIDITY AT ALL4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y MU/ TURN TO REASON TO WRIGGLE !IR WAY T[>D A BELIEF SY/EM OR ANY EM95DY HUMAN =M ( KN[L$GE1 ) ALL ITS EVID5T OR CONCEAL$ WAYS ( ?9K+ -- BE IT A FAI?1 BELIEF1 OR 9SI<T4 

,:E!R ONE *OOSES TO AN*OR HUMAN KN[L$GE 9 FAI? BAS$ ON 9TUITION OR ON REASON$ ELUCIDATION1 !RE IS NOT A %R$ ( EVID5CE TO SUPPORT A BELIEF ?AT ANIMALS HAVE FAI? 9 ANY?+4 ,NOR DO WE EXPECT !M TO HAVE FAI?1 LET ALONE ACT RATIONALLY1 ) RESPECT TO ANY?+ ASIDE FROM !IR SURVIVAL4 ,BELIEF SY/EMS >E BEYOND ! COMPET5CE ( ANY KN[N ANIMAL SPECIES AP>T FROM HUMAN BE+S4 ,IRONICALLY1 WE T5D TO JUDGE ! COMPET5CE ( ANIMALS 9 ! SURVIVAL GAME MORE ON !IR '9TELLIG5CE' ?AN ON ANY BELIEF SYS TEMS WE MAY IMPUTE TO !M -- ?AT IS1 ON AN ATTRIBUTE D5IGRAT$ 9 HUMAN BE+S4 

,F9ALLY1 HUMAN BE+S >E DI/9CTIVE & DIFF]5T FROM ANIMALS BECAUSE !Y >E CONSCI\SLY 9NOVATIVE1 NOT M]ELY ADAPTIVE4 ,!Y DO NOT M]ELY DWELL 9 GIV5 HABITATS2 !Y CREATE NEW 5VIRONM5TS4 ,!IR 9NOVATIV5ESS1 LIKE !IR P[] ( REASON1 WAS NOT GIV5 TO !M BY HEAV5LY BE+S1 MY?IC FIGURES1 OR 'ALI5' VISITORS FROM ANO!R GALAXY2 RA!R1 !Y >E PRODUCTS 9 GREAT P>T ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION ITSELF -- ( FIR/ AS WELL AS SECOND NATURE4 

,IT IS TO ?IS EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS -- BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY -- TO :I* WE MU/ TURN = AN UND]/&+ ( :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN4 

,ANATOMICALLY1 HUMAN BE+S >E NOT AN ABRUPT BRAN*+ AWAY FROM A LONG FL[ ( EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,QUITE ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E ! \TCOME ( TR5DS 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT >E NOT ONLY EXPLICABLE BUT >E 9 A S5SE QUITE LOGICAL1 TO AN EXT5T ?AT PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S1 EV5 NOM9ALI/IC ONES1 >E /ILL LE>N+4 

,IF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IS 5TIRELY A HIT-OR-MISS MATT] ( *ANCE1 IT IS 9EXPLICABLE & MEAN+LESS2 UNIQUE HUMAN QUALITIES W\LD SEEM TO HAVE EM]G$ AB NOVO ) NO BASIS 9 A LONG PROCESS ( ORGANIC DIFF]5TIATION4 ,IF1 CONV]SELY1 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IS PR$E/9$ 9 UNWAV]+LY TELEOLOGICAL T]MS1 SO ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( HUMANITY WAS ALREADY 9EXORABLY PREFIGUR$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( LIFE1 ! EM]G5CE ( HUMANITY -- OR ANY LIFE-=M -- ACQUIRES A MY/ICAL DIM5SION ?AT PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( ! V]Y PH5OM5A WE >E ATTEMPT+ TO EXPLA94 

,BETWE5 A /RICTLY NOM9ALI/IC CONCEPTION ( EVOLUTION & A /RICTLY TELEOLOGICAL ONE1 !RE IS A MIDDLE & MORE PLAUSIBLE GR\ND ?AT IS WOR? EXAM9+4 ,IF WE ?9K ( H[ C]TA91 SPECIFIC EVOLUTION>Y ATTRIBUTES DEVELOP$1 \R IMAGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T BECOMES BO? LESS NOM9ALI/IC & LESS TELEOLOGICAL4 ,CONSID] H[ ! N]V\S SY/EM EVOLV$1 = EXAMPLE4 ,ORGANISMS ) COMPLEX N]VE NETWORKS CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! DI/ANT ,DEVONIAN EPO*1 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ MILLION YE>S AGO1 :5 FI%LIKE ANIMALS BEGAN TO LEAVE ! ANCI5T SEAS = T]RE/RIAL %ORES & ! OP5 AIR4 ,!SE ,*ORDATA1 ) !IR SP9AL CORDS & SIMPLE BRA9S1 ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO SO MANY DIFF]5T ECOLOGICAL NI*ES ?AT !IR ULTIMATE OCCUPANCY ( TREES WAS QUITE AS COMPREH5SIBLE AS !IR OCCUPANCY ( SWAMPS1 >ID L&S1 CAVES1 & ! LIKE4 

,9 ! TI<T ( ! EM95TLY ATTRACTIVE ECOLOGICAL =E/ NI*ES ?AT W]E OP5 TO !M1 ! EVOLUTION ( PRIMATES & !IR DIFF]5TIATION 9TO MONKEYS1 APES1 HOM9OIDS1 & HOM9IDS SEEMS F> LESS *ANCY A DEVELOPM5T ?AN /RICTLY EMPIRICAL PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S (T5 LEAD US TO SUPPOSE4 ,REC5T DISCOV]IES SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS 9 D5SELY =E/$ >EAS -- NOT NECESS>ILY 9 >ID OP5 SAVANNAHS -- ?AT BIP$AL PRIMATES BEGAN TO EVOLVE4 ,9DE$1 ! DISCOV]Y 9 #aiid ( AN ANCE/RAL FOSSIL1  
,AU/RALOPI!CUS RAMIDUS1 HAS LEFT PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S SPECULAT+ ?AT A BIP$AL L9K BETWE5 APES & HUMANS WALK$ ON =E/ FLOORS NE>LY F\R & A HALF MILLION YE>S AGO1 AB\T A MILLION YE>S BE=E ,AU/RALOPI!CUS 
AF>5SIS ( ',LUCY' FAME APPE>$1 & LONG BE=E SAVANNAHS EM]G$ 9 >EAS ( ,E?IOPIA ?AT >E RI* ) HOM9ID FOSSILS TODAY4 

,IS ?IS M]E ACCID5T8 ,POSSIBLY -- 9 A V]Y N>R[ VIEW ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,OR IS IT ! FULFILLM5T ( A POT5TIALITY8 ,C]TA9LY1 BECAUSE SU* BIP$AL HOM9IDS DID APPE> AFT] ALL1 !Y DID NOT EM]GE FROM SMOKE4 ,!IR DEVELOPM5T T[>D BIP$ATISM BUILT ON E>LI] ANATOMICAL *ANGES ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE LONG BE=E PRIMATES DESC5D$ FROM TREE BRAN*ES TO ! GR\ND4 ,:AT WE CALL HUMAN #g PAT5TLY EVOLV$ FROM )9 AN IMM5SELY IMPORTANT T5D5CY -- 9 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION3 ! 5ORM\S SPECIALIZATION ( AN ORGAN SY/EM :OSE DEVELOPM5T MAKES = GREAT] BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY -- ! N]V\S SY/EM -- 9 CONTRA/ TO HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ ANATOMIC ATTRIBUTES SU* AS SCAL$1 >MOR$ HIDES1 FANG$ JAWS1 & IMM5SE CLAWS4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE IRONCLAD TELEOLOGY1 HUMAN EVOLUTION OCCURR$ )9 A NUMB] ( SPECIFIC T5D5CIES 9 ANIMAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT >E ?OR\<LY CONSI/5T ) ,D>W9'S  
,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES1 & REVEALS ! POT5TIALITY = SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,HUMAN BE+S >E PRIMATES1 A GR\P ( ANIMALS ) HI<LY FLEXIBLE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES4 ,! PRIMATE BODY HAS FREE =E>MS ?AT ALL[ IT TO ADAPT EASILY TO A GREAT V>IETY ( 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,IT HAS /]EOSCOPIC VISION1 :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO JUDGE DI/ANCES RANG+ FROM ! MO/ M9UTE TO ! F> HORIZON4 ,PRIMATES CAN SEE COLORS1 A CAPABILITY NOT GIV5 TO MAMMALS G5]ALLY1 REM>KABLY 5HANC+ PRIMATES' KN[L$GE ( ! SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ?+S ?AT MAKE UP ITS 5VIRONM5T4 

,HUMAN H&S1 DI/9CDY PRIMATE 9 ORIG91 >E PUNY BY COMP>ISON ) A LION'S CLAWS1 & HUMAN >MS >E WEAK BY COMP>ISON ) A BE>'S =ELEGS4 ,! RELATIVELY HAIRLESS HUMAN SK9 IS MORE VULN]ABLE ?AN ! HIDES ( MO/ MAMMALS TO *ANGES 9 WEA!R1 9SECT BITES1 ?ORNS1 & ABRASIONS4 ,!SE ANATOMICAL FAIL+S W\LD HAVE MADE HUMANITY S SURVIVAL IMPOSSIBLE )\T A BRA9 ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY CAPABLE ( G5]ALIZ+ & MEMORIZ+ TO AN UNPREC$5T$ EXT5T4 ,!SE BRA9S1 :I* EVOLV$ TOGE!R ) A VOCAL APP>ATUS1 BIP$ALISM DIAT FRE$ ! >MS = A GREAT] V>IETY ( TASKS1 /]EOSCOPIC & COLOR VISION1 & HI<LY MANIPULATIVE F+]S1 CONF]R$ ON HUMAN BE+S AN UNPREC$5T$ CAPACITY NOT ONLY TO SURVIVE BUT TO RADICALLY REFA%ION ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T TO SUIT !IR NE$S4 

,NOT ALL ( !SE ATTRIBUTES EM]G$ AT ONCE4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD R5D] BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION MIRACUL\S TO MA9TA9 ?AT !Y EM]G$ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 A S+LE CREATURE4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( ONLY HALF A C5TURY AGO1 :I* REG>D$ BRA9 DEVELOPM5T ! E>LIE/ /EP T[>D HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 EVID5CE TODAY %[S ?AT BIP$ALISM PREC$$ HUMANITY'S ADVANCE BEYOND ! M5TAL EQUIPM5T ( A MOD]N *IMPANZEE4 

,:E!R BIP$ALISM CONF]R$ RUDIM5T>Y SOCIAL ADVANTAGES UPON ! E>LIE/ HOM9IDS BY FREE+ ! >MS TO C>RY FOOD BACK TO A FAMILY UNIT OR A GR\P1 OR TO FA%ION SIMPLE IMPLEM5TS1 OR BO?1 IS A QUE/ION WE MAY NEV] BE ABLE TO ANSW] DEF9ITIVELY4 ,GREAT] BRA9 P[] CAME LAT]1 AS ! EVID5CE SUGGE/S1 AS DID ELABORATE TOOL-MAK+4 ,EA* MAY HAVE HAD SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES3 BIP$ALISM LEAD+ TO CLOS] ASSOCIATION2 FREE >MS TO A GR[+ S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ONE'S K9 GR\P RA!R ?AN TO A S+LE OR SEV]AL (FSPR+2 TOOL-MAK+ 5HANC+ M5TAL A/UT5ESS4 

,! EM]G5CE ( HUMANITY WAS P>T ( A /RONG OV]ALL BIOLOGICAL TR5D1 SPANN+ HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( YE>S1 ?AT GAVE RISE )9 FIR/ NATURE ITSELF TO A SPECIES ?AT TRANSC5D$ ITS M]E ANIMALITY & PRODUC$ A SECOND1 DI/9CTIVELY SOCIAL NATURE1 JU/ AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9ORGANIC WORLD HAD PREVI\SLY GIV5 RISE TO ! ORGANIC4 ,HAV+ DEVELOP$ T VI?9 FIR/ NATURE & AS P>T ( ITS V]Y EVOLUTION AS AN ANIMAL1 HUMANITY EVOLV$ FUR!R TO PRODUCE A SECOND OR SOCIAL NATURE4 

,NO 'FAI? 9 A HI<] AU?ORITY' 1 BE IT ! 'P[] ( ,GOD' OR ! 'P[] ( ! SUP]NATURAL' 7,EHR5FELD7 OR ANY P[] TO 'OP5 ! GATES ( ,HEAV5' 7,S*UMA*]71 NE$ BE 9VOK$ TO EXPLA9 H[ -- OR :Y -- HUMAN BE+S1 OV] ! C\RSE ( !IR EVOLUTION1 A*IEV$ !IR EM95TLY NATURAL CAPACITY TO CONSCI\SLY ALT] !IR 5VIRONM5T & MAKE !M MORE AM5ABLE TO HUMAN WELL-BE+4 

,NOR DID ANY ( ?IS ABILITY EVOLVE BECAUSE PRIMATES1 HOM9IDS1 & HUMANS P]V]SELY 'WILL$ #g IT 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,?R\<\T1 NATURAL SELECTION %AP$ ! HUMAN ANCE/RAL L9E1 NO LESS ?AN IT WAS %AP+ ! ANCE/RAL L9ES ( CONTEMPOR>Y WOLVES1 BE>S1 :ALES1 TIG]S1 & ALL ! FURRY LITTLE CREATURES WE F9D SO 5DE>+ & ( :I* WE FEEL SO PROTECTIVE4 

,NATURAL SELECTION WORK$ ON FEATURES ?AT ALREADY EXI/$1 'SELECT+' C]TA9 POSSIBILITIES OR POT5TIALITIES ?AT >OSE FROM PREVI\SLY ADVANTAGE\S DEVELOPM5TS1 BE !Y SIMPLE N]VE GANGLIA ?AT C\LD BECOME BRA9S1 LEGS ?AT C\LD BECOME >MS1 A RUDIM5T>Y UPRAIS$ /ATURE ?AT  
C\LD BECOME FULLY BIP$AL1 BONES ?AT C\LD BECOME F+]S1 & SO =? -- RANG+ ACROSS ! ANATOMICAL & ORGAN SY/EMS ( ! E>LI]1 MORE G5]ALIZ$ MAMMALS4 

,?US HUMANITY IS NOT SOME SORT ( FREAK 9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,9 FACT1 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY1 9TELLIG5CE1 & PHYSICAL FLEXIBILITY W\LD CONF] 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES ON ANY ANIMAL SPECIES4 ,E>LY HUMAN BE+S 9ITIALLY DID NO MORE ?AN :AT ANY V]SATILE ANIMAL W\LD DO3 !Y US$ !IR REM>KABLE & DEVELOP+ BRA9S TO MEET !IR [N NE$S4 ,IF !IR HI<LY G5]ALIZ$ ANATOMY REQUIR$ /ILL MORE BRA9 P[] TO COMP5SATE = !IR V]Y LIMIT$ MUSCLE P[]1 !Y =TUNATELY CONT9U$ TO EVOLVE MORE BRA9 P[]4 

,! NATURAL COMPON5T ( BECOM+ HUMAN1 !N1 CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 5HANC$ RATIONALITY -- ! V]Y ABILITY ?AT SO MANY ANTIHUMANI/S REG>D AS ONE ( HUMANITY'S TR\BL+ ATTRIBUTES4 ,TO BE A HUMAN ANIMAL1 9 EFFECT1 IS TO BE A REASON+ ANIMAL ?AT CAN CONSCI\SLY ACT UPON ITS 5VIRONM5T1 ALT] IT1 & ADVANCE BEYOND ! PASSIVE REALM ( UN?9K+ ADAPTATION 9TO ! ACTIVE REALM ( CONSCI\S 9NOVATION4 ,A MY/ICAL FAI? 9 ! 'SUP]NATURAL'1 ',GOD'1 & '! GATES ( HEAV5'1 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO REASON1 NOT ONLY CATAPULTS HUMANITY1 \T ( NATURAL EVOLUTION2 IT CREATES \T ( PURE SMOKE A MY?IC TRANSC5D5TAL REALM ?AT SEV]S ! TIES ( \R SPECIES TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,NOT ONLY DO ANTIHUMANI/S D5IGRATE ! NATURALLY 5D[$ P[] ( HUMAN BE+S TO REASON2 !Y OP5 A VA/ *ASM BETWE5 ! HUMAN & !IR REV]$ ,NATURE ?AT NO WISPY METAPHORS1 ALLUR+ RITUALS1 L(TY PRET5SIONS ( NATURALNESS1 OR MY/ICAL RUBBI% CAN FILL4 ,H[EV] MU* !Y MAY CLAIM TO D5Y ?AT !Y SEE ANY OPPOSITION BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S & ! NATURAL WORLD1 !Y >E IMPLICITLY AMONG ITS PR9CIPAL IDEOLOGICAL >*ITECTS TODAY4 

,F9ALLY1 ! SUP]NATURAL1 ,GOD1 & ! GATES ( HEAV5 >E CRASSLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC ILLUSIONS1 LIKE ,DISNEY C>TOONS ?AT PRES5T TALK+ BE>S1 S\LFUL DE]1 COMM&+ LIONS1 MALICI\S WOLVES1 & GLOV$ MICE1 RECREAT+ ! A NIM AL WORLD 9 ! MO/ P$E/RIAN HUMAN =MS4 ,9 MOVIES1 TAL,V+ LIONS >E IMP>T$ ) MISSIONS ACCEPTABLE TO A HI<LY MORONIZ$ PUBLIC1 !N S5T =? TO C>RY ! BURD5S ( LIONHOOD ONTO ! ,AFRICAN SAVANNAHS4 ,CONV]SELY1 9 REAL LIFE1 FULL-GR[N M5 & WOM5 TRY TO E/ABLI% AN ID5TITY ) WOLVES HY *ILDI%LY H[L+ >\ND CAMPFIRES -- :I* W\LD PROBABLY PANIC ANY NE>BY WOLF & CAUSE IT TO RU% BACK TO ITS LAIR4 ,O!RS SPEAK AS ! 'REPRES5TATIVES' ( /ONES1 RIV]S1 & -- ) EXCESSIVE HUBRIS ( 5TIRE M\NTA9 RANGES 9 A JUV 5IL E ',C\NCIL ( ,ALL ,BE+S'1 AS ?\< ! ANIMAL WORLD -- PREY & PR$ATOR ALIKE -- EV] CREAT$ SO NATURAL AN 9/ITUTION AS P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,NAIVE AS !SE ANTICS MAY SEEM1 !IR IMPACT ON ! HUMAN CONDITION CAN EASILY BECOME S9I/] :5 !Y AX US$ TO CREATE ATAVI/IC MOVEM5TS1 SOCIALLY REACTION>Y IMPULSES1 & DANG]\S FANTASIES ?AT OB/RUCT ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE4 ,SU* MOVEM5TS BE> DI/URB+ P>ALLELS TO E>LI] MOVEM5TS ?AT (F]$ BIOLOGI/IC EXPLANATIONS = ! WORLD'S TR\BLES -- MOVEM5TS ?AT MELD$ A ROMANTIC ECOLOGISM ) NATIONALISM & RACIALISM1 TO MAKE ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ 9 HI/ORY4 

,HAV+ DEF9$ ,NATURE AS A CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & SUGGE/$ HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 IT1 WE >E 9 A BETT] POSITION TO DEAL ) HUMAN BE+S AS SOCIAL CREATURES4 

,\R HI<LY COMPLEX BRA9S1 \R CAPACITY TO MAKE TOOLS & TO VOCALIZE SYLLABICALLY1 \R DEXT]\S F+]S1 BIP$AL GAIT1 & /]EOSCOPIC VISION1 ALL TAK5 TOGE!R W\LD NOT PROVIDE US ) />TL+ ADVANTAGES OV] 9/9CTIVELY PROGRAMM$1 HEAVILY MUSCL$1 RO>+1 & SWIFT BEA/S ( PREY IF EA* ( US LIV$ ISOLAT$ 9 =E/S & ON SAVANNAHS4 ,9DE$1 MANY HUMAN ATTRIBUTES -- SU* AS \R RELATIVELY FEEBLE MUSCLES & SL[ GAIT -- W\LD BE \TRI<T FIABILITIES1 ESPECIALLY IF \R HI<LY IMAG9ATIVE M9DS PANICK$ US ) FANTA/IC AS WELL AS REAL FE>S4 ,! DI/ANT ,PLEI/OC5E WORLD ( \R ANCE/ORS WAS ANY?+ BUT SAFE1 C>EFREE1 & LIB]AT+4 ,IT DOES NOT TAKE AN ABUNDANCE ( KN[L$GE TO RECOGNIZE H[ APPALL+LY DANG]\S AN ,AFRICAN NI<T IS TO ANY CREATURE1 EV5 TO ANIMALS ?AT FIVE 9 H]DS4 

,BY BR++ A CAM]A ) 9FR>$ FI<TS ONTO ! ,AFRICAN ,SAVANNAH1 ,DONALD ,JOHANSON & O!RS HAVE DRAMATICALLY %[N ?AT ALL HELL BREAKS LOOSE :5 ! SUN GOES D[N3 ,HY5AS ATTACK LONE LIONS1 :ILE LION PRIDES ATTACK ELEPHANT CALVES & EV5 PULL D[N A BURLY1 =MIDABLE BUFFALO ( 5ORM\S /R5G? & BULK4.<#a#c.> 

,HUMANS >E IMM5SELY VULN]ABLE ANIMALS -- MORE VULN]ABLE ?AN >BOREAL PRIMATES -- & \R ANCE/ORS1 SU* AS ,LUCY1 9 ! REMOTE ,PLIO-,PLEI/OC5E1 W]E EV5 MORE VULN]ABLE ?AN WE1 :O AT LEA/ HAVE NE>LY ?REE TIMES ! BRA9 SIZE = \R WEI<T ?AN %E4 ,\R RI* CULTURAL H]ITAGE 5HANCES \R V]SATILITY 9 ! MO/ *ALL5G+ & UNFAMILI> CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT LONE1 BIP$AL HOM9IDS C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ ! FURI\S PR$ATION ?AT NORMALLY OCCURS 9 ,AFRICAN =E/S & SAVANNAHS AT NI<T )\T SOME SY/EM ( COMMON DEF5SE4 ,& IT WAS 9 ,AFRICA1 9 A WILD] & MORE DANG]\S WORLD ?AN ! COLD NOR?-L&S1 ?AT \R ANCE/ORS ORIG9AT$4 

,SIGNIFIC&Y1 HOM9IDS HON$ TO A F9E DEGREE PRECISELY ?OSE TRAITS ?AT MADE = EFFECTIVE COOP]ATION4 ,!IR TRAITS = EXPRESSION1 COMMUNICATION1 GU>DIAN%IP1 C>E1 & COOP]ATION SEEM TO HAVE 9CREAS$ RA!R ?AN DIM9I%$4 ,!Y 9CREAS+LY DEVELOP$ SKILLS ?AT DEP5D$ UPON COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITY RA!R ?AN 9DIVIDUAL PHYSICAL /R5G?4 ,IF BIP$ALISM HAD ANY VALUE TO \R ANCE/ORS1 IT WAS TO C>RY FOOD & Y\NG JUV5ILES -- TO ACQUIRE FOOD = A GR\P ( SOME SORT1 NOT M]ELY TO FE$ ONESELF4 ,LIKE MANY PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ,I WI% TO EMPHASIZE ?AT AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( \R FIR/ NATURE -- \R BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION -- IS \R ABILITY TO FUNCTION COOP]ATIVELY ) O!RS ( \R [N K9D4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* WE CAN CALL ?IS ABILITY SOCIAL IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,IT IS /RIK+ ?AT ! PHYSICALLY /RONGE/ ( ! E>LY HOM9IDS1 ,AU/RALOPI!CUS ROBU/US1 ) ITS MASSIVE JAWS & FRAME1 WAS EXT9CT BY ! EADY ,PLEI/OC5E1 :ILE ! MORE GRACILE ,AU/RALOPI!CUS AF>EMIS1 :I* MAY HAVE BE5 ANCE/RAL TO ALL ,AU/RALOPI!DNES1 GAVE RISE TO ! E>LY ,HOMO G5US FROM :I* WE >E ALL DIRECDY DESC5D$4 ,NOR WAS ,LUCY1 SOME ?REE & A HALF MILLION YE>S AGO1 ANY LESS AN OBJECT ( PREY ?AN BABOONS1 *IMPANZEES1 & O!R PRIMATES4 ,:AT IS REM>KABLE IS ?AT ! DIM9UTIVE HOM9IDS ( ! LATE ,PLIOC5E & E>LY ,PLEI/OC5E W]E NOT EXT+UI%$ LIKE SO MANY O!R SPECIES 9 ?OSE REMOTE P]IODS1 & IT IS ?IS FACT ?AT REQUIRES EXPLA9+1 NOT SIMPLY !IR ANATOMICAL & CRANIAL EVOLUTION4 

,BY NO MEANS1 9 FACT1 DID SOCIAL LIFE OR SECOND NATURE SUDD5LY EM]GE 9 \R SPECIES FROM FIR/ NATURE & ABRUPTLY 'DISCONNECT' US FROM ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9SCRIB$ ON \R PHYSICAL ANATOMY >E ! 9CIPI5T ELEM5TS ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = US TO BE %>+1 COOP]ATIVE1 & FAMILY-ORI5T$ ANIMALS4 ,HUMAN FIR/ NATURE IS %AP$ NOT ONLY BY ANATOMICAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AT MAKE = GREAT] 9TELLIG5CE 9 GETT+ FOOD & \TWITT+ PR$ATORS -- DEVELOPM5TS WE MI<T EXPECT TO F9D 9 ALL ANIMALS2 IT IS ALSO %AP$1 ESPECIALLY 9 E>LY HOM9IDS1 BY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT YIELD COMPLEX =MS ( CONSOCIATION & 9T]ACTION4 ,= AN IMM5SELY LONG SPAN ( TIME1 RUDIM5T>Y =MS ( CONSOCIATION PROVID$ AN ADVANTAGE TO ONE HOM9ID F9E OV] ANO!R ?AT WAS SELECTIVE SOCIALLY AS WELL AS NATURALLY1 MU* AS MUTUAL AID PROVID$ A M>K$ ADVANTAGE TO ONE ANIMAL SPECIES OV] ANO!R4 

,TO SPEAK EXCLUSIVELY ( NATURAL SELECTION )\T REF]5CE TO ! ADVANTAGES CONF]R$ ON HOM9IDS BY SOCIAL SELECTION1 !N1 W\LD BE SIMPLI/IC4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT E>LY HOM9IDS =M$ SOCIAL GR\P+S )\T COMPLEX 9/ITUTIONS1 ! TWO W]E TI$ TOGE!R V]Y CLOSELY4 ,?US TRAITS FAVOR+ COOP]ATION1 9T]C\RSE1 GR\P PROTECTION1 & SCAV5G+-=AG+ 7\R ANCE/ORS W]E MORE LIKELY SCAV5G]S ?AN HUNT]S7 W]E 'SELECT$' = ! SAME SURVIVAL REASONS ?AT FANGS & CLAWS W]E 'SELECT$' = LIONS4 

,! E>LIE/ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DI/+UI% A SOCIETY FROM A H]D W]E PROBABLY /RUCTUR$ >\ND EM95TLY BIOLOGICAL FACTS1 SU* AS EXT5D$ 9FANTILE DEP5D5CE1 AGE DIFF]5CE1 G5D] DI/9CTIONS1 & BLOOD TIES4 

,! NEWBORN HUMAN *ILD IS A /RIK+LY UNF9I%$ & VULN]ABLE CREATURE4 ,U NLIK E MANY NEWBORN UNGULATES1 :I* CAN RISE TO F\R LEGS )9 A MATT] ( H\RS & RUN ) ! H]D 9 A DAY OR TWO1 IT IS TOTALLY HELPLESS AT BIR?4 ,IT TAKES YE>S = A HUMAN 9FANT TO GA9 ! COMPET5CE TO C>E = ITSELF4 ,DEP5D+ UPON 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES1 SOME ?IRTE5 YE>S MAY PASS BE=E A *ILD IS SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ TO FUNCTION AS A RESPONSIBLE P]SON4 ,DUR+ ?IS PROTRACT$ P]IOD ( DEP5D5CE1 *ILDR5 RETA9 A M5TAL PLA/ICITY ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE = !M TO LE>N A GREAT DEAL ( KN[L$GE1 MU* ( :I* !Y WILL NE$ TO SURVIVE UND] V]Y RUDIM5T>Y MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 A NEWBORN *IMPANZEE COMPLETES ITS 9FANCY 9 HALF ! TIME ( A NEWBORN BABY1 & IT 5DS ITS JUV5ILE PHASE 9 HALF ! TIME REQUIR$ BY A HUMAN *ILD4 ,FIVE YE>S OR SO AFT] A *IMPANZEE IS BOM1 IT CAN F5D = ITSELF )9 ITS HABITAT MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN CAN ANY HUMAN *ILD ( ! SAME AGE1 EV5 9 SIMPLE B& OR TRIBAL COMMUNITIES4 ,ONCE IT HAS REA*$ MATURITY1 H[EV]1 A *IMPANZEE'S LE>N+ CAPACITY IS V]Y LIMIT$2 A HUMAN BE+1 ON ! O!R H&1 CAN ABSORB KN[L$GE ?R\<\T MU* ( ITS LIFE4 

,! PROTRACT$ DEP5D5CE ( ! HUMAN *ILD LEADS TO BONDS ( LIFELONG COMMI TM 5T1 EV5 AS ! MO!R BECOMES OCCUPI$ ) ! C>E ( NEW & Y\NG] SIBL+S4 ,%>+ FOOD1 COLLECTIVE C>E TAK+ = ! Y\NG1 AN ABID+ S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! 9FIRM & TO ! FAMILY GR\P AS A :OLE -- ALL YIELD A CLE>LY DISC]NIBLE HUMAN FAMILY /RUCTURE1 TO AN EXT5T ?AT IS L>GELY UNKN[N 9 *IMPANZEES1 \R CLOSE/ PRIMATE RELATIVES1 AMONG :OM EV5 ! %>+ ( FOOD IS IDIOSYNCRATIC AT BE/ 7AP>T FROM ! MO!R-(FSPR+ RELATION%IP71 & ! SICK >E ACTUALLY %UNN$4 

,GIV5 ! HUMAN *ILD'S EV]-9CREAS+ M5TAL FACULTIES1 ITS WIDE-RANG+ EMOTIONAL REP]TOIRE1 & ITS GR[+ S5SE ( SELF-AW>5ESS1 IT BECOMES ! CEM5T1 AS IT W]E1 ( A DI/9CT 9/ITUTION1 ! FAMILY1 TOGE!R ) ITS MO!R & O!RS BY :OM IT MAY BE RAIS$ ,! BIOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES ( *ILDRE>+ = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME CON/ITUTE ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = BUILD+ AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN A LOOSELY B\ND COMMUNITY4 

,! NEXT MAJOR BIOLOGICAL FACT ?AT SEEMS TO HAVE PLAY$ A CON/ITUTIVE ROLE 9 =M+ E>LY SOCIETY IS OLD AGE4 ,9 ! DEM&+ WORLD ( PREHI/ORY1 ! PHYSICAL VULN]ABILITY ( AG+ ADULTS W\LD T5D TO FO/] A COMMONALITY ( 9T]E/S AMONG !M ?AT L$ TO A SIMPLE1 MILD /RATIFICATION 9 :I* !Y W]E MUTUALLY PROTECTIVE AGA9/ NEGLECT OR AB&ONM5T BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 CULTURES ?AT LACK$ WRIT+1 ELD]S W]E ! ALL IMPORTANT REPOSITORIES ( COMMUNITY KN[L$GE1 ! HEIRS ( ! GR\P'S WISDOM1 :I* W\LD GIVE !M AN 5HANC$ POSITION 9 B& & TRIBAL COMMUNITIES4 ,IT WAS !Y :O TAU<T ! Y\NG ! >TS ( SURVIVAL & :O BR\<T !IR EXP]I5CE TO ! S]VICE ( ! COMMUNITY -- & MADE !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE AS TEA*]S4 ,RESPECT = ELD]S1 (T5 9 P[]FUL G]ONTOCRACIES1 IS ALMO/ UNIV]SAL AMONG ! REMA9+ PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES1 & ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E HI<LY RESPECT$ 9 E>LY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES & W]E ULTIMATELY GIV5 PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 

,( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE AS WELL W]E ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DIFF]5CES 9 G5D] ?AT EM]G$ 9 E>LY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ,C]TA9LY1 ! SEXES TOOK ON DIFF]5T MAT]IAL TASKS4 ,WOM5 W]E RESPONSIBLE = *ILD-BE>+1 FOOD-GA!R+1 & FOOD PREP>ATION1 :ILE M5 5GAG$ 9 SCAV5G+1 TOOL-MAK+1 HUNT+ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 & PROTECT+ ! GR\P FROM M>AUD+ M5 ( O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,AL?\< BO? SEXES DID MANY ?+S 9 COMMON1 ! MORE ! HUMAN TOOL-KIT EXP&$ & NEW WAYS ( SECUR+ A LIVELIHOOD EM]G$1 ! MORE LIKELY IT WAS = WORK TO BE DIVID$ FUNCTIONALLY ALONG G5D] L9ES SO ?AT A TRUE DIVISION ( LABOR OCCURR$ 9 MO/ CASES1 EV5 LEAD+ TO A CULTURAL DIVISION ALONG SEXUAL L9ES1 9 :I* FEMALES =M$ !IR [N SORORAL GR\PS & MALES !IR [N FRAT]NAL GR\PS4 

,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ OBVI\S 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( AFF9ITY W]E ORGANIZ$ >\ND K9%IP1 ! MO/ UNIV]SAL =M ( RELATION%IPS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES4 ,JU/ AS *ILDRE>+1 AGE DIFF]5CES1 & G5D] GR\P+S >E BAS$ ON BIOLOGICAL FACTS1 SO TOO >E RELATION%IPS /RUCTUR$ >\ND BLOOD TIES 7:E!R REAL OR FICTITI\S74 ,)9 A RECOGNIZABLE CIRCLE ( BLOOD BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 P>5TS1 & O!R RELATIVES1 /RONG OBLIGATIONS EXI/$ ?AT =M$ ! S9EWS ( SOCIAL TIES4 ,ONE'S BASIC ALLEGIANCES W]E [$ FIR/ TO ONE'S IMM$IATE K91 ! MEMB]S ( ONE'S FAMILY4 ,!SE W]E SL[LY EXT5D$ \TW>D TO 9CLUDE ALLEGIANCES TO C\S9S & TO (F%OOTS ( ONE'S GR\P1 CLAN1 & TRIBE1 UNTIL K9%IP TIES BECAME SO REMOTE ?AT 9 !IR MO/ EXT5D$ =MS1 !Y IMPLI$ NO OBLIGATIONS AT ALL4 

,WE CAN ONLY GUESS :5 CLE>LY DEF9ABLE 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! FAMILY APPE>$ 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION4 ,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ HOM9ID ANCE/ORS1  
,AU/RALOPI!CUS AF>5SIS1 AB\T F\R FEET TALL BUT CLE>LY BIP$AL1 APPE>$ ON ! SEMI=E/$ ,AFRICAN SAVANNAHS SOME F\R MILLION YE>S AGO4.<#a#d.> ,IT HAD A BRA9 ?AT WAS NO L>G] ?AN ?AT ( A *IMPANZEE4 ,F> FROM RESEMBL+ ! 'KILL] APE'1 AS ,AU/RALOPI!C9ES W]E CALL$ YE>S AGO1 ! PR$ATORS ( O!R ANIMALS1 AF>5SIS WAS MORE LIKELY ! FAIRLY DOCILE1 OMNIVOR\S PREY ( LEOP>DS & HY5AS4 ,! FACT ?AT IT WAS UND\BT$LY BIP$AL1 :I* QUALIFIES IT AS A DIRECT ANCE/OR ( MOD]N HUMAN BE+S1 PROVIDES REASON TO SUSPECT ?AT MO!R-*ILD RELATION%IPS 9 !SE HOM9IDS W]E MORE /RUCTUR$ ?AN ?OSE ( *IMPANZEES1 AMONG :OM MAT]NAL BONDS TO ! Y\NG >E RELATIVELY LOOSE & EASILY SEP>AT$ AFT] A C\PLE ( YE>S4 ,9 #aigf 9 ,TANZANIA1 ! DI/+UI%$ PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/ ,M>Y ,LEAKEY F\ND FREE-/RID+1 DI/9CTLY BIP$AL FOOTPR9TS ( :AT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 TWO AF>5SIS ADULTS & A *ILD1 PRES]V$ BY OV]LAYS ( VOLCANIC A%4 ,V]Y MU* LIKE \R [N1 !Y SUGGE/ CLOSE BOND+ AMONG \R E>LY ANCE/ORS -- POSSIBLY EV5 A P]MAN5T FAMILY UNIT ?AT WALK$ UPON A%Y SOIL SOME ?REE & A HALF MILLION YE>S AGO4 

,! FIR/ HOM9ID TO E>N ! G5]IC NAME ( ,HOMO1 SPECIFICALLY ,HOMO HABILIS 7?AT IS1 'H&Y MAN'7 APPE>$ AB\T TWO MILLION YE>S AGO1 LEAV+ NOT ONLY DI/9CTLY HUMANLIKE FOSSIL REMA9S BUT RECOGNIZABLE /ONE TOOLS4 ,LITDE MORE ?AN A HALF-MILFION YE>S LAT]1 ITS DESC5DANT1 ,HOMO ]ECTUS1 EM]G$1 & ) ITS APPE>ANCE WE CAN SPEAK PLAUSIBLY ( SOME K9D ( LA/+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,HOMO ]ECTUS CLE>LY CRAFT$ TOOLS & LE>N$ TO USE FIRE4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL ?IS 9DISPUTABLY HUMAN SPECIES APPE>$1 \R ANCE/ORS W]E CONF9$ GEOGRAPHICALLY TO ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T4 

,]ECTUS WAS NOT ONLY TE*NICALLY V]SATILE BUT1 GIV5 ITS CAPACITY TO USE FIRE1 MAY HAVE BE5 A HUNT]1 SETT+ GRASSL&S AFIRE TO TRAP & H>VE/ ANIMALS1 POSSIBLY /AMP$+ H]DS OV] CLIFFS1 & EFFECTIVELY DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ PR$ATORS ) TOR*ES4 ,?IS CON/ELLATION ( DEVELOPM5TS -- P>TICUL>LY ! 'TAM+' ( FIRE -- MU/ HAVE BE5 A TURN+ PO9T 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION4 ,PROBABLY1 ]ECTUS'S MA9 S\RCE ( ANIMAL PROTE9S & FATS CAME FROM SCAV5G+1 ESPECIALLY US+ /ONE HAMM]S TO BREAK OP5 ! LONG BONES ( PREY ANIMALS ?AT EV5 HY5AS1 ) !IR P[]FUL JAWS1 C\LD NOT CRACK1 & CONSUM+ ! RI* M>R[ ?AT WAS LEFT BEH9D AFT] ! ANIMAL'S FLE% WAS CONSUM$4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT ]ECTUS DID SOME HUNT+ & FI%+1 BUILT %ELT]S1 & LIV$ AN ORGANIZ$ GR\P EXI/5CE4 ,F9ALLY1 ]ECTUS WAS ! FIR/ HOM9ID TO LEAVE ! ,AFRICAN CRADLE ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 MIGRAT+ AS F> EA/ AS ,JAVA1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT !SE HUMANS MAY HAVE KN[N H[ TO CLO! !MSELVES AGA9/ 9CLEM5T WEA!R4 

,]ECTUS HAD A BRA9 ?AT WAS AB\T TWO-?IRDS ! SIZE ( ITS MOD]N DESC5DANTS4 ,)9 A SPAN ( AB\T A MILLION YE>S1 HUMANS LIKE  
,HOMO SAPI5S NE&]?AL5SIS 7N[ CLASSIFI$ AS A =M ( ,HOMO SAPI5S7 APPE>$ ) BRA9 SIZES COMP>ABLE TO \R [N4 ,!Y PROBABLY C>RI$ SPE>S1 HUNT$ COLLECTIVELY1 5GAG$ 9 SEEM+LY C]EMONIAL4BURIALS1 & LIV$ 9 SMALL ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY >T-LIKE REMA9S1 IT IS H>D TO SAY ) ASSURANCE ?AT !Y HELD COMPLEX RELIGI\S BELIEFS2 NOR IS IT CLE> ?AT !Y C\LD >TICULATE WORDS & S5T5CES ) ANY PR(ICI5CY4 ,BUT !IR BURIAL SITES SUGGE/ ?AT !Y MAY HAVE HAD SOME K9D ( BELIEF SY/EM & =M ( FAMILY ORGANIZATION4 

,! PHYSICAL FEATURES ?AT DI/+UI% AU!NTIC HUMANS FROM !IR ,NE&]?AL C\S9S IS MORE M>K$ ?AN ! MORE G5TEEL CURR5T LIT]ATURE ON ,NE&]?ALS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT SOME PALEOAN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE CONT5D$1 IT IS V]Y UNLIKELY ?AT ,NE&]?ALS W\LD BE 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM MOD]N M5 & WOM5 IF !Y W]E DRESS$ 9 MOD]N CLO?+4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y UNABLE TO USE >TICULAT$ LANGUAGE BUT !Y W\LD BE NOTICEABLY DIFF]5T 9 !IR V]Y R\ND$ FACIAL PR(ILES4 ,WE HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y HAD ! >TI/IC S5SE ?AT MOD]N HUMANS POSSESS1 OR ! P[] TO G5]ALIZE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !IR CULTURES RESEMBL$ EV5 ! MY?OPEIC CULTURES ( PRES5T-DAY ABORIG9AL PEOPLES4 ,!Y W]E SLUGGI%LY ADAPTIVE RA!R ?AN EXCIT+LY 9NOVATIVE1 & MORE PASSIVE 9 RESPONSE TO ! WORLD >\ND !M ?AN EXP]IM5TAL & 9NOVATIVE4 ,9DE$1 AL?\< !Y W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT HUMAN TYPES = NE>LY A HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S1 !Y LEFT NO SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE ( >TI/IC OR ONGO+ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,NE&]?ALS MAY WELL QUALIFY AS ! PROTOTYPICAL 'PRIMITIVES' REV]$ BY PRIMITIVES & ECOMY/ICS TODAY1 ?AT LIV$ 9 'H>MONY' ) ',NATURE' -- BUT IF DIEY DID1 IT WAS 9 A H>MONY ?AT !Y DID NOT KN[ EXI/$1 PRODUC$ BY !IR 9ABILITY TO *ANGE ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIV$1 NOT BY ANY S5SIBILITY ?AT C\LD BE CALL$ ECOLOGICAL4 

,NOT UNTIL SOME N9ETY ?\S& YE>S AGO DID \R [N SPECIES1  
,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S1 BECOME A CLE>LY VISIBLE PRES5CE 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ESS5TIALLY CROSS+ ! L9E BETWE5 ITS ANIMAL ANCE/RY & ITS HUMAN FUTURE4 ,! FAM\S ,MAGDAL5IAN PEOPLES ( S\!RN ,FRANCE & NOR!RN ,SPA91 :O LEFT BEH9D ! REM>KABLE CAVE PA9T+S & SCULPTURES ( SOME #a#e1-#b1 YE>S AGO1 AS WELL AS RELAT$ GR\PS 9 C5TRAL ,EUROPE & ,ASIA1 CREAT$ A DEF9ITELY HUMAN-CONDITION$ 5VIRONM5T1 ONE ?AT !Y HAD SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ TO MEET !IR SURVIVAL & M5TAL NE$S4 ,!IRS WAS NO PASSIVE CULTURE1 DESPITE OBEISANCES MADE TO IT BY MOD]N PRIMITIVI/S EXTOLL+ /ONE AGE ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,F> FROM M]ELY DWELL+ 9 A HABITAT1 !Y 9NOVAT$ TE*NOLOGIES UNKN[N TO ANY PREVI\S HUMAN COMMUNITY3 B[S & >R[S1 SOPHI/ICAT$ SPE>S & SPE>-?R[]S1 WEAV+1 ELABORATE DECORATIVE CLO?+1 AMULETS1 EXTRAORD9>Y DEPICTIONS ( !MSELVES 7MALES & FEMALES71 & COMPLEX %ELT]S1 ON ! TUNDRAS ( ,EURASIA4 

,AS !IR BURIAL SITES 9DICATE1 !Y PROBABLY HAD 9CREAS+LY ELABORATE /ATUS GR\PS /RUCTUR$ >\ND ELD]S1 %AMANS1 & \T/&+ HUNT]S1 & !Y W]E LIKELY TO HAVE DEVELOP$ COMPLEX SY/EMS ( SYMPA!TIC MAGIC4 ,OV] TIME !Y SEEM TO HAVE DEVELOP$ RATIONALIZ$ TE*NIQUES = MAK+ ?+S TO SUPPLY NOT ONLY !MSELVES BUT ! GR[+ TRADE NETWORKS ( :I* !Y W]E P>T -- EV5 AN 'ASSEMBLY-L9E' SY/EM 9 ONE CASE1 9 :I* EA* P>TICIPANT MADE A PORTION ( AN IMPLEM5T ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY EX*ANG$ 9 F9I%$ =M ACROSS ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 

,FROM ! MAMMO? HUNT]S ( ! ,EURASIAN TUNDRA TO ! ,MAGDAL5IAN =AG]S ( S\!RN & C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ,HOMO SAPI5S COLLECTIVELY PRODUC$ A VIRTUAL EXPLOSION ( CREATIVITY 9 TE*NOLOGY & >T1 AGGRESSIVELY 9T]V5+ 9 ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 ,/ONE ,AGE ,MAN1 AS WE LIKE TO CONCEIVE 'HIM' 1 IS LESS LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 A SOMNAMBULANT WOR%IP] ( ,NATURE ?AN A W&]+1 CURI\S1 & IMM5SELY 9V5TIVE BE+ :O HUNT$ ) VIGOR & TRI$ 9 EV]Y WAY TO IMPROVE ,9S EV]YDAY LOT1 EV5 TO ! PO9T ( EXT]M9AT+ EXI/+ SPECIES TO MEET ,9S NE$S 79CLUD+ ! NE$ = GOODS TO TRADE71 !N MIGRAT+ 9TO >EAS ?AT CONTA9$ MORE PL5TIFUL S\RCES ( FOOD & O!R RES\RCES4 ,! !ORY %\LD NOT BE EXCLUD$ ?AT !SE MIGRATIONS REQUIR$ !M TO DISPLACE O!R HUNT]S -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?R\< W>F>E4 

,CLE>LY1 NO MY/ICAL REV]5CE = ,NATURE ?AT GIVES RISE TO AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY 9H]ES 9 HUMAN BE+S LIKE A G5E 9 A D\BLE HELIX4 ,ONLY AN E?ICAL 9T5TION TO BEHAVE ) A S5SITIVE CONC]N = O!R LIFE-=MS & !IR NE$S -- A UNIQUELY HUMAN TRAIT -- C\LD YIELD AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT GOES BEYOND ! GRATIFICATION ( MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,SU* AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY IS ! RESULT NOT ( A ',PLEI/OC5E CONSCI\SNESS' 1 TO USE ! J>GON ( MOD]N DAY PRIMITIVI/S1 BUT ( A RI* CIVILIZATION1 ( ! NUANC$ SOPHI/ICATION ( ! HUMAN M9D1 & ( S5SITIVE ADVANCES 9 HUMANI/IC VALUES4 

,AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMMUNITY1 COMPOS$ ( /RUCTUR$ FAMILY GR\PS1 CON/ITUTES ! 9ITIAL BIOLOGICAL BASIS ( SECOND NATURE4 ,ADD$ TO ?IS M9IMAL SOCIETY1 SO TO SPEAK1 >E 9/ITUTIONS =M$ >\ND AGE GR\PS ?AT CONF]R$ AU?ORITY ON ! OLD AS ! REPOSITORIES ( WISDOM1 >\ND K9%IP TIES AS ! S9EWS ( SOCIAL OBLIGATION1 & >\ND AN EM]G+ DIVISION ( LABOR BAS$ ON G5D] DIFF]5CES4 

,!SE 9/ITUTIONAL BASES = SOCIAL LIFE W]E 9ITIALLY GR\ND$ 9 BIOLOGICAL FACTS3 *ILDRE>+1 AGE1 BLOOD K9%IP1 & SEXUAL TRAITS4 ,?US IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT SECOND NATURE 'EAS$' 9 A GRAD$ WAY \T ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,! SEP>ATION BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE MAY HAVE BE5 V]Y GRADUAL2 9 FACT1 ! QUASI-BIOLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT M$IAT$ ?IS SEP>ATION -- FAMILY1 K9%IP1 AGE1 & G5D] -- >E /ILL A MAJOR PRES5CE 9 MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE1 H[EV] MU* !IR 9/ITUTIONAL =MS HAVE *ANG$ OV] TIME4 ,= ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT BESIEGE IT1 ! FAMILY IS /ILL REG>D$ AS ! CELLUL> TISSUE ( SOCIETY1 AGE IS /ILL VIEW$ AS A S\RCE ( WISDOM1 & 'BLOOD' 7(T5 9 ! =M ( RAG+ E?NIC SOLID>ITY & NATIONALISM7 IS /ILL '?ICK] ?AN WAT]'4 

,EV5 AS !SE BIOLOGICAL FACTS W]E 9CREAS+LY ACCULTURAT$1 TRANSPORT+ HUMANITY FROM FIR/ 9TO SECOND NATURE1 !IR IMPACT WAS AS CONF9+ AS IT WAS LIB]AT+4 ,SOCIAL /RUCTURES BAS$ ON BLOOD TIES1 SU* AS B&S & TRIBES1 C\LD BE V]Y P>O*IAL4 ,G5]ALLY !Y T5D$ TO D5Y TO \TSID]S OR /RANG]S ! CU/OM>Y PROTECTIVE RI<TS ?AT ALL ! K9DR$ MEMB]S ( !IR GR\PS 5JOY$4 ,AN \TSID] OR /RANG] :O VISIT$ A GR\P OR LIV$ 9 ITS MID/ C\LD BE TREAT$ QUITE >BITR>ILY & MI<T EASILY BE KILL$ BECAUSE ( A :IM OR A M9OR QU>REL4 

,G5D] DIFF]5CES1 :I* PROBABLY TOOK ! =M ( A COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SEXES 9 E>LY HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 ULTIMATELY L$ TO ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY M54 ,9DE$1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y ANCI5T CIVILIZATION1 ! TRULY PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 9 :I* ! ELDE/ MALE EX]CIS$ LIFE-&-DEA? P[]S OV] ALL MEMB]S ( A FAMILIAL OR CLAN GR\P1 PLAC$ DOME/IC LIFE UND] AN ABSOLUTE TYRANNY4 ,NOR DID ! MALE'S AU?ORITY1 :E!R AS FA!R OR HUSB&1 DISAPPE> UNTIL FAIDY REC5TLY1 H[EV] MU* IT WAS ATT5UAT$ OV] ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 

,BY ! LATE ,PALEOLI?IC1 :5 ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S CLEADY REPLAC$ ! ,NE&]?ALS1 ANIMI/IC & PROBABLY QUASI-RELIGI\S BELIEF SY/EMS HAD BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( HUNT+-GA!R+ OR =AG+ SOCIETIES4 ,:ATEV] MEAN+S CAN BE IMPUT$ TO ! PA9T+S & SCULPTURES 9 ,EUROPEAN CAVES1 !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E P>TLY IF NOT 5TIRELY MAGICAL4 ,BY #a#h1 YE>S AGO1 AS ! LA/ GLACIAL P]IOD DREW TO AN 5D1 PEOPLE W]E PA9T+ FIGURES ?AT >E REM>KABLY R$OL5T ( ,SIB]IAN & ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN %AMANS4 ,BURIAL >RANGEM5TS SUGGE/ A BELIEF 9 AN AFT]LIFE1 & /ATUETTES >E 9T5D$ TO HAVE UNKN[N BUT APP>5DY POT5T MAGICAL OR QUASI-RELIGI\S P[]S4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT MOD]N ABORIG9AL CULTURES >E A CR$ITABLE GUIDE TO ! PA/1 WE MAY SPECULATE ?AT ,HOMO SAPI5S SAPI5S WAS IDEOLOGICALLY SUFFUS$ BY A BELIEF 9 ! PORT5T\S FUNCTIONS ( DREAMS1 ! PRES5CE ( ANCE/RAL <O/S1 ! P[] ( MAGIC TO ASSURE SUCCESS 9 HUNT+1 & ! UBIQUITY ( DEMONS ?AT CAUS$ ILLNESS & DEA?4 

,BUT IF \R HUNT]-GA!R] ANCE/ORS LIV$ 9 A WORLD SO '5*ANT$' 1 IT WAS BUILT OV]:ELM+LY ON ILLUSIONS1 AS ,I CANNOT /RESS TOO /RONGLY -- GIV5 ! SPECI\S PRIMITIVISM & MY/ICISM SO MU* 9 VOGUE AMONG TODAY'S BOR$ MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 PEOPLE 9 ,PALEOLI?IC CULTURES EXP]I5C$ TANGIBLE DANG]S1 TOO1 FROM M>AUD+ GR\PS1 W>F>E1 & ! SACRIFICE & TORTURE ( CAPTIVES -- & FROM V]Y REAL MAT]IAL UNC]TA9TY1 DANG]\S PR$ATORS1 & E>LY DEA?4 ,9DE$1 JUDG+ FROM !IR REMA9S1 FEW IF ANY ,PLEI/OC5E PEOPLES SURVIV$ BEYOND ! AGE ( FIFTY1 & ONLY HALF REA*$ TW5TY4 ,!RE %\LD BE NO ILLUSIONS ?AT ,NATURE CLOS$ >\ND ?IS HUMAN WORLD ANY LESS H>%LY ?AN IT DID >\ND ! ANIMAL WORLD4 

,MOREOV]1 ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY FIR/ NATURE OR ! 'NATURAL LIFE' W]E NOT ONLY PHYSICAL BUT M5TAL4 ,LACK+ SYLLABIC WRIT+1 \R E>LY ANCE/ORS HAD NO MEANS ( CLE>LY RECORD+ !IR ?\<TS & EXP]I5CES4 ,PICTOGRAPHS MAY PROVIDE A CONCRETE /ORY TO ?OSE :O 9SCRIBE & READ !M1 BUT ONLY MOD]N SYLLABIC WRIT+ PROVIDES ! MEANS = SOPHI/ICAT$ G5]ALIZATIONS ?AT CAN BE ELABORAT$ FROM ONE TO ANO!R4 ,H5CE MU* ?AT PRELIT]ATE HUMAN BE+S KNEW1 ASIDE FROM :AT !Y ACQUIR$ FROM EXP]I5CE1 WAS H&$ D[N BY WORD ( M\? -- A TE*NIQUE = CONVEY+ KN[L$GE ?AT IS PAT5TLY LIMIT$4 

,IMPORTANT AS SPOK5 LANGUAGE IS -- 9DE$1 IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN BE+S -- ! FUND ( KN[L$GE IT CAN PROVIDE1 EV5 9 ! MO/ PRACTICAL MATT]S1 IS M>K$LY LIMIT$4 ,A PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY'S HI/ORY & EXP]I5CES CAN REA* BACK NO FUR!R 9 TIME ?AN TO :AT IS RETA9$ 9 ! MEMORY ( AN 9DIVIDUAL N>RATOR4 ,H[EV] KE5 ! N>RATOR'S MEMORY MAY BE1 IT IS IMM5SELY LIMIT$ BY COMP>ISON ) ! KN[L$GE CONTA9$ 9 ! BOOKS ( EV5 A MODE/ LIBR>Y4 ,MOREOV]1 ! V]Y IDEA ( A HI/ORY HAS LITTLE MEAN+ 9 A PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY4 ,!RE1 EV5TS ( ! PA/ TAKE ON A FABUL\S =M ?AT SL[LY DROPS A VEIL BETWE5 PA/ EXP]I5CE & REALITY1 OR ELSE !IR MEMORY SIMPLY FADES AWAY AS ONE G5]ATION REPLACES ANO!R4 

,IS ! PREVAL5CE ( REASON ! SOLE CRIT]ION = DEF9+ \R HUMANITY8 ,%\LD AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 RECTIFY+ ! UNAVOIDABLE 9EQUALITIES ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS )9 A COMMUNITY -- EV5 )9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL AT DIFF]5T TIMES 9 ! LIFE-CYCLE -- BE IGNOR$ 9 ! LI<T ( COLD REASON8 ,DO ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES1 9TUITIONS1 SPIRITUAL 9SI<TS1 & P]SONAL UNIQU5ESS HAVE A PLACE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,MY RESPONSE W\LD BE ?AT REASON & IMAG9ATION1 ?\<T & PASSION1 HAVE BE TO COMB9$4 

,9 SUM3 TO BECOME HUMAN IS TO BECOME RATIONAL & IMAG9ATIVE1 ?\<TFUL & VISION>Y1 9 RECTIFY+ ! ILLS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,BY EXT5SION1 \R CAPACITY = COMPASSION OBLIGES US TO 9T]V5E 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE & TO R5D] !M A RATIONAL & E?ICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO BECOME HUMAN1 9 EFFECT1 IS TO BECOME ,NATURE-R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S1 TO KN[+LY & FEEL+LY P>TICIPATE AS ACTIVE AG5TS 9 ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS4 ,AS ! POT5TIALLY CONSCI\S PRODUCTS ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 WE >E ! LONE AG5T :O CAN MELD !M 9 A HI<] TRANSC5D5CE ,I HAVE CALL$ 'FREE NATURE' ?AT ELIM9ATES NE$LESS PA91 DE/RUCTION1 CATA/ROPHES1 & REGRESSIONS4 

,?IS FREE NATURE W\LD BE A '?9K+ NATURE'1 A FULFILLM5T ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT T5DS T[>D EV]-GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY 9 DEAL+ ) 5VIRONM5TAL *ALL5GES4 ,SOCIAL LIFE1 F> FROM BE+ DIVID$ FROM OR PLAC$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 W\LD !N BE RATIONALLY 9TEGRAT$ ) FIR/ NATURE AS A SELF-CONSCI\S DIM5SION ( A NEW1 CREATIVE1 RI*LY DIFF]5TIAT$1 & MEAN+FUL :OLE4 ,!SE GOALS1 ROOT$ 9 ! /ILL-UNF9I%$ ,5LI<T5M5T1 CON/ITUTE A UNIFI$ VISION & PASSION ?AT TAKES FULL NOTE ( HUMANITY'S S+UL>ITY & POT5TIAL ABILITY TO ULTIMATELY CREATE ECOSOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS -- 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL BR+ HUMAN BE+S 9TO H>MONY ) ONE ANO!R & HUMANITY 9TO H>MONY ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,5LI<T5$ HUMANISM IS ! HOPEFUL MESSAGE ?AT SOCIETY CAN BE R5D]$ NOT ONLY RATIONAL BUT WISE & NOT ONLY E?ICAL BUT PASSIONATELY VISION>Y4 ,IF ?IS MESSAGE REMA9S NO MORE ?AN A HOPE TODAY -- & NO MOVEM5T = A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE UNLESS IT IS P]MEAT$ BY HOPE -- IT W\LD NONE!LESS VALIDATE MY CLAIM ?AT HUMANITY IS ! MO/ '5*ANT$' SPECIES ON ?IS PLANET4 ,= ONLY HUMAN BE+S CAN HOPE RA!R ?AN M]ELY EXI/1 =ESEE RA!R ?AN M]ELY REMEMB]1 FIVE AS ACTIVE AG5TS RA!R ?AN M]ELY DWELL AS PASSIVE BE+S1 *ANGE ! WORLD = ! BETT] RA!R ?AN M]ELY ACCEPT IT1 9NOVATE RA!R ?AN M]ELY ADAPT4 

,BUT HUMANITY TODAY FIVES 9 ! T5SION BETWE5 ! UTT]LY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT HAS BR\<T US TWO MON/R\S ,WORLD ,W>S1 ! UN=GIVABLE HORRORS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,HITL]'S EXT]M9ATION CAMPS & ,/AL9'S GULAGS1 SEE?+ NATIONALISMS1 & E?NIC HATR$ ON ! ONE H& -- & G5]\S IDEALS ( FRE$OM1 COOP]ATION1 %>+1 EMPA?Y & AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ON ! O!R4 ,H[EV] IMPORTANT S5TIM5T1 9TUITION1 FEEL+1 & SPIRITUALITY >E AS P>T ( \R BE+1 REASON MU/ ALWAYS /& LIKE A S5T9EL1 A CONT9UAL *ALL5GE & CORRECTIVE1 LE/ \R ANIMALITY CONSPIRE ) \R 9TELLIG5CE OR CUNN+ TO YIELD UN=ESEEABLE T]RORS & UNEXPECT$ HORRORS 9 \R /ILL-UNF9I%$ DEVELOPM5T AS HUMAN BE+S4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 REMOV+ !SE T5SIONS & FAIL+S 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HUMANITY CAN UND]TAKE ITS MOVEM5T T[>D A RATIONAL SOCIETY IS MORE PROBLEMATIC TODAY ?AN IT HAS EV] BE5 9 ! PA/4 ,! V]Y MEANS ?AT EXI/ TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY -- TE*NOLOGICAL PR(ICI5CY1 WIDE-RANG+ 9/RUM5TS ( COMMUNICATION1 5ORM\S KN[L$GE ( ! NATURAL WODD1 & GREAT 9TELLECTUAL P[]S -- CAN BE DANG]\SLY DEPLOY$ BY ! PRES5T IRRATIONAL SOCIETY AGA9/ ! ATTA9M5T ( A BETT] WODD4 ,TODAY1 SIMPLI/IC APPEALS TO \R '9TUITIONS' & 'SPIRITUALITY'1 TO ! 'P[] ( ! SUP]NATURAL'1 TO \R '9N] *ILD'1 & TO ! WISDOM ( V>I\S GURUS >E LEAD+ NOT ONLY TO FUTILE 9TROSPECTION & AN IRRESPONSIBLE N>CISSISM BUT TO SOCIAL 9ACTION4 

,ATTA9+ ! REALM ( FRE$OM REQUIRES REPLAC+ ! DEMONIC P[]S DIAT KEEP US 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( S]VILITY -- BE IT TO ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[]S OR PSY*IC *>LATANS -- & PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( FREELY ACT+ RATIONAL AS WELL AS IMAG9ATIVE HUMAN AG5TS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS MU*-NE$$ CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS UND] =MIDABLE ASSAULT FROM ! ANTIHUMANI/IC AMBIANCE ( \R TIME4 ,SELDOM HAVE WE BE5 9VIT$ SO 9SI/5TLY TO REGRESS TO MODES ( ',BE+'1 TO USE ,HEIDEGG]IAN LANGUAGE1 ?AT EMPHASIZE \R ANIMALITY4 ,:E!R ?IS ANIMALITY TAKES ! =M ( \R G5ETIC MAKEUP1 \R UNDIFF]5TIAT$ ',ON5ESS' ) AN 9DEF9ABLE ,NATURE1 \R 9TUITIONS1 OR \R ANCE/RAL PRIMITIVITY1 IT 9VOLVES A LOSS ( \R RATIONALITY1 HUMAN DI/9CTIV5ESS1 CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 & ACTIVE AG5CY 9 *ANG+ ! WORLD = ! BETT]4 

,!SE ANTIHUMANI/IC TR5DS1 9 !IR 9TANGIBLE BUT ALL-5COMPASS+ AMBIANCE1 HAVE GA9$ AN 9FLU5CE ?AT OB/RUCTS \R FULFILLM5T AS A MEAN+FUL RESULT ( NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,UNTIL ! CURR5T ANTIHUMANI/IC T5D5CIES >E SUBJECT$ TO S]I\S CRITICISM1 WE CANNOT EV5 BEG9 TO ADDRESS ! MORE TANGIBLE PROBLEMS ( \R TIME ?AT ANTIHUMANISM OBSCURES & DI/ORTS4 ,IT IS TO TILLS CRITICAL TASK ?AT WE MU/ TURN IF !RE IS TO BE EV5 ! REMOTE/ PROSPECT ( A*IEV+ ! SOCIAL FU LFILLM 5T & ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT IMPLICITLY CON/ITUTE \R HUMANITY4.<#a#e.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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