,RANK-&-,FILE ,RADICALISM )9 ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ( ! #a#i#bS 

#aiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ! FOLL[+ >TICLE >E PRES5T$ SOME UNUSUAL FEATURES ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ( ! #a#i#bS1 ! ONLY P]IOD 9 :I* ! ,K,K,K WAS A MASS MOVEM5T4 ,9 NO WAY %\LD ?IS ESSAY BE 9T]PRET$ AS AN 5DORSEM5T ( ANY ASPECT ( ?IS V]SION ( ! ,KLAN OR ( ANY O!R P>TS ( ,KLAN ACTIVITY4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! LOA?SOME NATURE ( ! ,K,K,K ( TODAY %\LD NOT BL9D US TO :AT TOOK PLACE )9 ! ,KLAN #g YE>S AGO1 9 V>I\S PLACES & AGA9/ ! WI%ES & IDEOLOGY ( ! ,KLAN ITSELF4 

,9 ! ,U4,S4 AT LEA/1 RACISM IS C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ CRUDELY REIFI$ PH5OM5A4 ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ( ! #a#i#bS IS ONE ( ! TWO OR ?REE MO/ IMPORTANT -- & MO/ IGNOR$ -- SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( #b? C5TURY ,AM]ICA4 ,!SE TWO DATA >E ! ESS5TIAL PREFACE TO ?IS ESSAY4 

,WRIT+ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#b#d1 ,/ANLEY ,FRO/ ACCURATELY SURVEY$ ! ,KLAN AT ! CRE/ ( ITS P[]3 0,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN HAS BECOME ! MO/ VIGOR\S1 ACTIVE & EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION 9 ,AM]ICAN LIFE \TSIDE BUS9ESS40.<#a.> ,DEP5D+ ON ONE'S *OICE ( S\RCES1 ,K,K,K MEMB]%IP 9 #aibd CAN BE E/IMAT$ AT ANY:]E BETWE5 TWO & EI<T MILLION4.<#b.> 

,& YET1 ! NATURE ( ?IS MOVEM5T HAS BE5 L>GELY UNEXPLOR$ OR MISUND]/OOD4 ,9 ! FAIRLY ?9 LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT1 ! ,KLAN PH5OM5ON IS USUALLY DESCRIB$ SIMPLY AS 'NATIVISM'4 ,A FAVORITE 9 ! LEXICON ( OR?ODOX HI/ORIANS1 ! T]M REF]S TO AN IRRATIONALITY1 RACISM1 & BACKW>DNESS SUPPOS$LY 5DEMIC TO ! POOR] & LESS-$UCAT$ CLASSES1 & T5D+ TO BREAK \T 9 EPISODIC B\TS ( VIOL5TLY-EXPRESS$ PREJUDICE4 ,EM]SON ,L\CKS' ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,NATIVISM IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE4 ,ITS PREFACE BEG9S )1 0,! REVIV$ ,K,K,K & ITS /ORMY C>E] IS BUT ONE *APT] 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN NATIVISM10 ! FIR/ *APT] IS 5TITL$1 0,SOME ,BEG9N+S ( ,NATIVISM10 & 9 ! BOOK'S CONCLUD+ P>AGRAPH WE LE>N ?AT 0,NATIVISM HAS %[N ITSELF TO BE A P]5NIAL40.<#c.> 

,K5NE? ,JACKSON1 ) HIS ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ! ,CITY1 HAS BE5 ONE ( A V]Y FEW COMM5TATORS TO GO BEYOND ! AMORPH\S 'NATIVISM' !SIS & ALSO *ALL5GE SEV]AL ( ! PREVAIL+ /E- REOTYPES ( ! ,KLAN4 ,HE >GUES =CEFULLY ?AT 0! ,9VISIBLE ,EMPIRE ( ! #a#i#bS WAS NEI!R PR$OM9ANTLY S\!RN1 NOR RURAL1 NOR :ITE SUPREMACI/1 NOR VIOL5T40.<#d.> ,C>L ,DEGL]'S SUCC9CT COMM5TS CORROBORATE ! NON-S\!RN *>ACT]IZATION QUITE ABLY3 0,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! S+LE PIECE ( 9DISPUTABLE ,KLAN LEGISLATION 5ACT$ ANY:]E WAS ! S*OOL LAW 9 ,OREGON2 ! /ATE MO/ ?OR\<LY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,KLAN WAS ,9DIANA2 & ! L>GE/ ,KLAN MEMB]%IP 9 ANY /ATE WAS ?AT 9 ,OHIO4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SEV]AL S\!RN /ATES LIKE ,MISSISSIPPI1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,S\? ,C>OL9A H>DLY SAW ! ,KLAN OR FELT ITS 9FLU5CE40.<#e.> ,JACKSON'S /ATI/ICS %[ CLE>LY ! ,KLAN'S NOR!RN BASE1 ) ONLY ONE S\!RN /ATE1 ,TEXAS1 AMONG ! EI<T /ATES ) ! L>GE/ MEMB]%IP4.<#f.> ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EV5 BEG9 TO CITE ,JACKSON'S EVID5CE 9 FAVOR ( T]M+ ! ,KLAN AN URBAN PH5OM5ON1 9ASMU* AS HIS :OLE BOOK TE/IFIES TO ?IS *>ACT]IZATION4 ,IT MAY BE 9T]E/+ TO NOTE1 H[EV]1 ! T5 URBAN >EAS ) ! MO/ ,KLANSM54 ,PR9CIPALLY 9DU/RIAL & ALL BUT ONE ( !M \TSIDE ! ,S\?1 !Y >E1 9 DESC5D+ ORD]3 ,*ICAGO1 ,9DIANAPOLIS1 ,PHILADELPHIA-,CAMD51 ,DETROIT1 ,D5V]1 ,PORTL&1 ,ATLANTA1 ,LOS ,ANGELES-,LONG ,BEA*1 ,Y\NG/[N-,W>R51 & ,PITTSBUR<-,C>NEGIE4.<#g.> 

,! NOTION ( ! ,K,K,K AS AN ESS5TIALLY RACI/ ORGANIZATION IS SIMIL>LY *ALL5G$ BY ,JACKSON4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,MOATS ,MILL] PUT IT1 09 GREAT >EAS ( ! C\NTRY :]E ! ,KLAN WAS P[]FUL ! ,NEGRO POPULATION WAS 9SIGNIFICANT1 & 9 FACT1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT HAD NOT A S+LE ,NEGRO LIV$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A ,KLAN-TYPE ORD] W\LD HAVE EM]G$40.<#h.> ,& ,ROB]T ,DUFFUS1 WRIT+ = ! ,JUNE #aibc ,WORLD'S ,WEEK1 CONC$$3 0:ILE ! RACIAL SITUATION CONTRIBUT$ TO A /ATE ( M9D FAVORABLE TO ,KU ,KLUXISM1 CURI\SLY IT DID NOT FIGURE PROM95TLY 9 ! ,KLAN'S C>E]40.<#i.> ,! ,KLAN 9 FACT TRI$ TO ORGANIZE 0COLOR$ DIVISIONS0 9 ,9DIANA & O!R /ATES1 TO ! AMAZEM5T ( HI/ORIAN ,KA?LE5 ,BLEE4.<#a.> ,DEG- L]1 :O WRONGLY CONSID]$ VIGILANTISM TO BE ! CORE TRAIT ( ! ,KLAN1 ADMITT$ ?AT SU* VIOL5CE AS !RE WAS 0WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ :ITE1 ,ANGLO-,SAXON ,PROTE/ANTS RA!R ?AN AGA9/ ! M9ORITIES40.<#a#a.> 

,:I* BR+S US TO ! F\R? & LA/ PO9T ( ,JACKSON'S !SIS1 ?AT ! ,K,K,K WAS NOT PR$OM9ANTLY VIOL5T4 ,AGA91 HIS CONCLUSIONS SEEM VALID DESPITE ! WIDESPREAD IMAGE ( A LYN*-MAD1 T]RORI/IC ,KLAN4 ,! PO/W> RACE RIOTS ( #aiai 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,*ICAGO1 & ,EA/ ,/4 ,L\IS1 = EXAMPLE1 OCCURR$ BE=E !RE W]E ANY ,KLANSM5 9 ?OSE CITIES1.<#a#b.> & 9 ! #a#i#bS1 :5 ! ,KLAN GREW TO ITS GREAT /R5G?1 ! NUMB] ( LYN*+S 9 ! ,U4,S4 DROPP$ TO LESS ?AN HALF ! ANNUAL AV]AGE ( PRE-W> YE>S.<#a#c.> & A F> SMALL] FRACTION ?AN ?AT BY COMP>ISON ) ! IMM$IATELY PO/W> YE>S4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,PRE/ON ,SLOSSON1 0,BY A CURI\S ANOMALY1 9 SPITE (444! REVIVAL ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN1 ! OLD ,AM]ICAN CU/OM ( LYN* LAW FELL 9TO ALMO/ COMPLETE DISUSE40.<#a#d.> 

,A SURVEY ( ,LIT]>Y ,DIGE/ 7CONS]VATIVE7 & ,! ,NATION 7LIB]AL7 = #a#i#b#b-#a#i#b#c REVEALS SEV]AL REPORT$ 9/ANCES 9 :I* ! ,KLAN WAS BLAM$ = VIOL5CE IT DID NOT P]PETRATE & UNFAIRLY DEPRIV$ ( ITS RI<TS4.<#a#e.> ,ITS 5EMIES FREQU5TLY 9CLUD$ LOCAL OR /ATE E/ABLI%M5TS1 & W]E G5]ALLY F> FROM BE+ MEEK & P[]LESS VICTIMS4 

,IF ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN1 !N1 WAS NOT PR$OM9ANTLY S\!RN1 RURAL1 RACI/1 OR VIOL5T1 JU/ :AT WAS ! NATURE ( ?IS /RANGE =CE :I* GREW TO SU* P[] SO RAPIDLY & SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! E>LY-MIDDLE '#bS -- & DECL9$ AT LEA/ AS QUICKLY BY #a#i#b#e8 ,! OR?ODOX 'NATIVISM' ANSW] ASS]TS ?AT IT WAS JU/ ANO!R ( ! P]IODIC1 UN?9K+ & REACTION>Y EF=TS ( ! IGNORANT TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK1 & !RE=E FUTILE & %ORT-LIV$4 ,A PO/-,JACKSON1 'NEO-NATIVI/' POSITION MI<T EV5 CONC$E ! PO9TS AB\T RACISM & VIOL5CE NOT BE+ DET]M9ANT1 & /ILL ESS5TIALLY MA9TA9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ( RECURR5T1 BL9D EF=TS TO RE/ORE AN 9*OATE BUT RI<TI/ V]SION ( ! PA/4 

,BUT A V]Y /RONG PATT]N REG>D+ ! ,KLAN 9TRODUCES D\BTS AB\T ?IS \TLOOK1 NAMELY1 ?AT MILITANTLY PROGRESSIVE OR RADICAL ACTIVITIES HAVE (T5 CLOSELY PREC$$1 CO9CID$ )1 OR CLOSELY FOLL[$ /RONG ,K,K,K EF=TS1 & HAVE 9VOLV$ ! SAME P>TICIPANTS4 ,OKLAHOMA1 = EXAMPLE1 EXP]I5C$ 9 A M]E T5 YE>S ! GR[? & DECL9E ( ! L>GE/ /ATE BRAN* ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 & ! RISE ( ONE ( ! /RONGE/ ,KLAN MOVEM5TS4.<#a#f.> ,9 ,WILLIAMSON ,C\NTY1 ,ILL9OIS1 AN 9T]RACIAL CR[D ( UNION COAL M9]S /ORM$ A M9E BE+ WORK$ BY /RIKE-BREAK]S & KILL$ TW5TY ( !M4 ,! COMMUNITY SUPPORT$ ! M9]S' ACTION & REFUS$ TO CONVICT ANY ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ ,H]R9 ,MASSACRE ( #a#i#b#b1 :I* HAD CAPTUR$ ! NATION'S ATT5TION4 ,)9 TWO YE>S1 ,H]R9 & ! RE/ ( ,WILLIAMSON ,C\NTY BACK$ ONE ( ! V]Y /RONGE/ LOCAL ,KLAN ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! C\NTRY4.<#a#g.> ,! VIOL5TLY SUPPRESS$ /RIKES ( ! S\!RN ,APPALA*IAN ,PI$MONT TEXTILE WORK]S 9 #a#i#b#i1 AMONG ! MO/ BITT]LY F\<T 9 TW5TIE? C5TURY LABOR HI/ORY1.<#a#h.> TOOK PLACE AT ! TIME ( OR IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ GREAT ,KLAN /R5G? 9 MANY ( ! SAME MILL T[NS4 ,! RUBB] WORK]S ( ! HUGE TIRE-BUILD+ PLANTS ( ,AKRON1 ! FIR/ TO WIDELY EMPLOY ! EFFECTIVE SIT-D[N /RIKE WEAPON 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 =M$ A L>GE P>T ( ?AT CITY'S V]Y SIZABLE ,KLAN MEMB]%IP1.<#a#i.> OR HAD COME FROM ,APPALA*IAN REGIONS :]E ! ,K,K,K WAS ALSO /RONG4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ! V]Y MILITANT & 9T]RACIAL ,S\!RN ,T5ANT ,F>M]S ,UNION WAS =M$1 & W\LD FACE ! FLI<T ( ITS LEAD]S1 ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 & ! MA*9E-GUNS ( ! L>GE L&HOLD]S4 ,MANY ( ITS ACTIVE MEMB]S W]E =M] ,KLANSM54.<#b.> ,& OBS]V]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ MILITANT ACTIVI/S 9 AUTO W]E =M] ,KLANSM54.<#b#a.> 

,! KEY TO ALL !SE EXAMPLES ( APP>5TLY DISP>ATE LOYALTIES IS A SIMPLE ONE4 ,AS ,I WILL %[1 NOT ONLY DID SOME ,KLANSM5 HOLD RELATIVELY RADICAL OP9IONS :ILE MEMB]S ( ! ,9VISIBLE ,ORD]1 BUT 9 FACT US$ ! ,KLAN1 ON OCCASION1 AS A VEHICLE = RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! RECORD 9 ?IS >EA1 ?\< NOT 9ACCESSIBLE1 HAS REMA9$ COMPLETELY UNDEVELOP$4 

,! RISE ( ! ,KLAN BEGAN ) ! %>P ECONOMIC DEPRESSION ?AT /RUCK 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#b4 ,9 ! ,S\?1 DESP]ATE F>M]S ORGANIZ$ UND] ! ,KLAN BANN] 9 AN EF=T TO =CE UP ! PRICE ( COTTON BY RE/RICT+ ITS SALE4 0,ALL ?R\<\T ! FALL & W9T] ( #a#i#b-#b#b MASK$ B&S ROAM$ ! C\NTRYSIDE W>N+ G9N]IES & W>EH\SES TO CLOSE UNTIL PRICES ADVANC$4 ,SOMETIMES !Y SET FIRE TO E/ABLI%M5TS ?AT DEFI$ !IR $ICT40.<#b#b.> ,IT WAS FROM ?IS />T ?AT ! ,KLAN REALLY BEGAN TO GR[ & TO SPREAD TO ! ,NOR?1 CROSS+ ! ,MASON-,DIXON L9E 9 ! W9T] ( #a#i#b-#b#a4.<#b#c.> 

,! ,K,K,K LEAD]%IP 0DISAV[$ & APP>5TLY DISAPPROV$ (0.<#b#d.> ?IS AGGRESSIVE ECONOMIC ACTIVISM1 & IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT MORE (T5 ?AN NOT !RE WAS T5SION OR OPPOSITION BETWE5 (FICIALS & MEMB]S1 A PO9T ,I WILL RETURN TO LAT]4 ,9 A S\!RN UNION HALL 9 #a#i#c#c1 ,%]WOOD ,&]SON QU]I$ A LOCAL REPORT] AB\T ! USE ( ! ,KLAN = ECONOMIC /RUGGLES3 0,?IS P>TICUL> HALL HAD =M]LY BE5 US$ BY A ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ORGANIZATION & ,I ASK$ ! NEWSPAP] MAN1 ',H[ MANY ( !SE PEOPLE .<TEXTILE WORK]S.> W]E 9 ON ?AT8' ',A GOOD MANY1' HE SAID4 ,HE ?\<T ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN HAD BE5 RA!R AN \TLET = ! WORK]S :5 ,AM]ICA WAS \TW>DLY SO PROSP]\S4 ',! BOOM M>KET NEV] GOT D[N TO !SE1' HE SAID1 MAK+ A SWEEP+ MOVEM5T ) HIS >M40.<#b#e.> ,KLAN (FICIALS NEV] SPOKE 9 FAVOR ( SU* USES ( ! ,KLAN1 BUT IT WAS ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL NE$S ?AT (T5 DREW PEOPLE TO ! ,KLAN1 RA!R ?AN RELIGI\S1 PATRIOTIC1 OR /RICTLY FRAT]NAL ONES4.<#b#f.> 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE WASN'T A MULTIPLICITY ( CONTRIBUT+ FACTORS USUALLY PRES5T AS ! NEW ,KLAN ROSE TO PROM95CE4 ,!RE WAS A WIDESPREAD FEEL+ ?AT ! 0,GLORI\S ,CRUSADE0 ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I HAD BE5 A SW9DLE4 ,!RE WAS ! DESP]ATE BOR$OM & MONOTONY ( REGIM5T$ WORK-LIVES4 ,TO ?IS LATT] FRU/RATION1 A ,K,K,K NEWSPAP] APPEAL$ = NEW MEMB]S ) ! BANN]1 0,J,U,/ ,T,O ,P,E,P ,U,P ,! ,G,A,M,E4 ,?,I,S ,S,L,[ ,L,I,F,E ,I,S ,K,I,L,L,+ ,M,E40.<#b#g.> ,& ) !SE FEEL+S1 TOO1 IT IS QUITE EASY TO IMAG9E A =M ( PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ACTIVISM BE+ ! RESULT4 ,AS ,/ANLEY ,FRO/ COMM5T$ 9 #a#i#b#d1 0! ,KLAN MOVEM5T SEEMS TO BE ANO!R EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL UNRE/ & DISSATISFACTION ) BO? LOCAL & NATIONAL CONDITIONS -- ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+1 SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 9EQUALITY44440.<#b#h.> ,OR1 AS ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 ,JR4 (FH&$LY REVEAL$ 9 A COMM5T AB\T ,HUEY ,LONG1 0DESPITE HIS POOR :ITE SYMPA?IES1 HE DID NOT1 LIKE ,HUGO ,BLACK 9 ,ALABAMA1 JO9 ! ,KLAN40.<#b#i.> 

,! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,KLAN HAVE V]Y COMMONLY BE5 REF]R$ TO AS 0MORAL RE=M10 & C]TA9LY ?IS K9D ( EF=T WAS COMMON4 ,>TICLES SU* AS1 0,BEH9D ! ,:ITE ,HOODS3 ,! ,REG5]ATION ( ,OKLAHOMA10 & 0,NI<T-,RID+ ,RE=M]S10 FROM ,FALL #aibc ISSUES ( ,! ,\TLOOK BESPEAK ?IS SIDE ( ,KLAN MOTIVATION4.<#c.> ,!Y TELL H[ ! ,KLAN CLEAN$ UP GANGS ( ORGANIZ$ CRIME & COMBAT$ VISE & POLITICAL CORRUPTION 9 ,OKLAHOMA & ,9DIANA1 APP>5TLY ) A M9IMUM ( VIOL5CE OR VIGILANTISM4 ,ALSO WIDESPREAD W]E ,KLAN ATTEMPTS TO PUT BOOTLEGG]S \T ( BUS9ESS1 ?\< WE MI<T RECALL H]E ?AT PROHIBITION HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 5DORS$ BY LABOR P>TISANS1 FROM ! OP9ION ?AT ! (T5 HI< ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION RATES AMONG WORK]S WEAK5$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,KLAN NOT 9FREQU5TLY ATTACK$ LIQUOR & SALOON 9T]E/S EXPLICITLY AS =CES ?AT KEPT WORK+ PEOPLE D[N4 

,IT IS ON ! PLANE ( 'MORAL' ISSUES1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT ANO!R /]EOTYPE REG>D+ ! ,K,K,K -- ?AT ( ITS TOTAL MORAL 9TOL]ANCE -- DISSOLVES AT LEA/ SOME:AT UND] SCRUT9Y4 ,*>LES ,B[LES1 ! ALMO/ SUCCESSFUL WRITE-9 ,KLAN C&IDATE 9 ! #aibd ,DETROIT MAY- ORALTY RACE1 WAS A DIVORCE LAWY] 7AS WELL AS BE+ PRO-PUBLIC WORKS74,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ANTI-,CA?OLICISM WAS A MAJOR PLANK ( ,KLAN APPEAL 9 MANY PLACES1 SU* AS ,OREGON4 ,BUT AT LEA/ P>T ( ?IS ATTITUDE /EMM$ FROM A 0BELIEF ?AT ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* WAS A MAJOR OB/ACLE 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S SUFFRAGE & EQUALITY40.<#c#a.> 

,M>G>ET ,SANG]1 ! BIR? CONTROL PIONE]1 GAVE A LECTURE TO ,KLANSWOM5 9 ,SILV] ,LAKE1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 A SPEAK+ 5GAGEM5T %E ACCEPT$ ) NO LITTLE TREPIDATION4 ,%E FE>$ ?AT IF %E 0UT- T]$ ONE WORD1 SU* AS ABORTION1 \TSIDE ! USUAL VOCABUL>Y ( !SE WOM5 !Y W\LD GO (F 9TO HY/]IA40 ,ACTUALLY1 A REAL RAPPORT WAS E/ABLI%$ & ! EV5+ WAS A GREAT SUCCESS4 0,A DOZ5 9VITATIONS TO SPEAK TO SIMIL> GR\PS W]E PR(F]R$4 ,! CONV]SATION W5T ON & ON1 & :5 WE W]E F9ALLY ?R\< IT WAS TOO LATE TO RETURN TO ,NEW ,YORK40.<#c#b.> 

,AT ANY RATE1 A CONNECTION CAN BE >GU$ BETWE5 'MORAL' RE=M & MORE FUNDAM5TAL RE=M ATTEMPTS4 0,I WOND] IF ANYBODY C\LD EV] F9D ANY CONNECTION BETWE5 ?IS T[N'S EVID5T IMMORALITIES & SOME ( ! PLANT'S EVID5T DISSATISFACTION80.<#c#c.> POND]$ ,:IT+ ,WILLIAMS 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,HE DECID$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 ?AT VISE 9 ! COMMUNITY IS ! RESULT ( ANG] 9 ! MILL OR FACTORY4 ,& ,KLAN MEMB]S (T5 %[$ AN 9T]E/ 9 ALSO COMBAT+ :AT !Y SAW AS ! CAUSES ( 'IMMORALITIES' RA!R ?AN SIMPLY !IR MANIFE/ATIONS4 

,HIRAM ,EVANS1 A HEAD ( ! ,KLAN1 ADMITT$ 9 A R>E 9T]VIEW 9 #aibc ?AT 0,!RE HAS BE5 A WIDESPREAD FEEL+ AMONG ,KLANSM5 ?AT 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S ! OP]ATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T HAS %[N WEAKNESS 9DICAT+ A POSSIBLE NE$ ( RA!R FUNDAM5TAL RE=M40.<#c#d.> ,A #aibc LETT] TO ! $ITOR ( ,! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC DETAILS ?IS AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ = DEEP-SEAT$ *ANGES4 ,WRITT5 BY AN OPPON5T ( ! ,KLAN1 ! PASSAGE EXPRESSES 0,! ,:Y ( ! ,KLAN03 

0,FIR/3 ,?R\<\T ALL CLASSES !RE IS A GR[+ SKEPTICISM ( DEMOCRACY1 ESPECIALLY ( ! CURR5T ,AM]ICAN BR&4 ,MANY ,AM]ICANS BELIEVE !RE IS LITTLE EV5-H&$ JU/ICE ADM9I/]$ 9 ! C\RTS2 ?AT A POOR MAN HAS LITTLE *ANCE AGA9/ A RI* ONE2 ?AT MANY JUDGES PRACTICALLY BUY !IR PLACES ON ! B5* OR >E PUT !RE BY P[]FUL 9T]E/S4 ,! /RONG1 ABLE Y\NG MAN COMES \T ( COLLEGE READY TO DO HIS P>T 9 POLITICS1 BUT ) ! SETTL$ CONVICTION ?AT UNLESS HE CAN GIVE FULL TIME !RE IS NO USE 'BUCK+ UP AGA9/ ! MA*9E4' ,FUR!RMORE HE BELIEVES ! MA*9ES TO BE EQUALLY CORRUPT4 ,! M9] 9 ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA SEES ! P[] ( ! /ATE 5LI/$ ON ! SIDE ( ! M9E [N]40.<#c#e.> 

,?R\<\T ! LIT]ATURE !RE IS A /RONGLY PREVAIL+ T5D5CY TO DEAL ) ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ,KLAN MEMB]%IP BY IGNOR+ IT ALTOGE!R1 OR1 MORE COMMONLY1 BY REF]R+ TO IT 9 PASS+ AS 0MIDDLE CLASS40 ,?IS APPROA* 5ABL$ ,JOHN ,MECKL91 :OSE ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN3 ,A ,/UDY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,M9D 7#a#i#b#d7 IS REG>D$ AS A CLASSIC1 TO SAY ?AT 0,! AV]AGE ,KLANSMAN IS F> MORE 9 SYMPA?Y ) CAPITAL ?AN ) LABOR40.<#c#f.>,9 L>GE P>T ?IS /EMS FROM LOOK+ AT ! TOP ,KLAN (FICIALS1 RA!R ?AN AT ! RANK & FILE MEMB]S4 ,WILLIAM ,SIMMONS1 ,D4,C4 ,/EPH5SON1 & ,HIRAM ,EVANS1 ! M5 :O PRESID$ OV] ! ,KLAN 9 ! '#bS HAD BE51 RESPECTIVELY1 A M9I/]1 A COAL DEAL]1 & A D5TI/4 ,BUT ! MEMB]%IP DEFI- NITELY DID NOT %>E ?IS :OLLY 0MIDDLE CLASS0 MAKEUP4 

,K5NE? ,JACKSON ONLY P>TIALLY AVOIDS ! ]ROR BY T]M+ ! ,KLAN A 0L[] MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEM5T10.<#c#g.> A VAGUE APPELLATION :I* HE CORRECTS %ORTLY !REAFT]3 0,! GREATE/ S\RCE ( ,KLAN SUPPORT CAME FROM RANK & FILE NONUNION1 BLUE-COLL> EMPLOYES ( L>GE BUS9ESSES & FACTORIES40.<#c#h.> 

,RETURN+ TO ! SUBJECT ( SOCIO-POLITICAL ATTITUDES ( ,KLAN MEMB]S1 AVAILABLE EVID5CE /RIK+LY CONFIRMS MY CONT5TION ( A SOMETIMES QUITE RADICAL FRAME ( M9D4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#d1 ,! ,\TLOOK MAGAZ9E CONDUCT$ A 0,PLAT=M ( ! ,PEOPLE0 POLL BY MAIL4 ,:5 IT WAS F\ND ?AT AN ORGANIZATIONAL REQUE/ = T5 ?\S& BALLOTS CAME FROM ! ,NEW ,J]SEY & ,P5NSYLVANIA ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN1 P9K BALLOTS W]E SUPPLI$ SO ?AT !Y C\LD BE SEP>ATELY TABULAT$4 ,TO QUOTE ! >TICLE1 0,P9K ,BALLOTS = ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN03 0,! BALLOTS RETURN$ ALL CAME FROM T[NS & SMALL CITIES 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY & ,P5NSYLVANIA4 ,( ! TOTAL ( #a1#a#c#i VOT]S1 #di LI/$ !MSELVES AS ,REPUBLICANS1 ONLY #ig AS ,DEMOCRATS1 & #eeb AS ,9DEP5D5TS4 ,AMONG !M >E #bdc WOM540.<#c#i.> ,APPROXIMATELY TWO-?IRDS 7OV] #g7 RESPOND$ REG>D+ !IR OCCUPATIONS4 0,! L>GE/ S+LE GR\P 7#b#i7 IS ?AT ( SKILL$ WORKM52 ! NEXT 7#a#a#e7 IS ( LABOR]S40 ,! RE/ 9CLUDES WORK]S 7E4G4 0RAILWAY M507 & F>M]S1 PLUS A SCATT]+ ( PR(ESSIONALS & M]*ANTS4 ,! WOM5 :O LI/$ !IR OCCUPATIONS W]E MA9LY H\SEWIVES4 

,DESPITE ! G5]ALLY HI< P]C5TAGES ( AB/5TION ON MO/ ( ! ISSUES1 ! RESULTS ON ! FOLL[+ SELECT$ TOPICS %[ CLE>LY RADICAL LEAN+S3.<#d.> 

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 #fg  
    
    
 #a 
    
   
 0,EQUAL SOCIAL1 LEGAL1 & 9DU/RIAL RI<TS = WOM50  
    
    
 #da  
    
    
 #ef  
    
    
 #c 
    
   
 0,AM5DM5T 5ABL+ ,CONGRESS TO PREV5T EXPLOITATION ( *ILDR5 9 9DU/RY0  
    
    
 #de  
    
    
 #$  
    
    
 #a 
    
   
 0,F$]AL ,ANTI-,LYN*+ ,LAW0  
    
    
 #*  
    
    
 #f  
    
    
 #b 
    
   
 0,E/ABLI% ,F$]AL ,EMPLOYM5T ,BUREAU0  
    
    
 #cg  
    
    
 #f  
    
    
 #c 
    
   
 0,EXT5SION ( PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]AL AID = $UCATION0  
    
    
 #ia  
    
    
 #i  
    
    
  
    
   
 0,ABOLITION ( 9JUNCTIONS 9 LABOR DISPUTES0  
    
    
 #b  
    
    
 #gc  
    
    
 #g 
    
   
 0,NATIONALIZATION1 & DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION BY TE*NICIANS1 WORK]S1 & CONSUM]S1 ( COAL M9ES0  
    
    
 #bc  
    
    
 #gb  
    
    
 #e 
    
   
 0,GOV]NM5T CONTROL & DI/RIBUTION ( HI<-P[] TRANSMISSION0  
    
    
 #cc  
    
    
 #fd  
    
    
 #c 
    
   

,ALSO FAVOR$ W]E IMMIGRATION RE/RICTION & PROHIBITION4 ,! ,\TLOOK1 OBVI\SLY DISPLEAS$ ) ! RESPONSE1 CATEGORIZ$ ! ,KLAN P>TICIPANTS AS 0MORE 9CL9$ TO ACCEPT PANACEAS AT FACE VALUE1 WILL+ TO GO F>!R4 ,9 G5]AL10 !Y CONCLUD$1 0?IS LEADS TO GREAT] RADICALISM1 OR 'PROGRESSIVISM4'0.<#d#a.> ,! ,KLAN MOVEM5T DECL9$ RAPIDLY )9 A YE> ( ! POLL1 & RESE>* SUB/ANTIATES ! 5DUR+ VALIDITY ( ,! ,\TLOOK $ITORS' CLAIM ?AT 0,! PRES5T TABLE PROVIDES ! ONLY ANALYSIS ?AT HAS EV] BE5 MADE ( ! POLITICAL VIEWS ( MEMB]S ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN40.<#d#b.> 

,) ?IS K9D ( DATA1 IT IS LESS SURPRIS+ TO F9D1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,KLAN =M$ A #aibd ELECTORAL ALLIANCE 9 ,MILWAUKEE TO ELECT ,JOHN ,KLEI/1 A ,SOCIALI/ & A ,KLANSMAN1 TO ! ,WISCONS9 ,SUPREME ,C\RT4.<#d#c.> ,ROB]T ,O4 ,NESBITT P]CEIV$1 9 ,WISCONS91 A 0T5D5CY = ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 :OSE MO/ CONSPICU\S OPPON5TS W]E ,CA?OLIC CL]GY1 TO JO9 ! ,KLAN40.<#d#d.> ,! ECONOMIC POPULI/ ,WALT] ,PI]CE WAS ELECT$ GOV]NOR 9 ,OREGON 9 #aibb BY A /RONG AGRICULTURAL PROTE/ VOTE1 9CLUD+ ! 5DORSEM5T ( ! ,KLAN & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,KLAN C&IDATES PROMIS$ TO CUT TAXES 9 HALF1 R$UCE PHONE RATES1 & GIVE AID TO DI/RESS$ F>M]S4.<#d#e.> ,A REC5T /UDY ( ! ,KLAN 9 ,LA,GR&E1 ,OREGON REVEAL$ ?AT IT 0PLAY$ A SUB/ANTIAL ROLE 9 SUPPORT+ ! /RIK]S0 DUR+ ! NATIONWIDE RAILWORK]S' /RIKE ( #a#i#b#b4.<#d#f.> 

,9 FACT1 ! ,K,K,K APPEAL$ NOT 9FREQU5TLY TO MILITANT WORK]S1 DESPITE ! P]SI/5T /]EOTYPE ( ! ,KLAN'S ANTI-LABOR B5T4 ,AN ,AUGU/ #aibc ,WORLD'S ,WORK >TICLE DESCRIB$ /RONG WORK] SUPPORT = ! ,KLAN 9 ,KANSAS2 DUR+ ! /ATE-WIDE RAILROAD /RIKE !RE 9 #a#i#b#b1 ! /RIK]S 0ACTUALLY DID FLOCK 9TO ! ,KLAN 9 :AT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 L>GE NUMB]S40.<#d#g.> 

,*>LES ,ALEX&]1 :O WROTE ! HI<LY REG>D$ ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ! ,S\?WE/1 ?\< G5]ALLY SUBSCRIB+ TO ! ANTI-LABOR ,KLAN REPUTATION1 CONFESS$ HIS [N 9ABILITY TO CONFIRM ?IS IMAGE4 ,REF]R+ TO HIMSELF1 HE SAID1 0! WRIT] HAS COME ACROSS ONLY TWO 9/ANCES ( DIRECT CONFLICT BETWE5 S\?WE/]N ,KLANSM5 & UNION ORGANIZ]S1 ONE 9 ,>KANSAS & ONE 9 ,L\ISIANA40.<#d#h.> ,WRIT+ ( ,OKLAHOMA1 ,C>T] ,BLUE ,CL>K JUDG$ ?AT 0VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7SIC7 ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD & RADICAL F>M & LABOR GR\PS WAS R>E4440.<#d#i.> ,HE F\ND SIXTY-EI<T 9CID5TS ( ,KLAN-RELAT$ VIOL5CE BETWE5 #aiba & #a#i#b#e1 ONLY TWO ( :I* BELONG$ TO ! 0,UNIONIZATION_/,RADICALISM0 CATEGORY4.<#e.> 

,GOLDB]G'S /UDY ( ! ,K,K,K 9 ,COLORADO F\ND ?AT 0DESPITE COAL /RIKES 9 #a#i#b#a1 #a#i#b#b1 & #a#i#b#g1 :I* PRIM>ILY 9VOLV$ =EIGN -- BORN M9]S1 ! ,KLAN NEV] RESORT$ TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,R$ ,SC>E40 ,DUR+ ! ,WOBBLY-L$ /RIKE ( #a#i#b#g1 9 FACT1 ! ,CANON ,CITY ,KLAN =M$ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,I,W,W AGA9/ !IR COMMON 5EMY1 ! RUL+ ELITE4.<#e#a.> 

,VIRG9IA ,DURR1 :O WAS ,H5RY ,WALLACE'S ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY RUNN+ MATE 9 #a#i#d#h1 GIVES US A PICTURE ( ! ,KLAN ( ! '#bS & LABOR 9 ! ,BIRM+HAM >EA3 

0,! UNIONS W]E BROK5444,SO1 ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN WAS =M$ AT ?AT PO9T AS A K9D ( UND]GR\ND UNION & UNLESS Y\ W]E !RE & KNEW IT1 NOBODY WILL BELIEVE IT4 ,!Y WILL SAY1 ',OH1 BUT ! ,KLAN WAS AGA9/ ! UNIONS4' ,WELL1 IT WASN'T40.<#e#b.> 

,G]ALD ,DUNNE F\ND ?AT 0N9ETY P]C5T ( ,BIRM+HAM'S UNION MEMB]S W]E ALSO 9VOLV$ ) ! ,KLAN10.<#e#c.> & ?AT ! ,KLAN 9 ! /ATE AT L>GE ATTACK$ ! ,ALABAMA ,P[] ,COMPANY & ! 9FLU5CE ( ! RUL+ ,BANKHEAD FAMILY :ILE CAMPAIGN+ = PUB- LIC CONTROL ( ! ,MUSCLE ,%OALS DAM PROJECT & GOV]NM5T M$ICAL 9SURANCE4.<#e#d.> 

,9 ! '#bS ! CORRUPT & 9]T (FICIALDOM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S WAS PRESID$ OV] BY ! AUTOCRATIC ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS4 ,KU ,KLUX]S 9 ! UNION1 ?\< !Y HAD BE5 (FICIALLY B>R$ FROM MEMB]%IP 9 #a#i#b#a1 =M$ A COALITION ) LEFTI/S AT ! #aibd CONV5TION 9 A FI<T = UNION DEMOCRACY3 0,!N ! RADICAL- S444COMB9$ ) ! SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! HOOD$ ORD] TO /RIP ,MR4 ,LEWIS ( ! P[] TO APPO9T ORGANIZ]S40.<#e#e.> ,?\< ?IS COMB9ATION WAS N>R[LY DEFEAT$1 0,LEWIS WAS \TVOT$ 9 A FIR/ TE/ ( ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R LOCAL EXECUTIVES & ORGANIZ]S %\LD BE APPO9T$ BY ! NATIONAL (FICIALS OR BY ! RANK & FILE4 ,! 9SURG5TS1 HEAD$ BY ! DEPOS$ ,ALEX&] ,H[AT & SPURR$ ON BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN1 :O EX]T$ A LOBBY+ 9FLU5CE FROM ! CONV5TION DOORWAYS1 COMB9$ TO C>RY ! FIR/ VOTE40.<#e#f.> ,?\< (FICIALLY D5I$ MEMB]%IP1 /RONGLY PRO-,U,M,W S\RCES HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT1 9 FACT1 A GREAT MANY UNION MEMB]S W]E ,KLANSM54 ,MC,DONALD & ,LYN*1 = EXAMPLE1 E/IMAT$ ?AT 9 #aibd EI<TY P]C5T ( ,U,M,W ,DI/RICT #aa 7,9DIANA7 MEMB]S W]E 5ROLL$ 9 ! ,K,K,K.<#e#g.>4 ,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! #aibd UNION CONV5TION SUPPORTS ?IS PO9T2 >EAS ( ,KLAN /R5G?1 SU* AS ,9DIANA1 ,ILL9OIS & ,P5NSYLVANIA VOT$ V]Y DECISIVELY AGA9/ ,LEWIS1 9 FAVOR ( ! ELECTION ( ORGANIZ]S BY ! RANK & FILE4.<#e#h.> 

,A ,NEW ,REPUBLIC >TICLE 9 ,M>*1 #aibd TOLD ( ! /R5G? ( ! ,KLAN 9 ,WILLIAMSON ,C\NTY1 ,ILL9OIS1 SC5E ( ! 0,H]R9 ,MASSACRE0 REF]R$ TO ABOVE4 ,! ANTI-,KLAN PIECE SADLY %OOK ITS HEAD AT ?IS TURN ( EV5TS 9 AN >EA ( 0ONE HUNDR$ P]C5T UNIONISM40.<#e#i.> ,BURI$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ACC\NT IS ! KEY TO ! SITUATION1 AN ACCURATE IF GRUDG+ CONCESSION ?AT 0! 9ACTION ( !IR LOCAL LABOR LEAD]S GAVE TO ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN A FOLL[+ AMONG ! M9]S40.<#f.> 

,! FOLL[+ ORAL HI/ORY ACC\NT BY ,A>ON ,B>KHAM1 A ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA M9]1 IS A P]FECT ILLU/RATION ( ! ,KLAN AS A VEHICLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE -- & ( ! REASON = ITS (FICIAL D5UNCIATION BY ! ,U,M,W4 ,IT IS WOR? QUOT+ AT L5G?3 

0,AB\T ?AT TIME #a#i#b#i1 9 ,LOGAN ,C\NTY1 ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA1 A BUN* ( /RIKE-BREAK]S COME 9 ) %OTGUNS & AX H&LES4 ,TRI$ TO BREAK UP UNION MEET+S4 ,! ,U,M,W DET]IORAT$ & W5T BACK TO ALMO/ NO EXI/5CE4 ,IT DIDN'T P>TICUL>LY GET FULL /R5G? TILL AB\T #a#i#d#i4 ,& IT DON'T MU* TODAY 9 ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA4 ,SO MO/ PEOPLE GANG$ UP & =M$ ! ,KU ,KLUCK ,KLAN40 

,! ,KU ,KLUX WAS ! REAL CONTROLL9' FACTOR 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT WAS ! LAW4 ,IT WAS 9 P[] TO AB\T #a#i#c#b4 ,MY DAD WAS ONE ( ! LEAD]S TIL HE DI$4 ,! COMPANY CALL$ 9 ! >MY TO GET ! ,KU ,KLUX \T1 BUT IT DIDN'T WORK4 ,! UNION & ! ,KU ,KLUX WAS AB\T ! SAME ?+40 

,! SUP]9T5D5T ( ! M9E GOT ! BIG IDEA ( MAK9' IT R\<] ?AN IT WAS4 ,!Y HAUL$ HIM (F 9 A MEAT WAGON1 & AB\T T5 MORE ( ! COMPANY (FICIALS4 ,HAD ! M9E %UT D[N4 ,!Y DIDN'T KILL 'EM1 BUT !Y DIDN'T COME BACK4 ,!Y :IPP$ ONE ( ! =EM5 & GOT HIM \T ( ! C\NTY4 ,!Y GAVE HIM TWELVE H\RS TO GET \T1 GET HIS FAMILY \T40 

,! ,U,M,W HAD A FIELD REPRES5TATIVE1 HE WAS A LAWY]4 ,!Y T>R$ & FEA!R$ 'IM = TRY9' TO $GE 9 ) ! COMPANY4 ,HE COME >\ND1 GOT MAD1 TRY9' TO TELL US WE W]E WRONG1 :5 WE CALL$ A WILDCAT4 ,HE WAS TAK9' ! SIDE ( ! COMPANY4 ,I US$ A /ICK TO HELP T> 'IM4 ,& IT WASN'T ! FIR/ TIME40 

,! ,KU ,KLUX WAS =M$ ON BEHALF ( PEOPLE ?AT WANT$ A DEC5T LIV+1 BO? BLACK & :ITE4 ,HALF ! COAL CAMP WAS COLOR$4 ,IT WASN'T ANTI-COLOR$4 ,! BLACK PEOPLE HAD ! SAME RESPONSIBILITIES AS ! :ITE4 ,!IR LAWN WAS JU/ AS GRE5 AS ! :ITE MAN'S4 ,!Y GOT ! SAME RATE ( PAY4 ,!RE WAS TWO COLOR$ :O BELONG$ TO IT4 ,I REMEMB] ?OSE TWO NIGG]S COM9' >\ND MY FA!R & ASK9' QUE/IONS AB\T IT4 ,!Y JO9$4 ,! PA/OR ( \R COMMUNITY *UR* WAS A COLOR$ MAN4 ,HE WAS ,KU ,KLUX4 ,IT WAS ! ONLY PROTECTION ! WORK9' MAN HAD40 

,SURE1 ! COMPANY TRI$ TO PLAY ONE AG9' ! O!R4 ,BUT IT DIDN'T WORK4 ,! COLOR$ & ! :ITES LIV$ SIDE BY SIDE4 ,IT WAS SOME?9' LIKE A *ECK]BO>D4 ,!RE'D BE A :ITE FAMILY & A COLOR$ FAMILY4 ,NO SIR1 !RE WAS NO RACIAL PROBLEM4 ,YEAH1 !Y HAD A C]TA9 FEEL9' AB\T ! COLOR$4 ,!Y SURE DID4 ,& !Y HAD A C]TA9 FEEL9' AB\T ! :ITE1 TOO4 ,ANYONE COME 9TO ! COM- MUNITY HAD UNSATISFACTORY DEAL9'S1 IF IT WAS COLOR$ OR :ITE1 HE DIDN'T /AY40.<#f#a.> 

,:Y HAVE ! FEW1 /&>D ACC\NTS ( ! ,KLAN BE5 SEEM+LY SO F> (F8 ,PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO LOOK AT ! ,KLAN PH5OM5ON 0FROM ! BOTTOM UP10 TO SEE ,K,K,K P>TICIPANTS AS HI/ORICAL SUBJECTS4 ,ONE RESULT ( ?IS IS TO HAVE OV]LOOK$ MU* MAT]IAL ALTOGE!R4 ,AS MO/ LABOR ATT5TION FOCUSES ON ! UNIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S1 SO HAS ! ,KLAN BE5 IG- NOR$ AS A MOVEM5T RELEVANT TO ! HI/ORY ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,! ,LEAN ,YE>S3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#i#b-#a#i#c#c1 BY ,IRV+ ,B]N/E91 IS WIDELY REG>D$ AS ! BE/ TREATM5T ( LABOR 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,IT DOES NOT M5TION ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ,LYNDS' ,MIDDLET[N1 ?AT PREMI] SOCIOLOGICAL /UDY ( ,MUNCIE1 ,9DIANA 9 ! '#bS1 B>ELY M5TIONS ! ,KLAN.<#f#b.> & !N ONLY 9 T]MS ( A MO/ M>G9AL >EA1 RELIGI\S PREF]5CE4.<#f#c.> 

,C]TA9LY NO ONE W\LD S]I\SLY MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,K,K,K ( ! '#bS WAS FREE FROM BIGOTRY OR 9JU/ICE4 ,!RE IS TRU? 9 ! *>AC- T]IZATION ( ! ,KLAN AS A MOM5T ( S\R$ POPULISM1 F]M5T$ ( PO/W> DISILLUSION4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT :5 L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE1 FEEL+ 0A S5SE ( DEFEAT0.<#f#d.> 9 AN 9CREAS+LY URBAN ,S\?1 OR !IR NOR!RN C\NT]P>TS1 0CONSCI\S ( !IR GR[+ 9F]IORITY10.<#f#e.> TURN$ TO ! ,KLAN1 !Y DID NOT NECESS>ILY 5ACT SOME K9D ( SICK1 RACI/ SAVAG]Y4 ,ON OCCASION1 !Y EV5 TURN$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO A FAIRLY RADICAL ACTIVISM -- TO ! *AGR9 ( !IR CORRUPT & CONS]VATIVE LEAD]%IP4 

,9 FACT1 IT WAS 9T]NAL DISS5SION -- PLUS1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 ! RETURN ( RELATIVE PROSP]ITY 9 #a#i#b#e.<#f#f.> -- ?AT BR\<T AB\T ! PRECIPIT\S DECL9E ( ! ,KLAN4 ,DONALD ,CR[NOV]'S /UDY ( ! ,K,K,K 9 ,LANCA/] ,C\NTY1 ,P5NSYLVANIA DISCUSS$ SOME ( ! ABORTIVE EF=TS TO =M /ATE & EV5 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ALT]NATIVE TO ! VISE & AUTOCRACY PREVAIL+ AT ! TOP ( ! ,9VISIBLE ,EMPIRE4.<#f#g.> 0,REVOLT FROM )91 NOT CRITICISM FROM )\T1 BROKE ! ,KLAN40.<#f#h.> ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! MID-#a#i#bS1 AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( A DECISIVE DE=MATION PROVID$ BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I1.<#f#i.> SAW ! REAL >RIVAL ( ! CONSUM] SOCIETY & ! CULTURAL DISPLACEM5T ( MILITANCY IT REPRES5T$4.<#g.> 

,! ABOVE RESE>*1 LIMIT$ & UNSY/EMATIC AS IT IS1 W\LD SEEM TO RAISE MORE QUE/IONS ?AN IT ANSW]S4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO DISC]N H]E SOME?+ ( RELEVANCE CONC]N+ RACISM1 SPONTANEITY & POPUL> VALUES 9 ! CONTEXT ( A V]Y IMPORTANT SOCIAL MOVEM5T4.<#g#a.> 

  

.<#a.> ,/ANLEY ,FRO/1 ,! ,*ALL5GE ( ! ,KLAN 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#i71 P4#a4 

.<#b.> ,BETWE5 FIVE & SIX MILLION IS PROBABLY ! S\NDE/ FIGURE4 ,MORRISON & ,COMMAG] F\ND 0G>N]$ 9 ! ,NOR!A/ & ,MIDWE/ AN ALL-TIME PEAK ( SIX MILLION MEMB]S40 ,! ,GR[? ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLIC 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e71 VOL4 ,I,I1 P4#e#e#f4 ,JONA?ON ,DANIELS E/IMAT$ ?AT 0! SUPPOS$LY ,S\!RN ORGANIZATION HAD SPRAWL$ CONT95TALLY FROM BEG9N+S 9 ,ATLANTA 9 #a#i#a#e1 UP FROM #a1 MEMB]S 9 #aiba TO #e11 9 #a#i#b#d40 ,! ,TIME ,BETWE5 ! ,W>S 7,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #a#h4 

.<#c.> ,EM]SON ,L\CKS1 ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,NATIVISM 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c#f71 PP4 VI1 #a1 #a#i#h4 

.<#d.> ,K5NE? ,JACKSON1 ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ! ,CITY1 #a#i#a#e-#a#i#c 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#g71 P4 XI4 

.<#e.> ,C>L ,DEGL]1 0,A ,C5TURY ( ! ,KLANS3 ,A ,REVIEW ,>TICLE10 ,J\RNAL ( ,S\!RN ,HI/ORY 7,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#e71 PP4 #d#d#b-#d#d#c4 

.<#f.> ,JACKSON1 OP4CIT41 P4 #b#c#g4 

.<#g.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#c#i4 

.<#h.> ,ROB]T ,MOATS ,MILL]1 0,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN10 FROM ,! ,TW5TIES3 ,*ANGE & ,CONT9UITY1 ,JOHN ,BRAEMAN1 ,ROB]T ,H4 ,BREMN] & ,DAVID ,BRODY1 $S4 7,COLUMBUS1 #a#i#f#h71 P4 #b#a#h4 

.<#i.> ,ROB]T ,L4 ,DUFFUS1 0,H[ ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ,SELLS ,HATE10 ,WORLD'S ,WEEK 7,JUNE1 #a#i#b#c71 P4 #a#g#i4 

.<#a.> ,KA?LE5 ,M4 ,BLEE1 ,WOM5 ( ! ,KLAN 7,B]KELEY1 #a#i#i#a71 P4 #a#f#i4 

.<#a#a.> ,DEGL]1 OP4CIT41 P4 #d#c#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,WILLIAM ,SIMMONS1 HEAD ( ! ,KLAN 9 #a#i#b#a1 TE/IFI$ -- )\T *ALL5GE -- ?AT ! PO/W> RACE RIOTS 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,EA/ ,/4 ,L\IS & ,*ICAGO TOOK PLACE BE=E !RE W]E ANY ,KLAN MEMB]S 9 ?OSE CITIES4 ,SEE ,HE>+S ,BE=E ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,RULES3 ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ,SIXTY-,SEV5? ,CONGRESS 7,WA%+TON1 #a#i#b#a71 P4 #g#e4 

.<#a#c.> ,DANIEL ,SN[MAN1 ,U,S,A3 ,! ,TW5TIES TO ,VIET ,NAM 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#h71 P4#c#g4 

.<#a#d.> ,PRE/ON ,W4 ,SLOSSON1 ,! ,GREAT ,CRUSADE & ,AFT] 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c71 P4 #b#e#h4 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE ,LIT]>Y ,DIGE/3 0,QUA9T ,CU/OMS & ,ME?ODS ( ! ,K,K,K10 7,AUGU/ #e1 #a#i#b#b7 ,A ,DEF5SE ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN10 7,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#b#c71 ESP4 PP4 #a#h-#a#i2 0,! ,KLAN AS ! ,VICTIM ( ,MOB ,VIOL5CE10 7,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#i#b#c71 P4 #a#b2 ,! ,NATION3 0,EV5 ! ,KLAN ,HAS ,RI<TS10 7,DECEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#b#b71 P4 #f#e#d4 

.<#a#f.> ,SEE ,G>9 ,BURBAN'S 0,AGR>IAN ,RADICALS & ,!IR ,OPPON5TS3 ,POLITICAL ,CONFLICTS 9 ,S\!RN ,OKLAHOMA1 #a#i#a-#a#i#b#d10 ,J\RNAL ( ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORY 7,JUNE #a#i#g#a74 ,BURBANK >GUES ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,KLAN HAD DIFF]5T CON/ITU5CIES 9 ,OKLAHOMA1 BUT MU* ( HIS [N DATA CONTRADICTS ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,ESP4 PP4 #b-#b#a4 

.<#a#g.> ,SEE ,PAUL ,M4 ,ANGLE'S ,BLOODY ,WILLIAMSON7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#b71 ESP4 PP4 #d1 #ba #b#h-#b#i1 #a#c#g-#a#c#h4 

.<#a#h.> ,SEE ,IRV+ ,B]N/E9'S ,! ,LEAN ,YE>S3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]1 #a#i#b-#a#i#c#c 7,BALTIMORE1 #a#i#f#f71 PP4 #a-#d#c4 

.<#a#i.> ,JACKSON1 OP4CIT1 P4 #b#c#i4 ,AKRON HAD ! EI<? L>GE/ MEMB]- %IP ( ,U4,S4 CITIES4 

.<#b.> ,SEE ,?OMAS ,R4 ,BROOKS' ,TOIL & ,TR\BLE 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#a71 P4 #c#f#h1 & ,J]OLD ,S4 ,AU]BA*'S ,LABOR & ,LIB]TY3 ,! ,LA,FOLLETTE ,COMMITTEE & ! ,NEW ,DEAL 7,9DIANAPOLIS1 #a#i#f#f71 P4 #c#h4 

.<#b#a.> ,IRV+ ,H[E & ,B4,J4 ,WIDICK1 ,! ,U,A,W & ,WALT] ,REU!R 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#d#i71 P4 #i4 

.<#b#b.> ,JOHN ,HI<AM1 ,/RANG]S 9 ! ,L& 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#h71 PP4 #b#h#i- #b#i4 

.<#b#c.> ,DONALD ,A4 ,CR[NOV]1 0,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,LANCA/] ,C\NTY1 #a#i#b#c-#a#i#b#d10 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,LANCA/] ,C\NTY ,HI/ORICAL ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#f#d1 ,NO4#b71 P4 #f#d4 

.<#b#d.> ,HI<AM1 OP4CIT1 P4 #b#i4 

.<#b#e.> ,%]WOOD ,&]SON1 ,PUZZL$ ,AM]ICA 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c#e71 P4 #a#a#d4 

.<#b#f.> ,NEILL ,H]R+1 A VET]AN PROGRESSIVE & S*OL> FROM ,ATLANTA1 HAS TE/IFI$ TO ?IS K9D ( UTILIZATION ( ,KLAN ORGANIZATION AS 5ABL$ BY A /RUCTURE ?AT 0LEFT A FAIR MEASURE ( LOCAL 9DEP5- D5CE ( ACTION40 ,LETT] TO AU?OR1 ,M>* #b#e1 #a#i#g#e4 

.<#b#g.> ,MILL]1 OP4CIT41 P4 #b#b#d4 

.<#b#h.> ,FRO/1 OP4CIT41 P4 #b#g4 

.<#b#i.> ,>?UR ,M4 ,S*LES+]1 ,JR41 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,UPHEAVAL 7,BO/ON1 #a#i#f71 P4 #d#e4 

.<#c.> ,/ANLEY ,FRO/1 0,NI<T-,RID+ ,RE=M]S10 ,! ,\TLOOK 7,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#b#c72 ,FRO/ 0,BEH9D ! ,:ITE ,HOODS2 ,! ,REG5]ATION ( ,OKLAHOMA10 ,! ,\TLOOK 7,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#i#b#c74 

.<#c#a.> ,ROB]T ,KLAN ,GOLDB]G1 ,HOOD$ ,EMPIRE3 ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,COLORADO 7,URBANA1 #a#i#h#a71 P4 #b#c4 

.<#c#b.> ,M>G>ET ,SANG]1 ,AN ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c#h71 PP4 #c#f#f- #c#f#g4 

.<#c#c.> ,FRO/1 OP4CIT41 P4 #h#f4 

.<#c#d.> ,FRO/1 OP4CIT41 P4 #h#f4 

.<#c#e.> ,M>Y ,H4 ,H]R+1 0! ,:Y ( ! ,KLAN10 7,CORRESPOND5CE7 ,! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC 7,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #a#i#b#c71 P4 #b#h#i4 

.<#c#f.> ,JOHN ,M(FAT ,MECKL91 ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN3 ,A ,/UDY ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,M9D 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#d71 P4 #i#h4 

.<#c#g.> ,JACKSON1 OP4CIT41 P4 #b#d4 

.<#c#h.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#d#a4 

.<#c#i.> 0,P9K ,BALLOTS = ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN10 ,! ,\TLOOK 7,JUNE #b#e1 #a#i#b#d71 PP4 #c#f-#c#g4 

.<#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #c#g-#c#h4 ,MY P]C5TAGES 9VOLVE SLI<T APPROXIMA- TIONS2 !Y >E BAS$ ON AV]AG+ ! P]C5TAGES GIV5 = ,REPUBLICANS1 ,DEMOCRATS1 & ,9DEP5D5TS PROPORTIONALLY4 

.<#d#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #c#f4 

.<#d#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #c#h4 

.<#d#c.> ,JACKSON1 OP4CIT41 P4 #a#f#b4 

.<#d#d.> ,ROB]T ,O4 ,NESBITT1 ,WISCONS93 ,A ,HI/ORY 7,MADISON1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #d#f#g4 

.<#d#e.> ,GEORGE ,S4 ,TURNBULL1 ,AN ,OREGON ,CRUSAD] 7,PORTL&1 #a#i#e#e71 P4 #a#e4 0,PROMISES & ,LIES10 7$ITORIAL7 ,CAPITAL ,J\RNAL 7,SALEM1 ,OCTOB] #c#a1 #a#i#b#b74 

.<#d#f.> ,DAVID ,A4 ,HOR[ITZ1 0,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,LA,GR&E1 ,OREGON10 ,! ,9VISIBLE ,EMPIRE 9 ! ,WE/1 $4 ,%AWN ,LAY 7,URBANA1 #a#i#i#b71 P4 #a#i#e4 

.<#d#g.> ,ROB]T ,L4 ,DUFFUS1 0,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,WE/10 ,WORLD'S ,WORK 7,AUGU/1 #a#i#b#c71 P4 #c#f#e4 

.<#d#h.> ,*>LES ,ALEX&]1 ,! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ! ,S\?WE/ 7,L\IS- VILLE1 #a#i#f#e71 P4 #b#e4 

.<#d#i.> ,C>T] ,BLUE ,CL>K1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN 9 ,OKLAHOMA4 ,PH4,D4 ,DISS]TATION 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,OKLAHOMA1 #a#i#g#f71 P4 #a#a#e4 

.<#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#d#g4 

.<#e#a.> ,GOLDB]G1 OP4CIT41 PP4 #a#b#b1 #a#d#f4 

.<#e#b.> ,VIRG9IA ,DURR1 ,9T]VIEW 7CONDUCT$ BY ,SUSAN ,?RA%] & ,JACQUE ,HALL1 ,MAY #a#c-#a#e1 #a#i#g#e71 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,ORAL ,HI/ORY PROJECT4 

.<#e#c.> ,G]ALD ,T4 ,DUNNE1 ,HUGO ,BLACK & ! ,JUDICIAL ,REVOLUTION 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#g71 P4 #a#a#d4 

.<#e#d.> ,IBID41 PP4 #a#a#f1 #a#a#h1 #a#b#a4 

.<#e#e.> ,CECIL ,C>NES1 ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#c#f71 P4 #a#a#f4 

.<#e#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#a#d4 

.<#e#g.> ,DAVID ,J4 ,MC,DONALD & ,$W>D ,A4 ,LYN*1 ,COAL & ,UNIONISM 7,SILV] ,SPR+1 ,MD1 #a#i#c#i71 P4 #a#f#a4 

.<#e#h.> ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA1 ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,TW5TY-,N9? ,CONSECUTIVE & ,SIX? ,BI5NIAL ,CONV5TION 7,9DIANAPOLIS1 #a#i#b#d71 P4 #f#h#f4 

.<#e#i.> 0,KU ,KLUX+ 9 ! ,M9]S' ,C\NTRY10 ,! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC 7,M>* #b#f1 #a#i#b#d71 P4 #a#b#c4 

.<#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#b#d4 

.<#f#a.> ,/UDS ,T]KEL1 ,H>D ,TIMES 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g71 PP4 #b#b#i-#b#c4 

.<#f#b.> ,ROB]T & ,HEL5 ,LYND1 ,MIDDLET[N 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#i74 PP4 #c#c#c1 #c#f#d-#c#f#f1 #d#g#i4 

.<#f#c.> ,GEORGE ,BR[N ,T9DALL1 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,S\? 7,BATON ,R\GE1 #a#i#f#g71 P4 #a#i#f3 0C>EFUL HI/ORIANS HAVE F\ND ?AT NEI!R ! MAJOR *UR* BODIES & P]IODICALS NOR FUNDAM5TALI/ LEAD]S EV] WORK$ CLOSELY ) ! ,KLAN40 ,!RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 EV5 LESS ( A CONNECTION BETWE5 ! *UR*ES & ! ,KLAN 9 ! ,NOR?4 

.<#f#d.> ,IBID1 P4 #a#i#a4 

.<#f#e.> ,GEORGE ,E4 ,M[RY1 ,! ,URBAN ,NATION 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#e71 P4 #c#d4 

.<#f#f.> ,DEGL]1 OP4CIT41 P4 #d#d#a4 

.<#f#g.> ,CR[NOV]1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #f#i-#g4 

.<#f#h.> ,L\CKS1 OP4CIT41 P4 #a#f#e4 

.<#f#i.> ,Z]ZAN1 0,ORIG9S & ,MEAN+ ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I10 ,TELOS #d#i1 ESP4 PP4 #a#g-#a#h4 

.<#g.> ,/EW>T ,EW51 ,CAPTA9S ( ,CONSCI\SNESS3 ,ADV]TIS+ & ! ,ROOTS ( ! ,CONSUM] ,SOCIETY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#g74 ,= EXAMPLE1 PP4 #a#h#i-#a#i1 #b#a4 

.<#g#a.> ,SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ,NEILL ,H]R+ ( ,ATLANTA1 ,SUSAN ,?RA%] ( ,NEW ,M>KET1 ,T5NESSEE1 & ,BOB ,HALL ( *APEL ,HILL1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A4 

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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,RANK-&-,FILE ,RADICALISM )9 ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN ( ! #a#i#bS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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