,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,PRACTICE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MI*AEL ,KNAPP 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT 

,! >TICLE 0,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & ITS PRACTICE0 BY ,MI*AEL ,KNAPP AIMS AT PRES5T+ ! CONCEPT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM APPLI$ 9 ! ,KURDI% >EAS ( ,TURKEY & ,SYRIA AS A CONCEPT ( COHABITATION & GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 ,/>T+ ) A DISCUSSION ON ! IMPACT ( NATIONAL /ATE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ A BACKGR\ND = ! !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM %ALL BE PREP>$4 ,! AU?OR WILL %[1 ?AT ! ,CONCEPT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM DEVELOP$ BY ! IMPRISON$ *AIRMAN ( ! ,P,K,K ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN IS 9SPIR$ ON ONE H& BY ! SOCIAL REALITY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ITS HI/ORY1 ON ! O!R H& BY COMMUNALI/S LIKE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & SUPPORT]S ( CONCEPTS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & C\NCIL DEMOCRACY LIKE ,HANNAH ,>5DT & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,! AU?OR WILL %[ 9 ! >TICLE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ATE ORI5T$ F$]ALISM & CONF$]ALISM4 ,TO EXPLA9 ! DIFF]5CE ( !SE TWO PO9TS ! AU?OR WILL PRES5T ! ROLE ( NATIONAL /ATE & ITS CRITICISM 9 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T & ITS HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! MODEL ( GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! ,KURDI% REGIONS 9 ,ROJAVA_/,NOR!RN ,SYRIA WILL BE PRES5T$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS CRITICISM4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! T]MS ^*,ROJAVA' & ^*,KOBANI' W]E WIDELY UNKN[N UNTIL AUTUMN #bad - :5 ) ! FI]CE BATTLE AGA9/ ! SO CALL$ ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE 7,I,S7 !SE T]MS BECAME COMMONPLACE CONNECT$ ) AN ICONOGRAPHY ( FEMALE FI<T]S BATTL+ AGA9/ ! WOR/ =M ( T]ROR4 ,:ILE !SE PICTURES W]E BROADCA/$ ! IDEOLOGY BEH9D ?OSE FEMALE FI<T]S EM]GE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ REMA9$ 9 ! PUBLIC DISC\RSE WIDELY OBSCURE4 ,EV5 ON ! GR\ND NOT MU* ( RESE>* HAD BE5 DONE4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( ! ,P,K,K HAS MO/LY BE5 ANALYZ$ UND] ! P>ADIGM ( C\NT]-T]RORISM & CRIM9OLOGY4 ,JONG]D5 & ,AKKAYA HAVE FILL$ ?IS GAP ) !IR ANALYZES ( HI/ORY & IDEOLOGY ( ! ,P,K,K 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,KEMALISM 9 ,TURKEY4 ,!Y US$ A COMB9ATION ( 9T]VIEWS & ! ANALYZES ( ! WRIT+S ( ! IMPRISON$ *AIRMAN ( ! ,P,K,K1 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN4 

,= ?IS >TICLE AU?OR WORK$ ) ! PRISON WRIT+S ( ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 DECL>ATIONS ( ! ORGANS ( ! ,P,K,K & ESPECIALLY ?R\< DATA HE COLLECT$ ON HIS RESE>* 9 ,ROJAVA - MAK+ 9T]VIEWS ) P]SONS ON ALL /AGES ( ! MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY & P>TICIPANT OBS]VATION AT C\NCIL MEET+S1 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS & O!R OCCASIONS4 ,! EXP]I5CES ) DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WILL BE L9K$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL DISC\RSE ON C\NCIL DEMOCRACY4 

,! >TICLE CONSI/S MA9LY ( TWO P>TS2 ! FIR/ P>T WILL SET ! SC5E BY DESCRIB+ BRIEFLY ! IMPACT ( NATIONALI/ IDEAS ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,9 ! SECOND P>T ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,P,K,K & ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 FROM A ^*CLASSICAL' ,M>XI/-,L59I/ LIB]ATION MOVEM5T TO AN IDEOLOGY ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY WILL BE %[N4 ,! ?IRD P>T IS PORTRAY+ ! CONCEPT ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY & DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ITS PRACTICE 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,?IS DISCUSSION WILL BE L9K$ TO ! POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHIC DEBATE ON MODELS ( C\NCIL OR RADICAL DEMOCRACY & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES4 

,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM AS ,MODEL ( RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 PRACTICE 

,AFT] ! CRACKD[N ( /ATI/ SOCIALISM 9 ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURIES' #hIES & BEG9N+ ( ITS #iIES1 ! ADVOCATES ( CAPITALISM & NEOLIB]ALISM TRI$ TO PRES5T !M )\T ALT]NATIVE4 ,! ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]'S SLOGAN ,T,9,A 0,!RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE0 SEEM$ = MANY TO HAVE PROV5 TRUE4 ,EV5 9 ! LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES :I* NEV] HAD A CLOSE RELATION TO /ATE SOCIALISM ?IS DEVELOPM5T REFLECT$ ITSELF 9 A PALPABLE R5AISSANCE ( 0AN>*OCAPITALI/0 IDEAS OR A RETREAT 9TO PRIVACY4 ,! TRADITIONAL LEFT 9 ,EUROPE EXP]I5C$ A HEAVY REV]SE1 :ILE 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,G]MANY NATIONALISM GA9$ MORE IMPORTANCE 9 ! DISC\RSE >\ND /ATE & ECONOMY4 ,IT MI<T SEEM AT FIR/ CONTRADICTIVE ?AT NATIONALISM & NEOLIB]ALISM DEVELOP$ 9 A K9D ( SYMBIOSIS AFT] 0! 5D ( HI/ORY04 ,BUT ) ! EM]G5CE ( >GUM5TATIONS 9 :I* ! /ATE WAS MORE & MORE DEF9$ AS AN 9/ITUTION BY COMPET+ ) O!R /ATES' OV] ITS ATTRACTIV5ESS = 0GLOBALIZ$0 CAPITAL ?R\< L[] WAGES & LESS PROTECTION = WORK]S IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ?IS WASN'T A CONTRADICTION4 ,LUDWIG ,HIRS* CALL$ ?IS ! 0NATIONAL COMPETITION /ATE10 :I* HE DEF9ES AS ! ECONOMIC-POLITICAL PROJECT ( NEOLIB]ALISM :I* MEANS SURR5D]+ ALL P>TS ( SOCIETY UND] ! P>ADIGM ( ! ABILITY ( NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,9 ?AT WAY ! EM]G5CE ( NEO-NATIONALISM & NEOLIB]ALISM >E CONNECT$4 

,?IS SITUATION ( CRISIS = SOCIAL-EMANCIPATORY IDEAS & MOVEM5TS HAD ! POT5TIAL TO BECOME A *ANCE = REFLECT+ CRITICALLY ON ! TOOLS ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 LIKE ,M>XISM ,L59ISM & ! CONCEPTS ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES4 

,NOT MANY LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS SURVIV$ ?IS DECISIVE HI/ORICAL PROCESS & NEW ACTORS APPE>$ ON ! /AGE ( HI/ORY - ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T 9 ,*IAPAS 9 ,MEXICO ON ! FIR/ ( ,JANU>Y #aiid WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ SIGNS ( ?IS *ANGE ( P>ADIGM 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE4 ,!IR CONCEPT ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 :ILE REFLECT$ 9 ITS ACRONYM ,E,Z,L,N1 DIFF]$ DECISIVELY FROM ! MODEL ( NATIONAL /ATE - SO IT IS EXPLICITLY BAS$ ON DIFF]5CE & RADICAL DEMOCRACY 9 ASSEMBLY /RUCTURE4 ,IT WAS C5T]$ ON ! BASIS ( ! 9DIG5\S SOCIETIES ( ,*IAPAS & IT'S =MS ( SELF-REPRES5TATION4 ,! MODEL ( ! ,E,Z,L,N IS BAS$ ON EMP[]M5T & EMANCIPATION ( ! RURAL POPULATION 9 =M ( ASSEMBLIES & NOT ON MOD]NISM4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS = MANY LEFTI/S 9 ,EUROPE1 ! ,U,S,A & ,AU/RALIA A SIGN ( HOPE WIDELY UNRECOGNIZ$ ANO!R MOVEM5T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ UND]TOOK ITS /EPS 9TO ! DIRECTION ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY & EV5 DEEP] CRITICISM ( NATIONAL /ATE ?AN ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,TODAY WE SEE 9 ! MA9LY ,KURDI% REGIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA_/,ROJAVA & 9 ,EA/ ,TURKEY_/,BAKUR A MODEL ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY SPREAD+ WIDELY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( #d YE>S ( /RUGGLE ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 ,P,K,K4 ,TO UND]/& H[ ?IS REALITY CAME 9TO BE+ 9SPIR$ BY A =M] CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ ,L59I/ ANTICOLONIAL MOVEM5T ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION WE HAVE FIR/ TO UND]/& ITS %IFT TO A COMMUNALI/ ANTI NATIONAL & ANTI-/ATE MOVEM5T4 ,?RE=E WE'VE GOT TO DELVE 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ) ITS REC5T CRISIS4 

,AS WE CAN DATE NATIONAL /ATEHOOD 9 ,EUROPE TO ! #a#h? C5TURY ) ! BACKGR\ND ( CREATION ( M>KETS & 9FRA/RUCTURE = CAPITAL ACCUMULATION GIV+ ! CAPITAL ! OPTION = MILIT>Y EXPANSION & CREATION ( COLONIAL P[] UP TO MOD]N IMP]IALISM4 ,EUROPEAN NATIONALISMS BAS$ ON ! IDEOLOGY ( AN AHI/ORICAL CONFLATION ( ,E?NOS & ,DEMOS - SOME 9 A MORE BIOLIGI/IC MANN]1 ) A CONCEPT ( NEGATIVE 9TEGRATION EXCLUD+ M9ORITIES OR DIFF]+ ID5TITIES AS ! ,G]MAN NATIONALISM DID & SOME MORE ) A MODEL ( ASSIMILATION1 HOMOG5IZATION & C5TRALISM AS ! ,FR5* MODEL ( NATIONALISM & LEGITIMATION ?R\< ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATIONAL /ATEHOOD 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WAS PRACTICALLY PREP>$ ) ! ,SYKES ,PICOT TREATY ( #aiaf - %AP+ ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ALONGSIDE ,BRITI% & ,FR5* /RATEGICAL 9T]E/4 ,AFT] ! 5D ( ,W,W ,I 9 #aiah & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE ALONGSIDE ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NATIONAL /ATES 9 ! T]RITORY ( ! =M] ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE GA9$ MOM5TUM4 

,! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE ) ITS ,ISLAMIC RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY ( LEGITIMIZATION DIFF]$ 9 ?AT WAY FROM ! ,EUROPEAN MODEL & REIGN$ 9 A FEUDAL WAY ?R\< MORE OR LESS AUTONOM\S REGIONAL ELITES4 ,! ,EUROPEAN MODEL HAD ITS IMPACT ON ! REGION ALREADY 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ?R\< ! ,TANZIMAT RE=M P]IOD BETWE5 #a#h#c#i-#a#h#g#f :I* TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A ,FR5* 9SPIR$ =M ( C5TRALISM & L$ TO UPRIS+S ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,KURDI% EMIRATES :OSE AUTONOM\S PRIVILEGES HAD BE5 ABOLI%$4 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,COMMITTEES OR ,UNION & ,PROGRESS ,C4,U4,P ) ITS APPEAL TO POSITIVISM ADAPT$ RACI/ IDEOLOGIES LIKE ,TURANISM4 ,! SO CALL$ ,TURANISM1 AS AN IDEOLOGY ( POSITIVISM1 DEVELOP$ ALONGSIDE ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 RACISM TRANS=M+ L+UI/IC CATEGORIES LIKE 0,>YAN0 OR ,ALTO-,UIGURIAN LANGUAGES 9TO AN 0,URALO-,ALTAIC RACE0 BY ,F9NI% NATIONALI/S & ) !IR CLOSE CONNECTIONS TO ! ,G]MAN ,REI* & COLLABORATION UP TO ! G5OCIDE ( #a4#e ,MILLION ,>M5IANS 9 #a#i#a#d-#a#f4 ,?IS %[S H[ CLOSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,TURKI% NATIONALISM IS CONNECT$ E?NIC NATIONALISM DEVELOP+ 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ESPECIALLY ! !ORIES ( RACE4 ,ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN IMP]IAL PROJECT ,BA<DAD ,RAILWAY HAS BE5 BUILT BY DEPORT$ ,>M5IANS =C$ TO WORK AT ! PROJECT UND] (T5 MORTAL CONDITIONS4 ,!RE=E MANY ,OTTOMAN DEA? CAMPS ?R\< W]E 9 ! REGION ( TODAY'S ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,BA<DAD RAILWAY =M$ AT LEA/ P>TIALLY ! BORD] ( ! NATIONAL /ATES TO COME4 ,WE CAN SEE H]E ?AT ! G5OCIDES AGA9/ ! ,>M5IANS & ,>AMEANS >E NOT ONLY AN \TCOME ( OTTOMAN POLICY BUT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONALISM4 

,! ,TURKI% LIB]ATION W>1 :I* LEAD TO ! F\NDATION ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#b#c1 & WAS SUPPORT$ EXPLICITLY BY ! ,KURDI%1 SOON DEVELOP$ 9TO A MONI/IC1 ,TURANI/ NATIONAL /ATE ACCEPT+ NO O!R ID5TITY ?AN ! ,TURKI% & ,SUNNI ID5TITY4 ,:ILE ,OTTOMAN ,KURDI/AN & ,P]SIAN ,KURDI/AN W]E SPLIT S9CE ! BATTLE ( ,CALDIRAN 9 #a#e#a#d1 ! BORD]S BETWE5 ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN 7,TURKEY7 & ,WE/]N ,KURDI/AN 7,ROJAVA7 W]E DRAWN BY ! M&ATE P[]S 9 #a#i#a#f4 ,TODAY'S ,SYRIA /AY$ UNTIL ITS =MAL 9DEP5D5CE 9 #aidf UND] ,FR5* DOM9ION4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( NATIONAL BORD]S SPLIT ! ,KURDI% POPULATION & EV5 FAMILY TIES4 ,! ANCI5T CITY ( ,NUSAYB9 BECAME ON ! ,SYRIAN SIDE ! CITY ( ,AL ,QAMI%LI 7F\ND$ #a#i#b#f7 ,S]E ,KANIYE BECAME ,RAS ,AL ,AYN 9 ,SYRIA & ,CEYLANP9> 9 ,TURKEY 7SPLIT 9 #a#i#a#h74 

,DUE TO ! BLOCK CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,N,A,T,O ,MEMB] ,TURKEY & ! ,S[JET ALLY ,SYRIA ! BORD] WAS M9$ ) MILLIONS ( ANTI-P]SONAL L&M9ES4 ,ON ! ,TURKI% SIDE ( ! BORD] ! POLICY ( A MONI/IC NATIONAL /ATE WAS E/ABLI%$ & EV]Y ID5TITY BEYOND ,TURKI% ID5TITY WAS P]SECUT$4 ,KURDI% & EV5 ! LETT]S 0Q1W1X0 :I* DON'T EXI/ 9 ! ,TURKI% ALPHABET W]E =BIDD54 ,! F\ND+ ( ! ,TURKI% REPUBLIC WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY MASSACRES ON ,KURDS & ,ASSYRIANS1 LIKE ! MASSACRE ( ,D]SIM :]E BETWE5 #c4 & #h4 ( ! ,KURDI% ,ALEVIS W]E KILL$ 9 #a#i#c#h4 

,?IS POLICY ( ,TURKISATION IS MIRROR$ BY ! PAN>ABI/IC POLICY 9 ,SYRIA & ,IRAQ ESPECIALLY UND] ! ,BAA?I/ REGIMES4 ,! CONCEPT ( PAN>ABI/IC NATIONALISM D]IV$1 TOO 9 GREAT P>TS FROM ! MONI/IC NATIONALISM :I* DEVELOP$ 9 ROMANTIC ,G]MANY4 ,SO WE CAN OBS]VE ?AT ! ,KURDI% POPULATION 9 ! /ATES ( ,IRAQ1 ,SYRIA & ,TURKEY LIV$ ?R\< A PHASE ( OPPRESSION & ASSIMILATION POLICY UND] DIFF]+ NATIONALISMS4 ,! REACTIONS W]E MANIFOLD4 

,FROM ! =MATION ( ! ,P,K,K AS ,M>XI/-,L59I/ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T TO ! P>ADIGM ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY 

,:ILE ! ,KURDI% ,MOVEM5TS >\ND ! ,B>ZANI & ,TALABANI CLANS *OSE ! WAY ( ,KURDI% ,NATIONALISM ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T 9 ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN_/,TURKEY1 ! ,P,K,K WAS F\ND$ 9 #ai< FOLL[$ A ,M>XI/ ,L59I/ PA? ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM BEYOND NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS TOO 9 ! LONG 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! ,P,K,K & EV5 SOME ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,P,K,K LIKE ,HAKI ,K>] W]E ( ,TURKI% ORIG9 FI<T+ AS 9T]NATIONALI/S AGA9/ COLONIALISM4 ,! ,P,K,K DEF9$ #aigg 9 H] FIR/ PROGRAM ! COLONIALISM & ! FEUDAL /RUCTURE ( ,KURDI% SOCIETY AS H] MA9 T>GETS4 ,9 ?IS PROGRAM ! ,P,K,K DEF9$ ! ,KURDI% ,REVOLUTION AS A NATIONAL & DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ! IMPETUS 9 ?IS TIME LAY ON ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION :I* %\LD PROVIDE ! BASE = ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,P,K,K HAS TO BE SE5 9 ! BROAD] CONTEXT ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & ESPECIALLY ( ! LEFTI/ /UD5TS^* MOVEM5T ( ! #fIES & #gIES ALL >\ND ! WORLD & IT WAS A MOVEM5T :I* DEVELOP$ 9 DIALECTIC BETWE5 /UD5T MOVEM5T & POPULATION 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,IT =M$ 9 ! WORLD WIDE /RUGGLES ) AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 SOCIALI/ & LEFTI/ NOTION SU* A /UD5TS^* MOVEM5T HAD =M$ 9 ! ,TURKEY ( ! #fIES1 TOO4 ,MANY ( ! PROTAGONI/S W]E ( ,KURDI% ORIG9 BUT 9 ! G5]AL DISC\RSE ( ! LEFT ( ,TURKEY ,KURDI%NESS WASN'T DISCUSS$ AS A FACTOR ( SOCIAL MOBILIZATION4 ,! MO/ CONFLICTIVE PO9T REFLECT$ 9 ! QUE/ION IF ,KURDI/AN C\LD BE SE5 AS A COLONY4 ,! MA9 C\RSE ( ANALYZE 9 ! LEFT ( ,TURKEY WAS TO 9T]PRET ,TURKEY AS A COLONY ( ! IMP]IALI/ WE/ & 9 ?AT S5SE A COLONY C\LDN'T HAVE ITS ONE COLONY - ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION WAS NOT ONLY NEGLECT$ IT WAS SE5 BY MANY AS A DANG] = A SOCIALI/ MOBILIZATION BECAUSE !Y ALLEG$ ?AT RECOGNIZ+ ,KURDI%NESS W\LD DIVIDE ! WORK+ CLASS & ! C\NTRY & ONLY S]VE IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,9SPIR$ BY ! ANTICOMMUNI/1 ,U,S- SUPPORT$ MILIT>Y C\P 9 ,*ILI ON #a#a4#f4#a#i#g#c ,TURKI% MILIT>Y SEIZ$ P[] AFT] CONF]R+ ) ,U,S (FICIALS ON ! #a#b? ( ,SEPTEMB] #aih - ! C\P TRAUMATIZ$ ! :OLE SOCIETY ( ,TURKEY & MANAG$ TO CRU% ! :OLE HUGE LEFT W+ MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY4 ,ACCORD+ TO REPORTS ON ! TIME ( ! C\P MORE ?AN #f#e4 PEOPLE W]E >RE/$1 MANY DISAPPE>$4 ,:ILE REVOLUTION>Y MASS ORGANIZATIONS :]E DISB&$ & GAVE UP MO/ ( !IR ORGANIZATION /RUCTURES MORE ?AN #d ,P,K,K CADRES HAD PULL$ BACK TO ,SYRIAN OCCUPI$ ,LEBANON & />T$ PREP>+ !IR >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! JUNTA 9 ,TURKEY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME IMPRISON$ ACTIVI/S & CADRES ( ! ,P,K,K W]E ABLE TO MOBILIZE SOCIETY ?R\< MASSIVE ACTIONS ( PROTE/ & RESI/ANCE4 ,SELF-SACRIFICES ( C5TRAL CADRES LIKE ,MAZLUM ,DOGAN BECAME ICONIC UP TO TODAY4 ,SO ! ,P,K,K (FICIALLY />T$ >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! ,KURDI% PROV9CES ( ,TURKEY ON #a#e? ( AUGU/ #aihd - BECOM+ )9 T5 YE>S ONE ( ! /RONGE/ ,GU]RILLA =CES WORLDWIDE ) T5? ( ?\S&S FI<T]S 9 ITS RANKS4 ,! BASES ( ! ,P,K,K HAD BE5 9 ?AT TIME /ILL ,BAA?I/ ,SYRIA & OCCUPI$ ,LEBANON1 US+ ON ! TRADITIONAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,SYRIA & ,TURKEY & ! COLD W> ) ! ,SOVIET AFFILIAT$ ,SYRIA ON ONE SIDE & ! ,N,A,T,O MEMB] ,TURKEY ON ! O!R = ! ADVANTAGE ( ITS LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,?IS BR\<T ! PROBLEM ) IT TO ORGANIZE ! ,KURDI% POPULATION 9 ,SYRIA & AT ! SAME TIME NOT 5DANG] ITS RETREAT 9 ,SYRIA4 ,!RE=E ?AT TIME IS \TL9$ AS WELL BY DIPLOMACY AS WELL AS REPRESSION BY ! ,BAA? ,REGIME - !RE W]E & /ILL >E = EXAMPLE MANY POLITICAL PRISON]S \T ( ! ,P,K,K 9 ,SYRIA4 ,AS MANY WITNESSES ( ?AT TIME 9 ,ROJAVA EXPLA91 FROM ! E>LY #hIES ON ! ,P,K,K WAS BEG9N+ TO ORGANIZE ! ,KURDI% 9 ,SYRIA & ESPECIALLY 9 ! REGION ( ,ROJAVA4 ,!RE=E 9 ?AT REGION EXI/S A HI< CONSCI\SNESS ON ! AIMS & ME?ODS ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,?IS REFLECTS ESPECIALLY 9 CONTEXT ( WOM5'S' LIB]ATION & EMP[]M5T BEG9N+ ) ! FIR/ CONTACTS ) ! ,P,K,K 9 ! #hIES4 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! ,P,K,K WAS UNTIL #aiic FOCUS$ ON UND]TAK+ ! LIB]ATION ( ,NOR!RN ,KURDI/AN AS A FIR/ /EP ON ! WAY TO C5TRALI/1 DEMOCRATIC1 SOCIALI/ /ATE ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,:ILE ! ,P,K,K ALWAYS BAS$ IT'S !ORY & PRACTICE ON PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM & ! PROJECT ( A ,KURDI% /ATE WAS SE5 AS A PLURAL1 MULTI-ID5TICAL PROJECT1 ! CRITIQUE ON ! NATIONAL /ATE MODEL 9 G5]AL DEVELOP$ ) ! BREAKD[N ( ! /ATE SOCIALISM 9 A PHASE :5 ! ,P,K,K WAS /RONG] ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! ,P,K,K WAS ABLE TO CREATE A BALANCE ( P[] ) ! ,TURKI% >M$ =CES :I* REACT$ ) CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ! CIVIL POPULATION1 DE/ROY+ MORE ?AN #d4 VILLAGES - AS NO SIDE WAS ABLE TO W9 ?AT W> & DUE TO ! DEVELOP+ CRITIQUE 9 NATIONAL /ATI/ MODELS1 ! ,P,K,K DECL>$ 9 #aiic ITS FIR/ UNILAT]AL CEASEFIRE & DEM&$ A F$]AL /ATE ) AUTONOM\S REGIONS4 ,EV5 BE=E ?OSE TIMES ! ,P,K,K WAS CRITICAL AB\T /ATE SOCIALISM 9 ! MODEL ( ! ,EA/]N BLOC & 9T]PRET$ ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION AS A QUE/ION ( DEMOCRATIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,ESPECIALLY DUE TO DISCUSSIONS ON ! REASON ( ! 5D ( /ATE SOCIALISM ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN DEVELOP$ A RADICAL CRITIQUE ON ! /ATE MODEL & BEGAN TO SE>* = A SOLUTION FROM )9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,P>TIES LIKE ,H,E,P & ,D,E,P W]E F\ND$1 =M+ ! TRADITION ( ,KURDI% P>TIES 9 ! ,TURKI% P>LIAM5T4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ?\S&S ( WOM5 FROM ! VILLAGES JO9$ ! GU]RILLAS ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION >MY ( ! ,P,K,K ! ,>,G,K4 ,WOM5 W]E ! LEAD]S ( ! UPRIS+S 9 CITIES LIKE ,CIZRE & O!R PLACES4 ,?IS MADE ! SITUATION ( WOM5 EV5 MORE PRES5T 9 ! VIEW ( ! ,P,K,K & ,OCALAN4 

,9 HIS CRITIQUE ,OCALAN TOOK UP HI/ORICAL DISC\RSES ON ! ORIG9 ( HI]>*Y & /ATE SOCIETY & COMES TO ! PO9T ?AT ! IMPLEM5TATION ( PATRI>*Y HAD BE5 ! PRECONDITION = BUILD+ UP /ATI/ SOCIETIES & HI]>*Y4 ,WE C\LD ! %IFT ( ! ,P,K,K IS FROM DEF9+ ! NATIONAL QUE/ION AS MA9 QUE/ION TO PATRI>*Y AS ! MA9 CONTRADICTION 9 SOCIETY4 ,) ?IS %IFT HE DEF9ES WOM5 AS ! FIR/ COLONY & )\T G5D] LIB]ATION NO LIB]ATION 9 SOCIETY C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$4 

,!RE=E ATTACK+ PATRI>*Y MEANT TO ATTACK /ATISM1 C5TRALISM & NATIONALISM3 ,AUTONOM\S WOM5'S' ORGANIZATIONS LIKE AUTONOM\S WOM5'S' GU]RILLA =CES W]E CREAT$ - ?IS CONCEPT =MS ! BASE ( ! /RUCTURES ( G5D] EQUALITY WE CAN OBS]VE 9 TODAYS' ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,P,K,K IS SEE+ ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION NOT ONLY AS A NATIONAL OR E?NIC QUE/ION BUT AS A QUE/ION ( LIB]ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! TRUCES ( ! ,P,K,K HAD BE5 SABOTAG$ UP TO TODAY BY A V>IETY ( =CES ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE :ILE ! ,P,K,K FROM #aiic ON ALWAYS TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A WAY ( PEACEFUL1 POLITICAL SOLUTION PROCESS4 ,AFT] ! BREAKD[N ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ,SYRIA OP5$ TO NEOLIB]ALISM & =C$ ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN TO LEAVE ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T LEAD TO HIS ABDUCTION & >RE/ 9 ! ONE-P]SON PRISON ON ! ISL& ( ,IMRALI 9 ,TURKEY4 ,TURKEY HAD BE5 AT ! BR9K ( CIVIL W> - BUT AGA9 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,P,K,K & ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN /ROVE = A PEACEFUL SOLUTION BY DECL>+ A CEASEFIRE & PULL+ BACK ! ,GU]RILLAS \T ( ,TURKEY4 ,TURKEY DIDN'T ACCEPT ?AT /EP & MORE ?AN #e ,GU]RILLAS ON !IR WAY \T ( ,TURKEY W]E KILL$4 ,OCALAN PRES5T$ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S ! MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM & AUTONOMY AS SOLUTION PROJECT = ! :OLE ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,HE CONT9U$ ! PROCESS BEGUN 9 ! E>LY #iTIES ( DEVELOP+ ! CONCEPT ( A SY/EM BEYOND NATION & /ATECRAFT4 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN & ! ,P,K,K1 W5T FUR!R & CRITICIZ$ ! CONFLATION ( NATION ) /ATE1 & ! P>ALLEL 5TW9+ ( E?NOS & DEMOS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WAS SE5 AS A MIRROR ( ! CRUEL CONSEQU5CES ( ! NATIONAL /ATE 9 :I* 11CULTURE BECOMES A QUASI-TOTALIT>IAN M>K] = UNITY04 ,?IS DISCUSSION CAN BE SE5 L9K$ TO DISCUSSION ON NATION /ATE - ,GELLN]1 ! ULTIMATE LOGIC ( NATIONALISM IS ASSIMILATION1 EXPULSION & MURD] 7'E?NIC CLEANS+'71 PROCESSES WE HAVE BE5 WITNESS+ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ! BASIC UND]LY+ PATT]N ( ! NATION-/ATE1 REQUIR+1 AS IT DOES1 A SUFFICI5T CONGRU5CE BETWE5 /ATE & CULTURE = A VIABLE POLITY4 

,! ,P,K,K HAD UND]TAK5 A DEEP CRITICISM ( ! CONCEPT ( ! ,NATION /ATE & ! /ATE 9 G5]AL4 ,IT WAS SE5 !N 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! COLONIALI/ BORD] POLICY ( ,SYKES-,PICOT & ,LAUSANNE & ! OPPRESSIVE P[] & ! NATIONAL /ATE WAS 9 G5]AL DEF9$ AS A S\RCE ( VIOL5CE & OPPRESSION4 ,! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL /ATE WAS CONNECT$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( PATRI>*AL IDEOLOGY4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN &ROC5TRIC SOCIETY HAS BE5 AT LEA/ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETIES EV5 MORE 9 ! LA/ YE>S ONE ( ! C5TRAL COLUMNS ( ! IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,/ATECRAFT1 CAPITALISM & NATIONALISM >E 9 ! VIEW ( ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN RESULTS ( PATRI>*Y4 ,!SE >E ! CORN] PO9TS ( ! NEW CONCEPT ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM DEVELOP$ BY ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN >\ND ! YE> #b4 ,ESPECIALLY ! ANTI/ATI/ P>ADIGMS & ?OSE ( G5D] EQUALITY BEGAN TO PRODUCE A HUGE *ANGE 9 ,KURDI% SOCIETY4 

,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 

,:ILE 9 ! E>LY #iIES ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T HAD ITS EMPHASIS ON CREAT+ LIB]AT$ >EAS BY DRIV+ \T ! ,TURKI% =CES MILIT>ILY ! ACTUAL EMPHASIS LIES 9 ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM & ) IT 9 ! EMP[]M5T ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 

,WE CAN OBS]VE TWO MA9 CORN] PO9TS ( ! ,P,K,K'S RADICAL DEMOCRATIC PROJECT 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/3 ,ANT9ATIONALISM & ,ANTI/ATISM4 ,!SE TWO MA9 CRITICS ON ! NATIONAL /ATE & ! REPRES5TATIVE MODELS ( DEMOCRACY BR+ US TO ! QUE/ION H[ A PROGRESSIVE SY/EM BAS$ ON SELF-DET]M9ATION IS CONCEPTUALIZ$ & BE+ REALIZ$4 ,TO UND]/& ?IS WE'VE GOT TO LOOK AT ! TRADITIONS :I* MANIFE/ 9 ! C\NCIL DEMOCRATIC MODEL ( ! MOVEM5TS 9SPIR$ BY ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN & ! DISC\RSE ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,WE CAN DEF9E AT LEA/ TWO PILL>S ON :I* ! MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM IS /&+ - ON ONE H& ! TRADITION ( ! LEFT :I* IS CONNECT+ ! ,P,K,K & H] IDEOLOGY ) ! DISC\RSES ( LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE & ON ! O!R H& ! 9T]PRETATION ( ,MESOPOTAMIAN HI/ORY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY 9 ?IS CONTEXT AS A M$IUM = EMANCIPATION4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! WE/]N DISC\RSE ! SECOND PO9T ISN'T 5\< ELABORAT$ & ! ,P,K,K'S MODEL ( CONF$]ALISM IS ONLY 9T]PRET$ AS AN LIB]T>IAN ECLECTICISM ( IDEAS COM+ FROM ,EUROPE OR ! ,U,S4 

,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN CRITICIZES ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ MODEL ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM AS ,EUROC5TRIC BECAUSE IT USES ! ,EUROPEAN IDEA ( PROGRESS = DEF9+ ! /ATUS ( A SOCIETY ON ! LATT] ( /AGES UP TO COMMUNISM4 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN IS REJECT+ ! TELEOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM - HE /ATES ?AT ! \TCOME ( ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! P[]FUL & ! OPPRESS$ NEV] W]E PR$ET]M9$1 ?AT A FREE SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE 9 EV]Y PO9T ( HI/ORY & ?AT CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY HAS NOT BE5 UNAVOIDABLE4 

0,! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y & CLASS RULE HAS NOT BE5 9EVITABLE BUT ! PRODUCT ( =CE4 ,HI]>*Y &1 BAS$ ON IT1 ! =MATION ( /ATEHOOD W]E IMPLEM5T$ BY ! USE ( MASSIVE =CE & DECEIT4 ,! IMPORTANT =CES ( NATURAL SOCIETY UNTIR+LY RESI/$ & W]E /EADILY =C$ PU%$ BACK !IR SPACE BE+ MAXIMALLY R$UC$4 ,BUT HI]>*Y & CLASS RULE W]E NEV] ABLE TO ACCESS SOME >EAS4 .<,NEV]!LESS1.> ! POLICY & PROPAG&A ( ! RUL+ SY/EM HAS SUCCE$$ TO ! EXT5T ?AT ONE SEES ! :OLE SOCIETY EXCLUSIVELY =M$ \T ( CLASS- & /ATE HI]>*Y4 

,?R\< PATRI>*Y & ACCUMULATION /ATE SOCIETY =M$ - BUT ! NATURAL SOCIETY NEV] CEAS$ TO EXI/1 ?AT MEANS IT ALWAYS EXI/$ AS A K9D ( UND]GR\ND CURR5T :I* ,OCALAN CALLS ,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION /&+ AGA9/ /ATE CIVILIZATION & HE PUTS A DEMOCRATIC MOD]NITY AGA9/ CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY4 ,:ILE ,KROPOTK9 & ,BOOK*9 SPEAK ( ! ,HELL5IC & ! ,ROMAN MODEL1 POS+ ! ,A!NS ,DEMOCRACY AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/ ,ROMAN MODEL ,OCALAN PROPOSES ! MODEL ( 0,NATURAL SOCIETY01 A SOCIETY :]E 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE EXI/ 9 EQUILIBRIUM4 ',DUR+ ! ,NEOLI?IC P]IOD A COMPLETE COMMUNAL SOCIAL ORD]1 SO CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE SOCIALISM01 WAS CREAT$ >\ND WOMAN'1 A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT 'SAW NONE ( ! 5=CEM5T PRACTICES ( ! /ATE ORD]' 7,OCALAN #b#a3 #i7 ,:5 ,OCALAN IS US+ ! T]M 0NATURAL SOCIETY0 HE IS REF]R+ TO A SOCIETY )\T COMMODIFICATION & ALI5ATION 9 SOME WAYS SIMIL> TO ! T]M 0,URKOMMUNISMUS0 9TRODUC$ BY ,MORGAN & ,5GELS BUT HE'S COM+ TO ANO!R CONCLUSION ?AN HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,:ILE 9 ! ,M>XI/ MODEL ! 0,URKOMMUNISMUS0 HAD TO BE OV]COME TO BE FOLL[$ BY O!R /AGES ( SOCIETY 9CLUD+ FEUDAL & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY :]E ! WORK+ CLASS AS AN ACTOR ( EMANCIPATION EM]GES4 ,:ILE ,M>X HIMSELF IS %[+ FLEXIBILITY 9 ?IS >GUM5TATION & /ATES 9 RESPECT ON SMALL F>M] VILLAGES 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ! /AGE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM IS NOT ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BECAUSE ! /RUCTURES ( COMMONS /ILL SURVIVE !RE4 

,NEV]!LESS MANY TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S /ATE ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION IS PRECONDITION = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION :I* IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< ! WORK+ CLASS AS AN AG5T & !RE=E ! COLONIES HAVE NECESS>ILY TO BE 9DU/RIALIZ$ OR ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ HAS TO BE 0MOD]NIZ$0 TO CREATE A B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 ,OCALAN SEES ! REMA9D]S ( 0NATURAL SOCIETY0 9 ! COLLECTIVE & DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS /ILL EXI/+ 9 SOME P>TS ( ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N ESPECIALLY ,KURDI% SOCIETY4 ,! 9DIVIDUALIZATION 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA MOD]NITY HADN'T TAK5 PLACE 9 ! EXT5T ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,9 ?AT S5SE ,OCALAN'S MODEL ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM />TS ) ! SOCIETIES /ATUS QUO BY SUPPORT+ DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS1 LIKE COLLECTIVE ID5TITIES & DISC>D+ ANTIDEMOCRATIC CONCEPTS LIKE PATRI>*Y1 SECT>IANISM OR FEUDALISM4 

,?IS ME?OD IS 9 MANY S5SES ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! ACTUAL SITUATION 9 ,ROJAVA OR 9 ! O!R P>TS ( ,KURDI/AN :I* CAN BE DEF9$ AS CLASSICAL COLONIES )\T WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT HAS BE5 ONE FACTOR :I* ALWAYS /R5G!N$ ! ,P,K,K1 EV5 MORE TODAY4 ,TO REJECT ! MONI/IC NATIONAL-/ATE MEANS = ! ,P,K,K ! CREATION ( A MODEL ( ADM9I/RATION BAS$ ON DIFF]5CE NOT HOMOG5EITY4 ,! MODEL ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM IS BE+ BUILT UP N[ = MORE ?AN T5 YE>S 9 ! ,TURKI% P>T ( ,KURDI/AN BUT DUE TO MASSIVE >RE/S AGA9/ CIVIL /RUCTURES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SY/EM 9 PRACTICE HAS BE5 ?R[N BACK AGA9 & AGA94 ,NEV]!LESS MANY CITIES 9 ?AT REGION HAVE DEVELOP$ A /RONG /RUCTURE ( 9/ITUTIONS ( RADICAL DEMOCRATIC SELF-ADM9I/RATION :I* HAVE DEEP ROOTS 9 SOCIETY AS ! PUBLIC SUPPORT ( #h-#i.0 9 SOME ,KURDI% CITIES %[ 9 ELECTIONS & :I* >E PUTT+ UP A /RONG RESI/ANCE AGA9/ POLICE & MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ( ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T4 

,! SITUATION = ! MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM *ANG$ DECISIVELY :5 9 ,JULY #bab ! ,SYRIAN >MY HAD TO DRAW MO/ ( ITS =CES \T ( ! REGION ( ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 ,ROJAVA4 ,DUE TO ! POLICY ( ! 0?IRD WAY0 PRACTIC$ 9 ,ROJAVA1 NEI!R ALIGN+ ) ! ,SYRIAN /ATE NOR ) ! ,>ABIC & ,ISLAMI/ DOM9AT$ OPPOSITION ?IS PROCESS WAS RELATIVELY PEACEFUL4 ,N[ ! PEOPLES' C\NCILS 9 ,ROJAVA :O HAD A CLOSE CONNECTION TO ! IDEAS ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM />T$ TO CAME TO ! OP5 & />T$ BUILD+ UP A NEW SY/EM ( C\NCIL DEMOCRACY4 ,FAVOR+ ?IS *ANGE TWO FACTORS CAME TOGE!R1 FIR/ ! BREAKD[N ( /ATE ORD]1 A SITUATION 9 :I* PEOPLE T5D TO ASSEMBLE & ORGANIZE !IR DAILY LIFE1 SECOND /RONG SOCIAL BACKGR\ND SUPPORT+ ! IDEA ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM ,ROJAVA CAN GIVE US 9SI<TS 9 ! PRACTICAL WORK+ ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & RADICAL DEMOCRATIC MODELS4 

,C\NCIL DEMOCRATIC MODELS HAVE A LONG HI/ORY - & :ILE ! PROCESSES ( M$IATION & COLLECTIVITY 9 TRADITIONAL MID-EA/]N SOCIETIES 9FLU5C$ ,OCALAN DEEPLY EV5 SO DID ! DISCUSSIONS & DEVELOPM5TS ( C\NCIL DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,& SOME CONCLUSIONS ( ,OCALAN >E CLOSELY L9K$ TO DISCUSSIONS 9 ! WORLDWIDE LEFT-W+ MOVEM5TS4 ,!ORI/S LIKE ,MI*AEL ,H>DT & ,TONI ,NEGRI />T$ ) PUBLICATIONS 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b#a4 ,C5TURY TO CONCEPTUALIZE A SIMIL> IDEA ( RADICAL DEMOCRATIZATION ( SOCIETY US+ ! T]M ( ,DEMOCRACY 9 A RADICAL AMPLIFICATION ON ! :OLE ( SOCIETY OV]COM+ REPRES5TATIVE SY/EMS BY DIRECT P>TICIPATION4 

,AT LEA/ S9CE ! ,COMMUNE DE ,P>IS C\NCIL ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 A C5TRAL TOPIC ( SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE & ,RUSSIA4 ,C\NCILS W]E ! MA9 PROTAGONI/S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! LATE #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURY ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ! UPRIS+S 9 ,G]MANY #aiah :5 WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' =M$ ! VANGU>D ( ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT4 ,:ILE DUR+ REVOLUTIONS C\NCILS SEEM TO PLAY 9 MANY CASES A MAJOR ROLE !Y'RE BE+ NEUTRALIZ$ 9 NE>LY ALL CASES1 9 SOME AS CONSEQU5CE ( CONSOLIDATION 7,SOVIET ,UNION7 9 SOME AS CONSEQU5CE ( C\NT]REVOLUTION 7,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 ,C\NCIL MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY74 ,9 !ORY WE CAN FOLL[ MANIFOLD DISCUSSIONS ON C\NCIL DEMOCRACY1 :I* ,HANNAH ,>5DT CALL$ 0! LO/ TREASURE ( DEMOCRACY40 ,>5DT SEES ! MODEL ( C\NCIL DEMOCRACY AS A MODEL H[ ! PEOPLE C\LD P>TICIPATE :ILE REPRES5TATIVE MODELS W]E EXCLUD+ !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,>5DT ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( MODELS ( C\NCIL DEMOCRACY DUR+ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS IS A TOOL TO REPRES5T ! HET]OG5EITY ( SOCIETY4 

,! COMMUNE AS FOCAL PO9T ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM 

,>5DT'S DEF9ITION ( C\NCIL DEMOCRACY SEEMS TO HAVE SOME CONGRU5CY ) ! MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM4 ,NEV]!LESS ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM IS REJECT+ ! MODEL ( ! NATIONAL /ATE AS A MONI/IC MODEL :I* AUTOMATICALLY CREATES A RUL+ ELITE & IS H9D]+ DEMOCRACY4 ,?R\< C\NCIL DEMOCRACY EV]Y S+LE ID5TITY %ALL BE REPRES5T$ =M ! LOCAL LEVEL UP TO ! LEVEL ( COORD9ATION4 ,! SMALLE/ UNIT ( DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM1 ! COMMUNE IS CONSI/+ \T ( SMALL NUMB] ( H\SEHOLDS1 BETWE5 #b & #ae :I* MEANS ?AT EV]YBODY LIV+ 9 ! >EA ( A COMMUNE CAN REPRES5T HIMSELF DIRECTLY )9 ! COMMUNE4 ,! QUE/ION ( G5D] & ID5TITY DIFF]5CES IS SOLV$ ?R\< AUTONOM\S /RUCTURES WORK+ TOGE!R1 G5D] QUOTA ( #d.0 & CO*AIRP]SONS1 AT LEA/ ON MALE & ONE FEMALE1 IF !RE >E O!R CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S OR E?NIC ID5TITIES 9 ! REGION ( !Y GET A SEAT AS SPEAK]S REG>DLESS ( ! SIZE ( ! M9ORITY4 ,9 ?AT WAY ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM IS DIFF]+ FROM CLASSICAL MODELS ( F$]ALISM4 ,9 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM !RE >E ELEM5TS ( F$]ALISM LIKE ! CANTONS MODEL AS UNITS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT ! IDEA ( 'F$]ALISM' IS /ILL A SEMI-NATIONAL IDEA CREAT+ MORE OR LESS AUTONOM\S REGIONS 9 :I* M9ORITIES C\LD CREATE A MAJORITY4 ,! UNITS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION >E1 TOO BIG TO GIVE ALL S+UL>ITIES ( ! MULTITUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( DIRECT P>TICIPATION4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ! IDEA ( CONF$]ALISM DEVELOPS MORE 9TO ! DIRECTION ( ! F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S C\NCILS4 ,! POLITICAL AUTONOMY ( ! COMMUNE1 AS WELL AS ( ! S+UL>ITY IS A C5TRAL PO9T :I* IS CLOSELY CONNECT$ TO ! MODEL ( CONF$]ALISM AS ALT]NATIVE TO /ATEHOOD4 ,!RE=E ! T]M ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM SEEMS TO UN?9KABLE )\T ! T]M ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY1 :I* MEANS POLITICAL AUTONOMY ON ALL LEVELS UP ! CONF$]ATION ( C\NCILS :I* IS DEF9$ AS ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATION4 ,AUTONOM\S GRASSROOTS COMMUNES CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 URBAN AS WELL AS 9 MO/ RURAL >EAS IF !Y SOLVE PROBLEMS ?R\< ! F$]ATION ) O!R COMMUNES - !RE=E QU>T] C\NCILS1 CITY C\NCILS1 CANTON C\NCILS & ! PEOPLES' C\NCIL ( ,ROJAVA HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,!SE C\NCILS CONSI/ \T ( ! CO*AIRS ( ! COMMUNES OR ! C\NCILS ON A L[] /AGE4 ,! 9T]E/+ IS ?AT AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 P[] %\LD BE R$UC$1 ! BIGG] ! >EA ( ADM9I/RATION ( C\NCIL IS1 ?AT WAY AN ADM9I/RATION )\T CREAT+ A /ATE C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,F$]ALI/ IDEAS REFLECT 9 DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM 9 RESPECT ( GU>ANTE$ REPRES5TATION ( M9ORITIES ON ALL LEVELS ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT IT'S GO+ FUR!R & IS TRY+ TO BREAK ) ! CONCEPT ( MAJORITY VS4 M9ORITY BY EMP[]M5T ( REGIONAL /RUCTURES & NEI<BORHOODS4 ,9 ,ROJAVA !RE >E ?REE (FICIAL LANGUAGES - ,KURDI%1 ,>ABIC1 ,>AMEAN4 ,ALL PO/S ( BO>D*AIRP]SONS :I* 9 A REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM W\LD FUNCTION LIKE M9I/]S HAVE REPRES5TANTS ( ALL E?NIC OR RELIGI\S ID5TITIES )9 !M4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ! BO>D = JU/ICE HAS #ba REPRES5TANTS 9 PLACE ( ONE M9I/] = ,JU/ICE 9 REPRES5TATIVE SY/EMS4 ,?AT %[S ?AT ! SE>* = M$IATION & A SOCIAL CONS5SUS IS VALUAT$ H]E HI<] ?AN ! SUPPOS$ EFFICI5CY ( ONE M9I/] & HIS DEPUTIES4 

,HANNAH ,>5DT DIDN'T ACCEPT ! 9CLUSION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION 9TO ! IDEA ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 9 ?AT PO9T %E WAS CRITICIZ$ BY ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS :O CLAIM$ ?AT %E HADN'T UND]/OOD ?AT ! T]M9US ( ,REVOLUTION MEANT ! EMANCIPATION ( OPPRESS$ CLASSES4 ,9 ?AT CONTEXT ! IDEAS ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG %\LD BE DISCUSS$ :O /AT$ ?AT A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION %\LD BE UND]TAK5 BY ! RADICAL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES & ?R\< PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION & NOT BY JU/ *ANG+ ! POLITICAL ACTORS4 ,LUXEMBURGIAN ?9K+ CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A C\NT]CURR5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! 9CLUSION ( ECONOMY 9 ! MODEL ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION & DEMOCRATIZATION IS AN OBVI\S P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM & ,C\NCIL-SOCIALISM4 ,BUT NEV]!LESS IT IS DIFF]+ FROM ! ,LUXEMBURGIAN MODEL1 TOO1 AS ! C\NCILS >E SE5 AS 9/ITUTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 REPRES5T+ ?AT WAY ! 0TOTALITY0 ( SOCIETY4 ,NEV]!LESS ?IS MODEL AT LEA/ DIDN'T ACTIVELY 9CLUDE WOM51 FAMILIES & UNEMPLOY$4 ,TO DEVELOP A SY/EM ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY \T ( ?IS APPROA* ! CONCEPT HAD TO BE AMPLIFI$4 ,! IDEA ( WID5+ ?IS SY/EM AS A RADICAL DEMOCRATIC APPROA* = ! :OLE SOCIETY />T$ TO BE DEVELOP$ 9 ! #a#i#gIES ,! *ANGE WAS D$ICAT$ TO DEVELOP 0POLITICS BEYOND ! /ATE1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BEYOND P>TY1 & POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY BEYOND CLASS40 ,TODAY WE SEE A SYN]GY ( ?9K+ :I* IS REFLECT$ 9 ! EXPLICIT 9CLUSION ( ALL QUE/IONS ( LIFE 9 POLITICS 9 ! CRITIQUE ( ,JUDI? ,BUTL] ON ,HANNAH ,>5DT3 0.<,=.> ,>5DT IT W\LD SEEM1 ?OSE :O ACT FROM NECESSITY ACT FROM ! BODY1 BUT NECESSITY CAN NEV] BE A =M ( FRE$OM 7! TWO >E OPPOSITES71 & FRE$OM CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY ?OSE :O >E1 WELL1 NOT HUNGRY4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ONE MI<T BE HUNGRY1 ANGRY1 FREE1 & REASON+1 & ?AT A POLITICAL MOVEM5T TO OV]COME 9EQUALITY 9 FOOD DI/RIBUTION IS A JU/ & FAIR POLITICAL MOVEM5T80 

,SIMIL> CONCEPTS BECAME MORE & MORE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! WE/]N MODEL ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY 9SPIR+ LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ALL >\ND ! WORLD & HAV+ A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! ANTI-GLOBALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ HAS TO BE SE5 DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! DEBATES />T$ BY ,LUXEMBURG & ,>5DT4 ,& AS WE DEMON/RAT$ IT IS COMPATIBLE ) ! CRITICS ( ! ,P,K,K ON HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 

,ECONOMY 9 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM -0,LET'S COMMUNALIZE ,5]GY1 WAT] & L& - ,LET'S BUILD UP A FREE SOCIETY0 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DEF9ES ! IDEAL ECONOMY AS A MUNICIPALI/ =M ( MORAL ECONOMY UND] DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! CONTROL BY ! ,COMMUNES OV] ECONOMY & OV] ! 5T]PRISES REPRES5TS ! HI<E/ DEVELOP$ =M ( CONF$]ALISM4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E BE+ APPLI$ ON ! ECONOMY 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT AT LEA/ S9CE #bab COMMUNES HAVE COMMISSIONS = ECONOMY :I* REALIZE ! TASK ( BUILD+ UP COMMUNAL ECONOMY4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ) ! HELP ( COMMUNES & MOVEM5TS LIKE ,T,E,V-,D,E,M 7,MOVEM5T = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY7 OR ,YEKITIYA ,/> 7WOM5' MOVEM5T7 COOP]ATIVES >E BE+ BUILT UP4 ,L& ?AT WAS =M] [N$ BY ! ,SYRIAN /ATE IS BE+ COMMUNALIZ$1 :I* MEANS ?AT AB\T #h.0 ( ! L& >E UND] CONTROL ( ! C\NCILS4 

,! COMMUNES >E BUILD+ UP COOP]ATIVES :I* WORK ! L&1 GIVE A %>E TO ! COMMUNITY & WORK = !IR [N SUBSI/5CE4 ,! SURPLUS PRODUCTION IS BE+ SOLD ON M>KETS4 ,BOOK*9 PO9TS \T 0,LET ME /RESS ?AT :5 ,I SPEAK ( A MORAL ECONOMY1 ,I'M NOT ADVOCAT+ A COMMUNIT>IAN OR COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY 9 :I* SMALL PR(ITE]S1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+ !IR 9T5TIONS MAY BE1 SIMPLY BECOME LITTLE 0SELF-MANAG$0 CAPITALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T444,EI!R MUNICIPALIZ$ 5T]PRISES CONTROLL$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES WILL TRY TO TAKE OV] ! ECONOMY OR CAPITALISM WILL PREVAIL 9 ?IS SPH]E ( LIFE ) A =CEFULNESS :I* NO RHETORIC CAN DIM9I%40 

,?IS DANG] IS BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY ! SELF-ADM9I/RATION 9 ,ROJAVA1 TOO - !RE=E IS IT =BIDD5 BY LAW = A COOP]ATIVE TO SEP>ATE ITSELF =M ! C\NCIL & BUILD UP A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMUNE :I* APPO9TS ! *AIRP]SONS = ! COOP]ATIVES & IS CONTROLL$ IS BE+ CONTROLL$ BY V>I\S ECONOMIC C\NCILS & C\NCILS ( WORK]S4 0,WE'RE BUILD+ UP COOP]ATIVES TO ABOLI% COMPETITION & TO CREATE SOCIAL EQUALITY40 ,MO/ ( ! COOP]ATIVES >E SMALL1 LIKE FIVE TO T5 P]SONS PRODUC+ TEXTILES1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 GROC]IES BUT !RE >E ALREADY SOME BIGG] COOP]ATIVES1 TOO1 LIKE A COOP]ATIVE NE> ,AMUDE :I* IS GU>ANTEE+ MO/ ( ! SUBSI/5CE ( MORE ?AN #b4 H\SEHOLDS & IS EV5 ABLE TO SELL ON ! M>KET4 ,! M>KET HAS CONTROLL$ PRICES = GROC]IES2 :ILE !RE IS A M>KET ! IDEAL ( COMMUNAL ECONOMY :I* IS PROJECTS IS MEAN+ ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 C\NCILS4 ,COOP]ATIVES %\LD BUILD UP F$]ATIONS TO FULFILL ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION4 ,SO ?R\< ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS ( ! C\NCILS ON ALL /AGES ! COOP]ATIVES >E CONNECT$ & %\LD AT LEA/ !ORETICALLY BUT ALSO ALREADY 9 SOME PLACES PRACTICALLY BE ABLE TO FULFILL !IR NE$S = FUEL1 GAS1 F\R1 GROC]IES & O!R PRODUCTS \T ( COMMUNAL ECONOMY4 

,! CONCEPT ( A 0SOCIAL ECONOMY0 WAS DEVELOP$ FROM ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALISM'S =M ( SOCIALISM1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM BO? NEOLIB]ALISM & /ATE SOCIALISM4 0,HI/ORICALLY1 ! ECONOMY DEVELOP$ SEP>ATELY FROM SOCIETY10 OBS]V$ ,DR4 ,D>A ,KURDAXI1 A MEMB] ( ! ECONOMICS COMMISSION 9 ,AFR94 0,?AT L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EXPLOITATIVE /ATES & F9ALLY ECONOMIC LIB]ALISM4 ,9 CONTRA/1 /ATE SOCIALISM1 :I* DIV]G$ FROM ITS [N ECONOMIC IDEAS1 MADE ! ECONOMY P>T ( ! /ATE & TURN$ EV]Y?+ OV] TO ! /ATE4 ,BUT .</ATE CAPITALISM.> IS CLE>LY NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM MULT9ATIONAL FIRMS1 TRU/S1 & CORPORATIONS4 444 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT WE 9 ,ROJAVA MU/ FOLL[ A DIFF]5T MODEL40 

,! PRODUCTION %\LD NOT BE RE9$ NEI!R BY /ATE NOR BY M>KET BUT ?R\< ! COMMUNES & ! C\NCILS :I* >E AS 9/ITUTIONS ( SELF-REPRES5TATION 9 ! POSITION TO KN[ ! NE$S ( ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,BUT COOP]ATIVES EXI/ 9 ALL SECTORS ( SOCIETY EV5 ! REF9+ SECTOR4 ,9 ?AT S5SE AN ADVANTAGE = ?IS PROCESS IS ?AT ,ROJAVA HAD BE5 TREAT$ BY ! ,SYRIAN /ATE AS CLASSICAL COLONY4 ,RES\RCES W]E EXTRACT$ BUT NE>LY NO PRODUCTION TOOK PLACE4 ,EV5 ?\< AN 9DU/RIALIZATION >\ND ECOLOGICAL & COMMUNALI/ PR9CIPLES TO FULFILL ! DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE ( ,ROJAVA IS BE+ PLANN$ BUT DUE TO ! SITUATION ( W> & ! ECONOMIC EMB>GO IT HADN'T BE5 REALIZ$ YET4 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] DESCRIBES ! ECONOMY ( ,ROJAVA 9 ?REE LAY]S1 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY1 :I* IS CONNECT$ TO ! CAPITAL M>KETS & VIRTUALLY DOESN'T EXI/ ?R\< EMB>GO 9 ! MOM5T1 M>KET ECONOMY ) BY ! C\NCILS CONTROLL$ PRICES & COMMUNAL ECONOMY BETWE5 ! C\NCILS4 

0,CAPITALISM =EGR\NDS EX*ANGE VALUE1 ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S = ! M>KET4 ,IT RE/S 5TIRELY ON ! PR(IT MOTIVE2 PRODUCTION IS NOT = ! SOCIETY BUT = ! M>KET4 ,BUT A SOCIETY ?AT CANNOT DET]M9E ITS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IS HELPLESS EV5 TO IMPROVE ! LOT ( ITS [N WORK=CE4 ,WE >E =C$ TO WORK = PA!TIC WAGES1 = M9USCULE COMP5SATION1 BUT WE DO IT ANYWAY4 ,WE WORK 9 ! 9=MAL SECTOR )\T JOB SECURITY1 )\T UNIONIZATION1 BUT WE WORK REG>DLESS4444 ,AN ECONOMIC SELF-GOV]NM5T IS CRUCIAL = ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY2 9DE$1 IT IS ! PRECONDITION = ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY4 ,A REGION ?AT CAN'T DECIDE ON ITS [N ECONOMY CANNOT BE AUTONOM\S40 

,9 ?AT WAY ! ECONOMIC MODEL ( ,ROJAVA IS BE+ SE5 AS A REPLY TO ! NEOLIB]ALISM ( CAPITALI/ MOD]NITY & A CONSEQU5CE ON ! CRITICAL DISCUSSION ( /ATI/ SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! WAY ( BUILD+ UP COMMUNAL ECONOMY ! FOCUS ON EX*ANGE VALUE %ALL BE %IFT$ TO ! USE VALUE ( PRODUCTS4 ,?IS %IFT ( M5TALITY HAS ACCORD+ TO ,OCALAN ! POT5TIAL TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( UNEMPLOYM5T :I* IS DEF9$ AS A PROBLEM PRODUC$ BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!RE >E 5DLESS ACTIVITIES ) HI< USE VALUES :I* CAN'T BE QUANTIFI$ 9 EX*ANGE VALUES & >E !RE=E TODAY NOT SE5 AS PRODUCTIVE WORK3 

0,A DEMOCRATIC-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ) G5D] LIB]ATION & A MORAL ?AT ISN'T C5T]$ ON ! /ATE4 ,?AT ?IS IS AN UTOPIA DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE CAN'T LIVE NO?+ ( IT H]E & N[4444 ,TO EXPECT DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM FROM ! /ATE IS ! NEGATION ( DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM 444 ,9 NON-/ATI/ ,DEMOCRACIES ! PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES HAVE TO ORGANIZE !IR SELF-DEF5SE4 ,PEOPLES' DEF5SE MILITIAS HAVE TO BE ABLE TO PROTECT ! VALUES ( PEOPLES' DEMOCRACY & ALL VALUES ?AT HAVE TO PROTECT$1 9 ! VILLAGES1 CITIES1 M\NTA9S & DES]TS FROM ROBB]S1 ?IEVES & OPPRESSORS4 

,IT IS ON ! ECONOMIC SECTOR POSSIBLE TO CREATE COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES & V>I\S ASSOCIATIONS & AN ECONOMY :I* ISN'T BAS$ ON COMMODIFICATION & PRODUCTION & ISN'T HAZ>D\S = PEOPLE & 5VIRONM5T4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T IS A /RUCTURAL PROBLEM ( SY/EMS ( EXPLOITATION CAN'T IS A PROBLEM 9 A DEMOCRATIC-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! CREATION ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* IS CREATIVE $UCATION & PASSION = LIFE CAN BE SE5 AS ! BE/ WAY TO SOCIALISM4 0 

,CONCLUSION 

,FROM ! NEGATIVE EXP]I5CE DRAWN FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! MODEL ( ! NATIONAL /ATE ! ,P,K,K & ESPECIALLY ITS *AIRMAN ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN CREAT$ AN ALT]NATIVE MODEL ( CONF$]ALISM :I* HAS NO SPATIAL OR POLITICAL BORD]S4 ,! MODEL IS A MODEL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & POLITICAL EVOLUTION - ?AT MEANS />T+ A PROCESS ( BUILD+ UP A SELF-ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY ) ! CITIZ5S1 EMP[]+ & *ANG+ !IR UND]/&+ ( CITIZ5%IP & BUILD+ ?AT WAY UP A CONF$]ATION ) ALL ITS NECESS>Y /RUCTURES1 FROM DEF5SE TO ECONOMY4 ,A DE FACTO *ANGE HAPP5S :ILE VIOL5CE IS ONLY US$ AS A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE & HAS NO /RATEGICAL VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,AS WELL AS IT IS ) ! MODEL ( SELF-DEF5SE ALL O!R P>TS ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS >E BAS$ ON COEXI/5CE1 NOT ON TAK+ ! P[]4 ,IT'S NOT AB\T *ALL5G+ ONE NATIONAL /ATE BUT ! MODEL ( /ATEHOOD 9 G5]AL - ?IS GIVES DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM ITS REVOLUTION>Y P[] :I* CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 TODAYS' ,ROJAVA ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA AS WELL AS 9 ! ,KURDI% REGIONS ( ,TURKEY & MI<T (F] A SOLUTION = MANY ( ! CONFLICTS ALONG ALL K9D ( ID5TITIES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & BEYOND4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,PRACTICE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,PRACTICE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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