,P>T #a ,M>X ,& ,SOCIALI/ ,DOCTR9E1 ,BAKUN9 ,& ,AN>*ISM1 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLT #aiahaiah ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL ,TEXT 3 ,PROPOS$ ,ROADS ,TO ,FRE$OM ,BY ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL ,P,>,T ,I - ,H,I,/,O,R,I,C,A,L ,*,A,P,T,] ,I ,M,>,X ,& ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,D,O,C,T,R,9,E ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE ?AT IS VITAL1 IS RA!R A T5D5CY ?AN A /RICTLY DEF9ABLE BODY ( DOCTR9E4 ,A DEF9ITION ( ,SOCIALISM IS SURE EI!R TO 9CLUDE SOME VIEWS :I* MANY W\LD REG>D AS NOT ,SOCIALI/IC1 OR TO EXCLUDE O!RS :I* CLAIM TO BE 9CLUD$4 ,BUT ,I ?9K WE %ALL COME NE>E/ TO ! ESS5CE ( ,SOCIALISM BY DEF9+ IT AS ! ADVOCACY ( COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL4 ,COMMUNAL [N]%IP MAY MEAN [N]%IP BY A DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 BUT CANNOT BE HELD TO 9CLUDE [N]%IP BY ANY ,/ATE :I* IS NOT DEMOCRATIC4 ,COMMUNAL [N]%IP MAY ALSO BE UND]/OOD1 AS ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM UND]/&S IT1 9 ! S5SE ( [N]%IP BY ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( ! M5 & WOM5 9 A COMMUNITY )\T ?OSE COMPULSORY P[]S :I* >E NECESS>Y TO CON/ITUTE A ,/ATE4 ,SOME ,SOCIALI/S EXPECT COMMUNAL [N]%IP TO >RIVE SUDD5LY & COMPLETELY BY A CATA/ROPHIC REVOLUTION1 :ILE O!RS EXPECT IT TO COME GRADUALLY1 FIR/ 9 ONE 9DU/RY1 !N 9 ANO!R4 ,SOME 9SI/ UPON ! NECESSITY ( COMPLET5ESS 9 ! ACQUISITION ( L& & CAPITAL BY ! PUBLIC1 :ILE O!RS W\LD BE CONT5T TO SEE L+]+ ISL&S ( PRIVATE [N]%IP1 PROVID$ !Y W]E NOT TOO EXT5SIVE OR P[]FUL4 ,:AT ALL =MS HAVE 9 COMMON IS DEMOCRACY & ! ABOLITION1 VIRTUAL OR COMPLETE1 ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,SOCIALI/S1 ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S TURNS L>GELY UPON ! K9D ( DEMOCRACY :I* !Y DESIRE4 ,OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S >E CONT5T ) P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY 9 ! SPH]E ( GOV]NM5T1 HOLD+ ?AT ! EVILS APP>5T 9 ?IS =M ( CON/ITUTION AT PRES5T W\LD DISAPPE> ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CAPITALISM4 ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 OBJECT TO ! :OLE P>LIAM5T>Y MA*9]Y1 & AIM AT A DIFF]5T ME?OD ( REGULAT+ ! POLITICAL AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT ALL ALIKE >E DEMOCRATIC 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y AIM AT ABOLI%+ EV]Y K9D ( PRIVILEGE & EV]Y K9D ( >TIFICIAL 9EQUALITY3 ALL ALIKE >E *AMPIONS ( ! WAGEE>N] 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,ALL ?REE ALSO HAVE MU* 9 COMMON 9 !IR ECONOMIC DOCTR9E4 ,ALL ?REE REG>D CAPITAL & ! WAGES SY/EM AS A MEANS ( EXPLOIT+ ! LABOR] 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & HOLD ?AT COMMUNAL [N]%IP1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 IS ! ONLY MEANS ( BR++ FRE$OM TO ! PRODUC]S4 ,BUT )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS COMMON DOCTR9E !RE >E MANY DIV]G5CES1 & EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O >E /RICTLY TO BE CALL$ ,SOCIALI/S1 !RE IS A V]Y CONSID]ABLE DIV]SITY ( S*OOLS4 ,SOCIALISM AS A P[] 9 ,EUROPE MAY BE SAID TO BEG9 ) ,M>X4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT BE=E HIS TIME !RE W]E ,SOCIALI/ !ORIES1 BO? 9 ,5GL& & 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT 9 ,FRANCE1 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 ,SOCIALISM = A BRIEF P]IOD ACQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT ! ,SOCIALI/S :O PREC$$ ,M>X T5D$ TO 9DULGE 9 ,UTOPIAN DREAMS & FAIL$ TO F\ND ANY /RONG OR /ABLE POLITICAL P>TY4 ,TO ,M>X1 9 COLLABORATION ) ,5GELS1 >E DUE BO? ! =MULATION ( A COH]5T BODY ( ,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E1 SUFFICI5TLY TRUE OR PLAUSIBLE TO DOM9ATE ! M9DS ( VA/ NUMB]S ( M51 & ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAS CONT9U$ TO GR[ 9 ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ?R\<\T ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ,M>X'S DOCTR9E1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KN[ SOME?+ ( ! 9FLU5CES :I* =M$ HIS \TLOOK4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 #ahah AT ,TREVES 9 ! ,RH9E ,PROV9CES1 HIS FA!R BE+ A LEGAL (FICIAL1 A ,JEW :O HAD NOM9ALLY ACCEPT$ ,*RI/IANITY4 ,M>X /UDI$ JURISPRUD5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY & HI/ORY AT V>I\S ,G]MAN UNIV]SITIES4 ,9 PHILOSOPHY HE IMBIB$ ! DOCTR9ES ( ,HEGEL1 :O WAS !N AT ! HEID AB/RACTNESS1 & A BELIEF 9 REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN EVOLUTION4 ,BUT ( ,HEGEL'S MORE DEF9ITE DOCTR9ES ,M>X RETA9$ NO?+ AFT] HIS Y\?4 ,HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS A BRILLIANT /UD5T1 & MIE] AS A PR(ESSOR OR AN (FICIAL1 BUT HIS 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS & HIS ,RADICAL VIEWS L$ HIM 9TO MORE >DU\S PA?S4 ,ALREADY 9 #ahdb HE BECAME $ITOR ( A NEWSPAP]1 :I* WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,PRUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T E>LY 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ON ACC\NT ( ITS ADVANC$ OP9IONS4 ,?IS L$ ,M>X TO GO TO ,P>IS1 :]E HE BECAME KN[N AS A ,SOCIALI/ & ACQUIR$ A KN[L$GE ( HIS ,FR5* PR$ECESSORS4.<#a.> ,H]E 9 ! YE> #ahdd BEGAN HIS LIFELONG FRI5D%IP ) ,5GELS1 :O HAD BE5 HI!RTO 9 BUS9ESS 9 ,MAN*E/]1 :]E HE HAD BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ,5GLI% ,SOCIALISM & HAD 9 ! MA9 ADOPT$ ITS DOCTR9ES4.<#b.> ,9 #ahde ,M>X WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,P>IS & W5T ) ,5GELS TO LIVE 9 ,BRUSSELS4 ,!RE HE =M$ A ,G]MAN ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & $IT$ A PAP] :I* WAS !IR ORGAN4 ,?R\< HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ,BRUSSELS HE BECAME KN[N TO ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,P>IS1 :O1 AT ! 5D ( #a#h#d#g1 9VIT$ HIM & ,5GELS TO DRAW UP = !M A MANIFE/O1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#d#h4 ,?IS IS ! FAM\S ^*^*,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1'' 9 :I* = ! FIR/ TIME ,M>X'S SY/EM IS SET =?4 ,IT APPE>$ AT A =TUNATE MOM5T4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ MON?1 ,FEBRU>Y1 ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,P>IS1 & 9 ,M>* IT SPREAD TO ,G]MANY4 ,FE> ( ! REVOLUTION L$ ! ,BRUSSELS ,GOV]NM5T TO EXPEL ,M>X FROM ,BELGIUM1 BUT ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION MADE IT POSSIBLE = HIM TO RETURN TO HIS [N C\NTRY4 ,9 ,G]MANY HE AGA9 $IT$ A PAP]1 :I* AGA9 L$ HIM 9TO A CONFLICT ) ! AU?ORITIES1 9CREAS+ 9 SEV]ITY AS ! REACTION GA!R$ =CE4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#i1 HIS PAP] WAS SUPPRESS$1 & HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,PRUSSIA4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,P>IS1 BUT WAS EXPELL$ FROM !RE ALSO4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO SETTLE 9 ,5GL&--AT ?AT TIME AN ASYLUM = FRI5DS ( FRE$OM--& 9 ,5GL&1 ) ONLY BRIEF 9T]VALS = PURPOSES ( AGITATION1 HE CONT9U$ TO LIVE UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#h#c4 ,! BULK ( HIS TIME WAS OCCUPI$ 9 ! COMPOSITION ( HIS GREAT BOOK1 ^*^*,CAPITAL4''.<#c.> ,HIS O!R IMPORTANT WORK DUR+ HIS LAT] YE>S WAS ! =MATION & SPREAD ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,FROM #ahdi ONW>D ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS TIME WAS SP5T 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 ACCUMULAT+1 ) ,G]MAN PATI5CE1 ! MAT]IALS = HIS T]RIFIC 9DICTM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT HE RETA9$ HIS HOLD ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES HE HAD SONS-9-LAW AS LIEUT5ANTS1 LIKE ,NAPOLEON'S BRO!RS1 & 9 ! V>I\S 9T]NAL CONTE/S ?AT >OSE HIS WILL G5]ALLY PREVAIL$4 ,! MO/ ESS5TIAL ( ,M>X'S DOCTR9ES MAY BE R$UC$ TO ?REE3 FIR/1 :AT IS CALL$ ! MAT]IAL- I/IC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY2 SECOND1 ! LAW ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL2 &1 ?IRD1 ! CLASS-W>4 ,! ,MAT]IALI/IC ,9T]PRETATION ( ,HI/ORY4-- ,M>X HOLDS ?AT 9 ! MA9 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( HUMAN SOCIETY HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 & !SE HE TAKES TO BE EMBODI$ 9 ECONOMIC SY/EMS4 ,POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS1 LAWS1 RELIGIONS1 PHILOSOPHIES--ALL !SE HE REG>DS AS1 9 !IR BROAD \TL9ES1 EXPRESSIONS ( ! ECONOMIC REGIME 9 ! SOCIETY ?AT GIVES RISE TO !M4 ,IT W\LD BE UNFAIR TO REPRES5T HIM AS MA9TA9+ ?AT ! CONSCI\S ECONOMIC MOTIVE IS ! ONLY ONE ( IMPORTANCE2 IT IS RA!R ?AT ECONOMICS MOLDS *>ACT] & OP9ION1 & IS ?US ! PRIME S\RCE ( MU* ?AT APPE>S 9 CONSCI\SNESS TO HAVE NO CONNECTION ) !M4 ,HE APPLIES HIS DOCTR9E 9 P>TICUL> TO TWO REVOLUTIONS1 ONE 9 ! PA/1 ! O!R 9 ! FUTURE4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 ! PA/ IS ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDALISM1 :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ONE 9 ! FUTURE IS ! REVOLUTION ( ! WAGEE>N]S1 OR PROLET>IAT1 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS TO E/ABLI% ! ,SOCIALI/ ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,! :OLE MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY IS VIEW$ BY HIM AS NECESS>Y1 AS ! EFFECT ( MAT]IAL CAUSES OP]AT+ UPON HUMAN BE+S4 ,HE DOES NOT SO MU* ADVOCATE ! ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AS PR$ICT IT4 ,HE HOLDS1 IT IS TRUE1 ?AT IT WILL BE B5EFIC5T1 BUT HE IS MU* MORE CONC]N$ TO PROVE ?AT IT MU/ 9EVITABLY COME4 ,! SAME S5SE ( NECESSITY IS VISIBLE 9 HIS EXPOSITION ( ! EVILS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,HE DOES NOT BLAME CAPITALI/S = ! CRUELTIES ( :I* HE %[S !M TO HAVE BE5 GUILTY2 HE M]ELY PO9TS \T ?AT !Y >E UND] AN 9H]5T NECESSITY TO BEHAVE CRUELLY SO LONG AS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL CONT9UES4 ,BUT !IR TYRANNY WILL NOT LA/ =EV]1 = IT G5]ATES ! =CES ?AT MU/ 9 ! 5D OV]?R[ IT4 ,! ,LAW ( ! ,CONC5TRATION ( ,CAPITAL4-- ,M>X PO9T$ \T ?AT CAPITALI/ UND]TAK+S T5D TO GR[ L>G] & L>G]4 ,HE =ESAW ! SUB/ITUTION ( TRU/S = FREE COMPETITION1 & PR$ICT$ ?AT ! NUMB] ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES MU/ DIM9I% AS ! MAGNITUDE ( S+LE 5T]PRISES 9CREAS$4 ,HE SUPPOS$ ?AT ?IS PROCESS MU/ 9VOLVE A DIM9UTION1 NOT ONLY 9 ! NUMB] ( BUS9ESSES1 BUT ALSO 9 ! NUMB] ( CAPITALI/S4 ,9DE$1 HE USUALLY SPOKE AS ?\< EA* BUS9ESS W]E [N$ BY A S+LE MAN4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HE EXPECT$ ?AT M5 W\LD BE CONT9UALLY DRIV5 FROM ! RANKS ( ! CAPITALI/S 9TO ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?AT ! CAPITALI/S1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 W\LD GR[ NUM]ICALLY WEAK] & WEAK]4 ,HE APPLI$ ?IS PR9CIPLE NOT ONLY TO 9DU/RY BUT ALSO TO AGRICULTURE4 ,HE EXPECT$ TO F9D ! L&[N]S GR[+ FEW] & FEW] :ILE !IR E/ATES GREW L>G] & L>G]4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS TO MAKE MORE & MORE GL>+ ! EVILS & 9JU/ICES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & TO /IMULATE MORE & MORE ! =CES ( OPPOSITION4 ,! ,CLASS ,W>4--,M>X CONCEIVES ! WAGE- E>N] & ! CAPITALI/ 9 A %>P ANTI!SIS4 ,HE IMAG9ES ?AT EV]Y MAN IS1 OR MU/ SOON BECOME1 :OLLY ! ONE OR :OLLY ! O!R4 ,! WAGE-E>N]1 :O POSSESSES NO?+1 IS EXPLOIT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S1 :O POSSESS EV]Y?+4 ,AS ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WORKS ITSELF \T & ITS NATURE BECOMES MORE CLE>1 ! OPPOSITION ( B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT BECOMES MORE & MORE M>K$4 ,! TWO CLASSES1 S9CE !Y HAVE ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S1 >E =C$ 9TO A CLASS W> :I* G5]ATES )9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME 9T]NAL =CES ( DISRUPTION4 ,! WORK+ M5 LE>N GRADUALLY TO COMB9E AGA9/ !IR EXPLOIT]S1 FIR/ LOCALLY1 !N NATIONALLY1 & AT LA/ 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,:5 !Y HAVE LE>N$ TO COMB9E 9T]NATIONALLY !Y MU/ BE VICTORI\S4 ,!Y WILL !N DECREE ?AT ALL L& & CAPITAL %ALL BE [N$ 9 COMMON2 EXPLOITATION WILL CEASE2 ! TYRANNY ( ! [N]S ( WEAL? WILL NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE2 !RE WILL NO LONG] BE ANY DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES1 & ALL M5 WILL BE FREE4 ,ALL !SE IDEAS >E ALREADY CONTA9$ 9 ! ^*^*,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1'' A WORK ( ! MO/ AMAZ+ VIGOR & =CE1 SETT+ =? ) T]SE COMPRESSION ! TITANIC =CES ( ! WORLD1 !IR EPIC BATTLE1 & ! 9EVITABLE CONSUMMATION4 ,?IS WORK IS ( SU* IMPORTANCE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,SOCIALISM & GIVES SU* AN ADMIRABLE /ATEM5T ( ! DOCTR9ES SET =? AT GREAT] L5G? & ) MORE P$ANTRY 9 ^*^*,CAPITAL1'' ?AT ITS SALI5T PASSAGES MU/ BE KN[N BY ANYONE :O WI%ES TO UND]/& ! HOLD :I* ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM HAS ACQUIR$ OV] ! 9TELLECT & IMAG9ATION ( A L>GE PROPORTION ( WORK+-CLASS LEAD]S4 ^*^*,A SPECT] IS HAUNT+ ,EUROPE1'' IT BEG9S1 ^*^*! SPECT] ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,ALL ! ,P[]S ( OLD ,EUROPE HAVE 5T]$ 9TO A HOLY ALLIANCE TO EXORCIZE ?IS SPECT]--,POPE & ,CZ>1 ,METT]NI* & ,GUIZOT1 ,FR5* ,RADICALS & ,G]MAN POLICE-SPIES4 ,:]E IS ! P>TY 9 OPPOSITION ?AT HAS NOT BE5 DECRI$ AS COMMUNI/IC BY ITS OPPON5TS 9 P[]8 ,:]E ! ,OPPOSITION ?AT HAS NOT HURL$ BACK ! BR&+ REPROA* ( ,COMMUNISM AGA9/ ! MORE ADVANC$ OPPOSITION P>TIES1 AS WELL AS AGA9/ ITS RE-ACTION>Y ADV]S>IES8'' ,! EXI/5CE ( A CLASS W> IS NO?+ NEW3 ^*^*,! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES4'' ,9 !SE /RUGGLES ! FIY RE-CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY AT L>GE1 OR 9 ! COMMON RU9 ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES4'' ^*^*,\R EPO*1 ! EPO* ( ! B\RGEOISIE 4 4 4 HAS SIMPLIFI$ ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS MORE & MORE SPLITT+ UP 9TO TWO GREAT HO/ILE CAMPS1 9TO TWO GREAT CLASSES DIRECTLY FAC+ EA* O!R3 ,B\RGEOISIE & ,PROLET>IAT4'' ,!N FOLL[S A HI/ORY ( ! FALL ( FEUDALISM1 LEAD+ TO A DESCRIPTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ^*^*,! B\RGEOISIE1 HI/ORICALLY1 HAS PLAY$ A MO/ REVOLUTION>Y P>T4'' ^*^*,= EXPLOITATION1 VEIL$ BY RELIGI\S & POLITICAL ILLUSIONS1 IT HAS SUB/ITUT$ NAK$1 %AMELESS1 DIRECT1 BRUTAL EXPLOITATION4'' ^*^*,! NE$ ( A CON/ANTLY EXP&+ M>KET = ITS PRODUCTS *ASES ! B\RGEOISIE OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! GLOBE4'' ^*^*,! B\RGEOISIE1 DUR+ ITS RULE ( SC>CE ONE HUNDR$ YE>S1 HAS CREAT$ MORE MASSIVE & MORE COLOSSAL PRODUCTIVE =CES ?AN HAVE ALL PREC$+ G5]ATIONS TOGE!R4'' ,FEUDAL RELATIONS BECAME FETT]S3 ^*^*,!Y HAD TO BE BUR/ ASUND]2 !Y W]E BUR/ ASUND]4 4 4 4 ,A SIMIL> MOVEM5T IS GO+ ON BE=E \R [N EYES4'' ^*^*,! WEAPONS ) :I* ! B\RGEOISIE FELL$ FEUDALISM TO ! GR\ND >E N[ TURN$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 ,BUT NOT ONLY HAS ! B\RGOISIE =G$ ! WEAPONS ?AT BR+ DEA? TO ITSELF2 IT HAS ALSO CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE ! M5 :O >E TO WIELD ?OSE WEAPONS-- ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS--! PROLET>IANS4'' ,! CAUSE ( ! DE/ITUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT >E !N SET =?4 ^*^*,! CO/ ( PRODUCTION ( A WORKMAN IS RE/RICT$1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ?AT HE REQUIRES = HIS MA9T5ANCE & = ! PROPAGATION ( HIS RACE4 ,BUT ! PRICE ( A COMMODITY1 & !RE=E ALSO ( LABOR1 IS EQUAL TO ITS CO/ ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 PROPORTION1 !RE=E1 AS ! REPULSIV5ESS ( ! WORK 9CREASES1 ! WAGE DECREASES4 ,NAY MORE1 9 PROPORTION AS ! USE ( MA*9]Y & DIV]SION ( LABOR 9CREASES1 9 ! SAME PROPORTION ! BURD5 ( TOIL ALSO 9CREASES4'' ^*^*,MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS CONV]T$ ! LITTLE WORK%OP ( ! PATRI>*AL MA/] 9TO ! GREAT FACTORY ( ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/4 ,MASSES ( LABOR]S1 CR[D$ 9TO ! FACTORY1 >E ORGANIZ$ LIKE SOLDI]S4 ,AS PRIVATES ( ! 9DU/RIAL >MY !Y >E PLAC$ UND] ! COMM& ( A P]FECT HI]>*Y ( (FIC]S & S]GEANTS4 ,NOT ONLY >E !Y SLAVES ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 & ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 !Y >E DAILY & H\RLY 5SLAV$ BY ! MA*9E1 BY ! OV]-LOOK]1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 BY ! 9DIVIDUAL B\RGEOIS MANUFACTUR] HIMSELF4 ,! MORE OP5LY ?IS DESPOTISM PROCLAIMS GA9 TO BE ITS 5D & AIM1 ! MORE PETTY1 ! MORE HATEFUL1 & ! MORE EMBITT]+ IT IS4'' ,! ,MANIFE/O TELLS NEXT ! MANN] ( GR[? ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ^*^*,! PROLET>IAT GOES ?R\< V>I\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,) ITS BIR? BEG9S ITS /RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AT FIR/ ! CONTE/ IS C>RI$ ON BY 9DIVIDUAL LABOR]S1 !N BY ! WORK PEOPLE ( A FACTORY1 !N BY ! OP]ATIVES ( ONE TRADE1 9 ONE LOCALITY1 AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL B\RGEOIS :O DIRECTLY EXPLOITS !M4 ,!Y DIRECT !IR ATTACKS NOT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT AGA9/ ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES4'' ^*^*,AT ?IS /AGE ! LABOR]S /ILL =M AN 9COH]5T MASS SCATT]$ OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY1 & BROK5 UP BY !IR MUTUAL COMPETITION4 ,IF ANY:]E !Y UNITE TO =M MORE COMPACT BODIES1 ?IS IS NOT YET ! CONSEQU5CE ( !IR [N ACTIVE UNION1 BUT ( ! UNION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* CLASS1 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ITS [N POLITICAL 5DS1 IS COMPELL$ TO SET ! :OLE PROLET>IAT 9 MOTION1 & IS MOREOV] YET1 = A TIME1 ABLE TO DO SO4'' ^*^*,! COLLISIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL WORKM5 & 9DIVIDUAL B\RGEOIS TAKE MORE & MORE ! *>ACT] ( COLLISIONS BETWE5 TWO CLASSES4 ,!REUPON ! WORK]S BEG9 TO =M COMB9ATIONS 7,TRADES ,UNIONS7 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS2 !Y CLUB TOGE!R 9 ORD] TO KEEP UP ! RATE ( WAGES2 !Y F\ND P]MAN5T ASSOCIATIONS 9 ORD] TO MAKE PROVISION BE=EH& = !SE OCCASIONAL REVOLTS4 ,H]E & !RE ! CONTE/ BREAKS \T 9TO RIOTS4 ,N[ & !N ! WORK]S >E VICTORI\S1 BUT ONLY = A TIME4 ,! REAL FRUIT ( !IR BATTLES LIES1 NOT 9 ! IMM$IATE RESULT1 BUT 9 ! EV]-EXP&+ UNION ( ! WORK]S4 ,?IS UNION IS HELP$ ON BY ! IMPROV$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION ?AT >E CREAT$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY1 & ?AT PLACE ! WORK]S ( DIFF]5T LOCALITIES 9 CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R4 ,IT WAS JU/ ?IS CONTACT ?AT WAS NE$$ TO C5TRALIZE ! NUM]\S LOCAL /RUGGLES1 ALL ( ! SAME *>ACT]1 9TO ONE NATIONAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,BUT EV]Y CLASS /RUGGLE IS A POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,& ?AT UNION1 TO ATTA9 :I* ! BUR<]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ) !IR MIS]ABLE HIIANS1 ?ANKS TO RAILWAYS1 A*IEVE 9 A FEW YE>S4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IANS 9TO A CLASS1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY1 IS CONT9UALLY BE+ UPSET AGA9 BY ! COMPETITION BETWE5 ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT IT EV] RISES UP AGA91 /RONG]1 FIRM]1 MITICUL> 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S1 BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! DIVISIONS AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4'' ^*^*,9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?OSE ( OLD SOCIETY AT L>GE >E ALREADY VIRTUALLY SWAMP$4 ,! PROLET>IAN IS )\T PROP]TY2 HIS RELATION TO HIS WIFE & *ILDR5 HAS NO LONG] ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ! B\RGEOIS FAMILY-RELATIONS2 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 MOD]N SUBJECTION TO CAPITAL1 ! SAME 9 ,5GL& AS 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,AM]ICA AS 9 ,G]MANY1 HAS /RIPP$ HIM ( EV]Y TRACE ( NATIONAL *>ACT]4 ,LAW1 MORALITY1 RELIGION1 >E TO HIM SO MANY B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES1 BEH9D :I* LURK 9 AMBU% JU/ AS MANY B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S4 ,ALL ! PREC$+ CLASSES ?AT GOT ! UPP] H&1 S\GE TO !IR CONDITIONS ( APPROPRIATION4 ,! PROLET>IANS CANNOT BECOME MA/]S ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY1 EXCEPT BY ABOLI%+ !IR [N PREVI\S MODE ( APPROPRIATION1 & !REBY ALSO EV]Y O!R PREVI\S MODE ( APPROPRIATION4 ,!Y HAVE NO?+ ( !IR [N TO SECURE & TO =TIFY2 !IR MISSION IS TO DE/ROY ALL PREVI\S SECURITIES =1 & 9SURANCES (1 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,ALL PREVI\S HI/ORICAL MOVEM5TS W]E MOVEM5TS ( M9ORITIES1 OR 9 ! 9T]E/ ( M9ORITIES4 ,! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS ! SELF-CONSCI\S1 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 ! L[E/ /RATUM ( \R PRES5T SOCIETY1 CANNOT /IR1 CANNOT RAISE ITSELF UP1 )\T ! :OLE SUP]9CUMB5T /RATA ( (FICIAL SOCIETY BE+ SPRUNG 9TO ! AIR4'' ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 SAYS ,M>X1 /& = ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 ,!Y >E 9T]NATIONAL4 ^*^*,! ,COMMUNI/S >E FUR!R REPROA*$ ) DESIR+ TO ABOLI% C\NTRIES & NATIONALITY4 ,! WORK+ M5 HAVE NO C\NTRY4 ,WE CANNOT TAKE FROM !M :AT !Y HAVE NOT GOT4'' ,! IMM$IATE AIM ( ! ,COMMUNI/S IS ! CONQUE/S ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ^*^*,! !ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! S+LE S5T5CE3 ,ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4'' ,! MAT]IALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY IS US$ TO ANSW] SU* *>GES AS ?AT ,COMMUNISM IS ANTI-,*RI/IAN4 ^*^*,! *>GES AGA9/ ,COMMUNISM MADE FROM A RELIGI\S1 A PHILOSOPHICAL1 &1 G5]ALLY1 FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL /&PO9T1 >E NOT DES]V+ ( S]I\S EXAM9ATION4 ,DOES IT REQUIRE DEEP 9TUITION TO COMPREH5D ?AT MAN'S IDEAS1 VIEWS & CONCEPTIONS1 9 ONE WORD1 MAN'S CONSCI\SNESS1 *ANGES ) EV]Y *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( HIS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 9 HIS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & 9 HIS SOCIAL LIFE8'' ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,MANIFE/O TO ! ,/ATE IS NOT ALTOGE!R EASY TO GRASP4 ^*^*,! EXECUTIVE ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE1'' WE >E TOLD1 ^*^*IS BUT A ,COMMITTEE = MANAG+ ! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! :OLE B\RGEOISIE4'' ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FIR/ /EP = ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE TO ACQUIRE CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE4 ^*^*,WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE1 ?AT ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! REVOLUTION BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 IS TO RAISE ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS1 TO W9 ! BATTLE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! PROLET>IAT WILL USE ITS POLITICAL SUPREMACY TO WRE/1 BY DEGREES1 ALL CAPITAL FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO C5TRALIZE ALL 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 I4E41 ( ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZ$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS2 & TO 9CREASE ! TOTAL ( PRODUCTIVE =CES AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE4'' ,! ,MANIFE/O PASSES ON TO AN IMM$IATE PROGRAM ( RE=MS1 :I* W\LD 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE MU* 9CREASE ! P[] ( ! EXI/+ ,/ATE1 BUT IT IS CONT5D$ ?AT :5 ! ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS ACCOMPLI%$1 ! ,/ATE1 AS WE KN[ IT1 WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,AS ,5GELS SAYS ELSE:]E1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT SEIZES ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE ^*^*IT PUTS AN 5D TO ALL DIFF]5CES ( CLASS & ANTAGONISMS ( CLASS1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO PUTS AN 5D TO ! ,/ATE AS A ,/ATE4'' ,?US1 AL?\< ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM MIX & ,5GELS1 !Y CANNOT !MSELVES BE ACCUS$ ( ANY GLORIFICATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,MANIFE/O 5DS ) AN APPEAL TO ! WAGE-E>N]S ( ! WORLD TO RISE ON BEHALF ( ,COMMUNISM4 ^*^*,! ,COMMUNI/S DISDA9 TO CONCEAL !IR VIEWS & AIMS4 ,!Y OP5LY DECL>E ?AT !IR 5DS CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY BY ! =CIBLE OV]?R[ ( ALL EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,LET ! RUL+ CLASSES TREMBLE AT A ,COMMUNI/IC REVOLUTION4 ,! PROLET>IANS HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT !IR *A9S4 ,!Y HAVE A WORLD TO W94 ,WORK+ M5 ( ALL C\NTRIES1 UNITE6'' ,9 ALL ! GREAT C\NTRIES ( ! ,CONT95T1 EXCEPT ,RUSSIA1 A REVOLUTION FOLL[$ QUICKLY ON ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 BUT ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT ECONOMIC OR 9T]NATIONAL1 EXCEPT AT FIR/ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,EV]Y:]E ELSE IT WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! IDEAS ( NATIONALISM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! RUL]S ( ! WORLD1 MOM5T>ILY T]RIFI$1 W]E ABLE TO RECOV] P[] BY FOM5T+ ! 5MITIES 9H]5T 9 ! NATIONALI/ IDEA1 & EV]Y:]E1 AFT] A V]Y BRIEF TRIUMPH1 ! REVOLUTION 5D$ 9 W> & REACTION4 ,! IDEAS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O APPE>$ BE=E ! WORLD WAS READY = !M1 BUT ITS AU?ORS LIV$ TO SEE ! BEG9N+S ( ! GR[? ( ?AT ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 :I* HAS PRESS$ ON ) 9CREAS+ =CE1 9FLU5C+ ,GOV]NM5TS MORE & MORE1 DOM9AT+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & P]HAPS CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ AT NO V]Y DI/ANT DATE ?AT 9T]NATIONAL TRIUMPH TO :I* ! LA/ S5T5CES ( ! ,MANIFE/O SUMMON ! WAGE-E>N]S ( ! WORLD4 ,M>X'S MAGNUM OPUS1 ^*^*,CAPITAL1'' ADD$ BULK & SUB/ANCE TO ! !SES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,IT CONTRIBUT$ ! !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE1 :I* PR(ESS$ TO EXPLA9 ! ACTUAL ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS DOCTR9E IS V]Y COMPLICAT$ & IS SC>CELY T5ABLE AS A CONTRIBUTION TO PURE !ORY4 ,IT IS RA!R TO BE VIEW$ AS A TRANSLATION 9TO AB/RACT T]MS ( ! HATR$ ) :I* ,M>X REG>D$ ! SY/EM ?AT CO9S WEAL? \T ( HUMAN LIVES1 & IT IS 9 ?IS SPIRIT1 RA!R ?AN 9 ?AT ( DIS9T]E/$ ANALYSIS1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 READ BY ITS ADMIR]S4 ,A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE W\LD REQUIRE MU* DIFFICULT & AB/RACT DISCUSSION ( PURE ECONOMIC !ORY )\T HAV+ MU* BE>+ UPON ! PRACTICAL TRU? OR FALSEHOOD ( ,SOCIALISM2 IT HAS !RE=E SEEM$ IMPOSSIBLE )9 ! LIMITS ( ! PRES5T VOLUME4 ,TO MY M9D ! BE/ P>TS ( ! BOOK >E ?OSE :I* DEAL ) ECONOMIC FACTS1 ( :I* ,M>X'S KN[L$GE WAS 5CYCLOP$IC4 ,IT WAS BY !SE FACTS ?AT HE HOP$ TO 9/ILL 9TO HIS DISCIPLES ?AT FIRM & UNDY+ HATR$ ?AT %\LD MAKE !M SOLDI]S TO ! DEA? 9 ! CLASS W>4 ,! FACTS :I* HE ACCUMULATES >E SU* AS >E PRACTICALLY UNKN[N TO ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O LIVE COM=TABLE LIVES4 ,!Y >E V]Y T]RIBLE FACTS1 & ! ECONOMIC SY/EM :I* G5]ATES !M MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ TO BE A V]Y T]RIBLE SY/EM4 ,A FEW EXAMPLES ( HIS *OICE ( FACTS WILL S]VE TO EXPLA9 ! BITT]NESS ( MANY ,SOCIALI/S3-- ,MR4 ,BR\LTON1 C\NTY MAGI/RATE1 DECL>$1 AS *AIRMAN ( A MEET+ HELD AT ! ,ASSEMBLY ,ROOMS1 ,NOTT+HAM1 ON ! #a#d? ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#f1 ^*^*?AT !RE WAS AN AM\NT ( PRIVATION & SUFF]+ AMONG ?AT PORTION ( ! POPULATION CONNECT$ ) ! LACE TRADE1 UNKN[N 9 O!R P>TS ( ! K+DOM1 9DE$1 9 ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 4 4 4 ,*ILDR5 ( N9E OR T5 YE>S >E DRAGG$ FROM !IR SQUALID B$S AT TWO1 ?REE1 OR F\R O CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ & COMPELL$ TO WORK = A B>E SUBSI/5CE UNTIL T51 ELEV51 OR TWELVE AT NI+ AWAY1 !IR FRAMES DW9DL+1 !IR FACES :IT5+1 & !IR HUMANITY ABSOLUTELY S9K+ 9TO A /ONE-LIKE TORPOR1 UTT]LY HORRIBLE TO CONTEMPLATE4''.<#d.> ,?REE RAILWAY M5 >E /&+ BE=E A ,LONDON CORON]'S JURY--A GU>D1 AN 5G9E-DRIV]1 A SIGNALMAN4 ,A TREM5D\S RAILWAY ACCID5T HAS HURRI$ HUNDR$S ( PASS5G]S 9TO ANO!R WORLD4 ,! NEGLIG5CE ( ! EMPLOYES IS ! CAUSE ( ! MIS=TUNE4 ,!Y DECL>E ) ONE VOICE BE=E ! JURY ?AT T5 OR TWELVE YE>S BE=E1 !IR LABOR ONLY LA/$ EIS IT HAD BE5 SCREW$ UP TO #a#d1 #a#h1 & #b H\RS1 & UND] A SPECIALLY SEV]E PRESSURE ( HOLIDAY-MAK]S1 AT TIMES ( EXCURSION TRA9S1 IT (T5 LA/$ #d OR #e H\RS )\T A BREAK4 ,!Y W]E ORD9>Y M51 NOT ,CYCLOPS4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T !IR LABOR-P[] FAIL$4 ,TORPOR SEIZ$ !M4 ,!IR BRA9 CEAS$ TO ?9K1 !IR EYES TO SEE4 ,! ?OR\GE ( MANSLAU ,9 ! LA/ WEEK ( ,JUNE1 #a#h#f#c1 ALL ! ,LONDON DAILY PAP]S PUBLI%$ A P>AGRAPH ) ! ^*^*S5SATIONAL'' HEAD+1 ^*^*,DEA? FROM SIMPLE OV]-WORK4'' ,IT DEALT ) ! DEA? ( ! MILL9]1 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY1 #b YE>S ( AGE1 EMPLOY$ 9 A HIY TO CONJURE UP 9 ! TW9KL+ ( AN EYE ! GORGE\S DRESSES = ! NOBLE LADIES BIDD5 TO ! BALL 9 HONOR ( ! NEWLY- IMPORT$ ,PR9CESS ( ,WALES4 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY HAD WORK$ )\T 9T]MISSION = #bf #a_/#b H\RS1 ) #f O!R GIRLS1 #c 9 ONE ROOM1 ?AT ONLY AF=D$ #a_/#c ( ! CUBIC FEET ( AIR REQUIR$ = !M4 ,AT NITITIONS ( BO>D4 ,& ?IS WAS ONE ( ! BE/ MILL9]Y E/ABLI%M5TS 9 ,LONDON4 ,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY FELL ILL ON ! ,FRIDAY1 DI$ ON ,SUNDAY1 )\T1 TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( ,MADAME ,ELISE1 HAV+ PREVI\SLY COMPLET$ ! WORK 9 H&4 ,! DOCTOR1 ,MR4 ,KEYS1 CALL$ TOO LATE TO ! DEA? B$1 DULY BORE WITNESS BE=E ! CORON]'S JURY ?AT ^*^*,M>Y ,ANNE ,WALKLEY HAD DI$ FROM LONG H\RS ( WORK 9 AN OV]CR[D$ WORKROOM1 & A TOO SMALL & BADLY V5TILAT$ B$ROOM4'' ,9 ORD] TO GIVE ! DOCTOR A LESSON 9 GOOD MANN]S1 ! CORON]'S JURY !REUPON BR\ ?AT H] DEA? HAD BE5 ACCEL]AT$ BY OV]-WORK 9 AN OV]-CR[D$ WORKROOM1 @&C4'' ^*^*,\R :ITE SLAVES1'' CRI$ ! ^*^*,MORN+ ,/>1'' ! ORGAN ( ! FREE-TRAD]S1 ,COBD5 & ,BRIE TOIL$ 9TO ! GRAVE1 = ! MO/ P>T SIL5TLY P9E & DIE4''.<#f.> ,$W>D ,V,I3 ,A /ATUE ( ! FIR/ YE> ( HIS REIGN1 #a#e#d#g1 ORDA9S ?AT IF ANYONE REFUSES TO WORK1 HE %ALL BE CONDEMN$ AS A SLAVE TO ! P]SON :O HAS D5\NC$ HIM AS AN IDL]4 ,! MA/] %ALL FE$ HIS SLAVE ON BREAD & WAT]1 WEAK BRO? & SU* REFUSE MEAT AS HE ?9KS FIT4 ,HE HAS ! RIE ALSO TO BE EXECUT$4 ,JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 ON 9=MATION1 >E TO HUNT ! RASCALS D[N4 ,IF IT HAPP5S ?AT A VAGABOND HAS BE5 IDL+ AB\T = ?REE DAYS1 HE IS TO BE TAK5 TO HIS BIR?PLACE1 BR&$ ) A R$HOT IRON ) ! LETT] ,V ON ! BREA/ & BE SET TO WORK1 9 *A9S1 9 ! /REETS OR AT SOME O!R LABOR4 ,IF ! VAGABOND GIVES A FALSE BIR?PLACE1 HE IS !N TO BECOME ! SLAVE = LIFE ( ?IS PLACE1 ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 OR ITS CORPORATION1 & TO BE BR&$ ) AN ,S4 ,ALL P]SONS HAVE ! RI1 ! GIRLS UNTIL ! #b?4 ,IF !Y RUN AWAY1 !Y >E TO BECOME UP TO ?IS AGE ! SLAVES ( !IR MA/]S1 :O CAN PUT !M 9 IRONS1 :IP !M1 @&C41 IF !Y LIKE4 ,EV]Y MA/] MAY PUT AN IRON R+ >\ND ! NECK1 >MS OR LEGS ( HIS SLAVE1 BY :I* TO KN[ HIM MORE EASILY & TO BE MORE C]TA9 ( HIM4 ,! LA/ P>T ( ?IS /ATUTE PROVIDES ?AT C]TA9 POOR PEOPLE MAY BE EMPLOY$ BY A PLACE OR BY P]SONS1 :O >E WILL+ TO GIVE !M FOOD & DR9K & TO F9D !M WORK4 ,?IS K9D ( P>I%-SLAVES WAS KEPT UP 9 ,5GL& UNTIL F> 9TO ! #a#i? C5TURY UND] ! NAME ( ^*^*R\NDSM54''.<#g.> ,PAGE AFT] PAGE & *APT] AFT] *APT] ( FACTS ( ?IS NATURE1 EA* BR\X PR(ESSES TO HAVE PROV$ BY EXACT REASON+1 CANNOT BUT /IR 9TO FURY ANY PASSIONATE WORK+-CLASS READ]1 & 9TO UNBE>ABLE %AME ANY POSSESSOR ( CAPITAL 9 :OM G5]OSITY & JU/ICE >E NOT :OLLY EXT9CT4 ,ALMO/ AT ! 5D ( ! VOLUME1 9 A V]Y BRIEF *APT]1 CALL$ ^*^*,HI/ORICAL ,T5D5CY ( ,CAPITALI/ ,ACCUMULATION1'' ,M>X ALL[S ONE MOM5T'S GLIMPSE ( ! HOPE ?AT LIES BEYOND ! PRES5T HORROR3-- ,AS SOON AS ?IS PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION HAS SUFFICI5TLY DECOMPOS$ ! OLD SOCIETY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 AS SOON AS ! LABOR]S >E TURN$ 9TO PROLET>IANS1 !IR MEANS ( LABOR 9TO CAPITAL1 AS SOON AS ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION /&S ON ITS [N FEET1 !N ! FUR!R SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR & FUR!R TRANS=MATION ( ! L& & O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO SOCIALLY EXPLOIT$ &1 !RE=E1 COMMON MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 AS WELL AS ! FUR!R EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE PROPRIETORS1 TAKES A NEW =M4 ,?AT :I* IS N[ TO BE EXPROPRIAT$ IS NO LONG] ! LABOR] WORK+ = HIMSELF1 BUT ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOIT+ MANY LABOR]S4 ,?IS EXPROPRIATION IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ACTION ( ! IMMAN5T LAWS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION ITSELF1 BY ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ONE CAPITALI/ ALWAYS KILLS MANY1 & 9 H& ) ?IS C5TRALIZATION1 OR ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( MANY CAPITALI/S BY FEW1 DEVELOP1 ON AN EV] EXT5D+ SCALE1 ! COOP]ATIVE =M ( ! LABOR-PROCESS1 ! CONSCI\S TE*NICAL APPLICATION ( SCI5CE1 ! ME?ODICAL CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9TO 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR ONLY USABLE 9 COMMON1 ! ECONOMIZ+ ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY !IR USE AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ( COMB9$1 SOCIALIZ$ LABOR1 ! 5TANGLEM5T ( ALL PEOPLES 9 ! NET ( ! WORLD-M>KET1 & ) ?IS1 ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/IC REGIME4 ,ALONG ) ! CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( ! MAGNATES ( CAPITAL1 :O USURP & MONOPOLIZE ALL ADVANTAGES ( ?IS PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION1 GR[S ! MASS ( MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION1 EXPLOITATION2 BUT ) ?IS1 TOO1 GR[S ! REVOLT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* HAS SPRUNG UP & FL\RI%$ ALONG )1 & UND] IT4 ,C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR AT LA/ REA* A PO9T :]E !Y BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$1.<#h.> ,?AT IS ALL4 ,H>DLY ANO!R WORD FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D IS ALL[$ TO RELIEVE ! GLOOM1 & 9 ?IS REL5TLESS PRESSURE UPON ! M9D ( ! READ] LIES A GREAT P>T ( ! P[] :I* ?IS BOOK HAS ACQUIR$4 ,TWO QUE/IONS >E RAIS$ BY ,M>X'S WORK3 ,FIR/1 ,>E HIS LAWS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T TRUE8 ,SECOND1 ,IS ,SOCIALISM DESIRABLE8 ,! SECOND ( !SE QUE/IONS IS QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( ! FIR/4 ,M>X PR(ESSES TO PROVE ?AT ,SOCIALISM MU/ COME1 BUT SC>CELY CONC]NS HIMSELF TO >GUE ?AT :5 IT COMES IT WILL BE A GOOD ?+4 ,IT MAY BE1 H[EV]1 ?AT IF IT COMES1 IT WILL BE A GOOD ?+1 EV5 ?\< ALL ,M>X'S >GUM5TS TO PROVE ?AT IT MU/ COME %\LD BE AT FAULT4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 TIME HAS %[N MANY FLAWS 9 ,M>X'S !ORIES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORLD HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY LIKE HIS PROPHECY TO PROVE HIM A MAN ( V]Y UNUSUAL P5ETRATION1 BUT HAS NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY LIKE TO MAKE EI!R POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC HI/ORY EXACTLY SU* AS HE PR$ICT$ ?AT IT W\LD BE4 ,NATIONALISM1 SO F> FROM DIM9I%+1 HAS 9CREAS$1 & HAS FAIL$ TO BE CONQU]$ BY ! COSMOPOLITAN T5D5CIES :I* ,M>X RIEA REA*$ ! /AGE ( MONOPOLY1 YET ! NUMB] ( %>EHOLD]S 9 SU* 5T]PRISES IS SO L>GE ?AT ! ACTUAL NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS 9T]E/$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS CONT9UALLY 9CREAS$4 ,MOREOV]1 ?\< L>GE FIRMS HAVE GR[N L>G]1 !RE HAS BE5 A SIMULTANE\S 9CREASE 9 FIRMS ( M$IUM SIZE4 ,MEAN:ILE ! WAGE-E>N]S1 :O W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 TO HAVE REMA9$ AT ! B>E LEVEL ( SUBSI/5CE AT :I* !Y W]E 9 ! ,5GL& ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 HAVE 9/EAD PR(IT$ BY ! G5]AL 9CREASE ( WEAL?1 ?\< 9 A LESS] DEGREE ?AN ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! SUPPOS$ IRON LAW ( WAGES HAS BE5 PROV$ UNTRUE1 SO F> AS LABOR 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES IS CONC]N$4 ,IF WE WI% N[ TO F9D EXAMPLES ( CAPITALI/ CRUELTY ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ) :I* ,M>X'S BOOK IS FILL$1 WE %ALL HAVE TO GO = MO/ ( \R MAT]IAL TO ! ,TROPICS1 OR AT ANY RATE TO REGIONS :]E !RE >E M5 ( 9F]IOR RACES TO EXPLOIT4 ,AGA93 ! SKILL$ WORK] ( ! PRES5T DAY IS AN >I/OCRAT 9 ! WORLD ( LABOR4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ) HIM :E!R HE %ALL ALLY HIMSELF ) ! UNSKILL$ WORK] AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/1 OR ) ! CAPITALI/ AGA9/ ! UNSKILL$ WORK]4 ,V]Y (T5 HE IS HIMSELF A CAPITALI/ 9 A SMALL WAY1 & IF HE IS NOT SO 9DIVIDUALLY1 HIS TRADE UNION OR HIS FRI5DLY SOCIETY IS PRETTY SURE TO BE SO4 ,H5CE ! %>PNESS ( ! CLASS W> HAS NOT BE5 MA9TA9$4 ,!RE >E GRADATIONS1 9T]M$IATE RANKS BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 9/EAD ( ! CLE>-CUT LOGICAL ANTI!SIS BETWE5 ! WORK]S :O HAVE NO?+ & ! CAPITALI/S :O HAVE ALL4 ,EV5 9 ,G]MANY1 :I* BECAME ! HOME ( OR?ODOX ,M>XIANISM & DEVELOP$ A P[]FUL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 NOM9ALLY ACCEPT+ ! DOCTR9E ( ^*^*,DAS ,KAPITAL'' AS ALL BUT V]BALLY 9SPIR$1 EV5 !RE ! 5ORM\S 9CREASE ( WEAL? 9 ALL CLASSES 9 ! YE>S PREC$+ ! W> L$ ,SOCIALI/S TO REVISE !IR BELIEFS & TO ADOPT AN EVOLUTION>Y RA!R ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y ATTITUDE4 ,B]N/E91 A ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ :O LIV$ LONG 9 ,5GL&1 9AUGURAT$ ! ^*^*,REVISIONI/'' MOVEM5T :I* AT LA/ CONQU]$ ! BULK ( ! P>TY4 ,HIS CRITICISMS ( ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY >E SET =? 9 HIS ^*^*,EVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM4''.<#i.> ,B]N/E9'S WORK1 AS IS COMMON 9 ,BROAD ,*UR* WRIT]S1 CONSI/S L>GELY 9 %[+ ?AT ! ,F\ND]S DID NOT HOLD !IR DOCTR9ES SO RIGIDLY AS !IR FOLL[]S HAVE DONE4 ,!RE IS MU* 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ?AT CANNOT BE FITT$ 9TO ! RIGID OR?ODOXY :I* GREW UP AMONG !IR DISCIPLES4 ,B]N/E9'S MA9 CRITICISMS ( !SE DISCIPLES1 AP>T FROM SU* AS WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$1 CONSI/ 9 A DEF5SE ( PIECEMEAL ACTION AS AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ATTITUDE ( UNDUE HO/ILITY TO ,LIB]ALISM :I* IS COMMON AMONG ,SOCIALI/S1 & HE BLUNTS ! $GE ( ! ,9T]NATIONALISM :I* UND\BT$LY IS P>T ( ! TEA*+S ( ,M>X4 ,! WORK]S1 HE SAYS1 HAVE A ,FA!RL& AS SOON AS !Y BECOME CITIZ5S1 & ON ?IS BASIS HE DEF5DS ?AT DEGREE ( NATIONALISM :I* ! W> HAS S9CE %[N TO BE PREVAL5T 9 ! RANKS ( ,SOCIALI/S4 ,HE EV5 GOES SO F> AS TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,EUROPEAN NATIONS HAVE A RIY >DOR & T5D TO TRANS=M ,SOCIALI/S 9TO A LEFT W+ ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY4 ,BUT ! 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY ( WAGE-E>N]S BE=E ! W> MADE !SE DEVELOPM5TS 9EVITABLE4 ,:E!R ! W> WILL HAVE ALT]$ CONDITIONS 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT IS AS YET IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[4 ,B]N/E9 CONCLUDES ) ! WISE REM>K ?AT3 ^*^*,WE HAVE TO TAKE WORK+ M5 AS !Y >E4 ,& !Y >E NEI!R SO UNIV]SALLY PAUP]S AS WAS SET \T 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 NOR SO FREE FROM PREJUDICES & WEAKNESSES AS !IR C\RTI]S WI% TO MAKE US BELIEVE4'' ,9 ,M>*1 #a#i#a#d1 ,B]N/E9 DELIV]$ A LECTURE 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9 :I* HE )DREW FROM SEV]AL ( ! POSITIONS HE HAD TAK5 UP 7VIDE ,BUDAPE/ ^*^*,VOLK/IMME1'' ,M>* #a#i1 #a#i#a#d74 ,B]/E9 REPRES5TS ! DECAY ( ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY FROM )94 ,SYNDICALISM REPRES5TS AN ATTACK AGA9/ IT FROM )\T1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( A DOCTR9E :I* PR(ESSES TO BE EV5 MORE RADICAL & MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ?AT ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ,SYNDICALI/S TO ,M>X MAY BE SE5 9 ,SOREL'S LITTLE BOOK1 ^*^*,LA ,DECOMPOSITION DU ,M>XISME1'' & 9 HIS L>G] WORK1 ^*^*,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE1'' AU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION BY ,T4 ,E4 ,HULME 7,ALL5 @& ,UNW91 #a#i#a#e74 ,AFT] QUOT+ ,B]N/E91 ) APPROVAL 9 SO F> AS HE CRITICIZES ,M>X1 ,SOREL PROCE$S TO O!R CRITICISMS ( A DIFF]5T ORD]4 ,HE PO9TS \T 7:AT IS TRUE7 ?AT ,M>X'S !ORETICAL ECONOMICS REMA9 V]Y NE> TO ,MAN*E/]ISM3 ! OR?ODOX POLITICAL ECONOMY ( HIS Y\? WAS ACCEPT$ BY HIM ON MANY PO9TS ON :I* IT IS N[ KN[N TO BE WRONG4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SOREL1 ! REALLY ESS5TIAL ?+ 9 ,M>X'S TEA*+ IS ! CLASS W>4 ,:OEV] KEEPS ?IS ALIVE IS KEEP+ ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM MU* MORE TRULY ?AN ?OSE :O ADH]E TO ! LETT] ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC OR?ODOXY4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ! CLASS W>1 ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/S DEVELOP$ A CRITICISM ( ,M>X :I* GOES MU* DEEP] ?AN ?OSE ?AT WE HAVE BE5 HI!RTO CONSID]+4 ,M>X'S VIEWS ON HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T MAY HAVE BE5 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE MI/AK5 9 FACT1 & YET ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM :I* HE S\X'S VIEWS ( FACT1 BUT ALSO ! GOAL AT :I* HE AIMS & ! G5]AL NATURE ( ! MEANS :I* HE RECOMM5DS4 ,M>X'S IDEAS W]E =M$ AT A TIME :5 DEMOCRACY DID NOT YET EXI/4 ,IT WAS 9 ! V]Y YE> 9 :I* ^*^*,DAS ,KAPITAL'' APPE>$ ?AT URBAN WORK+ M5 FIR/ GOT ! VOTE 9 ,5GL& & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WAS GRANT$ BY ,BISM>CK 9 ,NOR!RN ,G]MANY4 ,IT WAS NATURAL ?AT GREAT HOPES %\LD BE 5T]TA9$ AS TO :AT DEMOCRACY W\LD A*IEVE4 ,M>X1 LIKE ! OR?ODOX ECONOMI/S1 IMAG9$ ?AT M5'S OP9IONS >E GUID$ BY A MORE OR LESS 5LICK W]E %REWD] JUDGES ( HUMAN NATURE ?AN EI!R ,LIB]ALS OR ,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO PUT TRU/ 9 ! ,/ATE AS A MEANS TO LIB]TY1 OR 9 POLITICAL P>TIES AS 9/RUM5TS SUFFICI5TLY P[]FUL TO =CE ! ,/ATE 9TO ! S]VICE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE1 SAYS ,SOREL1 ^*^*IS A BODY ( 9TELLECTUALS1 :I* IS 9VE/$ ) PRIVILEGES1 & :I* POSSESSES MEANS ( ! K9D CALL$ POLITICAL = DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ ! ATTACKS MADE ON IT BY O!R GR\PS ( 9TELLECTUALS1 EAG] TO POSSESS ! PR(ITS ( PUBLIC EMPLOYM5T4 ,P>TIES >E CON/ITUT$ 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ! CONQUE/ ( !SE EMPLOYM5TS1 & !Y >E ANALOG\S TO ! ,/ATE4''.<#a.> ,SYNDICALI/S AIM AT ORGANIZ+ M51 NOT BY P>TY1 BUT BY OCCUPATION4 ,?IS1 !Y SAY1 ALONE REPRES5TS ! TRUE CONCEPTION & ME?OD ( ! CLASS W>4 ,ACCORD+LY !Y DESPISE ALL ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ACTION ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ,P>LIAM5T & ELECTIONS3 ! K9D ( ACTION ?AT !Y RECOMM5D IS DIRECT ACTION BY ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICATE OR TRADE UNION4 ,! BATTLECRY ( 9DU/RIAL V]SUS POLITICAL ACTION HAS SPREAD F> BEYOND ! RANKS ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM4 ,IT IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 9 ,AM]ICA1 & AMONG ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONI/S & ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,?OSE :O ADVOCATE IT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 AIM ALSO AT A DIFF]5T GOAL FROM ?AT ( ,M>X4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT !RE CAN BE NO ADEQUATE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM :]E ! ,/ATE IS ALL-P[]FUL1 EV5 IF ! ,/ATE BE A ,SOCIALI/ ONE4 ,SOME ( !M >E \T-&-\T ,AN>*I/S1 :O WI% TO SEE ! ,/ATE :OLLY ABOLI%$2 O!RS ONLY WI% TO CURTAIL ITS AU?ORITY4 ,[+ TO ?IS MOVEM5T1 OPPOSITION TO ,M>X1 :I* FROM ! ,AN>*I/ SIDE EXI/$ FROM ! FIR/1 HAS GR[N V]Y /RONG4 ,IT IS ?IS OPPOSITION 9 ITS OLD] =M ?AT WILL OCCUPY US 9 \R NEXT *APT]4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I ,B,A,K,U,N,9 ,& ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,9 ! POPUL> M9D1 AN ,AN>*I/ IS A P]SON :O ?R[S BOMBS & COMMITS O!R \TRAGES1 EI!R BECAUSE HE IS MORE OR LESS 9SANE1 OR BECAUSE HE USES ! PRET5SE ( EXTREME POLITICAL OP9IONS AS A CLOAK = CRIM9AL PROCLIVITIES4 ,?IS VIEW IS1 ( C\RSE1 9 EV]Y WAY 9ADEQUATE4 ,SOME ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 ?R[+ BOMBS2 MANY DO NOT4 ,M5 ( ALMO/ EV]Y O!R %ADE ( OP9ION BELIEVE 9 ?R[+ BOMBS 9 SUITABLE CIRCUM/ANCES3 = EXAMPLE1 ! M5 :O ?REW ! BOMB AT ,S>AJEVO :I* />T$ ! PRES5T W> W]E NOT ,AN>*I/S1 BUT ,NATIONALI/S4 ,& ?OSE ,AN>*I/S :O >E 9 FAVOR ( BOMB-?R[+ DO NOT 9 ?IS RESPECT DIFF] ON ANY VITAL PR9CIPLE FROM ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ?AT 9F9ITESIMAL PORTION :O ADOPT ! ,TOL/OYAN ATTITUDE ( NONRESI/ANCE4 ,AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,SOCIALI/S1 USUALLY BELIEVE 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ! CLASS W>1 & IF !Y USE BOMBS1 IT IS AS ,GOV]NM5TS USE BOMBS1 = PURPOSES ( W>3 BUT = EV]Y BOMB MANUFACTUR$ BY AN ,AN>*I/1 MANY MILLIONS >E MANUFACTUR$ BY ,GOV]NM5TS1 & = EV]Y MAN KILL$ BY ,AN>*I/ VIOL5CE1 MANY MILLIONS >E KILL$ BY ! VIOL5CE ( ,/ATES4 ,WE MAY1 !RE=E1 DISMISS FROM \R M9DS ! :OLE QUE/ION ( VIOL5CE1 :I* PLAYS SO L>GE A P>T 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION1 S9CE IT IS NEI!R ESS5TIAL NOR PECULI> TO ?OSE :O ADOPT ! ,AN>*I/ POSITION4 ,AN>*ISM1 AS ITS D]IVATION 9DICATES1 IS ! !ORY :I* IS OPPOS$ TO EV]Y K9D ( =CIBLE GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS OPPOS$ TO ! ,/ATE AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! =CE EMPLOY$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,SU* GOV]NM5T AS ,AN>*ISM CAN TOL]ATE MU/ BE FREE GOV]NM5T1 NOT M]ELY 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS ?AT ( A MAJORITY1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS ?AT ASS5T$ TO BY ALL4 ,AN>*I/S OBJECT TO SU* 9/ITUTIONS AS ! POLICE & ! CRIM9AL LAW1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! WILL ( ONE P>T ( ! COMMUNITY IS =C$ UPON ANO!R P>T4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 ! DEMOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T IS NOT V]Y 5ORM\SLY PREF]ABLE TO O!R =MS SO LONG AS M9ORITIES >E COMPELL$ BY =CE OR ITS POT5TIALITY TO SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( MAJORITIES4 ,LIB]TY IS ! SUPREME GOOD 9 ! ,AN>*I/ CRE$1 & LIB]TY IS S\*ISM1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS NO NEW DOCTR9E4 ,IT IS SET =? ADMIRABLY BY ,*UANG ,TZU1 A ,*9ESE PHILOSOPH]1 :O LIV$ AB\T ! YE> #c ,B4 ,C43-- ,HORSES HAVE HO(S TO C>RY !M OV] FRO/ & SN[2 HAIR1 TO PROTECT !M FROM W9D & COLD4 ,!Y EAT GRASS & DR9K WAT]1 & FL+ UP !IR HEELS OV] ! *AMPAIGN4 ,SU* IS ! REAL NATURE ( HORSES4 ,PALATIAL DWELL+S >E ( NO USE TO !M4 ,ONE DAY ,PO ,LO APPE>$1 SAY+3 ^*^*,I UND]/& ! MANAGEM5T ( HORSES4'' ,SO HE BR&$ !M1 & CLIPP$ !M1 & P>$ !IR HO(S1 & PUT HALT]S ON !M1 TY+ !M UP BY ! HEAD & %ACKL+ !M BY ! FEET1 & DISPOS+ !M 9 /ABLES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT TWO OR ?REE 9 EV]Y T5 DI$4 ,!N HE KEPT !M HUNGRY & ?IR/Y1 TROTT+ !M & GALLOP+ !M1 & GROOM+1 & TRIMM+1 ) ! MIS]Y ( ! TASSEL$ BRIDLE BE=E & ! FE> ( ! KNOTT$ :IP BEH9D1 UNTIL MORE ?AN HALF ( !M W]E DEAD4 ,! POTT] SAYS3 ^*^*,I CAN DO :AT ,I WILL ) ,CLAY4 ,IF ,I WANT IT R\ND1 ,I USE COMPASSES2 IF RECTANGUL>1 A SQU>E4'' ,! C>P5T] SAYS3 ^*^*,I CAN DO :AT ,I WILL ) WOOD4 ,IF ,I WANT IT CURV$1 ,I USE AN >C2 IF /RAIE1 ( >C & L9E8 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV]Y AGE EXTOLS ,PO ,LO = HIS SKILL 9 MANAG+ HORSES1 & POTT]S & C>P5T]S = !IR SKILL ) CLAY & WOOD4 ,?OSE :O GOV]N ! EMPIRE MAKE ! SAME MI/AKE4 ,N[ ,I REG>D GOV]NM5T ( ! EMPIRE FROM QUITE A DIFF]5T PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE C]TA9 NATURAL 9/9CTS3--TO WEAVE & CLO! !MSELVES1 TO TILL & FE$ !MSELVES4 ,!SE >E COMMON TO ALL HUMANITY1 & ALL >E AGRE$ !REON4 ,SU* 9/9CTS >E CALL$ ^*^*,HEAV5-S5T4'' ,& SO 9 ! DAYS :5 NATURAL 9/9CTS PREVAIL$1 M5 MOV$ QUIETLY & GAZ$ /EADILY4 ,AT ?AT TIME !RE W]E NO ROADS OV] M\NTA9S1 NOR BOATS1 NOR BRIDGES OV] WAT]4 ,ALL ?+S W]E PRODUC$1 EA* = ITS [N PROP] SPH]E4 ,BIRDS & BEA/S MULTIPLI$1 TREES & %RUBS GREW UP4 ,! =M] MI$1 TRIPP+ UP PEOPLE OV] *>ITY & FETT]+ !M ) DUTY TO !IR NEI ,! MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* WE %ALL BE CONC]N$ ) IT1 IS ASSOCIAT$ ) BELIEF 9 ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL1 & IS ?US 9 AN IMPORTANT RESPECT AK9 TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS DOCTR9E IS PROP]LY CALL$ ,AN>*I/ ,COM- MUNISM1 BUT AS IT EMBRACES PRACTICALLY ALL MOD]N ,AN>*ISM1 WE MAY IGNORE 9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*ISM ALTOGE!R & CONC5TRATE ATT5TION UPON ! COMMUNI/IC =M4 ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM ALIKE HAVE >IS5 FROM ! P]CEPTION ?AT PRIVATE CAPITAL IS A S\RCE ( TYRANNY BY C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS OV] O!RS4 ,OR?ODOX ,SOCIALISM BELIEVES ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BECOME FREE IF ! ,/ATE BECOMES ! SOLE CAPITALI/4 ,AN>*ISM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 FE>S ?AT 9 ?AT CASE ! ,/ATE MIIS5 MA9LY )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS ITS EXTREME LEFT W+4 ,9 ! SAME S5SE 9 :I* ,M>X MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! F\ND] ( MOD]N ,SOCIALISM1 ,BAKUN9 MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! F\ND] ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,BUT ,BAKUN9 DID NOT PRODUCE1 LIKE ,M>X1 A F9I%$ & SY/EMATIC BODY ( DOCTR9E4 ,! NE>E/ APPROA* TO ?IS WILL BE F\ND 9 ! WRIT+S ( HIS FOLL[]1 ,KROPOTK94 ,9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 MOD]N ,AN>*ISM WE %ALL BEG9 ) ! LIFE ( ,BAKUN9.<#a#b.> & ! HI/ORY ( HIS CONFLICTS ) ,M>X1 & %ALL !N GIVE A BRIEF ACC\NT ( ,AN>*I/ !ORY AS SET =? P>TLY 9 HIS WRIT+S1 BUT MORE 9 ?OSE ( ,KROPOTK94.<#a#c.> ,MI*EL ,BAKUN9 WAS BORN 9 #ahad ( A ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRATIC FAMILY4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A DIPLOMATI/1 :O AT ! TIME ( ,BAKUN9'S BIR? HAD RETIR$ TO HIS C\NTRY E/ATE 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,TV]4 ,BAKUN9 5T]$ ! S*OOL ( >TILL]Y 9 ,PET]SBURG AT ! AGE ( FIFTE51 & AT ! AGE ( EIT ( ! Y\NG (FIC]1 & CONTRIBUT$ TO 9SPIRE 9 HIM ! HORROR ( DESPOTISM4'' ,?IS L$ HIM TO GIVE UP ! MILIT>Y C>E] AFT] TWO YE>S' TRIAL4 ,9 #ahcd HE RESIGN$ HIS COMMISSION & W5T TO ,MOSC[1 :]E HE SP5T SIX YE>S /UDY+ PHILOSOPHY4 ,LIKE ALL PHILOSOPHICAL /UD5TS ( ?AT P]IOD1 HE BECAME A ,HEGELIAN1 & 9 #ahd HE W5T TO ,B]L9 TO CONT9UE HIS /UDIES1 9 ! HOPE ( ULTIMATELY BECOM+ A PR(ESSOR4 ,BUT AFT] ?IS TIME HIS OP9IONS UND]W5T A RAPID *ANGE4 ,HE F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT ! ,HEGELIAN MAXIM ?AT :ATEV] IS1 IS RATIONAL1 & 9 #ahdb HE MIGRAT$ TO ,DRESD51 :]E HE BECAME ASSOCIAT$ ) ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 ! PUBLI%] ( ^*^*,DEUTS*E ,JAHRBUE*]4'' ,BY ?IS TIME HE HAD BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y1 & 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> HE 9CURR$ ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,SAXON ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO GO TO ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E HE CAME 9 CONTACT ) A GR\P ( ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 BUT1 AS ! ,SWISS POLICE IMPORTUN$ HIM & ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T DEM&$ HIS RETURN1 HE REMOV$ TO ,P>IS1 :]E HE REMA9$ FROM #ahdc TO #a#h#d#g4 ,!SE YE>S 9 ,P>IS W]E IMPORTANT 9 ! =MATION ( HIS \TLOOK & OP9IONS4 ,HE BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ,PR\DHON1 :O EX]CIS$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON HIM2 ALSO ) ,GEORGE ,S& & MANY O!R WELL-KN[N PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS 9 ,P>IS ?AT HE FIR/ MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ) :OM HE WAS TO C>RY ON A LIFELONG BATTLE4 ,AT A MU* LAT] P]IOD1 9 #a#h#g#a1 HE GAVE ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT ( HIS RELATIONS ) ,M>X AT ?IS TIME3-- ,M>X WAS MU* MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ,I WAS1 AS HE REMA9S TO-DAY NOT MORE ADVANC$ BUT 9COMP>ABLY MORE LE>N$ ?AN ,I AM4 ,I KNEW !N NO?+ ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,I HAD NOT YET RID MYSELF ( METAPHYSICAL AB/RACTIONS1 & MY ,SOCIALISM WAS ONLY 9/9CTIVE4 ,HE1 ?\< Y\NG] ?AN ,I1 WAS ALREADY AN A!I/1 AN 9/RUCT$ MAT]IALI/1 A WELL-CONSID]$ ,SOCIALI/4 ,IT WAS JU/ AT ?IS TIME ?AT HE ELABORAT$ ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( HIS PRES5T SY/EM4 ,WE SAW EA* O!R FAIRLY (T51 = ,I RESPECT$ HIM MU* = HIS LE>N+ & HIS PASSIONATE & S]I\S DEVOTION 7ALWAYS MIX$1 H[EV]1 ) P]SONAL VANITY7 TO ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ,I S\4 ,! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T1 BY CALCULAT$ RETIC5CE1 5C\RAG$ ?IS /ORY1 :I* CLUNG TO HIM MORE OR LESS ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,BE+ COMPELL$ TO LEAVE ,FRANCE1 HE W5T TO ,BRUSSELS1 :]E HE R5EW$ ACQUA9TANCE ) ,M>X4 ,A LETT] ( HIS1 WRITT5 AT ?IS TIME1 %[S ?AT HE 5T]TA9$ ALREADY ?AT BITT] HATR$ = :I* AFT]W>DS HE HAD SO MU* REASON4 ^*^*,! ,G]MANS1 >TISANS1 ,BORN/$T1 ,M>X & ,5GELS--&1 ABOVE ALL1 ,M>X-->E H]E1 DO+ !IR ORD9>Y MIS*IEF4 ,VANITY1 SPITE1 GOSSIP1 !ORETICAL OV]BE>+NESS & PRACTICAL PUSILLANIMITY--REFLECTIONS ON LIFE1 ACTION & SIMPLICITY1 & COMPLETE ABS5CE ( LIFE1 ACTION & SIMPLICITY--LIT]>Y & >GUM5TATIVE >TISANS & REPULSIVE COQUETRY ) !M3 ^*,FEU]BA* IS A B\RGEOIS1' & ! WORD ^*B\RGEOIS' GR[N 9TO AN EPI!T & REPEAT$ AD NAUSEAM1 BUT ALL ( !M !MSELVES FROM HEAD TO FOOT1 ?R\< & ?R\<1 PROV9CIAL B\RGEOIS4 ,) ONE WORD1 LY+ & /UPIDITY1 /UPIDITY & LY+4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( DRAW+ A FREE1 FULL BREA?4 ,I HOLD MYSELF ALO( FROM !M1 & HAVE DECL>$ QUITE DECID$LY ?AT ,I WILL NOT JO9 !IR COMMUNI/IC UNION ( >TISANS1 & WILL HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) IT4'' ,! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh L$ HIM TO RETURN TO ,P>IS & !NCE TO ,G]MANY4 ,HE HAD A QU>REL ) ,M>X OV] A MATT] 9 :I* HE HIMSELF CONFESS$ LAT] ?AT ,M>X WAS 9 ! RID ! 5D ( #a#h#d#h1 HE WROTE AN ^*^*,APPEAL TO ,SLAVS1'' CALL+ ON !M TO COMB9E ) O!R REVOLUTION>IES TO DE/ROY ! ?REE OPPRESSIVE MON>*IES1 ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA & ,PRUSSIA4 ,M>X ATTACK$ HIM 9 PR9T1 SAY+1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT ! MOVEM5T = ,BOHEMIAN 9DEP5D5CE WAS FUTILE BECAUSE ! ,SLAVS HAD NO FUTURE1 AT ANY RATE 9 ?OSE REGIONS :]E !Y HAPP5$ TO BE SUBJECT TO ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA4 ,BAKUN9 ACCUS$ ,M>S ( ,G]MAN PATRIOTISM 9 ?IS MATT]1 & ,M>X ACCUS$ HIM ( ,PAN-,SLAVISM1 NO D\BT 9 BO? CASES JU/LY4 ,BE=E ?IS DISPUTE1 H[EV]1 A MU* MORE S]I\S QU>REL HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,M>X'S PAP]1 ! ^*^*,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1'' /AT$ ?AT ,GEORGE ,S& HAD PAP]S PROV+ ,BAKUN9 TO BE A ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T AG5T & ONE ( ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! REC5T >RE/ ( ,POLES4 ,BAKUN91 ( C\RSE1 REPUDIAT$ ! *>GE1 & ,GEORGE ,S& WROTE TO ! ^*^*,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1'' D5Y+ ?IS /ATEM5T 9 TOTO4 ,! D5IALS W]E PUBLI%$ BY ,M>X1 & !RE WAS A NOM9AL RECONCILIATION1 BUT FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D !RE WAS NEV] ANY REAL ABATEM5T ( ! HO/ILITY BETWE5 !SE RIVAL LEAD]S1 :O DID NOT MEET AGA9 UNTIL #a#h#f#d4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! REACTION HAD BE5 EV]Y:]E GA9+ GR\ND4 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#h#d#i1 AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,DRESD5 = A MOM5T MADE ! REVOLUTION>IES MA/]S ( ! T[N4 ,!Y HELD IT = FIVE DAYS & E/ABLI%$ A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,BAKUN9 WAS ! S\L ( ! DEF5SE :I* !Y MADE AGA9/ ! ,PRUSSIAN TROOPS4 ,BUT !Y W]E OV]P[]$1 & AT LA/ ,BAKUN9 WAS CAPTUR$ :ILE TRY+ TO ESCAPE ) ,HEUBN] & ,RI*>D ,WAGN]1 ! LA/ ( :OM1 =TUNATELY = MUSIC1 WAS NOT CAPTUR$4 ,N[ BEGAN A LONG P]IOD ( IMPRISONM5T 9 MANY PRISONS & V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,BAKUN9 WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? ON ! #a#d? ( ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#e1 BUT HIS S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ AFT] FIVE MON?S1 & HE WAS DELIV]$ OV] TO ,AU/RIA1 :I* CLAIM$ ! PRIVILEGE ( PUNI%+ HIM4 ,! ,AU/RIANS1 9 !IR TURN1 CONDEMN$ HIM TO DEA? 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#e#a1 & AGA9 HIS S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ TO IMPRISONM5T = LIFE4 ,9 ! ,AU/RIAN PRISONS HE HAD FETT]S ON H&S & FEET1 & 9 ONE ( !M HE WAS EV5 *A9$ TO ! WALL BY ! BELT4 ,!RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 SOME PECULI> PLEASURE TO BE D]IV$ FROM ! PUNI%M5T ( ,BAKUN91 = ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T 9 ITS TURN DEM&$ HIM ( ! ,AU/RIANS1 :O DELIV]$ HIM UP4 ,9 ,RUSSIA HE WAS CONF9$1 FIR/ 9 ! ,PET] & ,PAUL =TRESS & !N 9 ! ,S*LUESSELBURG4 ,!RE BE SUFF]$ FROM SCURVY & ALL HIS TEE? FELL \T4 ,HIS HEAL? GAVE WAY COMPLETELY1 & HE F\ND ALMO/ ALL FOOD IMPOSSIBLE TO ASSIMILATE4 ^*^*,BUT1 IF HIS BODY BECAME 5FEEBL$1 HIS SPIRIT REMA9$ 9FLEXIBLE4 ,HE FE>$ ONE ?+ ABOVE ALL4 ,IT WAS TO F9D HIMSELF SOME DAY L$1 BY ! DEBILITAT+ ACTION ( PRISON1 TO ! CONDITION ( DEGRADATION ( :I* ,SILVIO ,PELLICO (F]S A WELL-KN[N TYPE4 ,HE FE>$ ?AT HE MITS ?AT HE MIDON HIS P]SECUTORS & RESIGN HIMSELF TO HIS FATE4 ,BUT ?IS FE> WAS SUP]FLU\S2 HIS 5]GY DID NOT AB&ON HIM A S+LE DAY1 & HE EM]G$ FROM HIS CELL ! SAME MAN AS :5 HE 5T]$4''.<#a#d.> ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ! ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS MANY POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E AMNE/$1 BUT ,ALEX&] ,I,I ) HIS [N H& ]AS$ ,BAKUN9'S NAME FROM ! LI/4 ,:5 ,BAKUN9'S MO!R SUCCE$$ 9 OBTA9+ AN 9T]VIEW ) ! NEW ,CZ>1 HE SAID TO H]1 ^*^*,KN[1 ,MADAME1 ?AT SO LONG AS Y\R SON LIVES1 HE CAN NEV] BE FREE4'' ,H[EV]1 9 #a#h#e#g1 AFT] EIS ( CAPTIVITY1 HE WAS S5T TO ! COMP>ATIVE FRE$OM ( ,SIB]IA4 ,FROM !RE1 9 #a#h#f#a1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 ESCAP+ TO ,JAPAN1 & !NCE ?R\< ,AM]ICA TO ,LONDON4 ,HE HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ = HIS HO/ILITY TO GOV]NM5TS1 BUT1 /RANGE TO SAY1 HIS SUFF]+S HAD NOT HAD ! 9T5D$ EFFECT ( MAK+ HIM LOVE ?OSE :O 9FLICT$ !M4 ,FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D1 HE DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO SPREAD+ ! SPIRIT ( ,AN>*I/ REVOLT1 )\T1 H[EV]1 HAV+ TO SUFF] ANY FUR!R T]M ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,= SOME YE>S HE LIV$ 9 ,ITALY1 :]E HE F\ND$ 9 #ahfd AN ^*^*,9T]NATIONAL ,FRAT]NITY'' OR ^*^*,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES4'' ,?IS CONTA9$ M5 ( MANY C\NTRIES1 BUT APP>5TLY NO ,G]MANS4 ,IT DEVOT$ ITSELF L>GELY TO COMBAT+ ,MAZZ9I'S NATIONALISM4 ,9 #ahfg HE MOV$ TO ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> HE HELP$ TO F\ND ! ^*^*,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SO- CIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1'' ( :I* HE DREW UP ! PROGRAM4 ,?IS PROGRAM GIVES A GOOD SUCC9CT RESUME ( HIS OP9IONS3-- ,! ,ALLIANCE DECL>ES ITSELF A!I/2 IT DESIRES ! DEF9ITIVE & 5TIRE ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ! POLITICAL EQUALITY & SOCIAL EQUALIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES4 ,IT DESIRES ?AT ! E>?1 ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR1 LIKE ALL O!R CAPITAL1 BECOM+ ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 %ALL BE NO LONG] ABLE TO BE UTILIZ$ EXCEPT BY ! WORK]S1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT ALL ACTUALLY EXI/+ POLITICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATES1 R$UC+ !MSELVES MORE & MORE TO ! M]E ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ( ! PUBLIC S]VICES 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 MU/ DISAPPE> 9 ! UNIV]SAL UNION ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS1 BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY DESIR$ TO BECOME A BRAN* ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 BUT WAS REFUS$ ADMISSION ON ! GR\ND ?AT BRAN*ES MU/ BE LOCAL1 & C\LD NOT !MSELVES BE 9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,G5EVA GR\P ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 H[EV]1 WAS ADMITT$ LAT]1 9 ,JULY1 #a#h#f#i4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#f#d1 & ITS /ATUTES & PROGRAM W]E DRAWN UP BY ,M>X4 ,BAKUN9 AT FIR/ DID NOT EXPECT IT TO PROVE A SUCCESS & REFUS$ TO JO9 IT4 ,BUT IT SPREAD ) REM>KABLE RAPIDITY 9 MANY C\NTRIES & SOON BECAME A GREAT P[] = ! PROPAGATION ( ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS4 ,ORIG9ALLY IT WAS BY NO MEANS :OLLY ,SOCIALI/1 BUT 9 SUCCESSIVE ,CONGRESSES ,M>X WON IT OV] MORE & MORE TO HIS VIEWS4 ,AT ITS ?IRD ,CONGRESS1 9 ,BRUSSELS 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#f#h1 IT BECAME DEF9ITELY ,SOCIALI/4 ,MEAN:ILE ,BAKUN91 REGRETT+ HIS E>LI] AB/5TION1 HAD DECID$ TO JO9 IT1 & HE BR\K$4 ,! ,G]MANS & ,5GLI% FOLL[$ ,M>X 9 HIS BELIEF 9 ! ,/ATE AS IT WAS TO BECOME AFT] ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 !Y FOLL[$ HIM ALSO 9 HIS DESIRE TO F\ND ,LABOR ,P>TIES 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES1 & TO UTILIZE ! MA*9]Y ( DEMOCRACY = ! ELECTION OOE REPRES5TATIVES ( ,LABOR TO ,P>LIAM5TS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,LAT9 NATIONS 9 ! MA9 FOLL[$ ,BAKUN9 9 OPPOS+ ! ,/ATE & DISBELIEV+ 9 ! MA*9]Y ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO GR\PS GREW MORE & MORE BITT]1 & EA* ACCUS$ ! O!R ( V>I\S (F5SES4 ,! /ATEM5T ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A SPY WAS REPEAT$1 BUT WAS )DRAWN AFT] 9VE/IGATION4 ,M>X WROTE 9 A CONFID5TIAL COMMUNICATION TO HIS ,G]MAN FRI5DS ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS AN AG5T ( ! ,PAN-,SLAVI/ P>TY & RECEIV$ FROM !M #b#e1 FRANCS A YE>4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,BAKUN9 BECAME = A TIME 9T]E/$ 9 ! ATTEMPT TO /IR UP AN AGR>IAN REVOLT 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ?IS L$ HIM TO NEGLECT ! CONTE/ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT A CRUCIAL MOM5T4 ,DUR+ ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W> ,BAKUN9 PASSIONATELY TOOK ! SIDE ( ,FRANCE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! FALL ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 ,HE 5DEAVOR$ TO R\SE ! PEOPLE TO REVOLUTION>Y RESI/ANCE LIKE ?AT ( #a#g#i#c1 & BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 AN ABORTIVE ATTEMPT AT REVOLT 9 ,LYONS4 ,! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T ACCUS$ HIM ( BE+ A PAID AG5T ( ,PRUSSIA1 & IT WAS ) DIFFICULTY ?AT HE ESCAP$ TO ,SWITZ]L&4 ,! DISPUTE ) ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S HAD BECOME EXAC]BAT$ BY ! NATIONAL DISPUTE4 ,BAKUN91 LIKE ,KROPOTK9 AFT] HIM1 REG>D$ ! NEW P[] ( ,G]MANY AS ! GREATE/ M5ACE TO LIB]TY 9 ! WORLD4 ,HE HAT$ ! ,G]MANS ) A BITT] HATR$1 P>TLY1 NO D\BT1 ON ACC\NT ( ,BISM>CK1 BUT PROBABLY /ILL MORE ON ACC\NT ( ,M>X4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 ,AN>*ISM HAS REMA9$ CONF9$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 & HAS BE5 ASSOCIAT$ )1 A HATR$ ( ,G]MANY1 GR[+ \T ( ! CONTE/S BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! F9AL SUPPRESSION ( ,BAKUN9'S FACTION OCCURR$ AT ! ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,! MEET+-PLACE WAS *OS5 BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 79 :I* ,M>X WAS UNOPPOS$71 ) A VIEW--SO ,BAKUN9'S FRI5DS CONT5D-- TO MAK+ ACCESS IMPOSSIBLE = ,BAKUN9 7ON ACC\NT ( ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN GOV]NM5TS7 & DIFFICULT = HIS FRI5DS4 ,BAKUN9 WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS ! RESULT ( A REPORT ACCUS+ HIM 9T] ALIA ( !FT BACK$2 UP BY 9TIMIDATION4 ,! OR?ODOXY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS SAV$1 BUT AT ! CO/ ( ITS VITALITY4 ,FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D1 IT CEAS$ TO BE ITSELF A P[]1 BUT BO? SECTIONS CONT9U$ TO WORK 9 !IR V>I\S GR\PS1 & ! ,SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 P>TICUL> GREW RAPIDLY4 ,ULTIMATELY A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =M$ 7#a#h#h#i7 :I* CONT9U$ D[N TO ! \TBREAK ( ! PRES5T W>4 ,AS TO ! FUTURE ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM IT W\LD BE RA% TO PROPHESY1 ?\< IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL IDEA HAS ACQUIR$ SUFFICI5T /R5G? TO NE$ AGA91 AFT] ! W>1 SOME SU* MEANS ( EXPRESSION AS IT F\ND BE=E 9 ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESSES4 ,BY ?IS TIME ,BAKUN9'S HEAL? WAS BROK51 & EXCEPT = A FEW BRIEF 9T]VALS1 HE LIV$ 9 RETIREM5T UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#g#f4 ,BAKUN9'S LIFE1 UNLIKE ,M>X'S1 WAS A V]Y /ORMY ONE4 ,EV]Y K9D ( REBELLION AGA9/ AU?ORITY ALWAYS >\S$ HIS SYMPA?Y1 & 9 HIS SUPPORT HE NEV] PAID ! SLIOSE *IEFLY ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS P]SONALITY UPON IMPORTANT 9DIVIDUALS4 ,HIS WRIT+S DIFF] FROM ,M>X'S AS MU* AS HIS LIFE DOES1 & 9 A SIMIL> WAY4 ,!Y >E *AOTIC1 L>GELY1 >\S$ BY SOME PASS+ OCCASION1 AB/RACT & METAPHYSICAL1 EXCEPT :5 !Y DEAL ) CURR5T POLITICS4 ,HE DOES NOT COME TO CLOSE QU>T]S ) ECONOMIC FACTS1 BUT DWELLS USUALLY 9 ! REGIONS ( !ORY & METAPHYSICS4 ,:5 HE DESC5DS FROM !SE REGIONS1 HE IS MU* MORE AT ! M]CY ( CURR5T 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS ?AN ,M>X1 MU* LESS IMBU$ ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! BELIEF ?AT IT IS ECONOMIC CAUSES ?AT >E FUNDAM5TAL4 ,HE PRAIS$ ,M>X = 5UNCIAT+ ?IS DOCTR9E1.<#a#e.> BUT NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( NATIONS4 ,HIS LONGE/ WORK1 ^*^*,L',EMPIRE ,KN\TO-,G]MANIQUE ET LA ,REVOLUTION ,SOCIALE1'' IS MA9LY CONC]N$ ) ! SITUATION 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! LAT] /AGES ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 & ) ! MEANS ( RESI/+ ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 ,MO/ ( HIS WRIT+ WAS DONE 9 A HURRY 9 ! 9T]VAL BETWE5 TWO 9SURRECTIONS4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ ( ,AN>*ISM 9 HIS LACK ( LIT]>Y ORD]4 ,HIS BE/-KN[N WORK IS A FRAGM5T 5TITL$ BY ITS $ITORS ^*^*,GOD & ! ,/ATE4''.<#a#f.> ,9 ?IS WORK HE REPRES5TS BELIEF 9 ,GOD & BELIEF 9 ! ,/ATE AS ! TWO GREAT OB/ACLES TO HUMAN LIB]TY4 ,A TYPICAL PASSAGE WILL S]VE TO ILLU/RATE ITS /YLE4 ,! ,/ATE IS NOT SOCIETY1 IT IS ONLY AN HI/ORICAL =M ( IT1 AS BRUTAL AS IT IS AB/RACT4 ,IT WAS BORN HI/ORICALLY 9 ALL C\NTRIES ( ! M>RIAGE ( VIOL5CE1 RAP9E1 PILLAGE1 9 A WORD1 W> & CONQUE/1 ) ! GODS SUCCESSIVELY CREAT$ BY ! !OLOGICAL FANTASY ( NATIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 FROM ITS ORIG91 & IT REMA9S /ILL AT PRES5T1 ! DIV9E SANCTION ( BRUTAL =CE & TRIUMPHANT 9EQUALITY4 ,! ,/ATE IS AU?ORITY2 IT IS =CE2 IT IS ! O/5TATION & 9FATUATION ( =CE3 IT DOES NOT 9S9UATE ITSELF2 IT DOES NOT SEEK TO CONV]T4 4 4 4 ,EV5 :5 IT COMM&S :AT IS GOOD1 IT H9D]S & SPOILS IT1 JU/ BECAUSE IT COMM&S IT1 & BECAUSE EV]Y COMM& PROVOKES & EXCITES ! LEGITIMATE REVOLTS ( LIB]TY2 & BECAUSE ! GOOD1 FROM ! MOM5T ?AT IT IS COMM&$1 BECOMES EVIL FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( TRUE MORALITY1 ( HUMAN MORALITY 7D\BTLESS NOT ( DIV9E71 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HUMAN RESPECT & ( LIB]TY4 ,LIB]TY1 MORALITY1 & ! HUMAN DIGNITY ( MAN CONSI/ PRECISELY 9 ?IS1 ?AT HE DOES GOOD1 NOT BECAUSE IT IS COMM&$1 BUT BECAUSE HE CONCEIVES IT1 WILLS IT & LOVES IT4 ,WE DO NOT F9D 9 ,BAKUN9'S WORKS A CLE> PICTURE ( ! SOCIETY AT :I* HE AIM$1 OR ANY >GUM5T TO PROVE ?AT SU* A SOCIETY C\LD BE /ABLE4 ,IF WE WI% TO UND]/& ,AN>*ISM WE MU/ TURN TO HIS FOLL[]S1 & ESPECIALLY TO ,KROPOTK9--LIKE HIM1 A ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT FAMILI> ) ! PRISONS ( ,EUROPE1 &1 LIKE HIM1 AN ,AN>*I/ :O1 9 SPITE ( HIS 9T]NATIONALISM1 IS IMBU$ ) A FI]Y HATR$ ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,KROPOTK9 HAS DEVOT$ MU* ( HIS WRIT+ TO TE*NICAL QUE/IONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ^*^*,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS'' & ^*^*,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD'' HE HAS SET HIMSELF TO PROVE ?AT1 IF PRODUCTION W]E MORE SCI5TIFIC & BETT] ORGANIZ$1 A COMP>ATIVELY SMALL AM\NT ( QUITE AGREEABLE WORK W\LD SUFFICE TO KEEP ! :OLE POPULATION 9 COM=T4 ,EV5 ASSUM+1 AS WE PROBABLY MU/1 ?AT HE SOME:AT EXAGG]ATES :AT IS POSSIBLE ) \R PRES5T SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 IT MU/ NEV]!LESS BE CONC$$ ?AT HIS CONT5TIONS CONTA9 A V]Y L>GE MEASURE ( TRU?4 ,9 ATTACK+ ! SUBJECT ( PRODUCTION HE HAS %[N ?AT HE KN[S :AT IS ! REALLY CRUCIAL QUE/ION4 ,IF CIVILIZATION & PROGRESS >E TO BE COMPATIBLE ) EQUALITY1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EQUALITY %\LD NOT 9VOLVE LONG H\RS ( PA9FUL TOIL = LITTLE MORE ?AN ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 S9CE1 :]E !RE IS NO LEISURE1 >T & SCI5CE WILL DIE & ALL PROGRESS WILL BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! OBJECTION :I* SOME FEEL TO ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM ALIKE ON ?IS GR\ND CANNOT BE UPHELD 9 VIEW ( ! POSSIBLE PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,! SY/EM AT :I* ,KROPOTK9 AIMS1 :E!R OR NOT IT BE POSSIBLE1 IS C]TA9LY ONE :I* DEM&S A V]Y GREAT IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ABOVE :AT IS COMMON AT PRES5T4 ,HE DESIRES TO ABOLI% :OLLY ! SY/EM ( WAGES1 NOT ONLY1 AS MO/ ,SOCIALI/S DO1 9 ! S5SE ?AT A MAN IS TO BE PAID RA!R = HIS WILL+NESS TO WORK ?AN = ! ACTUAL WORK DEM&$ ( HIM1 BUT 9 A MORE FUNDAM5TAL S5SE3 !RE IS TO BE NO OBLIGATION TO WORK1 & ALL ?+S >E TO BE %>$ 9 EQUAL PROPORTIONS AMONG ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,KROPOTK9 RELIES UPON ! POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ WORK PLEASANT3 HE HOLDS ?AT1 9 SU* A COMMUNITY AS HE =ESEES1 PRACTICALLY EV]YONE WILL PREF] WORK TO IDL5ESS1 BECAUSE WORK WILL NOT 9VOLVE OV]WORK OR SLAV]Y1 OR ?AT EXCESSIVE SPECIALIZATION ?AT 9DU/RIALISM HAS BR\E TO SPR+ FROM UNIV]SAL CONS5T1 NOT FROM ANY 5=C$ SUBMISSION ( EV5 ! SMALLE/ M9ORITY4 ,WE %ALL EXAM9E 9 A LAT] *APT] H[ F> SU* AN IDEAL IS REALIZABLE1 BUT IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ,KROPOTK9 PRES5TS IT ) EXTRAORD9>Y P]SUASIV5ESS & *>M4 ,WE %\LD BE DO+ MORE ?AN JU/ICE TO ,AN>*ISM IF WE DID NOT SAY SOME?+ ( ITS D>K] SIDE1 ! SIDE :I* HAS BR\Y CITIZ5S4 ,9 ITS G5]AL DOCTR9ES !RE IS NO?+ ESS5TIALLY 9VOLV+ VIOL5T ME?ODS OR A VIRUL5T HATR$ ( ! RI*1 & MANY :O ADOPT !SE G5]AL DOCTR9ES >E P]SONALLY G5TLE & TEMP]AM5TALLY AV]SE FROM VIOL5CE4 ,BUT ! G5]AL TONE ( ! ,AN>*I/ PRESS & PUBLIC IS BITT] TO A DEGREE ?AT SEEMS SC>CELY SANE1 & ! APPEAL1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 IS RA!R TO 5VY ( ! =TUNATE ?AN TO PITY = ! UN=TUNATE4 ,A VIVID & READABLE1 ?\< NOT :OLLY RELIABLE1 ACC\NT1 FROM A HO/ILE PO9T ( VIEW1 IS GIV5 9 A BOOK CALL$ ^*^*,LE ,P]IL ,AN>*I/E1'' BY ,FELIX ,DUBOIS1.<#a#g.> :I* 9CID5TALLY REPRODUCES A NUMB] ( C>TOONS FROM AN>*I/ J\RNALS4 ,! REVOLT AGA9/ LAW NATURALLY LEADS1 EXCEPT 9 ?OSE :O >E CONTROLL$ BY A REAL PASSION = HUMANITY1 TO A RELAXATION ( ALL ! USUALLY ACCEPT$ MORAL RULES1 & TO A BITT] SPIRIT ( RETALIATORY CRUELTY \T ( :I* GOOD CAN H>DLY COME4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ CURI\S FEATURES ( POPUL> ,AN>*ISM IS ITS M>TYROLOGY1 AP+ ,*RI/IAN =MS1 ) ! GUILLOT9E 79 ,FRANCE7 9 PLACE ( ! CROSS4 ,MANY :O HAVE SUFF]$ DEA? AT ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES ON ACC\NT ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE W]E NO D\BT G5U9E SUFF]]S = !IR BELIEF 9 A CAUSE1 BUT O!RS1 EQUALLY HONOR$1 >E MORE QUE/IONABLE4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ CURI\S EXAMPLES ( ?IS \TLET = ! REPRESS$ RELIGI\S IMPULSE IS ! CULT ( ,RAVA*OL1 :O WAS GUILLOT9$ 9 #ahib ON ACC\NT ( V>I\S DYNAMITE \TRAGES4 ,HIS PA/ WAS DUBI\S1 BUT HE DI$ DEFIANTLY2 HIS LA/ WORDS W]E ?REE L9ES FROM A WELL-KN[N ,AN>*I/ SONG1 ! ^*^*,*ANT DU ,P]E ,DU*ESNE''3-- ,SI TU VEUX ETRE HEUREUX1 ,NOM DE ,DIEU6 ,P5DS TON PROPRIETAIRE4 ,AS WAS NATURAL1 ! LEAD+ ,AN>*I/S TOOK NO P>T 9 ! CANONIZATION ( HIS MEMORY2 NEV]!LESS IT PROCE$$1 ) ! MO/ AMAZ+ EXTRAVAGANCES4 ,IT W\LD BE :OLLY UNFAIR TO JUDGE ,AN>*I/ DOCTR9E1 OR ! VIEWS ( ITS LEAD+ EXPON5TS1 BY SU* PH5OM5A2 BUT IT REMA9S A FACT ?AT ,AN>*ISM ATTRACTS TO ITSELF MU* ?AT LIES ON ! BORD]L& ( 9SANITY & COMMON CRIME4.<#a#h.> ,?IS MU/ BE REMEMB]$ 9 EXCULPATION ( ! AU?ORITIES & ! ?\ASITES ( ! MOVEM5T & ! TRULY H]OIC & HI<-M9D$ M5 :O HAVE ELABORAT$ ITS !ORIES & SACRIFIC$ COM=T & SUCCESS TO !IR PROPAGATION4 ,! T]RORI/ CAMPAIGN 9 :I* SU* M5 AS ,RAVA*OL W]E ACTIVE PRACTICALLY CAME TO AN 5D 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,AFT] ?AT TIME1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,PELL\TI]1 ! BETT] SORT ( ,AN>*I/S F\ND A LESS H>MFUL \TLET BY ADVOCAT+ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL4.<#a#i.> ,! ,E,C,O,N,O,M,I,C ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 AS CONCEIV$ BY ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S1 DOES NOT DIFF] GREATLY FROM ?AT :I* IS S\LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T HAS %[N ?AT IT FALLS V]Y F> %ORT ( :AT WAS EXPECT$ ( IT BY E>LY ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,AN>*I/ REVOLT AGA9/ IT IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,BUT 9 ! =M ( PURE ,AN>*ISM1 ?IS REVOLT HAS REMA9$ WEAK & SPORADIC4 ,IT IS ,SYNDICALISM1 & ! MOVEM5TS TO :I* ,SYNDICALISM HAS GIV5 RISE1 ?AT HAVE POPUL>IZ$ ! REVOLT AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T & PURELY POLITICAL MEANS ( EMANCIPAT+ ! WAGE E>N]4 ,BUT ?IS MOVEM5T MU/ BE DEALT ) 9 A SEP>ATE *APT]4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I ,! ,S,Y,N,D,I,C,A,L,I,/ ,R,E,V,O,L,T ,S,Y,N,D,I,C,A,L,I,S,M >OSE 9 ,FRANCE AS A REVOLT AGA9/ POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1 & 9 ORD] TO UND]/& IT WE MU/ TRACE 9 BRIEF \TL9E ! POSITIONS ATTA9$ BY ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,AFT] A SEV]E SETBACK1 CAUS$ BY ! ,FRANCO- ,PRUSSIAN W>1 ,SOCIALISM GRADUALLY REVIV$1 & 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE 9CREAS$ !IR NUM]ICAL /R5G? ALMO/ CONT9U\SLY DUR+ ! LA/ =TY YE>S2 BUT1 AS IS 9V>IABLY ! CASE ) A GR[+ SECT1 ! 9T5SITY ( FAI? HAS DIM9I%$ AS ! NUMB] ( BELIEV]S HAS 9CREAS$4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY BECAME ! /RONGE/ FACTION ( ! ,REI*/AG1 &1 9 SPITE ( DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 IT PRES]V$ ITS =MAL UNITY ) ?AT 9/9CT = MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E :I* *>ACT]IZES ! ,G]MAN NATION4 ,9 ! ,REI*/AG ELECTION ( #aiab IT POLL$ A ?IRD ( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( VOTES CA/1 & RETURN$ #aa MEMB]S \T ( A TOTAL ( #c#i#g4 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,BEBEL1 ! ,REVISIONI/S1 :O RECEIV$ !IR FIR/ IMPULSE FROM ,B]N/E91 OV]CAME ! MORE /RICT ,M>XIANS1 & ! P>TY BECAME 9 EFFECT M]ELY ONE ( ADVANC$ ,RADICALISM4 ,IT IS TOO SOON TO GUESS :AT WILL BE ! EFFECT ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 ,MAJORITY & ,M9ORITY ,SOCIALI/S :I* HAS OCCURR$ DUR+ ! W>4 ,!RE IS 9 ,G]MANY H>DLY A TRACE ( ,SYNDICALISM2 ITS *>ACT]I/IC DOCTR9E1 ! PREF]5CE ( 9DU/RIAL TO POLITICAL ACTION1 HAS F\ND SC>CELY ANY SUPPORT4 ,9 ,5GL& ,M>X HAS NEV] HAD MANY FOLL[]S4 ,SOCIALISM !RE HAS BE5 9SPIR$ 9 ! MA9 BY ! ,FABIANS 7F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#c71 :O ?REW OV] ! ADVOCACY ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( VALUE1 & ! CLASS-W>4 ,:AT REMA9$ WAS ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM & A DOCTR9E ( ^*^*P]MEATION4'' ,CIVIL S]VANTS W]E TO BE P]MEAT$ ) ! REALIZATION ?AT ,SOCIALISM W\LD 5ORM\SLY 9CREASE !IR P[]4 ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E TO BE P]MEAT$ ) ! BELIEF ?AT ! DAY = PURELY 9DU/RIAL ACTION WAS PA/1 & ?AT !Y MU/ LOOK TO GOV]NM5T 79SPIR$ SECRETLY BY SYMPA!TIC CIVIL S]VANTS7 TO BR+ AB\T1 BIT BY BIT1 SU* P>TS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM AS W]E NOT LIKELY TO R\SE MU* HO/ILITY 9 ! RI*4 ,! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY 7=M$ 9 #a#h#i#c7 WAS L>GELY 9SPIR$ AT FIR/ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,FABIANS1 ?\< RETA9+ TO ! PRES5T DAY1 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 MU* MORE ( ! ORIG9AL ,SOCIALI/ >DOR4 ,IT AIM$ ALWAYS AT COOP]ATION ) ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS ( WAGE-E>N]S1 &1 *IEFLY ?R\< ITS EF=TS1 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY.<#b.> WAS =M$ 9 #ai \T ( A COMB9ATION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ! POLITICAL ,SOCIALI/S4 ,TO ?IS P>TY1 S9CE #a#i#i1 ALL ! IMPORTANT ,UNIONS HAVE BELONG$1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ITS /R5G? IS D]IV$ FROM ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 IT HAS /OOD ALWAYS = POLITICAL RA!R ?AN 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,ITS ,SOCIALISM HAS BE5 ( A !ORETICAL & ACADEMIC ORD]1 & 9 PRACTICE1 UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( W>1 ! ,LABOR MEMB]S 9 ,P>LIAM5T 7( :OM #c W]E ELECT$ 9 #aif & #db 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a7 MIT ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY4 ,FRANCE1 UNLIKE ,5GL& & ,G]MANY1 WAS NOT CONT5T M]ELY TO REPEAT ! OLD %IBBOLE?S ) CONT9UALLY DIM9I%+ CONVICTION4 ,9 ,FRANCE.<#b#a.> A NEW MOVEM5T1 ORIG9ALLY KN[N AS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM--& AFT]W>DS SIMPLY AS ,SYNDICALISM-- KEPT ALIVE ! VIGOR ( ! ORIG9AL IMPULSE1 & REMA9$ TRUE TO ! SPIRIT ( ! OLD] ,SOCIALI/S1 :ILE DEP>T+ FROM ! LETT]4 ,SYNDICALISM1 UNLIKE ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM1 BEGAN FROM AN EXI/+ ORGANIZATION & DEVELOP$ ! IDEAS APPROPRIATE TO IT1 :]EAS ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM BEGAN ) ! IDEAS & ONLY AFT]W>DS DEVELOP$ ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E !IR VEHICLE4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ,SYNDICALISM1 WE HAVE FIR/ TO DESCRIBE ,TRADE ,UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ,FRANCE1 & ITS POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! IDEAS ( ,SYNDICALISM WILL !N APPE> AS ! NATURAL \TCOME ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,H>DLY ANY ( !SE IDEAS >E NEW2 ALMO/ ALL >E D]IV$ FROM ! ,BAKUNI/ SECTION ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#b#a.> ,! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL HAD CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS 9 ,FRANCE BE=E ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>2 9DE$1 9 #a#h#f#i1 IT IS E/IMAT$ TO HAVE HAD A ,FR5* MEMB]%IP ( A QU>T] ( A MILLION4 ,:AT IS PRACTICALLY ! ,SYNDICALI/ PROGRAM WAS ADVOCAT$ BY A ,FR5* DELEGATE TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ,BALE 9 ?AT SAME YE>4.<#b#b.> ,! W> ( #ahg PUT AN 5D = ! TIME BE+ TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,ITS REVIVAL WAS BEGUN BY ,JULES ,GUESDE 9 #a#h#g#g4 ,UNLIKE ! ,G]- MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,FR5* HAVE BE5 SPLIT 9TO MANY DIFF]5T FACTIONS4 ,9 ! E>LY EILIAM5T>Y ,SOCIALI/S & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*I/S4 ,! LATT] ?\LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 FROM #ahhc ONW>D1 HAD SUCCESS 9 ,P>IS & ! ,S\?4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S CONT5D$ ?AT ! ,/ATE WILL DISAPPE> AFT] ! ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY HAS BE5 FIRMLY E/ABLI%$4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,SOCIALI/S SPLIT BETWE5 ! FOLL[]S ( ,GUESDE1 :O CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T ! REVOLUTION>Y & SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM ( ,M>X1 & ! FOLL[]S ( ,PAUL ,BR\SSE1 :O W]E MORE OPPORTUNI/ & W]E ALSO CALL$ POSSIBILI/S & C>$ LITTLE = ! !ORIES ( ,M>X4 ,9 #ahi !RE WAS A SECESSION FROM ! ,BR\SSI/S1 :O FOLL[$ ,ALLEMANE & ABSORB$ ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS ( ! P>TY & BECAME LEAD+ SPIRITS 9 SOME ( ! /RONGE/ SYNDICATES4 ,ANO!R GR\P WAS ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 AMONG :OM W]E ,JAURES1 ,MILL]& & ,VIVIANI4.<#b#c.> ,! DISPUTES BETWE5 ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ,SOCIALI/S CAUS$ DIFFICULTIES 9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & HELP$ TO BR+ AB\T ! RESOLUTION TO KEEP POLITICS \T ( ! ,UNIONS4 ,FROM ?IS TO ,SYNDICALISM WAS AN EASY /EP4 ,S9CE ! YE> #a#i#e1 AS ! RESULT ( A UNION BETWE5 ! ,P>TI ,SOCIALI/E DE ,FRANCE 7,P>T2 ,\VRI] ,SOCIALI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE ,FRANCAIS L$ BY ,GUESDE7 & ! ,P>TI ,SOCIALI/E ,FRANCAIS 7,JAURES71 !RE HAVE BE5 ONLY TWO GR\PS ( ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 :O >E 9TELLECTUALS OR NOT WILL+ TO BE TI$ TO A P>TY4 ,AT ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTION ( #aiad ! =M] SECUR$ #ab MEMB]S & ! LATT] #c1 \T ( A TOTAL ( #e#i4 ,T5D5CIES T[>D A RAPPRO*EM5T BETWE5 ! V>I\S GR\PS W]E S]I\SLY 9T]F]$ ) BY AN EV5T :I* HAD CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE = ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T ( ADVANC$ POLITICAL IDEAS 9 ,FRANCE1 NAMELY1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( (FICE 9 ! ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU ,M9I/RY BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MILL]& 9 #a#h#i#i4 ,MILL]&1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 SOON CEAS$ TO BE A ,SOCIALI/1 & ! OPPON5TS ( POLITICAL ACTION PO9T$ TO HIS DEVELOPM5T AS %[+ ! VANITY ( POLITICAL TRIUMPHS4 ,V]Y MANY ,FR5* POLITICIANS :O HAVE RIS5 TO P[] HAVE BEGUN !IR POLITICAL C>E] AS ,SOCIALI/S1 & HAVE 5D$ IT NOT 9FREQU5TLY BY EMPLOY+ ! >MY TO OPPRESS /RIK]S4 ,MILL]&'S ACTION WAS ! MO/ NOTABLE & DRAMATIC AMONG A NUMB] ( O!RS ( A SIMIL> K9D4 ,!IR CUMULATIVE EFFECT HAS BE5 TO PRODUCE A C]TA9 CYNICISM 9 REG>D TO POLITICS AMONG ! MORE CLASS-CONSCI\S ( ,FR5* WAGE-E>N]S1 & ?IS /ATE ( M9D GREATLY ASSI/$ ! SPREAD ( ,SYNDICALISM4 ,SYNDICALISM /&S ESS5TIALLY = ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PRODUC] AS OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( ! CONSUM]2 IT IS CONC]N$ ) RE=M+ ACTUAL WORK1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 NOT ,M,],E,L,Y ) SECUR+ GREAT] REW>DS = WORK4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ITS VIGOR & ITS DI/9CTIVE *>ACT] >E D]IV$4 ,IT AIMS AT SUB/ITUT+ 9DU/RIAL = POLITICAL ACTION1 & AT US+ ,TRADE ,UNION ORGANIZATION = PURPOSES = :I* OR?ODOX ,SOCIALISM W\LD LOOK TO ,P>LIAM5T4 ^*^*,SYNDICALISM'' WAS ORIG9ALLY ONLY ! ,FR5* NAME = ,TRADE ,UNIONISM1 BUT ! ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S ( ,FRANCE BECAME DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS1 ! ,RE=MI/ & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ( :OM ! LATT] ONLY PR(ESS$ ! IDEAS :I* WE N[ ASSOCIATE ) ! T]M ^*^*,SYNDICALISM4'' ,IT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO GUESS H[ F> EI!R ! ORGANIZATION OR ! IDEAS ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S WILL REMA9 9TACT AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 & EV]Y?+ ?AT WE %ALL SAY IS TO BE TAK5 AS APPLY+ ONLY TO ! YE>S BE=E ! W>4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM AS A DI/9CTIVE MOVEM5T WILL BE DEAD1 BUT EV5 9 ?AT CASE IT WILL NOT HAVE LO/ ITS IMPORTANCE1 S9CE IT HAS GIV5 A NEW IMPULSE & DIRECTION TO ! MORE VIGOR\S P>T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ,G]MANY4 ,! ORGANIZATION UPON :I* ,SYNDICALISM DE- P5D$ WAS ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL1 COMMONLY KN[N AS ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T41 :I* WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#e1 BUT ONLY A*IEV$ ITS F9AL =M 9 #a#i#b4 ,IT HAS NEV] BE5 NUM]ICALLY V]Y P[]FUL1 BUT HAS D]IV$ ITS 9FLU5CE FROM ! FACT ?AT 9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS MANY :O W]E NOT MEMB]S W]E WILL+ TO FOLL[ ITS GUIDANCE4 ,ITS MEMB]%IP 9 ! YE> BE=E ! W> IS E/IMAT$ BY ,MR4 ,COLE AT SOME:AT MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION4 ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,SYNDICATS7 W]E LEGALIZ$ BY ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU 9 #a#h#h#d1 & ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T41 ON ITS 9AUGURATION 9 #a#h#i#e1 WAS =M$ BY ! ,F$]ATION ( #g ,SYNDICATS4 ,ALONGSIDE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION !RE EXI/$ ANO!R1 ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL1 =M$ 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,A ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL IS A LOCAL ORGANIZATION1 NOT ( ANY ONE TRADE1 BUT ( LOCAL LABOR 9 G5]AL1 9T5D$ TO S]VE AS A ,LABOR ,EX*ANGE & TO P]=M SU* FUNCTIONS = LABOR AS ,*AMB]S ( ,COMM]CE P]=M = ! EMPLOY]4.<#b#d.> ,A ,SYNDICAT IS 9 G5]AL A LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( A S+LE 9DU/RY1 & IS ?US A SMALL] UNIT ?AN ! ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL4.<#b#e.> ,UND] ! ABLE LEAD]%IP ( ,PELL\TI]1 ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES PROSP]$ MORE ?AN ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T41 & AT LA/1 9 #a#i#b1 COALESC$ ) IT4 ,! RESULT WAS AN ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! LOCAL ,SYNDICAT WAS F$- ]AT$ TWICE OV]1 ONCE ) ! O!R ,SYNDICAT 9 ITS LOCALITY1 =M+ TOGE!R ! LOCAL ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL1 & AGA9 ) ! ,SYNDICATS 9 ! SAME 9DU/RY 9 O!R PLACES4 ^*^*,IT WAS ! PURPOSE ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION TO SECURE TWICE OV] ! MEMB]%IP ( EV]Y SYNDICAT1 TO GET IT TO JO9 BO? ITS LOCAL ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL & ! ,F$]ATION ( ITS 9DU/RY4 ,! ,/ATUTES ( ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 7,I4 #c7 PUT ?IS PO9T PLA9LY3 ^*,NO ,SYNDICAT WILL BE ABLE TO =M A P>T ( ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 IF IT IS NOT F$]AT$ NATIONALLY & AN ADH]5T ( A ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL OR A LOCAL OR DEP>TM5TAL ,UNION ( ,SYNDICATS GR\P+ DIFF]5T ASSOCIATIONS4' ,?US1 ,M4 ,LAG>DELLE EXPLA9S1 ! TWO SECTIONS WILL CORRECT EA* O!R'S PO9T ( VIEW3 NATIONAL F$]ATION ( 9DU/RIES WILL PREV5T P>O*IALISM 7LOCALISME71 & LOCAL ORGANIZATION WILL *ECK ! CORPORATE OR ^*,TRADE ,UNION' SPIRIT4 ,! WORK]S WILL LE>N AT ONCE ! SOLID>ITY ( ALL WORK]S 9 A LOCALITY & ?AT ( ALL WORK]S 9 A TRADE1 &1 9 LE>N+ ?IS1 !Y WILL LE>N AT ! SAME TIME ! COMPLETE SOLID>ITY ( ! :OLE WORK+-CLASS4''.<#b#f.> ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS L>GELY ! WORK ( ,PELL\TIES1 :O WAS ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES FROM #ahid UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#a4 ,HE WAS AN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ & IMPRESS$ HIS IDEAS UPON ! ,F$]ATION & !NCE PO/HUM\SLY ON ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 AFT] ITS COMB9ATION ) ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES4 ,HE EV5 C>RI$ HIS PR9CIPLES 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,F$]ATION2 ! ,COMMITTEE HAD NO *AIRMAN & VOTES V]Y R>ELY TOOK PLACE4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT ^*^*! TASK ( ! REVOLUTION IS TO FREE MANK9D1 NOT ONLY FROM ALL AU?ORITY1 BUT ALSO FROM EV]Y 9/ITUTION :I* HAS NOT = ITS ESS5TIAL PURPOSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION4'' ,! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 ALL[S MU* AUTONOMY TO EA* UNIT 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,EA* ,SYNDICAT C\NTS = ONE1 :E!R IT BE L>GE OR SMALL4 ,!RE >E NOT ! FRI5DLY SOCIETY ACTIVITIES :I* =M SO L>GE A P>T ( ! WORK ( ,5GLI% ,UNIONS4 ,IT GIVES NO ORD]S1 BUT IS PURELY ADVISORY4 ,IT DOES NOT ALL[ POLITICS TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,UNIONS4 ,?IS DECISION WAS ORIG9ALLY BAS$ UPON ! FACT ?AT ! DIVISIONS AMONG ,SOCIALI/S DISRUPT$ ! ,UNIONS1 BUT IT IS N[ RE9=C$ 9 ! M9DS ( AN IMPORTANT SECTION BY ! G5]AL ,AN>*I/ DISLIKE ( POLITICS4 ,! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 IS ESS5TIALLY A FIY ,SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS SIMPLY ! CRE$ ( ITS LEAD]S4 ,! ESS5TIAL DOCTR9E ( ,SYNDICALISM IS ! CLASS- W>1 TO BE CONDUCT$ BY 9DU/RIAL RA!R ?AN POLITI- CAL ME?ODS4 ,! *IEF 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS ADVOCAT$ >E ! /RIKE1 ! BOYCOTT1 ! LABEL & SABOTAGE4 ,! BOYCOTT1 9 V>I\S =MS1 & ! LABEL1 %[+ ?AT ! WORK HAS BE5 DONE UND] TRADE- UNION CONDITIONS1 HAVE PLAY$ A CONSID]ABLE P>T 9 ,AM]ICAN LABOR /RUGGLES4 ,SABOTAGE IS ! PRACTICE ( DO+ BAD WORK1 OR SPOIL+ MA*9]Y OR WORK :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 DONE1 AS A ME?OD ( DEAL+ ) EMPLOY]S 9 A DISPUTE :5 A /RIKE APPE>S = SOME REASON UNDESIRABLE OR IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IT HAS MANY =MS1 SOME CLE>LY 9NOC5T1 SOME OP5 TO GRAVE OBJECTIONS4 ,ONE =M ( SABOTAGE :I* HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY %OP ASSI/ANTS IS TO TELL CU/OM]S ! TRU? AB\T ! >TICLES !Y >E BUY+2 ?IS =M1 H[EV] IT MAY DAMAGE ! %OPKEEP]'S BUS9ESS1 IS NOT EASY TO OBJECT TO ON MORAL GR\NDS4 ,A =M :I* HAS BE5 ADOPT$ ON RAILWAYS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ITALIAN /RIKES1 IS ?AT ( OBEY+ ALL RULES LIT]ALLY & EXACTLY1 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE ! RUNN+ ( TRA9S PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ANO!R =M IS TO DO ALL ! WORK ) M9UTE C>E1 SO ?AT 9 ! 5D IT IS BETT] DONE1 BUT ! \TPUT IS SMALL4 ,FROM !SE 9NOC5T =MS !RE IS A CONT9UAL PROGRESSION1 UNTIL WE COME TO SU* ACTS AS ALL ORD9>Y MORALITY W\LD CONSID] CRIM9AL2 = EXAMPLE1 CAUS+ RAILWAY ACCID5TS4 ,ADVOCATES ( SABOTAGE JU/IFY IT AS P>T ( W>1 BUT 9 ITS MORE VIOL5T =MS 79 :I* IT IS SELDOM DEF5D$7 IT IS CRUEL & PROBABLY 9EXP$I5T1 :ILE EV5 9 ITS MILD] =MS IT MU/ T5D TO 5C\RAGE SLOV5LY HABITS ( WORK1 :I* MIE ! FIR/ TO PRACTICE IT :5 ! OCCASION SEEMS TO !M APPROPRIATE4 ,IF REPORT SPEAKS TRULY1 AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE HAS BE5 SE5 DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ME?ODS IS ! /RIKE4 ,ORD9>Y /RIKES1 = SPECIFIC OBJECTS1 >E REG>D$ AS REHE>SALS1 AS A MEANS ( P]FECT+ ORGANIZATION & PROMOT+ 5?USIASM1 BUT EV5 :5 !Y >E VICTORI\S SO F> AS CONC]NS ! SPECIFIC PO9T 9 DISPUTE1 !Y >E NOT REG>D$ BY ,SYNDICALI/S AS AF=D+ ANY GR\ND = 9DU/RIAL PEACE4 ,SYNDICALI/S AIM AT US+ ! /RIKE1 NOT TO SECURE SU* IMPROVEM5TS ( DETAIL AS EMPLOY]S MAY GRANT1 BUT TO DE/ROY ! :OLE SY/EM ( EMPLOY] & EMPLOY$ & W9 ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE :AT IS WANT$ IS ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ! COMPLETE CESSATION ( WORK BY A SUFFICI5T PROPORTION ( ! WAGE-E>N]S TO SECURE ! P>ALYZES ( CAPITALISM4 ,SOREL1 :O REPRES5TS ,SYNDICALISM TOO MU* 9 ! M9DS ( ! READ+ PUBLIC1 SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE IS TO BE REG>D$ AS A MY?1 LIKE ! ,SECOND ,COM+ 9 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E4 ,BUT ?IS VIEW BY NO MEANS SUITS ! ACTIVE ,SYNDICALI/S4 ,IF !Y W]E BR\E MU* CRITICIZ$ = ?IS BELIEF BY ! POLITICAL ,SOCIALI/S :O CONSID] ?AT ! BATTLE IS TO BE WON BY OBTA9+ A ,P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY4 ,BUT ,SYNDICALI/S HAVE TOO LITTLE FAI? 9 ! HONE/Y ( POLITICIANS TO PLACE ANY RELIANCE ON SU* A ME?OD OR TO BELIEVE 9 ! VALUE ( ANY REVOLUTION :I* LEAVES ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 9TACT4 ,SYNDICALI/ AIMS >E SOME:AT LESS DEF9ITE ?AN ,SYNDICALI/ ME?ODS4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS :O 5DEAVOR TO 9T]PRET !M--NOT ALWAYS V]Y FAI?FULLY-- REPRES5T !M AS A P>TY ( MOVEM5T & *ANGE1 FOLL[+ A ,B]GSONIAN ELAN VITAL1 )\T NE$+ ANY V]Y CLE> PREVISION ( ! GOAL TO :I* IT IS TO TAKE !M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! NEGATIVE P>T1 AT ANY RATE1 ( !IR OBJECTS IS SUFFICI5TLY CLE>4 ,!Y WI% TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE1 :I* !Y REG>D AS A CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTION1 DESIGN$ ESS5TIALLY TO T]RORIZE ! WORK]S4 ,!Y REFUSE TO BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LD BE ANY BETT] UND] ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y DESIRE TO SEE EA* 9DU/RY SELF-GOV]N+1 BUT AS TO ! MEANS ( ADJU/+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES1 !Y >E NOT V]Y CLE>4 ,!Y >E ANTI-MILIT>I/ BECAUSE !Y >E ANTI-,/ATE1 & BECAUSE ,FR5* TROOPS HAVE (T5 BE5 EMPLOY$ AGA9/ !M 9 /RIKES2 ALSO BECAUSE !Y >E 9T]NATIONALI/S1 :O BELIEVE ?AT ! SOLE 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+ MAN EV]Y:]E IS TO FREE HIMSELF FROM ! TYRANNY ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,!IR \TLOOK ON LIFE IS ! V]Y REV]SE ( PACIFI/1 BUT !Y OPPOSE W>S BETWE5 ,/ATES ON ! GR\ND ?AT !SE >E NOT F\ISM1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 BR\S PREC$+ ! W>4 ,BUT1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 IT DID NOT SURVIVE ! ACTUAL 9VASION ( ,FRANCE4 ,! DOCTR9ES ( ,SYNDICALISM MAY BE ILLU/RAT$ BY AN >TICLE 9TRODUC+ IT TO ,5GLI% READ]S 9 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( ^*^*,! ,SYNDICALI/ ,RAILWAYMAN1'' ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#a#a1 FROM :I* ! FOLL[+ IS QUOT$3-- ^*^*,ALL ,SYNDICALISM1 ,COLLECTIVISM1 ,AN>*ISM AIMS AT ABOLI%+ ! PRES5T ECONOMIC /ATUS & EXI/+ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( MO/ ?+S2 BUT :ILE ,COLLECTIVISM W\LD SUB/ITUTE [N]%IP BY EV]YBODY1 & ,AN>*ISM [N]%IP BY NOBODY1 ,SYNDICALISM AIMS AT [N]%IP BY ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR4 ,IT IS ?US A PURELY ,TRADE ,UNION READ+ ( ! ECONOMIC DOCTR9E & ! CLASS W> PREA*$ BY ,SOCIALISM4 ,IT VEHEM5TLY REPUDIATES ,P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION ON :I* ,COLLECTIVISM RELIES2 & IT IS1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 MU* MORE CLOSELY ALLI$ TO ,AN>*ISM1 FROM :I*1 9DE$1 IT DIFF]S 9 PRACTICE ONLY 9 BE+ MORE LIMIT$ 9 RANGE ( ACTION4'' 7,TIMES1 ,AUG4 #b#e1 #a#i#a#a74 ,9 TRU?1 SO ?9 IS ! P>TITION BETWE5 ,SYNDICALISM & ,AN>*ISM ?AT ! NEW] & LESS FAMILI> ^*^*ISM'' HAS BE5 %REWDLY DEF9$ AS ^*^*,ORGANIZ$ ,AN>*Y4'' ,IT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,FRANCE2 BUT IT IS OBVI\SLY AN 9T]NATIONAL PLANT1 :OSE ROOTS HAVE ALREADY F\ND ! SOIL ( ,BRITA9 MO/ CONG5IAL TO ITS GR[? & FRUCTIFICATION4 ,COLLECTIVI/ OR ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT IT IS DI/9CTLY A ,L,A,B,O,R ,MOVEM5T2 BUT IT IS NOT SO4 ,NEI!R IS ,AN>*ISM4 ,! ONE IS SUB/ANTIALLY B\RGEOIS2 ! O!R >I/OCRATIC1 PLUS AN ABUNDANT \TPUT ( BOOK-LE>N+1 9 EI!R CASE4 ,SYNDICALISM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS 9DUBITABLY LABORI/ 9 ORIG9 & AIM1 [+ NEXT TO NO?+ TO ! ^*^*,CLASSES1'' &1 9DE$11 RESOLUTE TO UPROOT !M4 ,! ,TIMES 7,OCT4 #a#c1 #a#i#a71 :I* ALMO/ S+LE-H&$ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,PRESS HAS KEPT CR$ITABLY ABREA/ ( ,CONT95TAL ,SYNDICALISM1 ?US CLE>LY SET =? ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE3 ^*^*,TO UND]/& :AT IT MEANS1 WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT !RE IS 9 ,FRANCE A P[]FUL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION :I* HAS = ITS OP5 & AV[$ OBJECT A ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* NOT ONLY ! PRES5T ORD] ( ,SOCIETY1 BUT ! ,/ATE ITSELF1 IS TO BE SWEPT AWAY4 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS CALL$ ,SYNDICALISM4 ,IT IS NOT ,SOCIALISM1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO ,SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE ! ,SYNDICALI/S HOLD ?AT ! ,/ATE IS ! GREAT 5EMY & ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S' IDEAL ( ,/ATE OR ,COLLECTIVI/ ,[N]%IP W\LD MAKE ! LOT ( ! ,WORK]S MU* WORSE ?AN IT IS N[ UND] PRIVATE EMPLOY]S4 ,! MEANS BY :I* !Y HOPE TO ATTA9 !IR 5D IS ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 AN IDEA :I* WAS 9V5T$ BY A ,FR5* WORKMAN AB\T TW5TY YE>S AGO1.<#b#g.> & WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,LABOR ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#d1 AFT] A FURI\S BATTLE ) ! ,SOCIALI/S1 9 :I* ! LATT] W]E WOR/$4 ,S9CE !N ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE HAS BE5 ! AV[$ POLICY ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S1 :OSE ORGANIZATION IS ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL4'' ,OR1 TO PUT IT O!RWISE1 ! 9TELLIG5T ,FR5* WORK] HAS AWAK5$1 AS HE BELIEVES1 TO ! FACT ?AT ,SOCIETY 7,SOCIETAS7 & ! ,/ATE 7,CIVITAS7 CONNOTE TWO SEP>ABLE SPH]ES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 BETWE5 :I* !RE IS NO CONNECTION1 NECESS>Y OR DESIRABLE4 ,)\T ! ONE1 MAN1 BE+ A GREG>I\S ANIMAL1 CANNOT SUBSI/3 :ILE )\T ! O!R HE W\LD SIMPLY BE 9 CLOV]4 ,! ^*^*/ATESMAN'' :OM (FICE DOES NOT R5D] POSITIVELY NEF>I\S IS AT BE/ AN EXP5SIVE SUP]FLUITY4 ,SYNDICALI/S HAVE HAD MANY VIOL5T 5C\NT]S ) ! =CES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 #aig & #a#i#h1 PROTE/+ AGA9/ BLOOD%$ :I* HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( /RIKES1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 ISSU$ MANIFE/OS SPEAK+ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T AS ^*^*A ,GOV]NM5T ( ASSASS9S'' & ALLUD+ TO ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] AS ^*^*,CLEM5CEAU ! MURD]]4'' ,SIMIL> EV5TS 9 ! /RIKE AT ,VILL5EUVE ,/4 ,GEORGES 9 #aih L$ TO ! >RE/ ( ALL ! LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,9 ! RAILWAY /RIKE ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a1 ,MONSIEUR ,BRI& >RE/$ ! ,/RIKE ,COMMITTEE1 MOBILIZ$ ! RAILWAY M5 & S5T SOLDI]S TO REPLACE /RIK]S4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE VIGOR\S MEASURES ! /RIKE WAS COMPLETELY DEFEAT$1 & AFT] ?IS ! *IEF 5]GY ( ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ MILIT>ISM & NATIONALISM4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ,AN>*ISM TO ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T IS SYMPA!TIC1 ) ! RES]VATION ?AT SU* ME?ODS AS ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE >E NOT TO BE REG>D$ AS SUB/ITUTES = ! VIOL5T REVOLUTION :I* MO/ ,AN>*I/S CONSID] NECESS>Y4 ,!IR ATTITUDE 9 ?IS MATT] WAS DEF9$ AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS HELD 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#g4 ,?IS ,CONGRESS RECOMM5D$ ^*^*COMRADES ( ALL C\NTRIES TO ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & TO DEVELOP 9 ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS ! IDEAS ( REVOLT1 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & SOLID>ITY1 :I* >E ! ESS5CE ( ,AN>*ISM4'' ,COMRADES W]E TO ^*^*PROPAGATE & SUPPORT ONLY ?OSE =MS & MANIFE/ATIONS ( DIRECT ACTION :I* C>RY1 9 !MSELVES1 A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] & LEAD TO ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4'' ,IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT ^*^*! ,AN>*I/S ?9K ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ & AU?ORIT>Y SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY >M$ 9SURRECTION & VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION1 & ?AT ! USE ( ! MORE OR LESS ,G5]AL ,/RIKE & ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T MU/ NOT MAKE US =GET ! MORE DIRECT MEANS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y =CE ( GOV]NM5T4'' ,SYNDICALI/S MIM$ 9SURRECTION IT WILL BE ABUNDANTLY /RONG 5\< TO W9 BY ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4 ,9 ,LABOR MOVEM5TS G5]ALLY1 SUCCESS ?R\< VIOL5CE CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$ EXCEPT 9 CIRCUM/ANCES :]E SUCCESS )\T VIOL5CE IS ATTA9ABLE4 ,?IS >GUM5T ALONE1 EV5 IF !RE W]E NO O!R1 W\LD BE A V]Y P[]FUL REASON AGA9/ ! ME?ODS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS4 ,SYNDICALISM /&S = :AT IS KN[N AS 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AS OPPOS$ TO CRAFT UNIONISM4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 AS ALSO 9 ! PREF]5CE ( 9DU/RIAL TO POLITICAL ME?ODS1 IT IS P>T ( A MOVEM5T :I* HAS SPREAD F> BEYOND ,FRANCE4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & CRAFT UNIONISM IS MU* DWELT ON BY ,MR4 ,COLE4 ,CRAFT UNIONISM ^*^*UNITES 9 A S+LE ASSOCIATION ?OSE WORK]S :O >E 5GAG$ ON A S+LE 9DU/RIAL PROCESS1 OR ON PROCESSES SO NE>LY AK9 ?AT ANY ONE CAN DO ANO!R'S WORK4'' ,BUT ^*^*ORGANIZATION MAY FOLL[ ! L9ES1 NOT ( ! WORK DONE1 BUT ( ! ACTUAL /RUCTURE ( 9DU/RY4 ,ALL WORK]S WORK+ AT PRODUC+ A P>TICUL> K9D ( COMMODITY MAY BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A S+LE ,UNION4 4 4 4 ,! BASIS ( ORGANIZATION W\LD BE NEI!R ! CRAFT TO :I* A MAN BELONG$ NOR ! EMPLOY] UND] :OM HE WORK$1 BUT ! S]VICE ON :I* HE WAS 5GAG$4 ,?IS IS ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM PROP]LY SO CALL$4.<#b#h.> ,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM IS A PRODUCT ( ,AM]ICA1 & FROM ,AM]ICA IT HAS TO SOME EXT5T SPREAD TO ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,IT IS ! NATURAL =M ( FID$ AS ! MEANS ( C>RY+ ON ! CLASS W> ) A VIEW1 NOT TO OBTA9+ ?IS OR ?AT M9OR AMELIORATION1 BUT TO A RADICAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS IS ! PO9T ( VIEW ADOPT$ BY ! ^*^*,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1'' COMMONLY KN[N AS ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION MORE OR LESS CORRESPONDS 9 ,AM]ICA TO :AT ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 WAS 9 ,FRANCE BE=E ! W>4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO >E ?OSE DUE TO ! DIFF]5T ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 BUT !IR SPIRIT IS CLOSELY ANALOG\S4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 IS NOT UNIT$ AS TO ! ULTIMATE =M :I* IT WI%ES SOCIETY TO TAKE4 ,!RE >E ,SOCIALI/S1 ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ON ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL ISSUE1 ?AT ! CLASS W> IS ! FUNDAM5TAL REALITY 9 ! PRES5T RELATIONS ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 & ?AT IT IS BY 9DU/RIAL ACTION1 ESPECIALLY BY ! /RIKE1 ?AT EMANCIPATION MU/ BE S\LY SO /RONG NUM]ICALLY AS IT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE BY ?OSE :O FE> IT4 ,ITS 9FLU5CE IS BAS$1 NOT UPON ITS NUMB]S1 BUT UPON ITS P[] ( 5LI/+ ! SYMPA?IES ( ! WORK]S 9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA HAS BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ ON BO? SIDES BY V]Y GREAT VIOL5CE4 ,9DE$1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T41 ,MONSIEUR ,J\HAUX1 RECOGNIZES ?AT ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 IS MILD 9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 ^*^*,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W41'' HE SAYS1 ^*^*PREA* A POLICY ( MILITANT ACTION1 V]Y NECESS>Y 9 P>TS ( ,AM]ICA1 :I* W\LD NOT DO 9 ,FRANCE4''.<#b#i.> ,A V]Y 9T]E/+ ACC\NT ( IT1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( AN AU?OR :O IS NEI!R :OLLY ON ! SIDE ( LABOR NOR :OLLY ON ! SIDE ( ! CAPITALI/1 BUT DIS9T]E/$LY ANXI\S TO F9D SOME SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION %ORT ( VIOL5CE & REVOLUTION1 IS ! WORK ( ,MR4 ,JOHN ,GRAHAM ,BROOKS1 CALL$ ^*^*,AM]ICAN ,SYNDICALISM3 ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4'' 7,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#a#c74 ,AM]ICAN LABOR CONDITIONS >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! P[] ( ! TRU/S IS 5ORM\S2 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL HAS 9 ?IS RESPECT PROCE$$ MORE NE>LY ON ,M>XIAN L9ES 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! GREAT 9FLUX ( =EIGN LABOR MAKES ! :OLE PROBLEM QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ANY ?AT >ISES 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! OLD] SKILL$ WORK]S1 L>GELY ,AM]ICAN BORN1 HAVE LONG BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR UND] ,MR4 ,GOMP]S4 ,!SE REPRES5T AN >I/OCRACY ( LABOR4 ,!Y T5D TO WORK ) ! EMPLOY]S AGA9/ ! GREAT MASS ( UNSKILL$ IMMIGRANTS1 & !Y CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS =M+ P>T ( ANY?+ ?AT C\LD BE TRULY CALL$ A LABOR MOVEM5T4 ^*^*,!RE >E1'' SAYS ,MR4 ,COLE1 ^*^*N[ 9 ,AM]ICA TWO WORK+ CLASSES1 ) DIFF]5T /&>DS ( LIFE1 & BO? >E AT PRES5T ALMO/ IMPOT5T 9 ! FACE ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,NOR IS IT POSSIBLE = !SE TWO CLASSES TO UNITE OR TO PUT =W>D ANY DEM&S4 4 4 4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD REPRES5T TWO DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ( COMB9ATION2 BUT !Y ALSO REPRES5T TWO DIFF]5T CLASSES ( LABOR4''.<#c.> ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 /&S = 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 :]EAS ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR /&S = CRAFT UNIONISM4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 W]E =M$ 9 #aie BY A UNION ( ORGANIZATIONS1 *IEF AMONG :I* WAS ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 :I* DAT$ FROM #a#h#i#b4 ,!Y SUFF]$ A SPLIT BY ! LOSS ( ! FOLL[]S ( ,DELEON1 :O WAS ! LEAD] ( ! ^*^*,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY'' & ADVOCAT$ A ^*^*,DON'T VOTE'' POLICY1 :ILE REPROBAT+ VIOL5T ME?ODS4 ,! HEADQU>T]S ( ! P>TY :I* HE =M$ >E AT ,DETROIT1 & ?OSE ( ! MA9 BODY >E AT ,*ICAGO4 ,! ,I4 ,W4 ,W41 ?\< IT HAS A LESS DEF9ITE PHILOSOPHY ?AN ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM1 IS QUITE EQUALLY DET]M9$ TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,AS ITS SECRET>Y HAS SAID3 ^*^*,!RE IS BUT ONE B>GA9 ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 WILL MAKE ) ! EMPLOY+ CLASS-- COMPLETE SURR5D] ( ALL CONTROL ( 9DU/RY TO ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4''.<#c#a.> ,MR4 ,HAYWOOD1 ( ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S1 IS AN \T-&-\T FOLL[] ( ,M>X SO F> AS CONC]NS ! CLASS W> & ! DOCTR9E ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT1 LIKE ALL :O >E 9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 HE ATTA*ES MORE IMPORTANCE TO 9DU/RIAL AS AGA9/ POLITICAL ACTION ?AN DO ! ,EUROPEAN FOLL[]S ( ,M>X4 ,?IS IS NO D\BT P>TLY EXPLICABLE BY ! SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! REC5T IMMIGRANTS >E APT TO BE VOTELESS4 ,! F\R? CONV5TION ( ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 REVIS$ A PREAMBLE GIV+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ ITS ACTION4 ^*^*,! WORK+ CLASS & ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1'' !Y SAY1 ^*^*HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,!RE CAN BE NO PEACE SO LONG AS HUNG] & WANT >E F\ND AMONG MILLIONS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE & ! FEW1 :O MAKE UP ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1 HAVE ALL ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES1 A /RUGGLE MU/ GO ON UNTIL ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD ORGANIZE AS A CLASS1 TAKE POSSESSION ( ! E>? & ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION1 & ABOLI% ! WAGE SY/EM4 4 4 4 ,9/EAD ( ! CONS]VATIVE MOTTO1 ^*,A FAIR DAY'S WAGES = A FAIR DAY'S WORK1' WE MU/ 9SCRIBE ON \R BANN] ! REVOLUTION>Y WAT*WORD1 ^*,ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM4' ''.<#c#b.> ,NUM]\S /RIKES HAVE BE5 CONDUCT$ OR 5C\RAG$ BY ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 & ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S4 ,!SE /RIKES ILLU/RATE ! CLASS-W> 9 A MORE BITT] & EXTREME =M ?AN IS TO BE F\ND 9 ANY O!R P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,BO? SIDES >E ALWAYS READY TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE4 ,! EMPLOY]S HAVE >MIES ( !IR [N & >E ABLE TO CALL UPON ! ,MILITIA & EV51 9 A CRISIS1 UPON ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,>MY4 ,:AT ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/S SAY AB\T ! ,/ATE AS A CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTION IS PECULI>LY TRUE 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! SC&ALS ?US >IS+1 ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T APPO9T$ A ,COMMISSION ON ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS1 :OSE ,REPORT1 ISSU$ 9 #a#i#a#e1 REVEALS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS SU* AS IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,! REPORT /ATES ?AT ^*^*! GREATE/ DISORD]S & MO/ ( ! \TBREAKS ( VIOL5CE 9 CONNECTION ) 9DU/RIAL ^*DISPUTES >ISE FROM ! VIOLATION ( :AT >E CONSID]$ TO BE FUNDAM5TAL RIY TO ! MILI- T>Y AU?ORITIES1.<#c#c.> ! FACT ?AT DUR+ A LABOR DISPUTE ! LIFE & LIB]TY ( EV]Y MAN )9 ! ,/ATE W\LD SEEM TO BE AT ! M]CY ( ! ,GOV]NOR 7P4 #g#b71 & ! USE ( ,/ATE TROOPS 9 POLIC+ /RIKES 7P4 #b#i#h74 ,AT ,LUDL[ 7,COLORADO7 9 #aiad 7,APRIL #b7 A BATTLE ( ! MILITIA & ! M9]S TOOK PLACE1 9 :I*1 AS ! RESULT ( ! FIRE ( ! MILITIA1 A NUMB] ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 W]E BURN$ TO DEA?4.<#c#d.> ,MANY O!R 9/ANCES ( PIT*$ BATTLES C\LD BE GIV51 BUT 5\< HAS BE5 SAID TO %[ ! PECULI> *>ACT] ( LABOR DISPUTES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT MAY1 ,I FE>1 BE PRESUM$ ?AT ?IS *>ACT] WILL REMA9 SO LONG AS A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION ( LABOR CONSI/S ( REC5T IMMIGRANTS4 ,:5 !SE DIFFICULTIES PASS AWAY1 AS !Y MU/ SOON] OR LAT]1 LABOR WILL MORE & MORE F9D ITS PLACE 9 ! COMMUNITY1 & WILL T5D TO FEEL & 9SPIRE LESS ( ! BITT] HO/ILITY :I* R5D]S ! MORE EXTREME =MS ( CLASS W> POSSIBLE4 ,:5 ?AT TIME COMES1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA WILL PROBABLY BEG9 TO TAKE ON =MS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,EUROPE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ?\< ! =MS >E DIFF]5T1 ! AIMS >E V]Y SIMIL>1 & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 SPREAD+ FROM ,AM]ICA1 HAS HAD A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9--AN 9FLU5CE NATURALLY RE9=C$ BY ?AT ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM4 ,IT IS CLE>1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT ! ADOPTION ( 9DU/RIAL RA!R ?AN CRAFT UNIONISM IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y IF ,TRADE ,UNIONISM IS TO SUCCE$ 9 PLAY+ ?AT P>T 9 ALT]+ ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY :I* ITS ADVOCATES CLAIM = IT RA!R ?AN = ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM ORGANIZES M51 AS CRAFT UNIONISM DOES NOT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 5EMY :OM !Y HAVE TO FI REMOV$ FROM ! 9DU/RIAL =M1 ?\< C]TA9 9DU/RIES1 ESPECIALLY ! RAILWAY M51 HAVE GONE V]Y F> 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 & IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! RAILWAY M5 >E PECULI>LY SYMPA!TIC TO ,SYNDICALISM & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,PURE ,SYNDICALISM1 H[EV]1 IS NOT V]Y LIKELY TO A*IEVE WIDE POPUL>ITY 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,ITS SPIRIT IS TOO REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*I/IC = \R TEMP]AM5T4 ,IT IS 9 ! MODIFI$ =M ( ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM ?AT ! IDEAS D]IV$ FROM ! ,C4 ,G4 ,T4 & ! ,I4 ,W4 ,W4 >E T5D+ TO BE> FRUIT4.<#c#e.> ,?IS MOVEM5T IS AS YET 9 ITS 9FANCY & HAS NO GREAT HOLD UPON ! RANK & FILE1 BUT IT IS BE+ ABLY ADVOCAT$ BY A GR\P ( Y\NG M51 & IS RAPIDLY GA9+ GR\ND AMONG ?OSE :O WILL =M ,LABOR OP9ION 9 YE>S TO COME4 ,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE HAS BE5 SO MU* 9CREAS$ DUR+ ! W> ?AT ?OSE :O NATURALLY DISLIKE ?+S AS !Y >E1 F9D IT MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT ,/ATE OMNIPOT5CE CAN BE ! ROAD TO ! MILL5NIUM4 ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S AIM AT AUTONOMY 9 9DU/RY1 ) CONSEQU5T CURTAILM5T1 BUT NOT ABOLITION1 ( ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! SY/EM :I* !Y ADVOCATE IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! BE/ HI!RTO PROPOS$1 & ! ONE MO/ LIKELY TO SECURE LIB]TY )\T ! CON/ANT APPEALS TO VIOL5CE :I* >E TO BE FE>$ UND] A PURELY ,AN>*I/ REGIME4 ,! FIR/ PAMPHLET ( ! ^*^*,NATIONAL ,GUILDS ,LEAGUE'' SETS =? !IR MA9 PR9CIPLES4 ,9 9DU/RY EA* FACTORY IS TO BE FREE TO CONTROL ITS [N ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION BY MEANS ( ELECT$ MANAG]S4 ,! DIFF]5T FACTORIES 9 A GIV5 9DU/RY >E TO BE F$]AT$ 9TO A ,NATIONAL ,GUILD :I* WILL DEAL ) M>KET+ & ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ^*^*,! ,/ATE W\LD [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS TRU/EE = ! COMMUNITY2 ! ,GUILDS W\LD MANAGE !M1 ALSO AS TRU/EES = ! COMMUNITY1 & W\LD PAY TO ! ,/ATE A S+LE TAX OR R5T4 ,ANY ,GUILD ?AT *OSE TO SET ITS [N 9T]E/S ABOVE ?OSE ( ! COMMUNITY W\LD BE VIOLAT+ ITS TRU/1 & W\LD HAVE TO B[ TO ! JUDGM5T ( A TRIBUNAL EQUALLY REPRES5T+ ! :OLE BODY ( PRODUC]S & ! :OLE BODY ( CONSUM]S4 ,?IS ,JO9T ,COMMITTEE W\LD BE ! ULTIMATE SOV]EIGN BODY1 ! ULTIMATE APPEAL C\RT ( 9DU/RY4 ,IT W\LD FIX NOT ONLY ,GUILD TAXATION1 BUT ALSO /&>D PRICES1 & BO? TAXATION & PRICES W\LD BE P]IODICALLY READJU/$ BY IT4'' ,EA* ,GUILD WILL BE 5TIRELY FREE TO APPORTION :AT IT RECEIVES AMONG ITS MEMB]S AS IT *OOSES1 ITS MEMB]S BE+ ALL ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! 9DU/RY :I* IT COV]S4 ^*^*,! DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS COLLECTIVE ,GUILD 9COME AMONG ! MEMB]S SEEMS TO BE A MATT] = EA* ,GUILD TO DECIDE = ITSELF4 ,:E!R ! ,GUILDS W\LD1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ADOPT ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL PAYM5T = EV]Y MEMB]1 IS OP5 TO DISCUSSION4'' ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM ACCEPTS FROM ,SYNDICALISM ! VIEW ?AT LIB]TY IS NOT TO BE SECUR$ BY MAK+ ! ,/ATE ! EMPLOY]3 ^*^*,! ,/ATE & ! ,MUNICIPALITY AS EMPLOY]S HAVE TURN$ \T NOT TO DIFF] ESS5TIALLY FROM ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/4'' ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S REG>D ! ,/ATE AS CONSI/+ ( ! COMMUNITY 9 !IR CAPACITY AS CONSUM]S1 :ILE ! ,GUILDS WILL REPRES5T !M 9 !IR CAPACITY AS PRODUC]S2 ?US ,P>LIAM5T & ! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS WILL BE TWO CO-EQUAL P[]S REPRES5T+ CONSUM]S & PRODUC]S RESPECTIVELY4 ,ABOVE BO? WILL BE ! JO9T ,COMMITTEE ( ,P>LIAM5T & ! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS = DECID+ MATT]S 9VOLV+ ! 9T]E/S ( CONSUM]S & PRODUC]S ALIKE4 ,! VIEW ( ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S IS ?AT ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM TAKES ACC\NT ( M5 ONLY AS CONSUM]S1 :ILE ,SYNDICALISM TAKES ACC\NT ( !M ONLY AS PRODUC]S4 ^*^*,! PROBLEM1'' SAY ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S1 ^*^*IS TO RECONCILE ! TWO PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,?AT IS :AT ADVOCATES ( ,NATIONAL ,GUILDS SET \T TO DO4 ,! ,SYNDICALI/ HAS CLAIM$ EV]Y?+ = ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS ( PRODUC]S1 ! ,COLLECTIVI/ EV]Y?+ = ! T]RITORIAL OR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( CONSUM]S4 ,BO? >E OP5 TO ! SAME CRITICISM2 Y\ CANNOT RECONCILE TWO PO9TS ( VIEW M]ELY BY D5Y+ ONE ( !M4''.<#c#f.> ,BUT AL?\< ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT AT READJU/M5T BETWE5 TWO EQUALLY LEGITIMATE PO9TS ( VIEW1 ITS IMPULSE & =CE >E D]IV$ FROM :AT IT HAS TAK5 OV] FROM ,SYNDICALISM4 ,LIKE ,SYNDICALISM2 IT DESIRES NOT PRIM>ILY TO MAKE WORK BETT] PAID1 BUT TO SECURE ?IS RESULT ALONG ) O!RS BY MAK+ IT 9 ITSELF MORE 9T]E/+ & MORE DEMOCRATIC 9 ORGANIZATION4 ,CAPITALISM HAS MADE ( WORK A PURELY COMM]CIAL ACTIVITY1 A S\LLESS & A JOYLESS ?+4 ,BUT SUB/ITUTE ! NATIONAL S]VICE ( ! ,GUILDS = ! PR(ITE]+ ( ! FEW2 SUB/ITUTE RESPONSIBLE LABOR = A SALABLE COMMODITY2 SUB/ITUTE SELF-GOV]NM5T & DEC5TRALIZATION = ! BUREAUCRACY & DEMORALIZ+ HUG5ESS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE & ! MOD]N JO9T /OCK COMPANY2 & !N IT MAY BE JU/ ONCE MORE TO SPEAK ( A ^*^*JOY 9 LABOR1'' & ONCE MORE TO HOPE ?AT M5 MAY BE PR\D ( QUALITY & NOT ONLY ( QUANTITY 9 !IR WORK4 ,!RE IS A CANT ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & A CANT ( ^*^*JOY 9 LABOR1'' BUT IT W]E BETT]1 P]HAPS1 TO RISK ?AT CANT ?AN TO RECONCILE \RSELVES =EV] TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,CAPITALISM & ( ,COLLECTIVISM1 :I* DECL>ES ?AT WORK IS A NECESS>Y EVIL NEV] TO BE MADE PLEASANT1 & ?AT ! WORK]S' ONLY HOPE IS A LEISURE :I* %ALL BE LONG]1 RI*]1 & WELL ADORN$ ) MUNICIPAL AM5ITIES4.<#c#g.> ,:ATEV] MAY BE ?\E MORE CONC]N$ TO PROCURE FRE$OM 9 WORK ?AN TO 9CREASE MAT]IAL WELL-BE+4 ,!Y HAVE REVIV$ ! QUE/ = LIB]TY1 :I* WAS GR[+ SOME:AT DIMM$ UND] ! REGIME ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,SOCIALISM1 & !Y HAVE REM9D$ M5 ?AT :AT \R MOD]N SOCIETY NE$S IS NOT A LITTLE T9K]+ H]E & !RE1 NOR ! K9D ( M9OR READJU/M5TS TO :I* ! EXI/+ HOLD]S ( P[] MAY READILY CONS5T1 BUT A FUNDAM5TAL RECON/RUCTION1 A SWEEP+ AWAY ( ALL ! S\RCES ( OPPRESSION1 A LIB]ATION ( M5'S CON/RUCTIVE 5]GIES1 & A :OLLY NEW WAY ( CONCEIV+ & REGULAT+ PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,?IS M]IT IS SO GREAT ?AT1 9 VIEW ( IT1 ALL M9OR DEFECTS BECOME 9SIGNIFICANT1 & ?IS M]IT ,SYNDICALISM WILL CONT9UE TO POSSESS EV5 IF1 AS A DEF9ITE MOVEM5T1 IT %\LD BE F\ND TO HAVE PASS$ AWAY ) ! W>4 ,NOTES3 .<#a.> ,*IEF AMONG !SE W]E ,F\RI] & ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O CON/RUCT$ SOME:AT FANTA/IC ,SOCIALI/IC IDEAL COMMONWEAL?S4 ,PR\DHON1 ) :OM ,M>X HAD SOME NOT :OLLY FRI5DLY RELATIONS1 IS TO BE REG>D$ AS A =]UNN] ( ! ,AN>*I/S RA!R ?AN ( OR?ODOX ,SOCIALISM4 .<#b.> ,M>X M5TIONS ! ,5GLI% ,SOCIALI/S ) PRAISE 9 ^*^*,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY'' 7#a#h#d#g74 ,!Y1 LIKE HIM1 T5D TO BASE !IR >GUM5TS UPON A ,RIC>DIAN !ORY ( VALUE1 BUT !Y HAVE NOT HIS SCOPE OR ]UDITION OR SCI5TIFIC BREAD?4 ,AMONG !M MAY BE M5TION$ ,?OMAS ,HODGSK9 7#a#g#h#g-#a#h#f#i71 ORIG9ALLY AN (FIC] 9 ! ,NAVY1 BUT DISMISS$ = A PAMPHLET CRITICAL ( ! ME?ODS ( NAVAL DISCIPL9E1 AU?OR ( ^*^*,LABOR ,DEF5D$ ,AGA9/ ! ,CLAIMS ( ,CAPITAL'' 7#a#h#b#e7 & O!R WORKS2 ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON 7#a#g#h#e-#a#h#c#c71 AU?OR ( ^*^*,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,WEAL? ,MO/ ,CONDUCIVE TO ,HUMAN ,HAPP9ESS'' 7#a#h#b#d71 & ^*^*,LABOR ,REW>D$'' 7#a#h#b#e72 & ,PI]CY ,RAV5/ONE1 FROM :OM ,HODGSK9'S IDEAS >E L>GELY D]IV$4 ,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ANY ( !SE WAS ,ROB]T ,[54 .<#c.> ,! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT VOLUME APPE>$ 9 #a#h#f#g2 ! O!R TWO VOLUMES W]E PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY 7#a#h#h#e & #a#h#i#d74 .<#d.> ,VOL4 I1 P4 #b#b#g4 .<#e.> ,VOL4 I1 PP4 #b#c#g1 #b#c#h4 .<#f.> ,VOL4 I1 PP4 #b#c#i1 #b#d4 .<#g.> ,VOL4 I1 PP4 #g#e#h1 #g#e#i4 .<#h.> ,VOL4 I PP4 #g#h#h1 #g#h#i4 .<#i.> ,DIE ,VORAUSSETZUNG5 DES ,SOZIALISMUS UND DIE ,AUFGAB5 D] ,SOZIAL-,DEMOKRATIE4'' .<#a.> ,LA ,DECOMPOSITION DU ,M>XISME1'' P4 #e#c4 .<#a#a.> ^*^*,MUS+S ( A ,*9ESE ,MY/IC4'' ,SELECTIONS FROM ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,*UANG ,TZU4 ,) AN ,9TRODUCTION BY ,LIONEL ,GILES1 ,M4,A4 7,OXON474 ,WISDOM ( ! ,EA/ ,S]IES1 ,JOHN ,MURRAY1 #a#i#a#a4 ,PAGES #f#f-#f#h4 .<#a#b.> ,AN ACC\NT ( ! LIFE ( ,BAKUN9 FROM ! ,AN>*I/ /&PO9T WILL BE F\ND 9 VOL4 II ( ! COMPLETE $ITION ( HIS WORKS3 ^*^*,MI*EL ,BAKUN91 ,O,EUVRES1'' ,TOME ,I,I4 ,AVEC UNE NOTICE BIOGRAPHIQUE1 DES AVANT-PROPOS ET DES NOTES1 P> ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME4 ,P>IS1 ,P4-,V1 ,/OCK1 $ITEUR1 PP4 V-LXIII4 .<#a#c.> ,CRITICISM ( !SE !ORIES WILL BE RES]V$ = ,P>T ,I,I4 .<#a#d.> ,IBID4 P4 XXVI4 .<#a#e.> ^*^*,M>X1 AS A ?9K]1 IS ON ! RIE1 NOT ! CAUSES1 BUT ! EFFECTS ( ECONOMIC EVOLUTIONS4 ,?IS IS A GREAT & FRUITFUL ?\T1 BY MANY O!RS BESIDES HIM2 BUT 9 ANY CASE TO HIM BELONGS ! HONOR ( HAV+ SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ IT & ( HAV+ 5UNCIAT$ IT AS ! BASIS ( HIS :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM4 7#a#h#g2 IB4 II4 P4 XIII47 .<#a#f.> ,?IS TITLE IS NOT ,BAKUN9'S1 BUT WAS 9V5T$ BY ,CAFI]O & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 :O $IT$ IT1 NOT KN[+ ?AT IT WAS A FRAGM5T ( :AT WAS 9T5D$ TO HE ! SECOND V]SION ( ^*^*,L',EMPIRE ,KN\TO-,G]MANIQUE'' 7SEE IB4 II4 P #b#h#c74 .<#a#g.> ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#d4 .<#a#h.> ,! ATTITUDE ( ALL ! BETT] ,AN>*I/S IS ?AT EXPRESS$ BY ,L4 ,S4 ,BEV+TON 9 ! WORDS3 ^*^*,( C\RSE WE KN[ ?AT AMONG ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES ,AN>*I/S !RE >E A M9ORITY ( UNBALANC$ 5?USIA/S :O LOOK UPON EV]Y ILLEGAL & S5SATIONAL ACT ( VIOL5CE AS A MATT] = HY/]ICAL JUBILATION4 ,V]Y USEFUL TO ! POLICE & ! PRESS1 UN/EADY 9 9TELLECT & ( WEAK MORAL PR9CIPLE1 !Y HAVE REPEAT$LY %[N !MSELVES ACCESSIBLE TO V5AL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,!Y1 & !IR VIOL5CE1 & !IR PR(ESS$ ,AN>*ISM >E PUR*ASABLE1 & 9 ! LA/ RESORT !Y >E WELCOME & EFFICI5T P>TISANS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS REMORSELESS W> AGA9/ ! DELIV]]S ( ! PEOPLE4'' ,HIS CONCLUSION IS A V]Y WISE ONE3 ^*^*,LET US LEAVE 9DISCRIM9ATE KILL+ & 9JUR+ TO ! ,GOV]NM5T--TO ITS ,/ATESM51 ITS ,/OCKBROK]S1 ITS ,(FIC]S1 & ITS ,LAW4'' 7^*^*,AN>*ISM & ,VIOL5CE1'' PP4 #i-#a4 ,LIB]TY ,PRESS1 ,*ISWICK1 #a#h#i#f47 .<#a#i.> ,SEE NEXT ,*APT]4 .<#b.> ,( :I* ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY IS ONLY A SECTION4 .<#b.> ,& ALSO 9 ,ITALY4 ,A GOOD1 %ORT ACC\NT ( ! ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T IS GIV5 BY ,A4 ,LANZILLO1 ^*^*,LE ,M\VEM5T ,\VRI] 5 ,ITALIE1'' ,BIBLIO!QUE DU ,M\VEM5T ,PROLET>I54 ,SEE ALSO ,PAUL ,L\IS1 ^*^*,LE ,SYNDICALISME ,EUROPE51'' *AP4 VI4 ,ON ! O!R H& ,COLE 7^*^*,WORLD ( ,LABOR1'' *AP4 VI7 CONSID]S ! /R5G? ( G5U9E ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,ITALY TO BE SMALL4 .<#b#a.> ,?IS IS (T5 RECOGNIZ$ BY ,SYNDICALI/S !MSELVES4 ,SEE1 E4G41 AN >TICLE ON ^*^*,! ,OLD ,9T]NATIONAL'' 9 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#c1 :I*1 AFT] GIV+ AN ACC\NT ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 FROM ! /&PO9T ( A SYMPA?IZ] ) ! LATT]1 SAYS3 ^*^*,BAK\N9'S IDEAS >E N[ MORE ALIVE ?AN EV]4'' .<#b#b.> ,SEE PP4 #d#b-#d#c1 & #af ( ^*^*,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1'' ,L\IS ,LEV9E1 ,PH4,D4 7,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,/UDIES 9 ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE1 VOL4 XLVI1 ,NO4 #c47 ,?IS IS A V]Y OBJECTIVE & RELIABLE ACC\NT ( ! ORIG9 & PROGRESS ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM4 ,AN ADMIRABLE %ORT DISCUSSION ( ITS IDEAS & ITS PRES5T POSITION WILL BE F\ND 9 ,COLE'S ^*^*,WORLD ( ,LABOR'' 7,G4 ,BELL @& ,SONS71 ESPECIALLY *APT]S III1 IV1 & XI4 .<#b#c.> ,SEE ,LEV9E1 OP4 CIT41 *AP4 II4 .<#b#d.> ,COLE1 IB41 P4 #f#e4 .<#b#e.> ^*^*,SYNDICAT 9 ,FRANCE /ILL MEANS A LOCAL UNION--!RE >E AT ! PRES5T DAY ONLY F\R NATIONAL SYNDICATS'' 7IB41 P4 #f#f74 .<#b#f.> ,COLE1 IB4 P4 #f#i4 .<#b#g.> ,9 FACT ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE WAS 9V5T$ BY A ,LONDON] ,WILLIAM ,B5B[1 AN ,[5ITE1 9 #a#h#c#a4 .<#b#h.> ^*^*,WORLD ( ,LABOR1'' PP4 #b#a#b1 #b#a#c4 .<#b#i.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,COLE1 IB4 P4 #a#b#h4 .<#c.> ,IB41 P4 #a#c#e4 .<#c#a.> ,BROOKS1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #g#i4 .<#c#b.> ,BROOKS1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #h#f-#h#g4 .<#c#c.> ,AL?\< UNI=MLY HELD ?AT ! WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS CAN ONLY BE SUSP5D$ BY ! LEGISLATURE1 9 !SE LABOR DI/URBANCES ! EXECUTIVE HAS 9 FACT SUSP5D$ OR DISREG>D$ ! WRIT4 4 4 4 ,9 CASES >IS+ FROM LABOR AGITATIONS1 ! JUDICI>Y HAS UNI=MLY UPHELD ! P[] EX]CIS$ BY ! MILIT>Y1 & 9 NO CASE HAS !RE BE5 ANY PROTE/ AGA9/ ! USE ( SU* P[] OR ANY ATTEMPT TO CURTAIL IT1 EXCEPT 9 ,MONTANA1 :]E ! CONVICTION ( A CIVILIAN BY MILIT>Y COMMISSION WAS ANNULL$'' 7^*^*,F9AL ,REPORT ( ! ,COMMISSION ON ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS'' 7#a#i#a#e7 APPO9T$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CONGRESS1'' P4 #e#h74 .<#c#d.> ,LIT]>Y ,DIGE/1 ,MAY #b & ,MAY #a#f1 #a#i#a#d4 .<#c#e.> ,! IDEAS ( ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM W]E FIR/ SET =? 9 ^*^*,NATIONAL ,GUILDS1'' $IT$ BY ,A4 ,R4 ,ORAGE 7,BELL @& ,SONS1 #a#i#a#d71 & 9 ,COLE'S ^*^*,WORLD ( ,LABOR'' 7,BELL @& ,SONS71 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#c4 ,COLE'S ^*^*,SELF-,GOV]NM5T 9 ,9DU/RY'' 7,BELL @& ,SONS1 #a#i#a#g7 & ,RICKETT @& ,BE*H(]'S ^*^*,! ,MEAN+ ( ,NATIONAL ,GUILDS'' 7,PALM] @& ,HAYW>D1 #a#i#a#h7 %\LD ALSO BE READ1 AS WELL AS V>I\S PAMPHLETS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,GUILDS ,LEAGUE4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S TO ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM IS F> FROM SYMPA!TIC4 ,AN >TICLE 9 ^*^*,! ,SYNDICALI/'' = ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#d1 SPEAKS ( IT 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 A ,MIDDLE-CLASS ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS1 ) ALL ! %ORTCOM+S 7WE HAD ALMO/ SAID ^*/UPIDITIES'7 ( ! MIDDLE- CLASSES WRIT L>GE ACROSS IT1 ^*,GUILD ,SOCIALISM' /&S =? AS ! LATE/ LUCUBRATION ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS M9D4 ,IT IS A ^*COOL /EAL' ( ! LEAD+ IDEAS ( ,SYNDICALISM & A DELIB]ATE P]V]SION ( !M4 4 4 4 ,WE DO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ^*,/ATE' IDEA 4 4 4 9 ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 EV5 :5 !Y BECOME ,SOCIALI/S1 CANNOT GET RID ( ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS IS !IR ^*9F]IOR'2 ?AT ! WORK]S NE$ TO BE ^*$UCAT$1' DRILL$1 DISCIPL9$1 & G5]ALLY NURS$ = A V]Y LONG TIME BE=E !Y WILL BE ABLE TO WALK BY !MSELVES4 ,! V]Y REV]SE IS ACTUALLY ! TRU?4 4 4 4 ,IT IS JU/ ! PLA9 TRU? :5 WE SAY ?AT ! ORD9>Y WAGE-WORK]1 ( AV]AGE 9TELLIG5CE1 IS BETT] CAPABLE ( TAK+ C>E ( HIMSELF ?AN ! HALF-$UCAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS MAN :O WANTS TO ADVISE HIM4 ,HE KN[S H[ TO MAKE ! :EELS ( ! WORLD GO R\ND4'' .<#c#g.> ^*^*,! ,GUILD ,IDEA1'' ,NO4 #b ( ! ,PAMPHLETS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GUILDS ,LEAGUE1 P4 #a#g4 ,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiag 3 ,P>T #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/