,PROGRAM & ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 

#ahhd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,TEXT 3 

,$ITOR'S NOTE 

,TRANSLAT$ FROM ,PROGRAMMA E ,ORGANIZZAZIONE DELLA ,ASSOCIAZIONE ,9T]NAZIONALE DEI ,LAVORATORI 7,FLOR5CE1 #a#h#h#d74 ,! TITLE PAGE SPECIFIES ?AT ! PAMPHLET WAS ISSU$ BY ! $ITORIAL /AFF ( ! P]IODICAL ,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE4 ,BY ! TIME ?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD PRACTICALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/1 ?\< !RE W]E LOCAL F$]ATIONS ?AT /ILL CLAIM$ AFFILIATION TO IT4 ,EV5 ! ,LONDON CONGRESS ( #a#h#h#a1 :I* IS CONSID]$ ! LA/ CONGRESS ( ! F$]ALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS RA!R AN ATTEMPT TO REVIVE IT4 ,! PRES5T PAMPHLET %\LD BE SE5 9 ! SAME LI<T4 ,IT WAS A PROPOSAL SUMM>IZ+ ! VIEWS ( ,MALATE/A & HIS GR\P1 RA!R ?AN A DOCUM5T COLLECTIVELY ISSU$ BY AN ACTUAL ORGANIZATION4 ,:51 9 #a#i#c1 ,MALATE/A'S FRI5D & COMRADE ,LUIGI ,FABBRI ASK$ HIS AU?ORIZATION TO REPR9T ! PAMPHLET1 ,MALATE/A ACCEPT$1 ON CONDITION ?AT IT W\LD BE PUBLI%$ AS A 0HI/ORICAL DOCUM5T10 ) A NEW PREFACE HE W\LD WRITE4 0,I W\LD REGRET0 HE EXPLA9$ 0IF IT WAS PUBLI%$ AS MY WORK1 )\T MY PREFACE1 BECAUSE 9 MANY RESPECTS ,I HAVE *ANG$ MY IDEAS & ,I W\LD NO LONG] WANT TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = EV]Y?+ ?AT IS SAID !RE940 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?AT PREFACE NEV] SAW ! LI<T ( DAY4 

,TO ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S.<#a.> 

,DE> COMRADES1 

,WE HAVE TRI$ TO SUM UP \R ASSOCIATION'S FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 ! IDEALS ( :I* IT DREAMS1 & ! PA?S BY :I* IT MEANS TO REA* !M4 

,WE ?9K WE HAVE FAI?FULLY 9T]PRET$ Y\R IDEAS & Y\R 9T5TIONS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 WE HOPE ?AT ?IS BRIEF1 HURRI$ EXPOSITION ( \RS WILL BE SU* AS TO SP>K A LIVELY EX*ANGE AMONG Y\ REG>D+ ! /ILL CONTROV]SIAL MATT]S ?AT MU/ BE ! OBJECT ( ! DELIB]ATIONS ( =?COM+ CONGRESSES4 

,%\LD Y\ WI% TO PASS ON TO US Y\R OBS]VATIONS1 WE %ALL TAKE !SE 9TO ACC\NT 9 A SECOND1 MORE COMPREH5SIVE1 MORE ME?ODICAL $ITION1 :I* WE %\LD LIKE TO BE A COLLECTIVE EF=T ) EA* ( US BR++ HIS EXP]TIZE & EXP]I5CE TO IT4 

,DEP5D UPON \R DEVOTION TO ! COMMON CAUSE4 

,! $ITORS ( ! NEWSPAP] ,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE 

,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 
,*>T] 7,LONDON1 #bh ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#f#d7.<#b.> 

,CONSID]+3 

,?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE CONQU]$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 

,?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MEANS NOT A /RUGGLE = NEW PRIVILEGES1 BUT = EQUAL RI<TS & DUTIES = ALL2 

,?AT ! ECONOMICAL SUBJECTION ( ! MAN ( LABOR TO ! [N] ( ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( LABOR LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( S]VITUDE 9 ALL ITS =MS3 POLITICAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL2 

,?AT ! ECONOMICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S IS !RE=E ! GREAT 5D TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T \<T TO BE SUBORD9ATE2 

,?AT ALL EF=TS AIM+ AT ?AT GREAT 5D HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$ FROM ! WANT ( UNION & SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( ! MANIFOLD DIVISIONS ( LABOR & DIFF]5T C\NTRIES2 

,?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR IS NEI!R A LOCAL1 NOR A NATIONAL1 BUT A WORLDWIDE PROBLEM1 EMBRAC+ ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS & DEP5D+ = ITS SOLUTION ON !IR CONCURR5CE1 PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL2 

,?AT ! PRES5T REVIVAL ( LABOR 9 ! MO/ 9DU/RI\S C\NTRIES1 :ILE IT RAISES A NEW HOPE1 GIVES SOLEMN W>N+ AGA9/ A RELAPSE 9TO ! OLD ]RORS1 & CALLS = ! IMM$IATE COMB9ATION ( ! /ILL-DISCONNECT$ MOVEM5TS2 

,= !SE REASONS 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION HAS BE5 F\ND$4 ,?IS ,ASSOCIATION & ALL SOCIETIES & 9DIVIDUALS ADH]+ TO IT ACKN[L$GE TRU?1 JU/ICE1 & MORALITY AS ! BASIS ( !IR CONDUCT T[>DS ALL M51 )\T REG>D TO COLOR1 CRE$1 OR NATIONALITY1 & CONSID] !IR DUTY TO CLAIM ! HUMAN & CITIZ5'S RI<TS NOT ONLY = ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ASSOCIATION BUT = ALL ?OSE :O FULFILL !IR DUTIES4 

,NO RI<TS )\T DUTIES1 NO DUTIES )\T RI<TS4 

,PRELIM9>IES 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 WAS =M$ 9 #ahfd 9 ORD] TO 0AF=D A C5TRAL M$IUM ( COMMUNICATION & COOP]ATION BETWE5 ,WORK+M5'S ,SOCIETIES EXISIT+ 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & AIM+ AT ! SAME 5D2 VIZ41 ! PROTECTION1 ADVANCEM5T1 & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES10 & FROM ! \TSET1 ACKN[L$G$ NO PROGRAM BUT ! G5]AL ONE SET \T 9 ! *>T] CIT$ ABOVE4.<#c.> 

,IT WAS A VAGUE1 9COMPLETE PROGRAM ?AT ID5TIFI$ RA!R ?AN RESOLV$ PROBLEMS1 ?AT DID NOT FIX ! ,ASSOCIATION'S POSITION VIS A VIS ! ,SOCIETY FROM :I* IT >OSE1 & WAS SIL5T ON ! MATT] ( ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & MEANS ( ACTION4 ,IT LAID D[N ! PR9CIPLES1 BUT DID NOT SET \T !IR CONSEQU5CES1 :I* ! BULK ( ITS MEMB]S MAY WELL NEV] EV5 HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 IT MI<T HAVE SEEM$ ?AT ?IS ,ASSOCIATION WAS M]ELY A L>G]-SCALE REPETITION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ?AT1 = MANY YE>S1 HAD BE5 LOOK+ TO COOP]ATION1 LAWFUL RESI/ANCE OR LAWS PROTECTIVE ( LABOR = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]1 )\T REBELL+ AGA9/ ! POLITICO-SOCIAL CON/ITUTIONS ( !IR SEV]AL C\NTRIES & )\T /RAY+ BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,& 9DE$ ?AT APPE>$ SO MU* TO BE ! CASE ?AT1 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S BEG9N+S1 :ILE ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T WAS TRY+ TO DRAW IT 9TO ITS ORBIT & MAKE IT AN 9/RUM5T ( 9FLU5CE & CORRUPTION 9 ! RANKS ( ! IMPOV]I%$ CLASSES1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALSO RECEIV$ PLAUDITS & 5C\RAGEM5T FROM MANY 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TY4 ,BUT1 LAT]1 ONCE ITS PROGRAM BEGAN TO BE EXP\ND$ & TO 5TAIL PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES1 !SE W]E AMONG ITS BITT]E/ 5EMIES & MO/ F]OCI\S P]SECUTORS4 

,COMP>$ TO MANY ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! TIME1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL SEEM$1 TO CASUAL OBS]V]S1 RA!R H>MLESS & EV5 ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,S9CE !N1 ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES HAVE EI!R VANI%$ )\T A TRACE OR PROV5 !MSELVES PAT5TLY B\RGEOIS & REACTION>Y1 :ILE ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS 9CREAS+LY BE5 5RI*+ ITS PROGRAM ) ALL ( ! F9D+S ( SOCIAL SCI5CE & HAS HOI/$ ITS R$EMPTIVE COLORS EV] HI<]4 ,IT HAS TAK5 ! LEAD ( ,REVOLUTION & BECOME A =ETA/E ( ! NEW CIVILIZATION ?AT MU/ SPR\T FROM ! RU9S ( ?IS OLD B\RGEOIS WORLD4 

,:AT IS ! SECRET BEH9D ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S SUCCESS8 ,:AT LIES BEH9D ! VA/ P[]S ( EXPANSION & ASSIMILATION ?AT1 9 A FEW YE>S1 HAVE TURN$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO ! T]ROR ( ! PRIVILEG$ & ! HOPE ( PROLET>IANS8 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BORN SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! WOMB ( ! PEOPLE1 & EV5 AS IT ANSW]$ ! MO/ HE>TFELT NE$S & ! MO/ ANCI5T 9/9CTS ( ! OPPRESS$ MASSES1 IT WAS1 FROM ! \TSET1 F\ND$ UPON EXCLUSIVELY HUMANE PR9CIPLES1 UPON A REALI/IC PHILOSOPHY ?AT PROBES ! TRUE NATURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY & ESP\SES IDEALS CONSONANT ) NATURE'S LAWS ( EXI/5CE & GR[?4 ,IT C>RI$ )91 9 G]M1 ! :OLE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL REVOLUTION 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ITS PROGRAM TODAY4 

,ACKN[L$G+ ?AT ! WORK]'S ECONOMIC DEP5D5CY UPON ! [N] ( RAW MAT]IALS & ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR IS ! PRIME CAUSE ( ALL S]VITUDE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 RI<T FROM 9CEPTION1 TOOK AS ! F\NDATION ( ITS PROGRAM SOCIOLOGY'S MO/ IMPORTANT TRU?1 ! V]Y F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM1 :I* IS ?AT ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION OV]%AD[S EV]Y POLITICO-SOCIAL ISSUE1 & ?AT ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S IS ! ONLY WAY ?AT JU/ICE & ! COMMON GOOD CAN TRIUMPH4 

,AFFIRM+ ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S %\LD NOT T5D TO E/ABLI% FRE% PRIVILEGES BUT RA!R TO ABOLI% ALL CLASS RULE & E/ABLI% EQUAL RI<TS & DUTIES = ALL1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! REAL & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT A*IEVABLE UNLESS ! :OLE ( HUMANITY IS SET FREE1 & SO IT MIRROR$ ! FEEL+S ( SOLID>ITY ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ 9 M5'S HE>TS D[N ?R\< ! AGES1 DESPITE A ?\S& OB/ACLES4 ,& BY VIRTUE ( ITS UNIV]SALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS DECL>ATION ?AT ALL >E 5TITL$ TO BE TREAT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( TRU?1 JU/ICE1 & MORALITY1 )\T DI/9CTIONS AS TO CRE$1 COLOR1 & NATIONALITY1 IT EXT5D$ SU* SOLID>ITY TO ALL PEOPLES4 

,AFFIRM+ ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE ! WORK]S' [N DO+1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL %[$ ?AT IT UND]/OOD ?AT NO RUL+ CLASS HAS EV] SURR5D]$ ITS PRIVILEGES1 NO MATT] H[ MU* A PROP] UND]/&+ ( ITS [N 9T]E/S MI<T PROMPT IT TO DO SO--IT NEV] DEVELOPS ANY SU* UND]/&+ BY ITSELF--& =ESAW ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y NE$S ?AT COMPLICATE RESOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 

,SO--?ANKS TO A FEW TRUE PRECEPTS & TO ! 9/9CTS ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES1 SO WIDELY REPRES5T$ 9 ITS RANKS--)9 A %ORT TIME1 ! 9ITIALLY TIMOR\S ,9T]NATIONAL HAS TURN$ 9TO ! FE>SOME ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y-REVOLUTION>Y-ANTI-RELIGI\S-AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* 9T5DS TO /& 9 ! FRONT RANK ( PROGRESS & IS B5T ON DE/ROY+ ! :OLE SOCIAL $IFICE ( TODAY1 FROM ! F\NDATIONS UP1 SO AS TO RAISE AN >*ITECTURE ( PEACE1 FRE$OM & WELL-BE+ UPON ! RU9S4 

,9 ?IS PAMPHLET WE %ALL NOT BE REHE>S+ ! /AGES ?R\< :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL PASS$ PRIOR TO ITS ESP\SAL ( ! PLA9LY SOCIALI/1 REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ?AT IS ITS DI/+UI%+ FEATURE TODAY1 = SU* SCRUT9Y W\LD TAKE US F> BEYOND :AT WE HAVE 9 M9D TO DO2 WE %ALL TRY M]ELY TO SET \T1 9 BRIEF1 ! CONCLUSIONS AT :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS >RIV$ ?US F>4 

,PROGRAM 

,DISC\NT+ ANY METAPHYSICAL NOTION1 ANY O!R-WORLDLY PURPOSE1 ANY MISSION IMPOS$ UPON MAN BY A *IM]ICAL ,GOD2 FOCUS+ UPON ! PURPOSE ( HUMAN LIFE H]E ON E>?1 ! LATT] CANNOT1 AS WE SEE IT1 BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN HAPP9ESS1 :I* CONSI/S ( ! FULL & OPTIMUM DEVELOPM5T ( \R FACULTIES2 ( A*IEVEM5T ( ! GREATE/ WELL-BE+ ) ! LEA/ QUANTUM ( PA9 POSSIBLE4 ,SOCIETY 7ITSELF ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! SE>* & NE$ = WELL-BE+7 CAN HAVE NO PURPOSE O!R ?AN SATISFY+ ! AFFECTIVE 9/9CTS GR[+ 9SIDE \R BRA9S & ! 9CREASE 9 & ASSURANCE ( \R HAPP9ESS1 ( :I* IT IS1 9 ANY EV5T1 AN ESS5TIAL PRE-REQUISITE4 

,IT REQUIRES ONLY A SUP]FICIAL GLANCE AT HUMANITY'S CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES TO SEE H[ SOCIETY1 AS PRES5TLY CON/ITUT$1 IS ILL EQUIPP$ TO ACCOMPLI% ITS PURPOSE4 ,HUMANITY IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO L>GE P>TS1 ! L>G] ( :I* SEEMS FAT$ TO LABOR1 OBEY1 & 5DURE ! GREATE/ WOES SO AS TO AF=D ! O!R A LIFE ( IDL5ESS & ( M$DL+ 9 O!R PEOPLE'S WI%ES & DIGNITY4 ,POV]TY1 IGNORANCE1 CORRUPTION1 PRO/ITUTION1 DISEASE1 CRIM9ALITY1 AN UNC]TA9 FUTURE1 UNTIMELY DEA?1 W>S1 \TRAGES1 HATR$S--!SE >E BUT A FEW ( ! FEATURES ?AT *>ACT]IZE ! CURR5T FACE ( ! HUMAN CONSORTIUM4 

,:AT LIES BEH9D SU* A <A/LY CIRCUM/ANCE8 ,:AT REM$IES W\LD ! ,9T]NATIONAL SEEK TO APPLY TO IT8 

,!RE IS NO?+ ?AT IS \TSIDE ( NATURE1 NO?+ ?AT CANNOT BE MADE TO CON=M TO NATURAL LAWS4 ,MAN IS ! HI<E/ ORGANIZ$ /ATE ?US F> ATTA9$ BY MATT]1 ! L(TIE/ CREATURE 9 ! ANIMAL HI]>*Y1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT /OP HIM BE+ AN AGGREGATION ( MAT]IAL ATOMS--/ILL AN ANIMAL--&1 AS SU*1 SUBJECT TO ALL ! LAWS ( *EMI/RY & BIOLOGY4 ,%AP$ BY SL[ EVOLUTION UND] ! DOM9ION ( NATURAL LAWS1 9 ! MID/ ( ! ?\S& VAG>IES ( ! /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE AGA9/ HIS 5VIRONM5T 9 G5]AL & ! O!R ANIMALS 9 P>TICUL>1 IT IS ?ANKS TO ! SPECTRUM ( NATURAL LAWS ?AT WE CAN FA?OM HIS PA/ & HIS FUTURE4 ,IT IS ON ! BASIS ( ! V]Y SAME SPECTRUM ?AT WE CAN GLANCE AHEAD 9TO HIS FUTURE & DISCOV] ! CONDITIONS :]E9 HE MAY A*IEVE A HI<] DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION & ! WELL-BE+ TO :I* HE ASPIRES4 

,SC>CELY HAD HE >RIV$ 9 ?IS WORLD ?AN MAN1 HAD TO FI<T = HIS V]Y SURVIVAL2 HE F\<T O!R M5 AS WELL AS ! RE/ ( NATURE1 & IT WAS A BRUTAL KILL-OR-BE-KILL$ BATTLE4 ,LAT]1 MAN REALIZ$ ?AT ! HELP ( ANO!R MAN WAS ( A ?\S& TIMES MORE S]VICE TO HIM ?AN ?AT MAN'S DEA?1 & NO LONG] WAS BATTLE 9T5D$ SO MU* TO EXT]M9ATE ONE'S ADV]S>Y AS TO BR+ HIM TO HEEL2 TO R$UCE HIM TO A SLAVE & BEA/ ( BURD54 ,?IS NEW1 WIS]1 MORE HUMANE *>ACT] 9 MAN'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ HIS FELL[ MAN WAS ! FACTOR ?AT DET]M9$ ! HI< DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION ATTA9$ BY MAN4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ! REASON :Y SU* CIVILIZATION IS F\ND$ UPON ! SUBJUGATION & IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! MAJORITY ( M5 & IS FAT$ TO SUP UPON HUMAN BLOOD & TE>S--UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! /RIFE BETWE5 M5 IS EFFECTIVELY 5D$ & ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS AS ITS F\NDATION G5U9E1 COMPLETE SOLID>ITY ( ! HUMAN RACE 9 ! /RUGGLE TO B5D NATURE TO ITS NE$S4 

,MAN'S /RUGGLE TO SUBJUGATE HIS FELL[ MAN HAS HAD TWO *IEF CONSEQU5CES3 PROP]TY & AU?ORITY4 ,PROP]TY >OSE :51 AT DAGG]S DRAWN ) ALL ! RE/1 EA* MAN SEIZ$ :ATEV] PORTION ( WEAL? HE C\LD2 ?OSE :O W]E NOT /RONG 5\< OR FAVOR$ 5\< TO CLAIM !IR P>T ( ! LOOT W]E SET TO WORK ON ANO!R'S BEHALF1 &1 LACK+ ! MAT]IALS & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 !Y HAD TO 5DURE ! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ BY :OEV] HELD ?OSE MAT]IALS & ?OSE 9/RUM5TS4 ,! 5TITLEM5TS HE HAD AW>D$ HIMSELF W]E PASS$ ON TO HIS (FSPR+ OR HIS FRI5DS & HE HELP$ DIVIDE HUMANK9D 9TO TWO CA/ES3 ONE CA/E ( HAVES1 BORN ) AN 5TITLEM5T TO LIVE )\T WORK+2 ! O!R ( PROLET>IANS :OSE LOT FROM BIR? IS WRET*$NESS2 SUBJECTION2 EXHAU/+1 UNREW>D$ TOIL2 & IT IS ONLY ! ODD ONE1 9 V]Y R>E 9/ANCES & EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 :O MANAGES TO ASC5D TO A MORE HUMANE LIFE &1 SOMETIMES1 TO PROP]TY4 ,AU?ORITY BEGAN ) MAN'S BRUTAL OPPRESSION ( WOMAN1 *ILD & WEAK] FELL[ MAN1 & CULM9AT$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( GOV]NM5TS1 :]EBY1 ?R\< REGULATION1 SOCIAL PRIVILEGES & SOCIAL 9JU/ICES--FIR/ & =EMO/1 PROP]TY RI<TS-->E 5%R9$ & *AMPION$4 

,PROP]TY & AU?ORITY--W$D$ TO RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 GR[N \T ( ! IGNORANCE & FE>FUL IMAG9ATION ( PRIMITIVE MAN BACK :5 HE WAS FIR/ TEET]+ ON ! BR9K ( CONSCI\S ?\<T--HAVE ! S\RCE ( !IR DURABILITY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ & 9 ! BRUTALIZATION CAUS$ BY IMPOV]I%M5T4 ,W$D$ TO ! S5TIM5TS ( HATR$ & ! RACIAL1 NATIONAL1 RELIGI\S1 COMM]CIAL1 FAMILIAL RIVALRIES1 SPAWN$ BY ! ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S & 9NU5DOES ( PRIE/S & TYRANTS1 PROP]TY & AU?ORITY CAN BE F\ND 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE & >E ! ROOT CAUSES ( ALL ! WOES WE HAVE BE5 DEPLOR+4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 IF !SE WOES >E TO BE BANI%$1 WE MU/ ALT] ! PR9CIPLE BY :I* HUMAN RELATION%IPS >E PRES5TLY REGULAT$2 ! PR9CIPLE ( /RIFE MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY4 

,MANY HAVE TRI$ & TRY /ILL1 ALL 9 VA91 TO BANI% OR LESS5 ?OSE WOES ) POLITICAL *ANGES & MORALIZ+1 BUT ALONG CAME SOCIALISM TO PROVIDE ! EXPLANATION = !IR LACK ( SUCCESS & TO PO9T ! WAY TO EFFECTIVE REM$IES4 

,JU/ AS1 9 NATURE1 ORGANIC =MS D]IVE !IR ORIG9S & BASIC SU/5ANCE FROM 9ORGANIC MATT]1 SO1 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD 7:I* IS NO?+ BUT ! CONT9U+ DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL =MS71 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & MORAL S5TIM5TS D]IVE !IR RAISON D'ETRE FROM ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 

,IF HE IS TO SURVIVE1 MAN NE$S SU/5ANCE ABOVE ALL ELSE4 ,! MANN] 9 :I* HE SUCCESSFULLY F9DS FOOD1 ! GREAT] OR LESS] R\<NESS ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT HE IS OBLIG$ TO WAGE1 ! GREAT] OR LESS] EASE ( HIS VICTORY1 ITS GREAT] OR LESS] COMPREH5SIV5ESS1 HIS MORE OR LESS SUITABLE SU/5ANCE1 & EV]Y O!R MAT]IAL CONDITION ( EXI/5CE1 DOM9ATE MAN'S PHYSIOLOGICAL EXI/5CE & ?US HIS 5TIRE MORAL & SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 

,& JU/ AS WORK IS ! REQUISITE MEANS = ACQUIR+ SU/5ANCE1 & JU/ AS WORK REQUIRES MAT]IALS & TOOLS1 SO1 IF A SOCIETY IS TO BE TRANS=M$1 WORK+ CONDITIONS ABOVE ALL HAVE TO BE TRANS=M$ ALONG ) ! LOGI/ICS ( RAW MAT]IALS & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 

,9 A SOCIETY :]E ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E 9 ! H&S ( A FEW1 ?OSE DEPRIV$ ( !M >E NECESS>ILY OBLIG$ TO ABIDE BY ! CONDITIONS LAID D[N BY ! FEW :O HAVE ! P[] TO PROVIDE OR )HOLD WORK1 & >E 9 A POSITION TO BE/[ OR DEPRIVE !M ( A LIVELIHOOD4 

,:AT IS ! PO9T ( WRIT+ FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY 9TO /ATUTES :5 A FETT] MU* T\<] ?AN ANY CONVICT'S--HUNG]--HIT*ES ! FREE & SOV]EIGN PEOPLE TO ! *>IOT ( ! FEW :O >E BLESS$ ) ! MEANS ( HAV+ !IR WI%ES C>RI$ \T1 ! PROP]TY-[N]S8 ,TRUE FRE$OM IS NOT ! RI<T BUT ! OPPORTUNITY1 ! /R5G? TO DO :AT ONE WILL --& FRE$OM1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! :]E)AL = EX]CIS+ IT1 IS AN ATROCI\S IRONY4 

,:AT IS ! PO9T ( PREA*+ BRO!RHOOD & LOVE ( ONE'S NEI<BOR :5 ! PROLET>IAN HAS TO FI<T = A CRU/ ( BREAD & IS OBLIG$1 EA* & EV]Y DAY1 TO COMPETE = IT ) HIS NEI<BOR8 

,:AT IS ! PO9T ( PREA*+ SCI5CE :5 POV]TY DULLS WITS1 & ! *IM]ICAL HOPE ( P>ADISE IS ! ONLY ?+ MAK+ ?IS E>?LY HELL BE>ABLE8 

,IF ALL >E TO 5JOY FRE$OM & KN[ HAPP9ESS1 IF SOLID>ITY IS TO /& 9 PLACE ( /RIFE1 ! PRIM>Y NECESSITY IS = PRIVATE [N]%IP TO BE DONE AWAY )2 & ?AT IS ! ESS5TIAL TASK ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS SET ITSELF4 

,ONCE ALL ( NATURE'S B\NTY BELONGS TO EV]YBODY & ONCE EA* ( US HAS ! RI<T & ! :]E)AL TO APPLY HIS EF=TS TO RAW MAT]IALS1 !N SOLID>ITY WILL HAVE A *ANCE ( SUCCESS 9 ?IS WORLD1 & MAN WILL BE RELEAS$ FROM ! ?REE T]RIFY+ NI<TM>ES GR9D+ HIM D[N3 ECONOMIC SUBJECTION1 AU?ORITY1 & RELIGION4 

,AU?ORITY1 :I* IS TO SAY POLITICAL P[]1 WILL BE R5D]$ USELESS & IMPOSSIBLE S9CE1 ) %E] BRUTE =CE BE+ N[ P[]LESS TO IMPOSE ITSELF 9 ANY LA/+ WAY1 !RE WILL BE NO WAY ANY MORE = A FEW M5 TO B5D ! MASSES TO !IR WILL4 

,RELIGION WILL VANI% S9CE SCI5CE HAS N[ BANI%$ METAPHYSICAL PHANTOMS ONCE & = ALL1 & RELIGION WILL NO LONG] HAVE ! IGNORANCE & WOES ( ! MASSES UPON :I* TO FUEL ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE4 

,?US PROP]TY LIES AT ! HE>T ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION & IT NE$ ONLY BE ABOLI%$ = ! WAY TO BE OP5$ TO ALL HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,H[EV]1 POLITICAL AU?ORITY /&S GU>D OV] PROP]TY--& 9 ORD] TO REA* ! PROP]TY-[N]1 ONE HAS TO WALK OV] ! BODY ( ! G5D>ME :O DEF5DS HIM4 

,SO POLITICAL P[] & PROP]TY NE$ TO BE TACKL$ & DE/ROY$ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,DO+ AWAY ) PROP]TY )\T ABOLI%+ GOV]NM5T IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & IF ! GOV]NM5T W]E TO BE BR\<T D[N )\T PROP]TY'S BE+ T\*$1 IT W\LD SWIFTLY BE RESUSCITAT$ UND] ITS OLD DESIGNATION OR SOME NEW] ONE4 

,& SU* A SIMULTANE\S ABOLITION %\LD BE EFFECT$ SWIFTLY1 BY WAY ( REVOLUTION4 ,/AG$ ABOLITION IS NOT FEASIBLE1 S9CE PROP]TY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! /RONG] ALWAYS GR[S /RONG] /ILL1 T5DS1 AS A RESULT ( COMPETITION OR ABETT$ BY ! SPREAD ( MA*9]Y1 TO BECOME CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( AN EV] DECREAS+ CIRCLE & TO GR[ EV] MORE OPPRESSIVE2 &1 NO MATT] H[ ALT]$1 POLITICAL P[]1 E/ABLI%$ BY & = PROP]TY-[N]S1 NEV] ABDICATES ITS ESS5TIAL MISSION1 NAMELY1 TO ACT 9 DEF5SE ( PROP]TY4 

,) ! GOV]NM5T OV]?R[N & ! PROP]TY EXPROPRIAT$ BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION1 H[ & BY :OM WILL ! NEW SOCIETY BE ORGANIZ$8 

,NOT BY MEANS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 = ! GREAT] NUMB] ( ! PEOPLE1 /ILL BE+ IGNORANT1 /ILL UND] ! MORAL SWAY ( ! PRIE/ & PROP]TY [N]1 W\LD NOT1 C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( A SOCIETY ( FREE EQUALS4 ,& BECAUSE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :I* IS 9 !ORY ! SUBJECTION ( ! M9ORITY TO ! MAJORITY1 9 PRACTICE1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ME*ANISM ITSELF1 PRODUCES AN \TCOME ?AT1 EV5 :5 IT HAS NOT BE5 TAMP]$ )1 DOES NOT REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S NOR ! WI%ES ( ! VOT]S4 

,NOT BY MEANS1 EI!R1 ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( A S+LE OR ( SEV]AL P]SONS1 BECAUSE ONE OR MORE 9DIVIDUALS MAY WELL ORGANIZE A BR& NEW DOM9ION1 ?\< NOT A SOCIETY CAT]+ = ! 9T]E/S & 5?USIASMS ( MULTI-FACET$ HUMAN NATURE2 BECAUSE PRIVILEG$ P[] IS BY ITS V]Y ESS5CE A CORRUPT] & W\LD SPEW \T ! F9E/ M52 BECAUSE1 :5 IT COMES TO REVOLUTION1 />T+ BY 5=C+ OB$I5CE TO BR& NEW RUL]S IS NOT ! RI<T APPROA* = AN 5SLAV$ PEOPLE2 &1 F9ALLY1 BECAUSE ! BETT] P>T ( ! PEOPLE W\LD NEI!R SEEK NOR C\NT5ANCE DICTATOR%IP ( ANY SORT4 

,SO ALL ?AT REMA9S IS ! UNFETT]$ ACTION ( ALL ! ?\<TFUL HEADS AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ! SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE ( ALL M5 ( GOOD WILL1 ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! P>TIES ?AT HAVE MADE ! REVOLUTION4 ,?AT IS ! ,9T]NATIONALS' FAVOR$ APPROA*4 

,9=M$ BY !SE PR9CIPLES1 LET US BRIEFLY EXAM9E ! MA9 PROBLEMS ! ,9T]NATIONAL MU/ GRAPPLE ) 9 ITS RE=M+ 5DEAVORS1 & SET ITS SOLUTIONS ALONGSIDE ! CURR5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,R,E,L,I,G,I,O,N4 -- ,QUA BELIEF 9 AN IMMAT]IAL BE+1 CREATOR & RUL] ( ALL ?+S1 RELIGION \<T TO WI!R AWAY ALONG ) EV]Y CULT ?R\< :I* M5'S IGNORANCE & PRIE/S' CUNN+ HAVE MANIFE/$ !MSELVES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL LOOKS TO SCI5CE TO 5SURE SU* WI!R+ AWAY ONCE ITS PROPAGATION IS FRE$ ( OB/RUCTIONS 9 ! =M ( ! POV]TY ( ! MASSES & ! 9T]E/S ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,IT WILL OBS]VE ! MO/ UTT] RESPECT = FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 BUT WILL DO EV]Y?+ IT CAN TO 5SURE ?AT ! POISON ( RELIGION IS NOT 9JECT$ 9TO ! M9DS ( *ILDR52 IT WILL BR+ AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ANY?+ ?AT MI<T UPHOLD ! HABIT ( WOR%IP 9 ! PEOPLE2 IT WILL WAGE A W> TO ! DEA? ON ! ,*UR* & PRIE/ :O MAY ATTEMPT1 ?R\< !IR GUILE1 TO HOLD ! PEOPLE UND] ! YOKE ( RELIGION2 & ABOVE ALL1 IT WILL HI<LI<T ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PEOPLE'S TRUE 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! P$DL]S ( RELIGION4 

,M,O,R,A,L,I,T,Y4 -- ,HUMAN MORALITY & ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S MORALITY HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! RELIGI\S & B\RGEOIS MORALITY ?AT TEA*ES RUL]%IP TO SOME & SUBJECTION TO O!RS1 & A N>R[1 ANTI-SOCIAL SELFI%NESS TO ONE & ALL4 ,TRUE MORALITY IS ! SCI5CE ( :AT IS GOOD = HUMANITY1 :AT MO/ B5EFITS EA* & EV]Y ONE ( US2 & IT ADVANCES & *ANGES AS SOCIAL SCI5CE PROGRESSES4 

,IF1 AS WE %ALL ATTEMPT TO %[1 ! REVOLUTION IS ! S9E QUA NON ( HUMANITY'S WELL-BE+1 ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE TODAY1 ! PREMI] MORAL DUTY IS TO COOP]ATE :OLE-HE>T$LY ) ! ADV5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 IT %ALL BE A MORAL DUTY 9CUMB5T UPON ALL TO DISPLAY LOVE & RESPECT = ONE'S FELL[ M51 TO PROTECT ! WEAK & ! *ILDR51 TO WORK1 TO CONSID] ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ACTION--9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ ?AT SCI5CE & EXP]I5CE HAS OR MAY DEMON/RATE USEFUL TO M54 

,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y ,& ,S,O,V,],E,I,G,N,T,Y4 -- ,SOCIETY1 :I* HAS ?US F> BE5 ! =CIBLE SUBMISSION ( M5 TO A COMMON REGIM51 ORGANIZ$ 9 S]VICE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 \<T TO BE ! UNSOLICIT$ \TCOME ( ! NE$S & GRATIFICATIONS ?AT WE ALL D]IVE FROM BE+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ONE ANO!R1 & %\LD HAVE1 AS ITS GOAL1 GREAT] WELL-BE+ & 9CREAS$ FRE$OM = ALL HUMAN BE+S4 

,SOV]EIGNTY1 CR$IT$ !SE DAYS EI!R TO ANO9TM5T BY ,GOD OR TO A MAJORITY AMONG ! PEOPLE &1 ?R\< !M1 !IR *OS5 REPRES5TATIVES1 & :I*1 9 PRACTICE1 BELONGS ALWAYS TO :OEV] HAS SECUR$ !MSELVES A PRIVILEG$ POSITION1 BY =CE & PROP]TY1 IS BY NATURE VE/$ 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & IS 9ALI5ABLE4 ,LIKE ANY COMMON TYRANT1 ! MAJORITY MAY HAVE MI<T ON ITS SIDE1 BUT IT C]TA9LY HAS NO MORE RI<T ?AN ANY S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 

,!RE=E IT IS ONLY ?R\< ! UNANIM\S AGREEM5T ( US ALL1 ?R\< A H>MONY ( 9T]E/S & S5TIM5TS1 &1 AT WOR/1 ?R\< FREELY >RANG$ COMPACTS & BY VIRTUE ( ! LAW ( NATURE1 UND] :I* SOLID>ITY IS ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITION = FRE$OM1 ?AT ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) SOCIAL PEACE4 

,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T4 -- ,IS ! COLLECTION ( P]SONS1 DELEGAT$ OR O!RWISE1 :O HOLD ! SUM ( SOCIAL =CES 9 !IR H&S & IMPOSE !IR WILL UPON EA* & EV]Y ONE1 ON ! PRET5SE ( MAK+ PROVISION = PUBLIC S]VICES & OV]ALL SECURITY4 

,9 A H>MONI\S SOCIETY F\ND$ UPON SOLID>ITY & ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE SATISFACTION ( EV]YBODY'S NE$S1 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS A CONDITION ( ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! PRIVATE AFFAIRS ( EA* ( US1 & :]E !RE >E NO LORDL+S TO PROTECT & NO MASSES TO BE HELD 9 *ECK1 !RE IS NO REASON = GOV]NM5T TO EXI/4 ,?OSE GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS G5U9ELY NECESS>Y OR USEFUL & ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WIELDS TO ! ALMO/-EXCLUSIVE ADVANTAGE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 CAN BE WIELD$ DIRECTLY BY SOCIETY = ! B5EFIT ( ALL1 S9CE ! GOV]NM5T CAN ONLY WIELD !M IF IT CAN DRAW ! NECESS>Y /R5G? & CAPACITIES FROM )9 SOCIETY4 

,SOCIAL ORGANIZATION %\LD NOT BE IMPOS$ BY ONE OR MORE M5 :O HOG P[] & WIELD IT 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD OR ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT \<T TO BE AN EXPRESSION ( ! WI%ES ( ALL 7RA!R ?AN ( ! MAJORITY71 ! \TCOME ( ! EXPANSION & RECONCILIATION ( HUMAN 9T]E/S & S5TIM5TS1 />T+ FROM ! EQUAL 5TITLEM5T ( ALL TO RAW MAT]IALS & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,NO MORE AU?ORITY1 !RE=E1 BUT RA!R SPONTANE\S ORGANIZ+ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ALT]+ ) EV]Y %IFT 9 9T]E/S & :IM HAPP5+ )9 ! SOCIETY2 NO MORE DELEGATION ( P[]S1 BUT RA!R DELEGATION ( FUNCTIONS2 NO MORE GOV]NM5T1 BUT1 RA!R1 ,AN>*Y4 

,W,O,M,A,N4 -- ,! SUBS]VI5CE ( WOMAN TO MAN RANKS AMONG ! GREATE/ 9JU/ICES WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM PA/ AGES2 IT IS (F5SIVE TO ! SPIRIT ( FRAT]NITY & HUMAN FELL[%IP & CONTR>Y TO ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( MAN HIMSELF1 S9CE HE IS NOT GO+ TO BE ABLE TO A*IEVE A HI<] CIVILIZATION NOR 5JOY ANY ASSURANCE ( PROGRESS & SOCIAL PEACE AS LONG AS ONE HALF ( ! HUMAN RACE IS TO BE DEEM$ 9F]IOR--& 5SLAV$--&1 AT ?AT1 ! V]Y HALF TO :I* IT FALLS1 ON PHYSIOLOGICAL GR\NDS1 TO BE ! PRIM>Y $UCATOR ( UPCOM+ G5]ATIONS4 

,= WOM51 ! ,9T]NATIONAL DEM&S ! V]Y SAME FRE$OM & GU>ANTEES ( UNH9D]$ DEVELOPM5T AS IT DOES = M5--9 %ORT1 ! COMPLETE/ SOCIAL EQUALITY1 & :5 IT TALKS ( ! RI<TS ( MAN1 ?AT WORD IS MEANT TO APPLY TO ALL HUMAN BE+S1 REG>DLESS ( SEX4 

,IF DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! FACULTIES ( MAN & WOMAN P]SI/ EV5 AFT] EQUALITY ( CIRCUM/ANCE HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 !Y WILL GIVE RISE TO DIFF]+ FUNCTIONS & NEV] TO DIFF]+ RI<TS4 

,H,O,M,E,L,& ,& ,H,U,M,A,N,I,T,Y4 -- ,! DIVID+ UP ( HUMANITY 9TO SU* A WIDE V>IETY ( HOMEL&S IS ALSO A BYPRODUCT ( ! /ATE ( /RIFE 9 :I* ! HUMAN RACE HAS BE5 LIV+ & /ILL DOES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* WANTS ALL M5 DUTY B\ND TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS BRO!RS & TO BE HELD TOGE!R BY ! CLOSE BONDS ( MORAL & MAT]IAL SOLID>ITY & TO 5JOY ! WORLD 9 COMMON AS !IR %>$ 9H]ITANCE1 YE>NS TO AMALGAMATE ALL HOMEL&S 9TO ONE %>$ HOMEL&1 ! WORLD2 & TO BANI% FROM M5'S HE>TS ! S5TIM5T ( PATRIOTISM1 ?IS BE+ ! EXCLUSIVE OR AT ANY RATE PREF]5TIAL LOVE = ! L& OR ! PEOPLE :]E & 9TO :OM ONE WAS BORN1 ! CLAIM TO AN 5TITLEM5T 9 ONE'S HOMEL& TO MORE RI<TS ?AT ?OSE BORN ELSE:]E & :I* BOILS D[N TO 9DIFF]5CE1 RIVALRY1 & HATR$ VIS A VIS O!R PEOPLES & ?US TO CONT5TION & W>4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! HOMEL& WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! TRIBE & ! CITY4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MOD]N /ATES1 ) ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]S1 ) ! DEMOLITION ( COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE1 ! HOMEL& HAS SWOLL5 TO VA/ T]RITORIAL UNITS1 FA%ION$ MORE OR LESS ON A :IM DEP5D+ ON GEOGRAPHY1 LANGUAGE1 & GOV]NM5TS4 ,?US BLOAT$1 ! HOMEL& IS MORE >TIFICIAL1 BUT C]TA9LY NO MORE JU/IFIABLE ?AN ! COMMUNAL HOMEL&4 

,?OSE WI%+ TO RECONCILE ! NOTION ( HOMEL& ) ! COMPREH5SIVELY HUMAN \TLOOK ?AT HAS BEGUN TO PREVAIL 9 SCI5CE1 SAY ?AT ! HOMEL& IS ! L9K BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & HUMANITY & IS NE$$ = ! DIVISION ( LABOR AMONG M54 ,RA!R1 PATRIOTISM IS A S]I\S IMP$IM5T TO BRO!RHOOD AMONG M5 & FLIES 9 ! FACE ( A RATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR BE+ APPLI$ ACROSS ! FULL RANGE ( SOIL & CLIMATE CONDITIONS >\ND ! GLOBE4 ,WORK 9 ! WORLD MU/ BE DIVID$ UP ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ! SOIL & CLIMATE1 ! EASE ( COMMUNICATIONS & \TLOOKS ( M51 & SU* DIVISIONS DO NOT CO9CIDE ) ! POLITICAL & NATIONAL DIVISIONS ?AT HOMEL&S REPRES5T4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR %\LD V>Y 9 ACCORDANCE ) FRE% DISCOV]IES1 NEW ROADS1 NEW PRODUCTION PROCESSES1 NEW CONSUM] NE$S1 :]EAS ! HOMEL& REMA9S OR %\LD REMA9 RELATIVELY /UCK BETWE5 ! HILLS & SEAS M>K+ ITS B\ND>IES4 ,DIVISION ( LABOR R5D]S ONE C\NTRY MUTUALLY DEP5D5T UPON ANO!R & PATRIOTISM CLAIMS ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL C\NTRY CAN SURVIVE BY ITSELF & = ITSELF1 S9CE1 9 ! EV5T ( W>1 IT NE$S TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE )\T LOOK+ TO ! =EIGN]4 ,DIVISION ( LABOR REQUIRES COMPLETE RECIPROCATION1 & PATRIOTISM1 ( NECESSITY1 >\SES RIVALRY1 S9CE EI!R ! DIVISION 9TO HOMEL&S /AYS AS A M]ELY GEOGRAPHICAL T]M ) NO ADD$ POLITICO-SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 OR M5 WILL ALWAYS BE /RIV+ TO SECURE GREAT] B5EFITS = ! C\NTRIES :]E !Y 5JOY GREAT] RI<TS OR T[>DS :I* !Y FEEL GREAT] AFFECTION4 

,! HOMEL& NOT ONLY DOES NOT BR+ ! 9DIVIDUAL CLOS] TO HUMANITY1 IT DETA*ES HIM FROM IT2 IT IS NOT ! SPONTANE\S AGGLOM]ATION G5]AT$ BY REAL1 P]T95T AFFECTIONS & NE$S1 BUT IS AN AGGREGATION SPAWN$ BY CONDITIONS ?AT NO LONG] OBTA91 ?AT IS FOI/$ UPON MAN FROM HIS V]Y BIR?2 IT IS ! PA/ OPPRESS+ ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL WANTS TO SEE ALL M5 AMALGAMAT$ 9TO ONE HUGE1 ORGANIC :OLE--HUMANITY--SO IT DEPLORES & TRIES TO R5D] IMPOSSIBLE /RIFE BETWE5 PEOPLES4 ,AN ,9T]NATIONALI/1 COMPELL$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO TAKE P>T 9 SU* /RIFE1 IS NOT GUID$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( HIS NATIVE L&1 BUT BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE ( HUMANITY & SIDES ) ?IS OR ?AT CAMP DEP5D+ ON ! EXT5T TO :I* HE RECKONS ?AT ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION1 EMANCIPATION1 & HUMAN PROGRESS WILL BE ADVANC$ OR DISADVANTAG$ BY ITS VICTORY4 

,B,A,C,K,W,>,D ,R,A,C,E,S4 -- ,! SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES EI!R AB&ON ! B>B>\S OR SAVAGE PEOPLES TO !IR [N DEVICES OR MAKE !IR LIVES MIS]ABLE4 

,9 ! VIEW ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE 9CUMB5T UPON ! MO/ ADVANC$ PEOPLES1 ONCE !SE HAVE LIFT$ !MSELVES \T ( POV]TY1 TO BR+ CIVILIZATION TO ! BACKW>D RACES1 DEMON/RAT+ ?R\< !IR ACTIONS ?AT !Y >E ! LATT]'S FRI5DS & MAK+ !M TA/E ! B5EFITS ( WORK1 AFFLU5CE1 & FRE$OM4 ,& SU* A DUTY IS ALSO SELF-9T]E/ S9CE1 DUE TO ! B>B>\S CIRCUM/ANCES ( SO MANY /RA9S ( HUMANITY1 A BOTTOMLESS WELL ( LAT5T TAL5TS1 :I* MAY WELL BE DIFF]5T FROM \R [N & :I* MI<T 5RI* \R COMMON 9H]ITANCE1 IS LEFT UNTAPP$2 MU* ( ! E>?'S SURFACE REMA9S EFFECTIVELY /]ILE1 & CIVILIZATION IS =EV] ?REAT5$ BY A T]RIFY+ 9VASION ?AT MI<T DRAG IT BACK 9TO B>B>ISM4 

,P,R,O,P,],T,Y4 -- ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 PRIVATE [N]%IP IS TO BE DONE AWAY )1 AS ITS ABOLITION & ?AT ( ALL ALLEG$ RI<TS D]IV+ FROM IT 7RI<TS ( 9H]ITANCE1 ETC47 >E ! PRE-REQUISITE = ! TRIUMPH ( SOLID>ITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,LET US N[ SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ! ORGANIZATIONAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT >E TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRIVATE-[N]%IP SY/EM4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS LONG BE5 COLLECTIVI/2 ?AT IS1 IT WANT$ ! L&1 RAW MAT]IALS1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ MAN USES 9 ! PURSUIT ( HIS ACTIVITIES & PRODUCTION1 TO BE COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 ) EV]YONE 5TITL$ TO ! USE ( !M 9 HIS WORK1 & = ! 5TIRE PRODUCT ( LABOR-- EXCEPT = A QUOTI5T SET ASIDE = G5]AL CO/S--TO BELONG TO ! WORK]1 BE HE ALONE OR 9 P>TN]%IP4 

,H5CE ! =MULA TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS LABORS1 OR1 :I* AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 TO ! WORK] ! 5TIRE PRODUCT ( HIS LABORS2 --LET HIM ?AT WORKS EAT & HIM ?AT DOES NOT WORK NOT EAT1 EXCEPT = ?OSE UNABLE TO WORK1 9 :I* CASE ! 9CAPACITAT$ W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO RECEIVE FROM SOCIETY ! MEANS TO SATISFY !IR EV]Y NE$4 

,BUT COLLECTIVISM IS OP5 TO MANY S]I\S OBJECTIONS4 

,IT IS1 9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 :OLLY BAS$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! VALUE ( PRODUCTS BE+ GAUG$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR !Y REQUIRE4 ,N[ ?AT SORT ( DEF9ITION ( VALUE CANNOT POSSIBLY BE DET]M9$ ONCE ONE TRIES TO TAKE ACC\NT NOT ONLY ( ! TIME ELEM5T OR ( SOME O!R \TW>D ATTRIBUTE ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO ! OV]ALL ME*ANICAL & 9TELLECTUAL EF=T IT DEM&S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 JU/ AS V>I\S PAT*ES ( DIRT >E MORE PRODUCTIVE OR LESS PRODUCTIVE1 & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR NOT ALL EQUALLY GOOD1 SO EA* P]SON W\LD TRY TO F9D ! BE/ SOIL OR 9/RUM5TS BY TRY+ TO R$UCE ! WOR? ( ?OSE WORK$ BY O!R PEOPLE1 JU/ AS HE W\LD TRY TO TALK UP ! VALUE ( HIS [N PRODUCTS & D[NPLAY ?OSE ( ! O!RS AS MU* AS HE C\LD4 ,& SO ! DI/RIBUTION ( TOOLS & EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS W\LD W9D UP BE+ CONDUCT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAW ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 :I* W\LD IMPLY A RELAPSE 9TO \T-&-\T COMPETITION1 A REV]SION TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 

,BUT ABOVE ALL ELSE1 COLLECTIVISM IS FLAW$ 9 ITS MORAL F\NDATION4 ,LIKE B\RGEOIS-ISM1 IT IS F\ND$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( /RIFE1 EXCEPT ?AT IT TRIES TO RE/ORE EQUALITY BETWE5 /RIV]S AT ! />T+ PO9T4 ,:]E !RE IS /RIV+1 !RE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE W9N]S & LOS]S1 & :OEV] SCORES ! FIR/ VICTORY GA9S C]TA9 ADVANTAGES ?AT ALMO/ ALWAYS GU>ANTEE HIM FUR!R SUCCESSES4 ,COLLECTIVISM IS IMPOT5T :5 IT COMES TO BR++ AB\T ?AT REVOLUTION1 ?AT ?OR\<GO+ MORAL TRANS=MATION 9 MAN1 FOLL[+ :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL NOT DO & WILL NOT BE WILL+ TO DO SOME?+ ?AT MI<T H>M O!RS1 & !RE=E IT IS UNT5ABLE4 ,IT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*Y2 IT W\LD REQUIRE SOME REGULAT+1 MOD]AT+ AU?ORITY1 :I* MI<T WELL !N BECOME OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE1 & IT W\LD LEAD 9ITIALLY TO CORPORATE [N]%IP & !N1 LAT]1 BACK TO PRIVATE [N]%IP4 

,= !SE REASONS ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS DECID$1 VIRTUALLY UNANIM\SLY1 TO EMBRACE A BROAD]1 MORE CONSI/5T SOLUTION1 ! ONLY ONE ?AT ALL[S = ! COMPREH5SIVE EXPANSION ( ! SOLID>ITY PR9CIPLE3 ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M4 ,EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO EV]YONE1 EV]Y?+ IS EXPLOIT$ = ! B5EFIT ( ALL2 EA* ( US \<T TO DO ON BEHALF ( SOCIETY ALL ?AT HIS RES\RCES ALL[ HIM TO DO1 & EA* IS 5TITL$ TO 9SI/ ?AT SOCIETY MEET ALL ( HIS NE$S1 9S(> AS ! SUM ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL =CES ALL[4 

,BUT IF IT IS TO BE FEASIBLE1 COMMUNISM REQUIRES A HUGE MORAL IMPROVEM5T 9 ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 PLUS A HI<LY DEVELOP$ & DEEP-SEAT$ S5SE ( SOLID>ITY ?AT ! ?RU/ ( REVOLUTION MAY WELL NOT BE 5\< TO BR+ =?1 ESPECIALLY IF1 9 ! E>LY DAYS1 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT 5C\RAGE ITS DEVELOPM5T 7TO WIT1 SU* AN ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCTION ?AT EA* P]SON MAY HAVE HIS NE$S MET 9 FULL )\T DETRIM5T TO O!RS1 PLUS A WORK+ >RANGEM5T SU* AS 5SURES ?AT ?IS IS NOT BURD5SOME7 MAY NOT BE 9 PLACE4 

,SU* CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE REM$I$ ?R\< ! IMM$IATE IMPLEM5TATION ( COMMUNISM ONLY 9 ?OSE >EAS & TO ! EXT5T ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES ALL[1 :ILE COLLECTIVISM IS APPLI$ TO ! RE/1 BUT ONLY ON A TRANSITIONAL BASIS4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES1 AM5D$ BY ! 5?USIASM ( A PEOPLE B5T UPON A NEW WAY ( LIFE & DRIV5 BY ! MI<TY ?RU/ ( REVOLUTION1 COLLECTIVISM IS NOT GO+ TO HAVE TIME TO MAKE ITS DAMAG+ EFFECTS FELT4 ,H[EV]1 LE/ IT !N RELAPSE 9TO B\RGEOIS-ISM1 IT IS GO+ TO HAVE TO MAKE A RAPID EVOLUTION 9 ! DIRECTION ( COMMUNISM4 ,& IT IS H]E ?AT ACTION BY A CONSCI\SLY COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ACTION BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WILL BE ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS GO+ TO HAVE TO LOBBY = COMMUNISM EV]Y:]E1 HI<LI<T+ ! ADVANTAGES DELIV]$ :]EV] IT MAY HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$ & TRY+ TO BR+ UND] COMMON [N]%IP AS MANY ?+S AS IT MAY1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO CALL = COMMUNISM'S IMM$IATE & :OLESALE IMPLEM5TATION 79 ADDITION TO ?OSE >EAS :]E IT ALREADY APPLIES1 SU* AS WAT]1 ORD9>Y /REETS1 LI<T+1 PUBLIC CLEANS+1 ETC47 9 RESPECT ( H\S+1 $UCATION1 C>E ( ! SICK1 ! RE>+ ( *ILDR51 & 9 /APLE FOOD/UFFS1 & !N EXT5D IT GRADUALLY 9TO EV]Y SPH]E ( PRODUCTION4 

,W,O,R,K4 -- ,WORK1 AS IT IS ! PRIM>Y NECESSITY ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 IS ALSO M5'S FIR/ DUTY4 ,IT IS TO BE REGULAT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NE$S ?AT >E TO BE SATISFI$ & ! RES\RCES AVAILABLE & IS TO BE MADE AS COM=TABLE & AS ATTRACTIVE AS POSSIBLE & %>$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO 9TRODUCE AS MU* H>MONY AS POSSIBLE BETWE5 SOCIAL USEFULNESS & P]SONAL 9CL9ATIONS & PREF]5CES--TO ! EXT5T :]E SU* WORK MAY NO LONG] BE ! SATISFACTION ( ! PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$ TO BE ACTIVE & EX]CISE ! ORGANS4 ,ALL USEFUL LABOR IS EQUALLY NOBLE & 5TITLES ! LABOR] TO HAVE HIS NE$S MET4 ,BRA9WORK1 ! GREATE/ DELI<T ( MAN & ! ?+ ?AT ELEVATES HIM SO MU* HI<] ?AN HIS NATURAL SURR\ND+S1 \<T NOT TO BE ! PRIVILEGE ( A CA/E4 ,EV]YONE HAS BRAWN AS WELL AS BRA91 & ALL %\LD LABOR ) BRA9 & BRAWN ALIKE2 & SOCIETY MU/ SEE TO IT ?AT EV]YONE HAS ! OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP & EX]CISE ALL !IR FACULTIES4 

,ONCE MANUAL LABOR IS NO LONG] LIKE A *A91 TO :I* ! MASSES >E B\ND1 & NO LONG] OPPRESS$ & SCORN$1 C>E WILL BE TAK5 TO SIMPLIFY ITS PROCESSES1 NOT1 AS IS PRES5TLY ! CASE1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BUT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR] HIMSELF4 ,! USAGE ( ALL TOOLS CAN BE BROK5 D[N TO A FEW BASIC PR9CIPLES1 & A SMALL NUMB] ( APPROA*ES1 :]EBY A MAN WILL EASILY LE>N TO TURN HIS H& TO A V>IETY ( TRADES2 MA*9ES & SCI5TIFIC PROCESSES WILL DO AWAY ) OR IMPROVE UNHEAL?Y1 REPUGNANT1 & ON]\S TRADES2 & SO1 GIV5 ! VA/ SPECTRUM ( HUMAN \TLOOKS & PREF]5CES1 IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT EA* >EA ( PRODUCTION WILL BE WILL+LY PURSU$ BY :OEV] HAS A NATURAL PR$ISPOSITION T[>DS IT4 

,/ILL1 LET US SUPPOSE ?AT !RE WILL BE SOME TASKS NOT SUSCEPTIBLE TO EF=TS TO 9TRODUCE IMPROVEM5TS & TO :I* NOBODY WILL FEEL ?AT !Y >E 0CALL$40 ,WELL1 IF ?OSE JOBS >E G5U9ELY USEFUL & ! B5EFITS !Y BR+ MAKE UP = ! ON]\SNESS 9 ! DO+ ( !M1 & IF !RE IS NO ONE PREP>$ TO TAKE !M ON1 ON ! BASIS ( EI!R PR$ISPOSITION OR SELF-SACRIFICE1 !N EV]YBODY WILL TAKE !M ON2 EV]YONE CAN TAKE HIS TURN AT !M1 BY MEANS EI!R ( SOME SORT ( CONSCRIPT LABOR1 OR H[EV] IT MAY BE DECID$1 BUT ?OSE JOBS WILL BE DONE BY US ALL4 

,ONCE WORK IS PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ & P]=M$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL1 ONCE ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY HAS GR[N & ! IDL] BE5 EXPOS$ TO PUBLIC DISAPPROVAL1 !RE WILL BE NONE :O REFUSE TO WORK1 EXCEPT = ! ODD CASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO PA?OLOGY1 :I* WILL UP TO M$ICAL SCI5CE TO TRY TO CURE OR MITIGATE4 

,9 ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION LEAD+ UP TO ! NEW >RANGEM5TS1 REVOLUTION WILL BE AFOOT & WE MU/ COPE AS BE/ WE CAN4 

,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N1 ,C,O,N,S,U,M,P,T,I,O,N1 ,& ,E,X,*,A,N,G,E4 -- ,!SE ?REE T]MS 5CAPSULATE ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE ( SOCIETY & AT PRES5T1 UND] ! PRIVATE [N]%IP SY/EM1 >E REGULAT$ BY ! COMPETITION & PR(IT PR9CIPLE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 BY ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PITT$ AGA9/ ALL HIS FELL[S4 ,AS A RESULT1 PRODUCTION IS 9 DIS>RAY2 !RE IS A GLUT 9 ONE >EA & SC>CITY 9 ANO!R2 L& LIES UNTILL$2 M9ES UNWORK$2 NATURAL OR HUMAN RES\RCES >E FRITT]$ AWAY OR LEFT UNPRODUCTIVE1 MAYBE BECAUSE ! [N] HAS NO SP>E CAPITAL & CANNOT SURVIVE ! COMPETITION OR BECAUSE HE *OOSES A DIFF]5T USE = HIS CAPITAL2 SOPHI/ICATION ( GOODS2 CONT9UAL CRISES ?AT LEAVE ! WORK]S SW++ BETWE5 OV]-WORK & A MURD]\S IDL5ESS2 NO REG>D IS %[N = ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK] & CONSUM]1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS !SE PR(IT ! CAPITALI/2 & 9CREAS+LY S]I\S /RIFE BETWE5 ! WORK] & ! BOSS4 

,:5 IT COMES TO CONSUMPTION1 !RE IS A DE>? ( ?AT :I* ! GREAT] P>T ( HUMANITY MO/ VITALLY NE$S1 EV5 :5 !RE IS A GLUT ( PRODUCTS4 

,9 EX*ANGE1 !RE IS A VA/ NUMB] ( USELESS 9T]M$I>IES1 FRAUD1 MONOPOLIES1 SPECULATION1 ETC4 

,AT ALL TIMES & FIR/ & =EMO/1 !RE IS SQU&]+ ( EF=T1 TREM5D\S SUFF]+1 NO REG>D = ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ & EV5 ! NOTION ( ! PRIVATE 9T]E/ IS ILL S]V$4 

,SU* IS ! MON/R\SNESS ( ! CURR5T ECONOMIC >RANGEM5T ?AT ABUNDANCE ITSELF BECOMES A CAUSE ( SUFF]+ & ANY IMPROVEM5TS 9 PRODUCTION ME?ODS1 ANY NEW APPLICATION ( MA*9]Y G5]ATES AN UPSURGE 9 MIS]Y4 ,9DE$1 EV]Y NEW MA*9E DEPRIVES A C]TA9 NUMB] ( PEOPLE WORK & ?US ( BREAD1 & A GLUT 9 A GIV5 COMMODITY MAKES ! LABORS ( SOME ( ?OSE :O GET !IR LIVELIHOOD BY PRODUC+ IT PO9TLESS4 ,IF1 SAY1 ,AM]ICA PRODUCES A GLUT ( :EAT & IT IS IMPORT$ 9TO ,EUROPE1 ?AT :EAT--/RANGE TO SAY6--ADDS TO ! FAMI%+ ( ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS1 9 ?AT IT MAKES !IR LABORS R$UNDANT TO ! L&[N]S4 

,9 ! SOCIETY ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 H[EV]1 EV]Y?+ IS REGULAT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) MAN'S NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION WILL BE GOV]N$ BY CONSUM] DEM&2 & EV]Y ADVANCE 9 F>M+ & 9DU/RY W\LD S]VE EI!R TO BOO/ ! AM\NT ( PRODUCTS = ! GOOD ( ALL OR TO R5D] WORK MORE AM5ABLE & TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( H\RS SP5T ON IT DAILY4 ,CONSUMPTION WILL BE FREE = EV]YONE1 ! ONLY RE/RICTION BE+1 %\LD IT APPLY1 %ORTAGES 9 ! SUPPLY ( PRODUCTS2 ?OSE NATURAL OR MAN-MADE ITEMS NOT AVAILABLE 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO CAT] = ALL1 W\LD BE UTILIZ$1 ) COMMON CONS5T1 BY ! SICK OR O!RS :OSE NE$S = !M MI<T BE GREAT]1 OR1 AT WOR/1 ALLOCAT$ BY BALLOT OR BY ROTATION4 ,EX*ANGE WILL BE ! OP]ATION :]EBY GOODS AB\ND+ 9 SOME C\NTRIES >E %IPP$ TO O!RS :]E !Y >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 & 9S(> AS ?IS IS POSSIBLE1 ! MEASURE ( WELL-BE+ 5JOY$ >\ND ! GLOBE WILL BE /&>DIZ$4 

,*,I,L,D,R,54 --,ACCORD+ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 *ILDR5 %\LD BE PLAC$ UND] ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ALL1 & RE>$ & $UCAT$ BY SOCIETY AS ITS %>$ ISSUE SO ?AT !Y CAN BE ASSUR$ ( ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE WELL-BE+ & PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL DEVELOPM5T1 & MADE ! MO/ USEFUL & HAPPIE/ ADULTS POSSIBLE4 

,AS LONG AS ! *ILD IS ( TOO T5D] AN AGE = HIM TO BE ABLE TO LIVE USEFULLY 9 COMMON ) O!RS1 HIS $UCATION %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO HIS MO!R1 AS LONG AS %E CAN BE RELI$ UPON SUFFICI5TLY4 ,AFT] ?AT1 ! *ILD %\LD BE REMOV$1 NOT FROM ! AFFECTIONS & CONTACT1 BUT FROM ! EXCLUSIVE 9FLU5CE ( HIS P>5TS & $UCAT$ BY SOCIETY 9 CONJUNCTION ) O!R *ILDR54 

,9 ANY EV5T1 PREF]5CE MU/ BE GIV5 TO :I*EV] ME?OD EXP]I5CE MAY HAVE %[N BE/ S]VES ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES & SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,F,A,M,I,L,Y4 --,) WOMAN RELEAS$ FROM H] SUBJECTION TO MAN1 :I* WAS ! ORIG9AL ROOT ( ! FAMILY2 ) ! RELIGI\S PREJUDICES ?AT HAVE MISREPRES5T$ ! TRUE NATURE ( SEXUAL RELATIONS1 N[ BANI%$2 ) PRIVATE [N]%IP & ITS CONCOMITANT RI<T ( SUCCESSION ?AT CURR5TLY =MS ! REAL BASIS ( ! FAMILY1 DONE AWAY )2 ) *ILDR51 ! PROTECTION ( :OM IS ! SOLE JU/IFICATION = ! FAMILY AS SU*1 5TRU/$ TO ! C>E ( SOCIETY1 !RE IS NO FUR!R REASON = ! PRES5T FAMILY AS A UNION LEGITIMIZ$ BY SOCIETY & MADE MORE OR LESS 9DISSOLUBLE1 TO EXI/4 ,SEXUAL RELATIONS %\LD BE :OLLY FREE & GOV]N$ SOLELY BY LOVE & FELL[-FEEL+4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL CALLS = ! ABOLITION ( ALL BONDS ?AT CURR5TLY HAMP] FRE$OM 9 LOVE1 BE !SE 5%R9$ 9 LAW OR M]ELY 5=C$ BY CU/OM & SOCIAL CONV5TION1 SO-CALL$4 

,IT WILL !N BE LEFT TO PO/]ITY TO DET]M9E IF EXCLUSIVE & LIFE-LONG SEXUAL RELATIONS >E 9H]5T 9 HUMAN NATURE & 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY USEFUL1 OR RA!R1 AS MANY & V>I$ AS MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL RELATIONS4 

,NO?+ CAN BETT] DET]M9E :AT BE/ SUITS ! NATURES ( MAN & WOMAN ?AN FRE$OM ITSELF4 

,9,/,R,U,C,T,I,O,N ,& ,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N4 --,ACCORD+ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9/RUCTION %\LD BE DELIV]$1 UND] SOCIETY'S RESPONSIBILITY1 TO ALL )\T DI/9CTION & SO ALL ( ! :]E)AL = /UDY & PURSUIT ( ! SCI5CES--E4G4 LIBR>IES1 MUSEUMS1 (FICES & EXP]IM5TAL & RESE>* LABORATORIES1 LECTURES1 ETC4--%\LD BE MADE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE4 ,9/RUCTION %\LD BE COMPREH5SIVE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 DESIGN$ TO H>MONI\SLY DEVELOP EV]Y FACULTY ( M9D & BODY2 IT %\LD BE BO? !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL1 I4E4 %\LD TEA* KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ AS WELL AS PRACTICALITIES1 & %\LD BE POSITIVE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 F\ND$ UPON V]IFI$ FACT4 

,$UCATION1 ( :I* 9/RUCTION IS ! TE*NICAL ASPECT1 %\LD D]IVE NOT ONLY FROM ! S*OOL BUT FROM ! 5TIRE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T & %\LD BE DESIGN$ ABOVE ALL TO DEVELOP ! S5TIM5T ( LOVE & RESPECT = PEOPLE1 TO 5SURE ! SUCCESS ( :I*EV] HABITS & TA/ES BE/ S]VE ! G5]AL GOOD & ELEVATE ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL ASSETS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE LEVEL4 

,C,R,I,M,E,S ,& ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T,S4 --,CRIMES >E L>GELY SOCIAL 9 ORIG92 MO/ (F5D]S >E SU* BECAUSE !Y >E IMPOV]I%$ & IGNORANT1 OR BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 MIS-$UCAT$1 OR1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 BECAUSE !Y CANNOT F9D AN OPPORTUNITY )9 SOCIETY TO DEPLOY !IR RES\RCES & SATISFY !IR NE$S O!R ?AN BY TRESPASS AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( O!RS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LOTS ( ACTIONS HELD CRIM9AL TODAY >E SO ONLY BECAUSE !Y (F5D AGA9/ ! PRIVILEGES ( ?OSE :O HAVE MADE OR DO MAKE ! LAWS1 OR BECAUSE !Y RUN C\NT] TO E/ABLI%$ PREJUDICES4 

,ONCE SOCIETY IS SO >RANG$ ?AT ! FRE$OM & WELL-BE+ ( ONE IS COMPLEM5T$ BY ! FRE$OM & WELL-BE+ ( ANO!R1 ONCE WORK ITSELF TURNS 9TO AN \TLET = ! BODILY NE$ = EX]CISE & ACTIVITY1 ONCE ONE IS LOV$ & RESPECT$ FROM BIR? & S*OOL$ 9 LOVE & RESPECT = O!RS1 !RE WILL BE NO MORE CRIM9ALITY D]IV+ FROM SOCIETY4 ,& EV5 ?OSE (F5SES ?AT SPR\T FROM MORE OR LESS UNEXPLOR$ CAUSES ( COSMIC OR PHYSIOLOGICAL D]IVATION1 WILL1 AS ! SCI5CES MAKE PROGRESS & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IMPROVE & A RATIONAL CURE IS ADM9I/]$ TO ?OSE %[+ ANY SIGNS ( MIS*IEV\S T5D5CIES1 FADE AWAY1 JU/ AS ALL OR NE>LY ALL COMMON SICKNESSES WILL VANI%4 ,BUT LET US ADMIT1 H[EV]1 ?AT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME :O1 = :ATEV] REASON1 HAVE A T5D5CY TO DO EVIL1 TO TRESPASS AGA9/ ! P]SONS ( O!RS1 :O WILL TO LIVE )\T WORK+1 ETC4 ,9 ! LI<T ( SCI5CE1 SU* PEOPLE CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE BECAUSE1 9 REALITY1 !Y >E M]ELY SICK1 & SOCIETY HAS NO RI<T TO PUNI% !M2 IT DOES1 ?\<1 HAVE ! RI<T TO DEF5D ITSELF FROM !M & ! DUTY TO CURE !M4 ,SO IT WILL1 SOMETIMES =CIBLY1 5SURE ?AT ?OSE SICK P]SONS >E D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO H>M & WILL LOOK TO ! CUR+ ( !M AS A MATT] ( URG5CY4 

,TO SUM UP3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS \T TO REPLACE3 ,GOD ) ,S,C,I,5,C,E2 ! ,/ATE ) ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( HUMANITY UPON ! F\NDATIONS ( UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ,A,N,>,*,Y2 ! HOMEL& ) ! ,U,N,I,T,Y ,( ,! ,H,U,M,A,N ,C,O,N,S,O,R,T,I,U,M2 PRIVATE [N]%IP ) ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M2 ! ,FAMILY ) ,L,O,V,E2 ,/RIFE BETWE5 M5 ) ! ,B,A,T,T,L,E ,A,G,A,9,/ ,N,A,T,U,R,E ,O,N ,B,E,H,A,L,F ,( ,! ,H,A,P,P,9,E,S,S ,( ,A,L,L ,H,U,M,A,N ,B,E,+,S4 ,& 9 ORD] TO BR+ ?IS IDEAL AB\T1 IT RECKONS !RE IS NO OPTION BUT ! ,C,O,M,P,L,E,T,E ,& ,S,I,M,U,L,T,A,N,E,\,S ,A,B,O,L,I,T,I,O,N ,( ,P,R,I,V,A,T,E ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y ,& ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,P,[,]1 BY MEANS ( ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N M\NT$ AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T & AGA9/ ! ,P,R,O,P,],T,I,$4 

,! PRIME1 ESS5TIAL OBJECTIVE1 9 ! %ORT T]M1 IS !RE=E3 REVOLUTION4 ,& S9CE ALL WORDS HAVE BE5 %R\D$ ) MISREPRES5TATIONS & S9CE !RE >E ?OSE :O1 :ILE PURPORT+ TO BE REVOLUTION>IES1 HAVE NO DESIRE EV] TO SEE ! REVOLUTION MADE & :O GUILE ! PEOPLE ) EMPTY HOPES & 9EFFECTUAL PALLIATIVES1 WE NE$ TO BE CLE> 9 \R EXPLANATIONS4 ,! REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL PREP>ES & WILL MAKE IS AN >M$1 VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 :AT MI<T BE T]M$ A REC\RSE TO MAT]IAL =CE = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ AN ORD] ?AT IS UPHELD BY MAT]IAL =CE1 & ! REPLACEM5T !RE( BY A BR& NEW ORD] :OSE V]Y RI<T TO EXI/ IS =CIBLY D5I$4 ,ITS WEAPONS >E B&S & B>RICADES1 RIFLES & DYNAMITE1 /EEL & FIRE1 DEPLOY$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( >MIES1 NAVIES1 =TRESSES1 PRISONS1 & ANY?+ ?AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( SOCIALISM'S TRIUMPH & COMPELS ! POOR TO PUT UP ) !IR SORRY CONDITIONS4 

,= M5 ( S5SIBILITY :O HAVE D$ICAT$ !IR 5TIRE LIVES TO ! GOOD ( HUMANITY1 IT IS PA9FUL TO HAVE TO WADE ?R\< BLOOD BE=E !Y CAN REA* ! PROMIS$ L&4 ,PA9FUL1 ESPECIALLY :5 WE KN[ ?AT MAN IS ! PRODUCT ( PHYSIOLOGICAL H]$ITY & ( HIS COSMIC & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 & ?AT AS A RESULT1 PROP]TY [N]S AS SU*1 & ! POLICE & ALL :O WILL BE T>GETS ( ! BL[S ( ! REVOLUTION >E !MSELVES IRRESPONSIBLE VICTIMS ( ! SOCIETY ?AT !Y F\ND AS A SPL5DID F9I%$ PRODUCT4 ,& PA9FUL BECAUSE ?OSE SOLDI]S 5GAG$ DUR+ ! OP5+ SKIRMI% >E VIRTUALLY ALL PROLET>IANS =CIBLY WR5*$ AWAY FROM !IR LABORS & !IR LOV$ ONES &1 AMONG !M1 !RE >E MANY COMRADES ( \RS :O %UDD] AT HAV+ TO DON !IR DESPIS$ UNI=MS4 ,IT IS PA9FUL1 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y4 

,! PRIVILEG$ WILL NEV] WILL+LY SURR5D] !IR PRIVILEGES1 EV5 ?\< SURR5D]+ !M MI<T BE USEFUL & NECESS>Y = !M1 TOO4 ,! :OLE ( HI/ORY IS !RE AS PRO( ( ?IS3 PROGRESS 9 ! DIRECTION ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM HAS NEV] BE5 A*IEV$ )\T REVOLUTION2 ! /RONG HAVE NEV] MADE A CONCESSION TO ! WEAK ?AT WAS NOT WR5*$ FROM !M BY ! M5AC+ COALITION ( ! WEAKL+S4 ,ON ! NI<T ( #d ,AUGU/ #a#g#h#i1 ! ,FR5* NOBLES1 SEEM+LY VOLUNT>ILY BUT ACTUALLY DECEPTIVELY1 SACRIFIC$ !IR SEIGNEURIAL RI<TS4 ,?IS WAS FEASIBLE ONLY BECAUSE ( ! PREC$5T ( ! GREAT FEATS ( #ad ,JULY1 :5 ! PEOPLE HAD DISMANTL$ ! ,BA/ILLE & BECAUSE REVOLT WAS RUMBL+ 9 ,P>IS & 9 ! PROV9CES1 & ! NOBLES1 QUAK+1 HAD A S5SE ( ITS T]RIFY+ 5]GY4 

,NO1 ! PRIVILEG$ WILL NEV] YIELD1 & ! PRES5T /UBBORNNESS ( GOV]NM5TS & ! B\RGEOISIE IS !RE TO PROVE IT4 ,! F]OCI\S REPRESSION ?AT HAS BE5 !IR ANSW] TO EV]Y ATTEMPT FROM ! PROLET>IAT1 ! REACTION>Y FEV] BY :I* ! B\RGEOISIE IS POSSESS$ N[ ?AT SOCIALISM HAS EM]G$ AS A ?REAT1 PLA9LY DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS NO LESS /UPID & NO LESS BRUTAL ?AN ANY PRIVILEG$ CA/E OR CLASS HI/ORY HAS TO %[ US4 

,! USE ( =CE1 ( PHYSICAL =CE1 IS A NECESSITY4 

,GOV]NM5TS HAVE !IR HIREL+S1 SOLDI]S1 CANNONS1 PRISONS & VA/ RES\RCES ) :I* TO C[ & CORRUPT2 PROP]TY-[N]S CONTROL ! LIVELIHOODS ( AN 5TIRE POPULATION1 HAVE ACCESSORIES 9 ! PRIE/S :O /ULTIFY ! MASSES & S*OOL !M 9 SUBJECTION1 & >E *AMPION$ BY GOV]NM5TS :OSE MORAL & MAT]IAL MI<T IS 5TIRELY ORGANIZ$ = !IR B5EFIT4 

,H[ CAN WE HOPE TO DEFEAT !M )\T REC\RSE TO /RONG1 RADICAL MEASURES8 

,IT IS PO9TLESS PLAC+ ONE'S HOPES 9 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 9S(> AS MOD]N /ATES1 ESPECIALLY REPUBLICAN ONES1 CLAIM TO BE F\ND$ UPON ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,EXP]I5CE & LOGIC DICTATE ?AT EXT5D+ ! VOTE TO A FAMI%$1 IGNORANT PEOPLE1 IS NO?+ BUT ANO!R WEAPON 9 ! >S5AL ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ONE ?AT WORKS WOND]FULLY WELL AS A GU>ANTEE AGA9/ REBELLION1 BY P$DL+ TO ! SLAVE ! BELIEF ?AT HE IS ! MA/]4 

,9 ! FACE ( ?IS POSITION1 S5TIM5TALITY IS \T ( PLACE4 ,A *OICE MU/ BE MADE3 WE EI!R ACCEPT ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] ( POV]TY & IGNORANCE = ! VA/ MAJORITY1 ) ITS PRO/ITUTION1 CRIME1 IMPRISONM5T1 W>1 & P]IODICAL UPRIS+S DR[N$ 9 BLOOD2 OR WE EMBRACE REVOLUTION ?AT MI<T CAUSE GREAT BUT FRUITFUL HURTS1 :I* >E A PL$GE ( HAPP9ESS TO COME2 EI!R WE 5DURE AN ORD] ?AT1 9 A S+LE DAY1 CLAIMS MORE VICTIMS ?AN ! <A/LIE/ ( REVOLUTIONS CLAIMS 9 ITS 5TIRE C\RSE2 OR EMBRACE A DISORD] ?AT WILL U%] 9 ! REIGN ( PEACE = MAN4 

,GUID$ BY LOVE = ALL M51 KN[+ ?AT ! BLAME LIES ) 9/ITUTIONS RA!R ?AN P]SONALITIES1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS NEV]!LESS M9DFUL ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS W>F>E & ?AT1 9 W>1 ! OV]RID+ CONSID]ATION IS VICTORY4 ,NOT DRIV5 BY HATR$1 NOT ) V5GEANCE 9 ITS HE>T1 BUT IMPELL$ BY AW>5ESS ( ITS PURPOSE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WANTS 9EXORABLE REVOLUTION2 NOT A /ONE MU/ BE LEFT UPON A /ONE ( ! 9JU/ICES1 CRIME1 & PREJUDICES BY :I* ! WORLD IS OPPRESS$--& ANYONE OR ANY?+ /&+ 9 ! WAY ( ! GREAT WORK ( DEMOLITION MU/ FALL444 OR ELSE ! REVOLUTION WILL FALL6 

,A REVOLUTION ?AT FALT]S IS A REVOLUTION LO/2 & ! ONLY MEANS ( M9IMIZ+ ! BLOOD%$ & DE/RUCTION1 )\T GIV+ UP SUCCESS1 IS TO /RIKE H>D & /RIKE SWIFTLY4 

,BESIDES1 :E!R ! REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE IS ACCEPT$ OR NOT1 REVOLUTIONS HAVE ALWAYS OCCURR$1 & WE %ALL HAVE MORE AS LONG AS SOCIETY IS ROOT$ 9 SLAV]Y & WRET*$NESS = ! GREAT] NUMB]4 ,& BE=E ! C5TRALIZATION ( PROP]TY & ! EXPANSION ( MA*9]Y CAN R$UCE ! MASSES TO A UTT]LY BRUTI% CONDITION & R5D] !M 9CAPABLE ( ! V]Y ?\<T ( REBELL+1 A GREAT SOCIAL W> WILL TAKE PLACE3 EV]Y?+ PORT5DS IT1 & ONE W\LD NE$ TO BE AS BL9D AS A B\RGEOIS NOT TO SEE IT4 ,SO ! ACTUAL POSITION BOILS D[N TO ?IS3 EI!R SOME CONSCI\S1 ORGANIZ$ P>TY WRITES >M$ REVOLUTION 9TO ITS PROGRAM & T>GETS ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( OPPRESS$ HUMANITY1 CONJUR+ UP A CIVILIZATION :]E9 VIOL5CE IS R5D]$ =EV] PO9TLESS & IMPOSSIBLE2 OR ! REVOLUTION WILL BE M\NT$ BY ! ANGRY MASSES ) NO CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ( 5DS & MEANS & DIRECT$ MORE AT P]SONS ?AN ?+S4 ,FROM ?AT WILL ASSUR$LY COME A HUNDR$ TIMES AS MU* BLOOD%$ ?AN IS NECESS>Y2 IT WILL DE/ROY ! BLESS+S ( SCI5CE & CIVILIZATION1 :I* ! MASSES CANNOT APPRECIATE BECAUSE TODAY1 !SE BE+ MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 !Y >E ! 9/RUM5TS ( !IR WRET*$NESS--&1 9 ! WAKE ( <A/LY MASSACRES1 IT WILL ?R[ UP NEW & MORE BRUTAL =MS ( OPPRESSIV5ESS1 MO/ LIKELY FLANK$ BY ! CL]ICAL BACKLA% ?AT IS EV5 N[ BEG9N+ TO ?REAT54 ,GIV5 ! 5ORM\S AM\NT ( HATR$ & RES5TM5T ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS MANAG$ TO RACK UP AGA9/ ITSELF1 GIV5 ! CONDITION ( IGNORANCE & ABJECTION 9 :I* IT HAS HELD ! MASSES1 ONLY A CONSCI\SLY & RESOLUTELY REVOLUTION>Y P>TY CAN 9JECT HUMANITY 9TO ! REVOLUTION & MAKE IT A BR+] ( CIVILIZATION4 

,PRACTICAL ,ACTION 

,HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ! GOAL ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS SET ITSELF1 NAMELY1 UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ?R\< FREELY1 AN>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNISM2 & HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ! NECESSITY = A REVOLUTION *>ACT]IZ$ BY =CIBLE EXPROPRIATION ( PROP]TY [N]S BY MEANS ( ! MASSES' DIRECTLY ASSUM+ POSSESSION ( ALL NATURAL & MAN-MADE WEAL?2 & ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ( ANY =MALLY ACKN[L$G$ AU?ORITY1 WE CAN SUMM>IZE ! PRACTICAL ACTION ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL BR+S TO BE> OR MEANS TO BR+ TO BE> BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! 9SURRECTION4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL TODAY AIMS PRIM>ILY TO SPREAD ITS PR9CIPLES1 SO ?AT !SE BECOME AS WIDELY KN[N & UND]/OOD BY ! PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE1 & SO ?AT ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & VIGOR\S SEGM5TS ( ! PEOPLE MAY CON/ITUTE ?AT P>TY1 ?AT >MY ?AT WILL NOT ONLY HAVE TO NEUTRALIZE ! MAT]IAL MI<T ?AT /&S GU>D OV] ! CURR5T 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT WILL HAVE ! TASK ( 5SUR+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS AU!NTICALLY SOCIALI/ & C>RI$ \T TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL1 RA!R ?AN ( SOME NEW CLASSES OR P>TIES4 ,!Y WILL HAVE TO BE SO ATTUN$ TO ! PURPOSE 9 M9D & ! NECESS>Y MEANS AS IS REQUIR$ TO ORGANIZE VICTORY & GU>D AGA9/ ! BACKLA% ?AT MI<T WELL 5SUE1 DUE EI!R TO VIOL5CE FROM )\T OR DISAFFECTION )94 

,9 QUIET TIMES1 ! MA9 MISSION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9CLUDES DRAW+ ! MASSES' ATT5TION TO ! WRET*$1 UNDES]V$ CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! WORK]S2 AL]T+ !M TO ! UNFAIRNESS ( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS & ! REASONS = IT2 %[+ !M ?AT ONLY COMMON [N]%IP CAN (F] !M A REM$Y & ?AT AS LONG AS PRIVATE PROP]TY 5DURES !RE CAN BE NO HOPE ( ANY S]I\S1 LA/+ IMPROVEM5T1 ?AT1 9/EAD1 POV]TY MU/ 9EVITABLY BECOME EV] MORE WIDESPREAD & ALL :O1 DUE TO EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 MAY F9D !MSELVES BETT] (F1 >E UND] ! CONT9UAL ?REAT ( TUMBL+ 9TO ! COMMON ABYSS2 9/ILL+ 9TO ! PEOPLE ! LIVELY IMPRESSION ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S BELONGS TO ALL1 ESPECIALLY TO ! WORK]S & ?AT ! PROP]TY-[N]S >E ?IEVES & OPPRESSORS :O LIVE (F O!R PEOPLE'S LABORS2 GETT+ IT ACROSS ?AT1 BE IT MON>*I/ OR BE IT REPUBLICAN1 ! ONLY FUNCTION ( GOV]NM5T IS TO PROTECT ! PRIVILEG$ AGA9/ ! CLAIMS ( ! OPPRESS$1 & IT IS ONLY /RONG BECAUSE PEOPLE SUPPORT IT & FURNI% ITS SOLDI]S1 M]C5>IES1 & MONEY2 :IPP+ UP HATR$ ( ! OPPRESSORS1 :E!R !Y OPPRESS BY MEANS ( PROP]TY OR BAYONETS2 9SPIR+ LOVE T[>DS ALL M5 & ! CRAV+ = A FREE & HAPPY EXI/5CE2 DRAW+ 9TO ITS RANKS ALL ?OSE :O HAVE BE/ ABSORB$ ITS PROPAG&A & /& READY TO COMMIT !MSELVES TO ! EMANCIPATION ( !IR BRE?R5 BY BRAV+ P]SECUTION1 IMPRISONM5T1 & DEA?1 :]EV] NECESS>Y2 ORGANIZ+ ! LABOR+ MASSES 9TO TRADES ASSOCIATIONS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( RESI/ANCE & ( ATTACK+ ! BOSSES2 GIV+ PRIORITY AT ALL TIMES TO FE$+ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 

,BUT ! ,9T]NATIONAL DOES NOT LOOK EXCLUSIVELY TO ! LABOR+ CLASSES4 ,AS A CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT & RABIDLY ATTA*$ TO ALL ! PRIVILEGES & ALL ! 9JU/ICES 5%R9$ 9 ! E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS2 BUT !RE IS A FACTION ( IT :I*1 DESPITE ! POISON\S 9FLU5CES ( ITS $UCATION & ITS PRIVILEG$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAS PRES]V$ ITS K9D HE>T & AL]T 9TELLIG5CE4 

,& ! ,9T]NATIONAL LOOKS TO ?IS FRACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS TO BE F\ND MO/LY AMONG ! /UD5T Y\? & SMALL PROPRIETORS1 9DU/RIALI/S1 & BUS9ESSM51 :O >E KNOCK$ AB\T BY COMPETITION & HURTL+ T[>DS EXPROPRIATION & BANKRUPTCY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL SAYS TO !M3 ,SOCIALISM DOES NOT BELONG TO A S+LE CLASS ONLY2 ! L>GE/ & SURE/ NUMB] ( ITS ADVOCATES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! RANKS ( ! WORK]S1 BECAUSE !SE SUFF] MO/ FROM ! CURR5T >RANGEM5T1 BECAUSE1 MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 !Y >E 9 NE$ ( EMANCIPATION & CAN ONLY A*IEVE ?AT ?R\< ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL1 & BECAUSE !Y >E US$ TO TOIL1 :I* IS ! PREEM95T FACTOR 9 CIVILIZATION & MORALITY4 ,BUT SOCIALISM IS /ILL AN ESS5TIALLY HUMAN ?+1 & UND] ITS BANN] !RE IS ROOM = ALL M5 ( FEEL+ :O SEEK WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM = ALL & :O C\LD NOT /OMA* ! SUFF]+ ( O!RS1 AS WELL AS = 9TELLIG5T FOLK :O HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ! TR5D 9 HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION & APPRECIATE ! HUGE1 IMM5SE B5EFITS ?AT ! :OLE ( HUMANITY W\LD D]IVE ONCE1 RA!R ?AN EXP5D+ ! BETT] P>T ( HIS 5]GIES ON W>1 REBELLIONS & REPRESSION1 EV]Y HUMAN BE+ WORKS 9 CONC]T 9 PURSUIT ( WELL-BE+ = ALL4 

,)9 ! RANKS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !RE IS ROOM = ALL :O >E \T TO FI<T ON BEHALF ( ! FUTURE1 ! \TRID]S ( ! BR& NEW CIVILIZATION4 ,NO MATT] :AT CLASS !Y MAY COME FROM1 NOR ! RACE TO :I* !Y BELONG1 NOR ! P>TY OR RELIGION !Y ONCE FOLL[$1 ALL >E BRO!RS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ONCE A CLEAN BREAK HAS BE5 MADE ) ! PA/ & ) ! PRES5T & ! FI<T = HUMAN R$EMPTION RESOLV$ UPON4 

,TODAY AS ON ! DAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL RIGOR\SLY %UNS ALL COMPROMISE & ALL OPPORTUNISM4 

,A P>TY ?AT IS NOT \T TO MASSAGE PETTY P]SONAL AMBITIONS & P>TICUL> 9T]E/S BY BE+ ! VICTOR ( ! H\R1 BUT WANTS TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE IMPACT ON HUMAN PROGRESS1 EV5 ?\< IT LEADS AN EV]YDAY EXI/5CE & AVAILS ( EV]Y OPPORTUNITY ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF1 MU/ NEV] LOSE SI<T ( ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE & MU/ GAUGE ITS EV]Y ACTION ON ?AT BASIS4 

,ALL MEANS >E GOOD & NO WAY %\LD REMA9 UNTRI$1 NO =CE REMA9 IDLE :5 WE >E DEAL+ ) A MISSION AS GR& AS ! ONE ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION HAS TAK5 UPON ITSELF4 ,BUT CLE>LY SU* MEANS HAVE TO FUR!R ! 5D1 & ! PA?WAYS TRI$ %\LD LEAD T[>DS ! AIM AT :I* ONE WI%ES TO >RIVE4 

,! IMM$IATE OBJECT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS A SIMULTANE\S UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES 7) AN EYE TO !IR ABOLITION7 & AGA9/ PROP]TY-[N]S 7) AN EYE TO TAK+ WEAL? UND] COMMON [N]%IP71 & SO IT MU/ SELECT 9 ADVANCE ?OSE MEANS USEFUL 9 ! PREP>ATION ( ! 9SURRECTION & APT TO 5SURE ITS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-PROP]TY T5OR4 

,E,V,],Y,?,+ ,?,A,T ,H,A,/,5,S ,& ,E,A,S,E,S ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,9,S,U,R,R,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,S ,F,9,E2 ,E,V,],Y,?,+ ,?,A,T ,P,O,/,P,O,N,E,S ,I,T ,O,R ,M,A,K,E,S ,I,T ,M,O,R,E ,D,I,F,F,I,C,U,L,T ,O,R ,T,9,K,],S ,) ,I,T,S ,A,N,>,*,I,/-,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,*,>,A,C,T,] ,I,S ,B,A,D2 ?IS IS ! CRIT]ION BY :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS GUID$ 9 ITS ACTIONS4 

,! AGITATIONS ?AT HELP HI<LI<T ! ECONOMIC BASIS TO ! SOCIAL QUE/ION1 ?AT CREATE A GULF BETWE5 PROLET>IANS & ! PROP]TI$1 BETWE5 BOSSES & WORK]S1 ?AT AFFIRM ! RI<TE\SNESS & NECESSITY ( EXPROPRIATION & VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 5JOY ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S SYMPA?Y & SUPPORT4 ,?OSE AGITATIONS1 H[EV]1 ?AT SKIRT ! QUE/ION & TURN AN ESS5TIALLY ECONOMIC ISSUE 9TO A POLITICAL ONE1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ?AT W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION CAN BE RESOLV$ )\T T\*+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS2 ALL AGITATIONS ?AT 5C\RAGE HOPE 9 IMPROVEM5T & EMANCIPATION ?R\< COMPACTS & PEACEFUL RE=MS1 FACE ! OP5 & DET]M9$ HO/ILITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,/RIKES1 RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES1 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS2 BOOKS1 NEWSPAP]S1 TALKS1 /UDY CIRCLES2 BL[S DEALT TO ! AU?ORITIES & ! BOSSES--ALL ( !SE ! ,9T]NATIONAL APPROVES & 5DORSES4 

,DEM&S = & HOPES VE/$ 9 PEACEFUL RE=MS1 ATTEMPTS AT RECONCIL+ PROLET>IANS & B\RGEOIS1 ELECTION CONTE/S1 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY--!SE >E ?+S ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL LOOKS UPON AS H>MFUL1 BECAUSE !Y LULL ! PEOPLE BY EMPTY ILLUSIONS1 >E A DI/RACTION TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & S]VE M]ELY TO (F] A COM=TABLE HAV5 TO FA9T-HE>TS & TRAITORS4 

,ALL ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES >E ! SAME TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! LATT] CONFRONTS !M ALL4 

,& SO1 BY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ALL ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 JUDICIAL1 & PSEUDO-SCI5TIFICALLY MORAL 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 US+ ! SPOK5 & PR9T$ WORD TO SPREAD ! MESSAGE2 5C\RAG+ WORK]S TO B& TOGE!R & RESI/ ! BOSSES2 DRAW+ ATT5TION TO !IR PROGRAM ?R\< AGITATIONS1 ATTEMPT$ UPRIS+S1 & TRIALS2 BY MAK+ USE ( BO? ! GOV]NM5T'S =C$ TOL]ANCE & ITS P]SECUTIONS2 ISSU+ APPEALS TO ! OPPRESS$ MASSES & WELCOM+ ) OP5 >MS ANY DES]T]S FROM ! RANKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O COME TO FI<T ! BATTLE = JU/ICE & CIVILIZATION ALONGSIDE ! PEOPLE--BY ALL !SE MEANS ! ,9T]NATIONAL GETS ON ) ITS ORGANIZ+ & PREP>ES ! =CES ) :I* IT WILL M\NT ITS F9AL ATTACK UPON B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 GAUGES ! 5EMY'S /R5G?1 & CREATES ! CLIMATE ?AT WILL MAKE VICTORY POSSIBLE4 

,!RE IS NO WAY ?AT WE CAN =ESEE H[ ! REVOLUTION WILL COME AB\T4 ,IT MAY BE MADE DIRECTLY BY ! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TAK+ TO ! /REETS1 OR TAK+ TO ! HILLS2 OR IT MAY BE SIR$ BY AN UPRIS+ ( A PEOPLE IRK$ BY MIS]Y & FRU/RATION GALORE2 IT MAY COME ON ! OCCASION ( AN ATTEMPT TO 9/ITUTE A REPUBLIC OR SOME ATTEMPT$ RE/ORATION2 OR FROM A /RIKE ?AT SPREADS & TRIGG]S CLA%ES2 OR BECAUSE ( SOME W>S OR DYNA/IC CRISIS444 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 :E!R ! ,9T]NATIONAL--) ITS [N RES\RCES & ?OSE ( O!R SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS--CONFRONTS ! 5EMY ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE ) SOME LIKELIHOOD ( SUCCESS1 OR :E!R SOME CIRCUM/ANCES OR O!R LEAVE IT DUTY-B\ND TO TAKE TO ! /REETS RI<T AWAY1 AT ?AT PO9T LESS ?AN EV] MU/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL LOSE SI<T ( ITS [N PROGRAM2 LESS ?AN EV] %\LD IT AGREE TO ! COMPROMISES & HORSE-TRAD+ ?AT W\LD TRANSLATE 9TO ITS EF=TS BE+ EXPLOIT$ BY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES4 

,TACIT OR OP5 ALLIANCE ) B\RGEOIS P>TIES UNHAPPY ) ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] MAY HAVE ITS USE :5 IT COMES TO ! MAT]IAL EF=T REQUIR$ TO SMA% ! >MY & POLICE ?AT /&S GU>D OV] ! COMMON FOE1 & !N ONLY IF !RE IS A S]I\S LIKELIHOOD ( NOT BE+ SUBSEQU5TLY OV]:ELM$ BY ]/:ILE ALLIES4 ,BUT ONCE VICTORY HAS BE5 SECUR$ & ! POLITICAL AU?ORITIES & !IR SOLDI]Y HAVE BE5 %OV$ ASIDE1 ! P>TIES :O WE HAVE BE5 FI<T+ ALONGSIDE1 :E!R !Y >E REPUBLICANS OR CL]ICALS1 WILL BE AS MU* \R 5EMIES--9DE$ MORE SO S9CE !Y WILL REPRES5T A CURR5T ?REAT--AS ! LATE GOV]NM5T4 ,& ! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL WAGE W> ON !M TO 5SURE ?AT !Y DO NOT OPPOSE EXPROPRIATION & DO NOT SET !MSELVES UP AS A NEW GOV]NM5T1 :E!R !Y %\LD SEEK TO DO SO OP5LY OR RESORT TO ! ELECTIONS LIE4 

,EV5 :ILE ! FI<T+ IS HAPP5+ ON ! B>RICADES1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL HAVE BE5 5C\RAG+ ! PEOPLE TO TAKE OV] ! MA/]S' H\SES & ?R[ OP5 ! FOOD & MANUFACTUR$ GOODS DEPOTS TO ! PUBLIC1 ) AN EYE TO GETT+ ! MASSES TO 5GAGE ) ! REVOLUTION RI<T FROM ! />T1 AS WELL AS MAK+ ITS SOCIALI/ *>ACT] PLA9 BEYOND QUE/ION4 ,BUT ONCE ! ALL-CONSUM+ WORRIES ( BATTLE >E BEH9D !M--EI!R BECAUSE !Y HAVE GA9$ ! VICTORY OR ?R\< !IR %IFT+ ( ! !AT] ( ! /RUGGLE ELSE:]E--! *IEF CONC]N ( ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 AS WELL AS ( SOCIALI/S 9 ! BROAD] S5SE1 WILL HAVE TO BE GIV+ 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! MASSES TO ASSUME DIRECT1 IMM$IATE POSSESSION--)\T ! NE$ = VOTES1 DECREES1 OR DEBATE--( L&S1 H\S+1 MA*9]Y2 & EV]Y O!R 9/RUM5T ( LABOR2 ! M9ES1 %IPP+1 ! RAILWAYS1 & EV]Y MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION2 FOOD/UFFS & MANUFACTUR$ GOODS--9 %ORT1 ( ANY?+ !RE IS ?AT MI<T PROVE USEFUL TO MAN4 

,! COMMUNES1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ALL :O RESIDE 9 ! SAME H\S+ CLU/]1 PLUS ! CRAFTS & TRADES BODIES1 ?AT IS1 ! GAMUT ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! SAME WORK1 WILL BE ! TWO HUBS >\ND :I* ! REVOLUTION WILL REVOLVE1 ! TWO FACTORS ?AT WILL C>RY \T ! EXPROPRIATION & FROM :I* ! RE-ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 & EX*ANGE WILL RADIATE4 ,!Y WILL BE ! FIR/ REPRES5TATIVES1 ! FIR/ TANGIBLE ELEM5TS ( ! HUMAN SOCIETY1 ?AT WILL ONLY BECOME A LIV+ REALITY :51 AS ! REVOLUTION SPREADS ?R\< AN EV] BROAD] TRADE-TO-TRADE & COMMUNE-TO-COMMUNE AGREEM5T1 A UNITY ( 9T]E/S & A UNITY ( ORGANIZATION IS A*IEV$1 COV]+ ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL--:OSE MEMB]%IP WILL BE MI<TILY 9CREAS$ BY ! ]UPTION ( REVOLUTION & WILL C>RY ON GR[+ AS ! /ORM ( REVOLUTION MAKES HEADWAY AMONG ! MASSES & AWAK5S !IR LAT5T OR DULL$ FACULTIES--WILL RESI/1 BY MEANS ( PROPAG&A & =CE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( GOV]NM5TS & =MAL AU?ORITIES 9T5T UPON US+ ! PEOPLE'S MI<T TO FOI/ !IR [N WI%ES UPON ! PEOPLE4 ,BESIDES1 IT WILL DEPLOY EV]Y IOTA ( ITS 9FLU5CE TO 5C\RAGE & 9SPIRE ALL MANN] ( V5TURES & ACTIVITIES4 

,?OSE ASSETS ?AT MU/ BECOME ! :OLE ( HUMANITY'S COMMON 9H]ITANCE %ALL BE DIRECTLY UND] ! CONTROL ( ?OSE :O >E LOCAT$ )9 !IR REA*--UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMUNE1 IF !Y >E CONSUM] GOODS2 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CORPORATIONS1 :I* OP]ATE !M1 9 ! CASE ( 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 

,! PEASANTS1 :O %ALL BE 5C\RAG$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO F>M]S' CORPORATIONS1 %ALL TAKE POSSESSION ( ! L&4 ,B&+ TOGE!R 9TO CORPORATIONS1 WORK]S PLY+ ! SAME TRADE >E TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! MA*9]Y1 TOOLS1 & PREMISES 9VOLV$ 9 !IR TRADE2 ?US1 SEAM5 WILL TAKE OV] %IPP+1 RAILROAD WORK]S ! RAILWAYS & SO ON4 ,9 ADDITION1 H\S+ ACCOMMODATION %ALL BE OCCUPI$ BY ! COMMUNE'S RESID5TS1 & CONSUM] GOODS GA!R$ 9TO PUBLIC DEPOTS--!IR DI/RIBUTION ORGANIZ$ QUICKLY BY ! MO/ WILL+ & APTE/ VOLUNTE]S4 

,ALL DE$S & ALL MAT]IAL 9DICATORS ( PRIVATE [N]%IP MU/ BE DE/ROY$2 ! PUBLIC DEBT RECORD1 DE/ROY$2 ! L& REGI/RY1 MORTGAGE DE$S1 NOT>IAL RECORDS1 CONTRACTS1 ETC41 ALL DE/ROY$4 ,ALL CONV5TIONAL BONDS >E TO BE ANNULL$ OR DE/ROY$1 & ! SAME GOES = ! CURR5CY & ITS REPLACEM5TS4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 H$GES1 WALLS1 & ALL B\ND>Y M>K]S WILL BE DONE AWAY )1 AS LONG AS !Y >E ( NO USE & ONLY S]VE TO 9DICATE1 DELIMIT1 & PROTECT [N]S' RI<TS4 

,! MA*9]Y & TOOLS ( EA* TRADE WILL1 9S(> AS ?IS IS FEASIBLE1 BE REMOV$ FROM !IR PRES5T SITES & GA!R$ 9TO L>GE WORK%OPS1 ! PURPOSE BE+ TO ]ASE ALL SIGN OR 9DICATION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & TO MAKE A />T1 FROM DAY ONE1 ON ORGANIZ+ WORK ALONG COLLECTIVE L9ES4 

,ALL ?IS ?R\< ! UNFETT]$ & SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( ALL M5 ( GOODWILL1 & ( ALL ! GR\PS & ALL ! COMMITTEES ?AT TAKE ON A TASK & C>RY IT \T ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS & ?OSE ( :OMSOEV] !Y MAY ATTRACT TO !IR SIDE4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ?R\< ! GOOD (FICES ( FREELY SELF-ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEES & GR\PS1 OP]AT+ )\T A M&ATE OR ANY (FICIAL AU?ORIZATION1 /EPS WILL BE TAK5 TO 5SURE ?AT ALL ! CORPORATIONS /EP UP PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY ( BASIC NECESSITIES2 EX*ANGE1 ROADS1 TRA9+1 A PO/AL S]VICE1 C>E ( ! SICK & ( DEP5D5TS WILL BE ORGANIZ$2 & WORK WILL BEG9 ON ! COMPILATION ( /ATI/ICS ?AT WILL PROVIDE ! WORK+ BASIS = ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 S9CE1 RECKON+ ON ! BASIS ( CONSUM] REQUIREM5TS1 ACCUMULAT$ ASSETS1 & PRODUCTION RES\RCES1 ! SWIFT SATISFACTION ( EV]YONE'S NE$S CAN BE 5SUR$ )\T WA/EFULNESS1 IMBALANCE1 OR CRISIS4 

,TO BE SURE1 MANY MI/AKES WILL BE MADE & PROGRESS WILL (T5 BE T5TATIVE4 ,!RE MAY WELL BE 9/ANCES ( ABUSE1 BULLY+1 & UNFAIRNESS1 BUT S9CE !RE IS NO E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY TO 5DORSE ! MI/AKES & DEF5D ! UNFAIRNESS & DEPLOY SOCIETY'S P[]S AGA9/ 9NOVATIONS & PROGRESS1 ! MI/AKES WILL BE CORRECT$ & ! UNFAIRNESS /AMP$ \T ?ANKS TO ! P>TIES ?AT WILL HAVE BE5 ! MAK]S ( ! REVOLUTION & WILL BE LOA! TO SEE ITS \TCOME MISDIRECT$1 & ?ANKS TO ! MASSES ?AT1 HAV+ TA/$ ITS B5EFITS FROM DAY ONE1 WILL ?9K ( ! REVOLUTION AS BE+ !IR V]Y [N & DEF5D IT TO ! BITT] 5D4 

,A V>IETY ( ORGANIZATIONAL >RANGEM5TS WILL BE TRI$ \T3 9 ONE PLACE !RE WILL BE COLLECTIVISM1 9 ANO!R IT WILL BE COMMUNISM1 9 SOME MORE BACKW>D LOCATIONS PROP]TY MAY V]Y WELL BE SPLIT BETWE5 ! COMMUNE RESID5TS1 BUT AT ALL TIMES & ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ! SOCIAL DIM5SION WILL BE A MATT] ( CONC]N TO ALL1 & EV]YBODY WILL BE 5TITL$ TO AN OPPORTUNITY TO BR+ TO BE> UPON COLLECTIVE LIFE AN 9FLU5CE 9 PROPORTION ) !IR CAPACITY4 ,IF REVOLUTION>IES CAN ?W>T ! =MATION ( A GOV]NM5T1 IF !Y MANAGE TO CRU%1 POSSIBLY ?R\< ! USE ( MAT]IAL VIOL5CE1 ANY ATTEMPT TO RESURRECT PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WE CAN RE/ ASSUR$ ?AT1 SURR\ND$ BY ?\S&S ( EXP]IM5TS1 WRANGLES & ATTRITION1 PROGRESS1 AT A GREAT] OR LESS] SPE$1 T[>DS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM WILL BE MADE2 ?AT BE+ ! ONLY >RANGEM5T UND] :I* SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO A*IEVE ! PEACE & WELL-BE+ IT CRAVES4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS TURMOIL1 ?IS UPHEAVAL FROM :I* A NEW WORLD IS TO EM]GE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL HAVE TO ACTIVELY 9VITE1 ELICIT1 & MONITOR4 ,UNLESS !Y >E NOT UP TO !IR MISSION1 IT WILL BE ,9T]NATIONALI/S :O WILL SET ! BOLDE/ EXAMPLES2 IT WILL BE !Y1 9 !IR >M$ B&S1 :O 9VADE ! RECALCITRANT >EAS1 BR++ REVOLUTION TO !M & 5C\RAG+ OR1 SOMETIMES1 C>RY+ \T ! EXPROPRIATION4 ,!Y WILL BE ! ONES TO TAKE ON ! TASK ( PU%+ ! REVOLUTION AS F> AS IT WILL GO1 PREV5T+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & COMMUNICATION FROM BE+ MONOPOLIZ$ BY ?OSE :O OP]ATE !M & GIV+ 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! EV]-WID] F$]ATION ( COMMUNES & CORPORATIONS2 !Y WILL BE ! ONES TO WAT* \T LE/ ANY P>TY MONOPOLIZE P[] OR ATTEMPT A BACKLA%4 

,IT WILL BE *IEFLY UP TO ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S TO HELP SPREAD ! REVOLUTION QUICKLY ?R\< ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 ,TAK+ AS !IR SPR+BO>D ! FIR/ C\NTRY TO REBEL1 !Y WILL S5D EQUIPM5T1 M51 & WEAPONS TO O!R C\NTRIES1 /RIV+ TO 5SURE ?AT ! MASSES FEEL ! CONTAGION ( EXAMPLE & TO 5SURE ?AT GOV]NM5TS1 RA!R ?AN CONTEMPLAT+ 9VASION ( C\NTRIES 9 ! ?ROES ( REVOLUTION1 WILL NOT KN[ :AT TO DO TO ESCAPE ! 5CROA*+ REVOLUTION4 

,! SACR$ BATTALION ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL REMA9 9 ! BREA*1 ALWAYS 9 ! FRONT RANKS ( ! FI<T]S AS LONG AS !RE IS A S+LE 9JU/ICE OR A S+LE P]SON :OSE UNHAPP9ESS CAN BE BLAM$ ON A FELL[ MAN4 

,ORGANIZATION 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS A FREE UNION ( FI<T]S ) A COMMON CAUSE4 

,ITS NAME 9VOKES WORK]S1 & BY 0WORK]0 IS MEANT ANYBODY PLY+ A USEFUL TRADE :O DOES NOT EXPLOIT ANO!R P]SON'S LABORS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WELCOMES ALL :O S9C]ELY (F] TO CONTRIBUTE !IR EF=TS1 BE !Y VICTIMS ( OPPRESSION YE>N+ = R$EMPTION OR DES]T]S FROM ! RUL+ CLASS DEFECT+ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,?US IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S EYES ANYONE :O TOILS AT ! DE/RUCTION ( B\RGEOIS ORD] IS A WORK]1 & 9 A S5SE1 !RE IS SOME TRU? 9 ?AT2 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT SOCIALISM1 ?\< IT IS ! CAUSE ( ALL M51 IS *IEFLY ! CAUSE ( ! WAGE-E>N]S :O SUFF] MO/ UND] ! EXI/+ ORD]2 & ?AT ! REVOLUTION1 :ILE H>NESS+ ALL CONTRIBUTIONS1 LOOKS TO PROLET>IANS ALONE = ITS GU>ANTEES1 9 ?AT !SE CANNOT BE EMANCIPAT$ EXCEPT ?R\< ! A*IEVEM5T ( SOCIAL EQUALITY4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS MADE UP ( MANY LOCAL OR TRADES SOCIETIES1 :I* G5]ALLY ASSUME ! NAME SECTIONS1 BUT :I* IT MI<T PLEASE !IR MEMB]S TO REF] TO AS CIRCLES1 GR\PS1 CORPORATIONS1 ETC4 

,! V>I\S SECTIONS 9 A GIV5 LOCALITY NORMALLY B& TOGE!R 9TO LOCAL F$]ATIONS2 ! SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS FROM ! SAME REGION USUALLY B& TOGE!R 9TO REGIONAL F$]ATIONS & SO ON4 ,EV]Y SECTION IS AT LIB]TY TO MAKE CONNECTIONS & >RANGEM5TS ) :I*EV] SECTIONS IT DEEMS BE/1 REG>DLESS ( GEOGRAPHY4 

,LIAISON BETWE5 ! V>I\S SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS IS MA9TA9$ BY MEANS ( F$]AL COMMISSIONS MADE UP ( REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ BY EA* SECTION OR F$]ATION4 ,SU* DELEGATES WIELD NO P[]S2 !Y >E DUTY-B\ND TO 5ACT ! WI%ES ( !IR M&ATORIES1 TO :OM !Y MU/ ANSW] = ! C>RY+ \T ( ! M&ATE ISSU$ TO !M4 ,!Y >E ELECT$ = A FIX$ T]M1 NORMALLY A %ORT ONE1 & >E LIABLE TO BE RECALL$ AT ANY PO9T4 

,FROM TIME TO TIME1 SUITABLE DELEGATES FROM ! V>I\S SECTIONS MEET 9 PROV9CIAL1 NATIONAL1 OR G5]AL CONGRESSES OR1 9 ! CASE ( SECTIONS MADE UP ( MEMB]S PLY+ ! SAME TRADE1 9 CORPORATIVE CONGRESSES4 ,?OSE CONGRESSES1 MEET+S ( :I* WILL NORMALLY CO9CIDE ) ! EXPIRATION ( ! M&ATE ( ! RELEVANT F$]AL COMMISSIONS 9 ?AT DEP>TM5T1 EVALUATE ! /EW>D%IP ( ! \TGO+ COMMISSION1 APPO9T ! 9COM+ COMMISSION1 DISCUSS NEW IDEAS PRODUC$ BY OR COM+ 9TO ! ,ASSOCIATION1 !REBY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ONGO+ ELABORATION ( ! OV]ALL PROGRAM1 & RESOLVE ON ALL 9T]E/S HELD 9 COMMON BY ! COLLECTIVES REPRES5T$4 ,! RESOLUTIONS1 NOT BE+ CONDUCT$ UND] IMP]ATIVE M&ATES1 >E 9 NO WAY B9D+ UNTIL SU* TIME AS !Y HAVE BE5 APPROV$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES ( ! SECTIONS1 & !N >E B9D+ ONLY UPON ?OSE SECTIONS ?AT 5DORSE !M1 O!R ?AN 9 ! CASE ( SOME SPECIAL COMPACTS & CONV5TIONS4 

,ANY P]SON OR SOCIETY SUBSCRIB+ TO & DEF5D+ ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,ASSOCIATION CAN BE ACCEPT$ 9TO ITS RANKS ON ! RESPONSIBILITY ( :I*EV] SECTION OR F$]ATION DOES ! WELCOM+4 ,P]SONS SEEK+ ADMISSION TO ! ,ASSOCIATION WILL APPLY TO ! SECTION OR TO ONE ( ! SECTIONS 9 !IR LOCALITY4 ,! SOCIETY %ALL =W>D ! APPLICATION TO ! NE>E/ F$]AL COMMISSION1 :I* WILL PASS ! PROPOSAL TO ! SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS 9 ITS JURISDICTION1 OR1 9 ACCORDANCE ) SPECIAL REGULATIONS1 %ALL PROVISIONALLY DECIDE ON ! APPLICATION1 REF]R+ ! MATT] = A F9AL DET]M9ATION TO ! CONGRESS4 

,ANY SUBSCRIB] TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ASSOCIATION LIV+ 9 T[NS :]E !RE IS AS YET NO SECTION 9 EXI/5CE1 CAN BE ADMITT$ TO A SECTION 9 A DIFF]5T T[N OR COMMUNICATE !IR SUPPORT TO ! NE>E/ F$]AL COMMISSION & GIVE A MORAL UND]TAK+ TO FO/] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REGUL> SECTION 9 !IR T[N4 

,:]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS NO PRES5CE 9 A REGION1 ?OSE SUBSCRIB+ TO ITS IDEAS %\LD SEIZE ! 9ITIATIVE & LAUN* A BRAN*1 :I* WILL !N HAVE TO APPLY = ADMISSION & RECOGNITION1 UND] ! RULES1 ?R\< ! F$]AL COMMISSIONS & CONGRESSES4 

,! COMMISSIONS H&LE CORRESPOND5CE & PROVIDE = ALL ( ! ORGANIZATION'S NE$S1 BY MEANS ( ! DUES PAYABLE BY MEMB]S & SECTIONS4 

,NO AU?ORITY EXI/S )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,O!R ?AN 9 REG>D TO ANY P>TICUL> OBLIGATIONS ASSUM$ BY P]SONS & SECTIONS 9 COM+ TOGE!R & F$]AT+ ) ONE ANO!R1 !Y REMA9 UTT]LY AUTONOM\S VIS A VIS ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & >E AT LIB]TY TO PURSUE !IR [N ACTIVITIES ON BEHALF ( ! CAUSE AS !Y DEEM FIT1 AS LONG AS !Y ABIDE /RICTLY BY ! PROGRAM1 DO NOT FALT] 9 !IR DUTY ( SOLID>ITY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BOSSES & GOV]NM5TS1 & DO NOT KN[+LY DO 9JURY TO ! WORK ( ! 5TIRE ASSOCIATION OR SOME BRAN* !RE(4 

,! PROGRAM1 :I* IS ALWAYS UND] DISCUSSION & ALWAYS OP5 TO :ATEV] FUR!R DEBATE OR *ANGES MAY BE REQUIR$ TO KEEP IT UP TO DATE ) SCI5CE & ! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION1 REMA9S B9D+ UPON ALL MEMB]S1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS ESS5TIALS & ALL ?OSE P>TS1 :I*1 IF T9K]$ )1 W\LD 5TAIL A DIFF]5T CURR5T L9E ( PRACTICE4 ,NEW IDEAS RAIS$ = DISCUSSION REG>D+ ! ,ASSOCIATION'S PR9CIPLES & P]=MANCE1 :5 9 CONTRADICTION ) ACCEPT$ PR9CIPLES & PRACTICE & ?AT MAY 5TAIL SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATION1 >E NOT TO AFFECT PRACTICE UNLESS !Y HAVE FIR/ SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ ! DAY )9 ! ,ASSOCIATION & BE5 EMBRAC$1 ON ! DECISION ( ALL SECTIONS1 AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! G5]AL PROGRAM4 ,ANY :O MAY DECIDE ?AT !RE IS NO NE$ = !M TO SACRIFICE !IR [N P>TICUL> VIEWPO9T OR TO WAIT UNTIL !Y W9 9 LAT] DISCUSSIONS1 %\LD QUIT ! ,ASSOCIATION4 

,! FLAG ADOPT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS R$1 FRAM$ 9 BLACK4 

,! /RIFE-TORN CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL EXI/S IMPLY ?AT1 (T51 ITS ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE REGUL>1 ?AT SOMETIMES IT LACKS ALL OR SOME ( ITS F$]AL BODIES1 ?AT CORRESPOND5CE IS SOMETIMES 9T]RUPT$ & ?AT CONGRESSES SOMETIMES CANNOT BE HELD BECAUSE ( ! POLICE OR :ATEV]4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,IF !RE IS NO 9T]NATIONAL F$]AL COMMISSION1 !N ! NATIONAL COMMISSIONS CORRESPOND ) ONE ANO!R DIRECTLY2 IF ! NATIONAL COMMISSIONS >E MISS+1 ! PROV9CIAL ONES H&LE ! CORRESPOND5CE1 & SO ON2 OR IF !Y >E ALL ABS5T1 EA* MEMB] C>RIES ON ) HIS WORK AS BE/ HE CAN1 TOGE!R ) ?OSE COMRADES ) :OM HE CAN MEET1 OR ON HIS [N1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS *ANG$ CIRCUM/ANCES MAKE AN ATTEMPT AT RE-ORGANIZATION POSSIBLE4 

,9 ORD] TO SET A LIMIT TO ! DURATION & DAMAGE DONE BY SU* P]IODS ( DIS-ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL AS TO 9T5SIFY ! FL[ ( IDEAS & FELL[-FEEL+ >\ND ! ASSOCIATION1 ALL SECTIONS & ALL MEMB]S %\LD TRY TO CONNECT & CORRESPOND AS MU* AS !Y CAN ) COMRADES ELSE:]E1 )9 ! B\NDS1 NATURALLY1 ( ! REQUISITE ECONOMY ( EF=T & PRUD5CE4 

.<#a.> ,?IS PREFACE IS PREC$$ BY AN IRONIC DISCLAIM] ADDRESS$ TO ! BO>D ( C5SORS1 :I* WE HAVE OMITT$4 

.<#b.> ,?IS IS ! TEXT ( ! PREAMBLE TO ! PROVISIONAL RULES ADOPT$ AT ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! PREAMBLE1 DRAFT$ BY ,M>X1 CON/ITUT$ ! FUNDAM5TAL DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES ?AT1 AFT] ! SPLIT1 BO? BRAN*ES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD EQUALLY FOLL[4 ,?\< IT IS NOT ,MALATE/A'S TEXT1 WE HAVE PRES]V$ IT = COMPLET5ESS1 S9CE ,MALATE/A MAKES REF]5CE TO IT LAT]4 ,:]E DIFF]5CES >ISE1 WE HAVE ADJU/$ ! TEXT TO REFLECT ,MALATE/A'S V]SION4 

.<#c.> ,! PHRASE AB\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S AIM IS TAK5 FROM ! FIR/ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S PROVISIONAL RULES4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,ME?OD ( ,FRE$OM3 ,AN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A ,READ]1 $IT$ BY ,DAVIDE ,TURCATO1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY4  ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ,PROGRAMMA E ,ORGANIZZAZIONE DELLA ,ASSOCIAZIONE ,9T]NAZIONALE DEI ,LAVORATORI1 ,FLOR5CE1 #a#h#h#d47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhc 3 ,PROGRAM & ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,M>* #b#c1 #bba 3 ,PROGRAM & ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,PROGRAM & ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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