,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i 
,! ,TWILI<T ( ,VANGU>DISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I,I,I -- ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY1 & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 

  
#i -- ,! ,TWILI<T ( ,VANGU>DISM 

  

,REVOLUTION>Y ?9K]S HAVE BE5 DECL>+ ! AGE ( VANGU>DISM OV] = MO/ ( A C5TURY N[4 ,\TSIDE A H&FUL ( T9Y SECT>IAN GR\PS1 IT'S ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS :O S]I\SLY BELIEVE ?AT !IR ROLE %\LD BE TO DET]M9E ! CORRECT HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS ( ! WORLD SITUATION1 SO AS TO LEAD ! MASSES ALONG 9 ! ONE TRUE REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,BUT 7RA!R LIKE ! IDEA ( PROGRESS ITSELF1 TO :I* IT'S OBVI\SLY CONNECT$71 IT SEEMS MU* EASI] TO R5\NCE ! PR9CIPLE ?AN TO %AKE ! ACCOMPANY+ HABITS ( ?\<T4 ,VANGU>DI/1 EV5 SECT>IAN1 ATTITUDES HAVE BECOME SO DEEPLY +RA9$ 9 ACADEMIC RADICALISM IT'S H>D TO SAY :AT IT W\LD MEAN TO ?9K \TSIDE !M4 

,! DEP? ( ! PROBLEM REALLY /RUCK ME :5 ,I FIR/ BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ! CONS5SUS MODES ( DECISION-MAK+ EMPLOY$ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ & AN>*I/-9SPIR$ POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,!SE1 9 TURN1 BORE A LOT ( SIMIL>ITIES TO ! /YLE ( POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+ 9 RURAL ,MADAGASC>1 :]E ,I HAD DONE MY AN?ROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK4 ,!RE'S 5ORM\S V>IATION AMONG DIFF]5T /YLES & =MS ( CONS5SUS1 BUT ONE ?+ ALMO/ ALL ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN V>IANTS HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y >E ORGANIZ$ 9 CONSCI\S OPPOSITION TO ! /YLE ( ORGANIZATION &1 ESPECIALLY1 DEBATE TYPICAL ( ! CLASSICAL SECT>IAN ,M>XI/ GR\P4 ,:]E ! LATT] >E 9V>IABLY ORGANIZ$ >\ND SOME ,MA/] ,!ORETICIAN--:O (F]S A COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ! WORLD SITUATION1 & (T5 ( HUMAN HI/ORY AS A :OLE1 BUT V]Y LITTLE !ORETICAL REFLECTION ON MORE IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION & PRACTICE--AN>*I/-9SPIR$ GR\PS T5D TO OP]ATE ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT NO ONE C\LD1 OR PROBABLY %\LD1 EV] CONV]T ANO!R P]SON COMPLETELY TO ONE'S [N PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES >E WAYS ( MANAG+ DIV]SITY1 &1 !RE=E1 ?AT ONE %\LD CONC5TRATE 9/EAD ON MA9TA9+ EGALIT>IAN PROCESS & ON CONSID]+ IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ( ACTION 9 ! PRES5T4 ,A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL DEBATE1 = 9/ANCE1 IS ?AT ONE IS OBLIG$ TO GIVE O!R P>TICIPANTS ! B5EFIT ( ! D\BT = HONE/Y & GOOD 9T5TIONS1 :ATEV] ELSE ONE MI<T ?9K ( !IR >GUM5TS4 ,9 P>T1 ?IS EM]GES FROM ! /YLE ( DEBATE CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ 5C\RAGES3 :]E VOT+ 5C\RAGES ONE TO R$UCE ONE'S OPPON5TS' POSITIONS TO A HO/ILE C>ICATURE1 OR :ATEV] IT TAKES TO DEFEAT !M1 A CONS5SUS PROCESS IS BUILT ON A PR9CIPLE ( COMPROMISE & CREATIVITY1 :]E ONE IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+ PROPOSALS >\ND UNTIL ONE CAN COME UP ) SOME?+ EV]YONE CAN AT LEA/ LIVE )4 ,!RE=E1 ! 9C5TIVE IS ALWAYS TO PUT ! BE/ POSSIBLE CON/RUCTION ON O!RS' >GUM5TS4 

,ALL ?IS /RUCK A *ORD ) ME BECAUSE IT BR\<T HOME JU/ H[ MU* ORD9>Y 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE--! K9D ( ?+ ,I WAS TRA9$ TO DO AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO1 = EXAMPLE--REALLY DOES RESEMBLE SECT>IAN MODES ( DEBATE4 ,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT HAD MO/ DI/URB$ ME AB\T MY TRA9+ !RE WAS PRECISELY ! WAY WE W]E 5C\RAG$ TO READ O!R !ORI/S' >GUM5TS3 IF !RE W]E TWO WAYS TO READ A S5T5CE1 ONE ( :I* ASSUM$ ! AU?OR HAD AT LEA/ A SMIDG5 ( COMMON S5SE & ! O!R ?AT HE WAS A COMPLETE IDIOT1 ! T5D5CY WAS ALWAYS TO *OOSE ! LATT]4 ,I HAD SOMETIMES WOND]$ H[ ?IS C\LD BE RECONCIL$ ) AN IDEA ?AT 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE WAS1 ON SOME ULTIMATE LEVEL1 A COMMON 5T]PRISE 9 PURSUIT ( TRU?4 ,! SAME GOES = O!R 9TELLECTUAL HABITS3 = EXAMPLE1 C>EFULLY ASSEMBL+ LI/S ( DIFF]5T 0WAYS TO BE WRONG0 7USUALLY 5D+ 9 0ISM0 --SUBJECTIVISM1 EMPIRICISM--ALL MU* LIKE !IR SECT>IAN P>ALLELS3 RE=MISM1 LEFT DEVIATIONISM1 HEGEMONISM7 & BE+ WILL+ TO LI/5 TO PO9TS ( VIEW DIFF]+ FROM ONE'S [N ONLY SO LONG AS IT TOOK TO FIGURE \T :I* V>IETY ( WRONGNESS TO PLUG !M 9TO4 ,COMB9E ?IS ) ! T5D5CY TO TREAT 7(T5 M9OR7 9TELLECTUAL DIFF]5CES NOT ONLY AS TOK5S ( BELONG+ TO SOME IMAG9$ 0ISM0 BUT AS PR(\ND MORAL FLAWS1 ON ! SAME LEVEL AS RACISM OR IMP]IALISM 7& (T51 9 FACT1 P>TAK+ ( !M71 & ONE HAS AN ALMO/ EXACT REPRODUCTION ( ! /YLE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEBATE TYPICAL ( ! MO/ RIDICUL\S VANGU>DI/ SECTS4 

,I /ILL BELIEVE ?AT ! GR[+ PREVAL5CE ( NEW1 & TO MY M9D F> HEAL?I]1 MODES ( DISC\RSE AMONG ACTIVI/S WILL HAVE ITS EFFECTS ON ! ACADEMY1 BUT IT'S H>D TO D5Y ?AT1 SO F>1 ! *ANGE HAS BE5 V]Y SL[ 9 COM+4 

,:Y ,SO ,FEW ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,ACADEMY8 

  

,ONE MI<T >GUE ?IS IS BECAUSE AN>*ISM ITSELF HAS MADE SU* SMALL 9ROADS 9TO ! ACADEMY4 ,AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 AN>*ISM IS GO+ ?R\< A V]ITABLE EXPLOSION 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,AN>*I/ OR AN>*I/-9SPIR$ MOVEM5TS >E GR[+ EV]Y:]E2 AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES--AUTONOMY1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY--HAVE BECOME ! BASIS = ORGANIZ+ )9 ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T & BEYOND4 ,AS ,B>B>A ,EP/E9 HAS REC5TLY PO9T$ \T 7#b#a71 AT LEA/ 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS1 !Y HAVE BY N[ L>GELY TAK5 ! PLACE ,M>XISM HAD 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,!Y COMPRISE ! CORE REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 ! S\RCE ( IDEAS & 9SPIRATION3 EV5 ?OSE :O DO NOT CONSID] !MSELVES AN>*I/S FEEL !Y HAVE TO DEF9E !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO !M4 ,YET ?IS HAS F\ND ALMO/ NO REFLECTION 9 ACADEMIC DISC\RSE4 ,MO/ ACADEMICS SEEM TO HAVE ONLY ! VAGUE/ IDEA :AT AN>*ISM IS EV5 AB\T2 OR DISMISS IT ) ! CRUDE/ /]EOTYPES 70,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION6 ,BUT ISN'T ?AT A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS8074 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--& ,I DON'T ?9K IT'S ALL ?AT DIFF]5T ELSE:]E--!RE >E ?\S&S ( ACADEMIC ,M>XI/S ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 BUT H>DLY ANYONE :O IS WILL+ TO OP5LY CALL H]SELF AN AN>*I/4 

,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS JU/ BECAUSE ! ACADEMY IS BEH9D ! TIMES4 ,M>XISM HAS ALWAYS HAD AN AFF9ITY ) ! ACADEMY ?AT AN>*ISM NEV] WILL4 ,IT WAS1 AFT] ALL WAS 9V5T$ BY A ,PH4,D2 & !RE'S ALWAYS BE5 SOME?+ AB\T ITS SPIRIT :I* FITS ?AT ( ! ACADEMY4 ,AN>*ISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS NEV] REALLY 9V5T$ BY ANYONE4 ,TRUE1 HI/ORIANS USUALLY TREAT IT AS IF IT W]E1 CON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM AS IF IT'S BASICALLY A CREATURE ID5TICAL 9 ITS NATURE TO ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS1 !Y SAY1 CREAT$ BY SPECIFIC N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S1 P]HAPS ,GODW9 OR ,/IRN]1 BUT DEF9ITELY ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK94 ,IT 9SPIR$ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & BECAME 5ME%$ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES4 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 ! ANALOGY IS RA!R /RA9$4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S G5]ALLY CR$IT$ ) 9V5T+ AN>*ISM DIDN'T ?9K ( !MSELVES AS HAV+ 9V5T$ ANY?+ P>TICUL>LY NEW4 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM--SELF-ORGANIZATION1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 MUTUAL AID-->E AS OLD AS HUMANITY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ( ALL =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 9EQUALITY1 OR DOM9ATION 7AN>*ISM LIT]ALLY MEANS 0)\T RUL]S071 EV5 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL !SE =MS >E SOMEH[ RELAT$ & RE9=CE EA* O!R1 WAS H>DLY SOME />TL+LY NEW N9ETE5?-C5TURY DOCTR9E4 ,ONE CAN F9D EVID5CE ( PEOPLE MAK+ SIMIL> >GUM5TS ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 DESPITE ! FACT !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* OP9IONS W]E ! ONES LEA/ LIKELY TO BE WRITT5 D[N4 ,WE >E TALK+ LESS AB\T A BODY ( !ORY ?AN AB\T AN ATTITUDE1 OR P]HAPS A FAI?3 A REJECTION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL RELATION1 A CONFID5CE ?AT C]TA9 O!RS >E A MU* BETT] ONES ON :I* TO BUILD A DEC5T OR HUMANE SOCIETY1 A FAI? ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO DO SO4 

,ONE NE$ ONLY COMP>E ! HI/ORICAL S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM1 & AN>*ISM1 !N1 TO SEE WE >E DEAL+ ) FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,M>XI/ S*OOLS HAVE F\ND]S4 ,JU/ AS ,M>XISM SPRANG FROM ! M9D ( ,M>X1 SO WE HAVE ,L59I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ,TROTSKYITES1 ,GRAMSCIANS1 ,AL?USS]IANS4 ,NOTE H[ ! LI/ />TS ) HEADS ( /ATE & GRADES ALMO/ SEAMLESSLY 9TO ,FR5* PR(ESSORS4 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU ONCE NOT$ ?AT1 IF ! ACADEMIC FIELD IS A GAME 9 :I* S*OL>S /RIVE = DOM9ANCE1 !N Y\ KN[ Y\ HAVE WON :5 O!R S*OL>S />T WOND]+ H[ TO MAKE AN ADJECTIVE \T ( Y\R NAME4 ,IT IS1 PRESUMABLY1 TO PRES]VE ! POSSIBILITY ( W9N+ ! GAME ?AT 9TELLECTUALS 9SI/1 :5 DISCUSS+ EA* O!R1 ON CONT9U+ TO EMPLOY JU/ ! SORT ( ,GREAT ,MAN !ORIES ( HI/ORY !Y W\LD SC(F AT :5 DISCUSS+ JU/ AB\T ANY?+ ELSE4 ,F\CAULT'S IDEAS1 LIKE ,TROTSKY'S1 >E NEV] TREAT$ AS PRIM>ILY ! PRODUCTS ( A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU1 AS SOME?+ EM]G+ FROM 5DLESS CONV]SATIONS & >GUM5TS 9 CAFES1 CLASSROOMS1 B$ROOMS1 & B>B] %OPS1 9VOLV+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ACADEMY 7OR ,P>TY71 BUT ALWAYS AS IF !Y EM]G$ FROM A S+LE MAN'S G5IUS4 ,IT'S NOT QUITE EI!R ?AT ,M>XI/ POLITICS ORGANIZ$ ITSELF LIKE AN ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E OR BECAME A MODEL = H[ RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS OR1 9CREAS+LY1 ALL 9TELLECTUALS1 TREAT$ ONE ANO!R2 RA!R1 ! TWO DEVELOP$ SOME:AT 9 T&EM4 

,S*OOLS ( AN>*ISM1 9 CONTRA/1 EM]GE FROM SOME K9D ( ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE OR =M ( PRACTICE3 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S & ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S1 ,9SURRECTIONI/S & ,PLAT=MI/S1 ,COOP]ATIVI/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 & SO ON4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?OSE FEW ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES ?AT >E NOT NAM$ AFT] 9DIVIDUALS1 LIKE ,AUTONOMISM OR ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM1 >E !MSELVES ! CLOSE/ TO AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*I/S >E DI/+UI%$ BY :AT !Y DO1 & H[ !Y ORGANIZE !MSELVES TO GO AB\T DO+ IT4 ,9DE$1 ?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 :AT AN>*I/S HAVE SP5T MO/ ( !IR TIME ?9K+ & >GU+ AB\T4 ,!Y HAVE NEV] BE5 MU* 9T]E/$ 9 ! K9DS ( BROAD /RATEGIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS ?AT PREOCCUPY ,M>XI/S SU* AS1 0>E ! PEASANTS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS80 7AN>*I/S CONSID] ?IS SOME?+ = ! PEASANTS TO DECIDE7 OR 0:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY =M80 ,RA!R1 !Y T5D TO >GUE AB\T :AT IS ! TRULY DEMOCRATIC WAY TO HOLD A MEET+3 AT :AT PO9T DOES ORGANIZATION /OP BE+ EMP[]+ & />T SQUEL*+ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM8 ,IS 0LEAD]%IP0 NECESS>ILY A BAD ?+8 ,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 !Y DISCUSS ! E?ICS ( OPPOS+ P[]3 ,:AT IS DIRECT ACTION8 ,%\LD ONE CONDEMN SOMEONE :O ASSASS9ATES A HEAD ( /ATE8 ,:5 IS IT OKAY TO BREAK A W9D[8 

,ONE MI<T SUM IT UP LIKE ?IS3  

,M>XISM HAS T5D$ TO BE A !ORETICAL OR ANALYTICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4  

,AN>*ISM HAS T5D$ TO BE AN E?ICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4  
  

,N[1 ?IS DOES IMPLY !RE'S A LOT ( POT5TIAL COMPLEM5T>Y BETWE5 ! TWO--& 9DE$ !RE HAS BE53 EV5 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 = ALL HIS 5DLESS BATTLES ) ,M>X OV] PRACTICAL QUE/IONS1 ALSO P]SONALLY TRANSLAT$ ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,ONE C\LD EASILY IMAG9E A SY/EMATIC DIVISION ( LABOR 9 :I* ,M>XI/S CRITIQUE ! POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BUT /AY \T ( ORGANIZ+1 & AN>*I/S H&LE ! DAY-TO-DAY ORGANIZ+1 BUT DEF] TO ,M>XI/S ON QUE/IONS ( AB/RACT !ORY2 I4E41 9 :I* ! ,M>XI/S EXPLA9 :Y ! ECONOMIC CRA% 9 ,>G5T9A OCCURR$ & ! AN>*I/S DEAL ) :AT TO DO AB\T IT4.<#b#h.> ,BUT SU* IMAG9>Y DIVISIONS ( LABOR ALSO MAKE IT EASI] TO UND]/& :Y !RE >E SO FEW AN>*I/S 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT AN>*ISM DOES NOT L5D ITSELF TO HI< !ORY4 ,IT'S ?AT IT IS PRIM>ILY AN E?ICS ( PRACTICE4 ,IT 9SI/S1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 ?AT ONE'S MEANS MU/ BE CONSONANT ) ONE'S 5DS2 ?AT ONE CANNOT CREATE FRE$OM ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS2 ?AT1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ONE MU/ EMBODY ! SOCIETY ONE WI%ES TO CREATE4 ,?IS DOES NOT SQU>E V]Y WELL ) OP]AT+ )9 UNIV]SITIES ?AT /ILL HAVE AN ESS5TIALLY ,M$IEVAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 PRES5T+ PAP]S AT CONF]5CES 9 EXP5SIVE HOTELS1 & DO+ 9TELLECTUAL BATTLE 9 LANGUAGE NO ONE :O HASN'T SP5T AT LEA/ TWO OR ?REE YE>S 9 GRAD S*OOL W\LD EV] HOPE TO BE ABLE TO UND]/&4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !N1 AN>*ISM W\LD T5D TO GET ONE 9 TR\BLE4 

,ALL ?IS DOES NOT1 ( C\RSE1 MEAN ?AT AN>*I/ !ORY IS IMPOSSIBLE--?\< IT DOES SUGGE/ ?AT A S+LE ,AN>*I/ ,HI< ,!ORY 9 ! /YLE TYPICAL ( UNIV]SITY RADICALISM MI<T BE RA!R A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,ONE C\LD IMAG9E A BODY ( !ORY ?AT PRESUMES1 & 9DE$ VALUES1 A DIV]SITY ( SOMETIMES 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES 9 MU* ! SAME WAY ?AT AN>*I/ DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS DOES1 BUT :I* NONE!LESS ORGANIZES !M >\ND A PRESUMPTION ( %>$ COMMITM5TS4 ,CLE>LY1 IT W\LD ALSO HAVE TO SELF-CONSCI\SLY REJECT ANY TRACE ( VANGU>DISM4 ,?IS1 !N1 LEADS TO AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION3 IF ! ROLE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS IS NOT TO =M AN ELITE ?AT CAN >RIVE AT ! CORRECT /RATEGIC ANALYZES & !N LEAD ! MASSES1 :AT PRECISELY IS IT8 ,?IS IS AN >EA :]E ,I ?9K AN?ROPOLOGY IS P>TICUL>LY WELL-POSITION$ TO HELP4 ,NOT ONLY BECAUSE MO/ ACTUAL1 SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES1 NON-M>KET ECONOMIES1 & O!R RADICAL ALT]NATIVES HAVE BE5 MA9LY /UDI$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! PRACTICE ( E?NOGRAPHY PROVIDES SOME?+ ( A MODEL1 AN 9CIPI5T MODEL1 ( H[ NON-VANGU>DI/ REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE MI<T WORK4 ,E?NOGRAPHY IS AB\T TEAS+ \T ! HIDD5 SYMBOLIC1 MORAL1 OR PRAGMATIC LOGICS ?AT UND]LIE C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL ACTION2 H[ PEOPLE'S HABITS & ACTIONS MAKE S5SE 9 WAYS ?AT !Y >E NOT !MSELVES COMPLETELY AW>E (4 ,ONE OBVI\S ROLE = A RADICAL 9TELLECTUAL IS PRECISELY ?AT3 LOOK+ FIR/ AT ?OSE :O >E CREAT+ VIABLE ALT]NATIVES ON ! GR\ND1 & !N TRY+ TO FIGURE \T :AT ! L>G] IMPLICATIONS ( :AT !Y >E 7ALREADY7 DO+ MI<T BE4 

,A ,V]Y ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ! ,IDEA ( ,VANGU>DISM 

  

,UNTW9+ SOCIAL !ORY FROM VANGU>DI/ HABITS MI<T SEEM A P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT TASK BECAUSE1 HI/ORICALLY1 MOD]N SOCIAL !ORY & ! IDEA ( ! VANGU>D W]E BORN MORE OR LESS TOGE!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SO WAS ! IDEA ( AN >TI/IC AVANT-G>DE 70AVANT-G>DE0 IS1 9 FACT1 SIMPLY ! ,FR5* WORD = VANGU>D71 & ! RELATION BETWE5 ! ?REE MI<T ITSELF SUGGE/ SOME UNEXPECT$ POSSIBILITIES4 

,! T]M 0AVANT-G>DE0 WAS ACTUALLY CO9$ BY ,H5RI DE ,SA9T-,SIMON1 A ,FR5* >I/OCRAT1 POLITICAL VISION>Y1 PAMPHLETE]1 & ACTIVI/ WRIT+ 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS ACTUALLY ONE ( HIS LA/ IDEAS1 ! PRODUCT ( A S]IES ( ESSAYS HE WROTE AT ! V]Y 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,LIKE HIS ONE-TIME SECRET>Y & DISCIPLE 7& LAT] BITT] RIVAL7 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 ,SA9T-,SIMON WAS WRIT+ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION &1 ESS5TIALLY1 WAS ASK+ :AT HAD GONE WRONG3 :Y ! TRANSITION FROM A ,M$IEVAL1 FEUDAL ,CA?OLIC SOCIETY TO A MOD]N1 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRATIC ONE SEEM$ TO BE CREAT+ SU* 5ORM\S VIOL5CE & SOCIAL DISLOCATION4 ,H[ CAN WE DO IT RI<T8 ,AT ! TIME1 ,CA?OLIC & ,ROYALI/ ?9K]S LIKE ,BONALD 7#a#h#f#d7 & DE ,MAI/RE 7#a#h#b#b7 W]E >GU+ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD DESC5D$ 9TO ! ,T]ROR BECAUSE IT HAD DE/ROY$ ! PR9CIPLES ( ORD] & HI]>*Y ( :I* ! ,K+ HAD BE5 M]ELY ! EMBODIM5T4 ,! SOCIAL SY/EM1 !Y >GU$1 HAD BE5 S9CE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES UPHELD ABOVE ALL BY ! ,*UR*1 :I* GAVE EV]YONE ! S5SE ( HAV+ A MEAN+FUL PLACE 9 A S+LE COH]5T SOCIAL ORD]4 ,SA9T- ,SIMON & ,COMTE REJECT$ !IR REACTION>Y CONCLUSIONS--!Y DIDN'T FEEL IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO SIMPLY PLACE ! ,M$IEVAL ,*UR* BACK 9 P[]4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO 9V5T A NEW 9/ITUTION ?AT W\LD PLAY ! SAME ROLE 9 ! WORLD CREAT$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( !IR LIVES1 EA* ACTUALLY 5D$ UP CREAT+ HIS [N RELIGION3 ,SA9T-,SIMON CALL$ HIS ! 0,NEW ,*RI/IANITY0 7#a#h#b#e71 ,COMTE NAM$ HIS ! 0,NEW ,CA?OLICISM0 7#a#h#e#b74 ,9 ! FIR/1 >TI/S W]E TO PLAY ! ROLE ( ! ULTIMATE SPIRITUAL LEAD]S4 ,9 AN IMAG9>Y DIALOGUE ) A SCI5TI/1 ,SA9T-,SIMON HAS AN >TI/ EXPLA9+ ?AT1 9 !IR ROLE ( IMAG9+ POSSIBLE FUTURES & 9SPIR+ ! PUBLIC1 !Y CAN PLAY ! ROLE ( AN 0AVANT-G>DE10 A 0TRULY PRIE/LY FUNCTION0 AS HE PUTS IT4 ,9 HIS IDEAL FUTURE1 >TI/S W\LD HAT* ! IDEAS :I* !Y W\LD !N PASS ON TO ! SCI5TI/S & 9DU/RIALI/S TO PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,SA9T-,SIMON WAS ALSO P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO CONCEIVE ! NOTION ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE3 ONCE IT HAD BECOME CLE> ?AT ! AU?ORITIES W]E OP]AT+ = ! GOOD ( ! PUBLIC1 ONE W\LD NO MORE NE$ =CE TO COMPEL ! PUBLIC TO HE$ !IR ADVICE ?AN ONE NE$$ IT TO COMPEL PATI5TS TO TAKE ! ADVICE ( !IR DOCTORS4 ,GOV]NM5T W\LD PASS AWAY 9TO1 AT MO/1 SOME M9OR POLICE FUNCTIONS4 

,COMTE1 ( C\RSE1 IS MO/ FAM\S AS ! F\ND] ( SOCIOLOGY2 HE 9V5T$ ! T]M TO DESCRIBE :AT HE SAW AS ! MA/]-DISCIPL9E :I* C\LD BO? UND]/& & DIRECT SOCIETY4 ,HE 5D$ UP TAK+ A DIFF]5T1 F> MORE AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA*3 ULTIMATELY PROPOS+ ! REGULATION & CONTROL ( ALMO/ ALL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE ACCORD+ TO SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES1 ) ! ROLE ( HI< PRIE/S 7EFFECTIVELY1 ! VANGU>D1 ?\< HE DID NOT ACTUALLY CALL !M ?IS7 9 HIS ,NEW ,CA?OLICISM BE+ PLAY$ BY ! SOCIOLOGI/S !MSELVES4 

,IT'S A P>TICUL>LY FASC9AT+ OPPOSITION BECAUSE1 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! POSITIONS W]E EFFECTIVELY REV]S$4 ,9/EAD ( ! LEFT-W+ ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS LOOK+ TO >TI/S = LEAD]%IP1 :ILE ! RI<T-W+ ,COMTIANS FANCI$ !MSELVES SCI5TI/S1 WE HAD ! FASCI/ LEAD]S LIKE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I :O IMAG9$ !MSELVES AS GREAT >TI/S 9SPIR+ ! MASSES1 & SCULPT+ SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO !IR GR&IOSE IMAG9+S1 & ! ,M>XI/ VANGU>D :I* CLAIM$ ! ROLE ( SCI5TI/S4 

,AT ANY RATE1 ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS ACTIVELY S\<T TO RECRUIT >TI/S = !IR V>I\S V5TURES1 SALONS1 & UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES3 ?\< !Y QUICKLY RAN 9TO DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE SO MANY )9 0AVANT-G>DE0 >TI/IC CIRCLES PREF]R$ ! MORE AN>*I/IC ,F\RI]I/S &1 LAT]1 ONE OR ANO!R BRAN* ( \TRI<T AN>*I/S4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! NUMB] ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY >TI/S ) AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES IS QUITE /AGG]+1 RANG+ FROM ,PISS>RO TO ,TOL/OY & ,OSC> ,WILDE1 NOT TO M5TION ALMO/ ALL E>LY-TW5TIE?-C5TURY >TI/S :O LAT] BECAME ,COMMUNI/S1 FROM ,MALEVI* TO ,PICASSO4 ,RA!R ?AN A POLITICAL VANGU>D LEAD+ ! WAY TO A FUTURE SOCIETY1 RADICAL >TI/S ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SAW !MSELVES AS EXPLOR+ NEW & LESS ALI5AT$ MODES ( LIFE4 ,! REALLY SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS LESS ! IDEA ( A VANGU>D ?AN ?AT ( BOHEMIA 7A T]M FIR/ CO9$ BY ,BALZAC 9 #a#h#c#h73 M>G9AL COMMUNITIES LIV+ 9 MORE OR LESS VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 SEE+ !MSELVES AS D$ICAT$ TO ! PURSUIT ( CREATIVE1 UNALI5AT$ =MS ( EXP]I5CE1 UNIT$ BY A PR(\ND HATR$ ( B\RGEOIS LIFE & EV]Y?+ IT /OOD =4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 !Y W]E AB\T EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE PROPON5TS ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE0 OR SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y !ORI/S >E ACTUALLY QUITE DIVID$ OV] H[ TO EVALUATE !IR L>G] SIGNIFICANCE4 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU1 = EXAMPLE .<#b.>1 9SI/$ ?AT ! PROMULGATION ( ! IDEA ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE10 F> FROM BE+ DEPOLITICIZ+1 %\LD BE CONSID]$ A SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLI%M5T1 AS WAS ANY ?AT MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% ! AUTONOMY ( ONE P>TICUL> FIELD ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR FROM ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET4 ,COL9 ,CAMPBELL 7#a#i#i#a71 ON ! O!R H&1 >GUES ?AT1 9S(> AS BOHEMIANS ACTUALLY W]E AN AVANT-G>DE1 !Y W]E REALLY ! VANGU>D ( ! M>KET ITSELF1 OR MORE PRECISELY1 ( CONSUM]ISM3 !IR ACTUAL SOCIAL FUNCTION1 MU* ?\< !Y W\LD HAVE LOA!D TO ADMIT IT1 WAS TO EXPLORE NEW =MS ( PLEASURE OR ES!TIC T]RITORY ?AT C\LD BE COMMODIFI$ 9 ! NEXT G5]ATION4.<#b#i.> 

,CAMPBELL ALSO E*OES COMMON WISDOM ?AT BOHEMIA WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9HABIT$ BY ! *ILDR5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O HAD--TEMPOR>ILY1 AT LEA/--REJECT$ !IR FAMILIES' MONEY & PRIVILEGE--& :O1 IF !Y DID NOT DIE Y\NG ( DISSIPATION1 W]E LIKELY TO 5D UP BACK ON ! BO>D ( FA!R'S COMPANY4 ,ONE HE>S ! SAME CLAIM REPEAT$ TO ?IS DAY AB\T ACTIVI/S & REVOLUTION>IES3 MO/ REC5TLY1 AB\T ! 0TRU/-FUND BABIES0 :O SUPPOS$LY DOM9ATE ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 9 ?IS CASE1 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU 7#a#i#i#c7 HAS DONE ! ACTUAL HI/ORICAL RESE>* & DISCOV]$ ?AT1 9 FACT1 A V]Y L>GE P]C5TAGE ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY BOHEMIANS W]E ! *ILDR5 ( PEASANTS4 ,BOHEMIA WAS A CONV]G5CE ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( *ILDR5 ) B\RGEOIS BACKGR\NDS 9 BROAD REJECTION ( !IR P>5TS' VALUES1 & A L>G] NUMB] ( *ILDR5 ( QUITE MODE/ ORIG9S1 (T5 B5EFICI>IES ( NEW PUBLIC $UCATIONAL SY/EMS1 :O DISCOV]$ ?AT SIMPLY ATTA9+ A B\RGEOIS $UCATION WAS NOT 5\< TO ACTUALLY W9 ONESELF MEMB]%IP 9 ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! REM>KABLE ?+ IS ?AT ?IS IS CONSI/5TLY ! DEMOGRAPHIC = VANGU>DI/ REVOLUTION>IES AS WELL3 ONE MI<T ?9K H]E ( ! MEET+ ( ,*\ ,5 ,LAI 7REBELLI\S SON ( ,M&>9S7 & ,MAO ,TSE-,TUNG 7*ILD ( PEASANTS TURN$ S*OOL LIBR>IAN71 OR ,*E ,GUEV>A 7SON ( ,>G5T9E DOCTORS71 & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO 7SON ( MODE/ %OPKEEP]S TURN$ UNEMPLOY$ LAWY]74 ,IT CONT9UES TO BE TRUE ( REVOLUTION>IES & GLOBALIZATION ACTIVI/S TO ?IS DAY4 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! IDEA ( ! POLITICAL VANGU>D WAS US$ V]Y WIDELY & V]Y LOOSELY = ANYONE SE5 AS EXPLOR+ ! PA? TO A FUTURE1 FREE SOCIETY4 ,RADICAL NEWSPAP]S1 = EXAMPLE1 (T5 CALL$ !MSELVES 0! ,AVANT ,G>DE40 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 = 9/ANCE1 WAS A FREQU5T CONTRIBUTOR TO A ,SWISS AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] CALL$ ,L',AVANT ,G>DE 9 ! #a#h#hS1 & !RE W]E P]IODICALS ( ! SAME NAME 7OR !IR LOCAL EQUIVAL5TS7 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 & ,>G5T9A4 ,IT WAS ,M>X1 REALLY1 :O BEGAN TO SIGNIFICANTLY *ANGE ! IDEA BY 9TRODUC+ ! NOTION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W]E ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y CLASS--HE DIDN'T ACTUALLY USE ! T]M 0VANGU>D0--BECAUSE !Y W]E ! MO/ OPPRESS$ OR1 AS HE PUT IT 0NEGAT$0 BY CAPITALISM1 & !RE=E HAD ! LEA/ TO LOSE BY ITS ABOLITION4 ,9 DO+ SO1 HE RUL$ \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT LESS ALI5AT$ 5CLAVES1 :E!R ( >TI/S OR ! SORT ( >TISANS & 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S :O T5D$ TO =M ! BACKBONE ( AN>*ISM1 HAD ANY?+ SIGNIFICANT TO (F]4 ,WE ALL KN[ ! RESULTS4 ,! IDEA ( A VANGU>D P>TY D$ICAT$ TO BO? ORGANIZ+ & PROVID+ AN 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT = ?AT MO/-OPPRESS$ CLASS *OS5 AS ! AG5T ( HI/ORY1 BUT ALSO ACTUALLY SP>K+ ! REVOLUTION ?R\< !IR WILL+NESS TO EMPLOY VIOL5CE1 WAS FIR/ \TL9$ BY ,L59 9 #aib 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE82 IT HAS E*O$ 5DLESSLY1 TO ! PO9T :]E ! ,S,D,S 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS C\LD 5D UP LOCK$ 9 FURI\S DEBATES OV] :E!R ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY1 AS ! LEAD]S ( ITS MO/ OPPRESS$ ELEM5T1 %\LD BE CONSID]$ ! VANGU>D ( ! ,MOVEM5T4 ,ALL ?IS1 9 TURN1 HAD A CURI\S EFFECT ON ! >TI/IC AVANT-G>DE :O 9CREAS+LY />T$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES LIKE VANGU>D P>TIES1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,DADAI/S & ,FUTURI/S1 PUBLI%+ !IR [N MANIFE/OS1 COMMUNIQUES1 PURG+ ONE ANO!R1 & O!RWISE MAK+ !MSELVES 7SOMETIMES QUITE 9T5TIONAL7 P>ODIES ( REVOLUTION>Y SECTS4 7,NOTE1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE GR\PS ALWAYS DEF9$ !MSELVES1 LIKE AN>*I/S1 BY A C]TA9 =M ( PRACTICE RA!R ?AN AFT] SOME H]OIC F\ND]47 ,! ULTIMATE FUSION CAME ) ! ,SURREALI/S & !N1 F9ALLY1 ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* ON ! ONE H& WAS ! MO/ SY/EMATIC 9 TRY+ TO DEVELOP A !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ACCORD+ TO ! SPIRIT ( BOHEMIA1 ?9K+ AB\T :AT IT MI<T ACTUALLY MEAN TO DE/ROY ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 >T & LIFE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ITS [N 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 DISPLAY$ A K9D ( 9SANE SECT>IANISM FULL ( SO MANY SPLITS1 PURGES1 & BITT] D5UNCIATIONS ?AT ,GUY ,DEBORD F9ALLY REM>K$ ?AT ! ONLY LOGICAL CONCLUSION WAS = ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO BE F9ALLY R$UC$ TO TWO MEMB]S1 ONE ( :OM W\LD PURGE ! O!R & !N COMMIT SUICIDE 7:I* IS NOT ALL ?AT F> FROM :AT ACTUALLY 5D$ UP HAPP5+74 

,NON-,ALI5AT$ ,PRODUCTION 

  

,! HI/ORICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 POLITICAL & >TI/IC AVANT-G>DES HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$ AT 5DLESS L5G? ALREADY 7E4G41 ,POGGIOLI #a#i#f#h2 ,BUCK-,MORSS #b2 ,KA/IAFICAS #b#d74 ,= ME1 ?\<1 ! REALLY 9TRIGU+ QUE/IONS IS3 :Y IS IT ?AT >TI/S HAVE SO (T5 BE5 DRAWN TO REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS TO BEG9 )8 ,BECAUSE IT DOES SEEM TO BE ! CASE ?AT1 EV5 9 TIMES & PLACES :5 !RE IS NEXT TO NO O!R CON/ITU5CY = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ! PLACE ONE IS MO/ LIKELY TO F9D ONE IS AMONG >TI/S1 AU?ORS1 & MUSICIANS2 EV5 MORE SO1 9 FACT1 ?AN AMONG PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! ANSW] MU/ HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) ALI5ATION4 ,!RE W\LD APPE> TO BE A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ! EXP]I5CE ( FIR/ IMAG9+ ?+S & !N BR++ !M 9TO BE+ 79DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY7--?AT IS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( C]TA9 =MS ( UNALI5AT$ PRODUCTION--& ! ABILITY TO IMAG9E SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES2 P>TICUL>LY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIETY ITSELF PREMIS$ ON LESS ALI5AT$ =MS ( CREATIVITY4 ,:I* W\LD ALL[ US TO SEE ! HI/ORICAL %IFT BETWE5 SEE+ ! VANGU>D AS ! RELATIVELY UNALI5AT$ >TI/S 7OR P]HAPS 9TELLECTUALS7 TO SEE+ !M AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 0MO/ OPPRESS$0 9 A NEW LI<T4 ,9 FACT1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 REVOLUTION>Y COALITIONS ALWAYS T5D TO CONSI/ ( AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 A SOCIETY'S LEA/ ALI5AT$ & ITS MO/ OPPRESS$4 ,& ?IS IS LESS ELITI/ A =MULATION ?AN IT MI<T S\ND1 BECAUSE IT ALSO SEEMS TO BE ! CASE ?AT ACTUAL REVOLUTIONS T5D TO OCCUR :5 !SE TWO CATEGORIES COME TO OV]LAP4 ,?AT W\LD1 AT ANY RATE1 EXPLA9 :Y IT ALMO/ ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE PEASANTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE--OR ALT]NATELY1 NEWLY PROLET>IANIZ$ =M] PEASANTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE--:O ACTUALLY RISE UP & OV]?R[ CAPITALI/ REGIMES1 & NOT ?OSE 9UR$ TO G5]ATIONS ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,F9ALLY1 ,I SUSPECT ?IS W\LD ALSO HELP EXPLA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES' /RUGGLES 9 ?AT PLANET>Y UPRIS+ USUALLY REF]R$ TO AS ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T3 SU* PEOPLE T5D TO BE SIMULTANE\SLY ! V]Y LEA/ ALI5AT$ & MO/ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ON E>?1 &1 ONCE IT IS TE*NOLOGICALLY POSSIBLE TO 9CLUDE !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y COALITIONS1 IT IS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE ?AT !Y %\LD TAKE A LEAD+ ROLE4 

,! ROLE ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 9 TURN1 LEADS US BACK TO ! ROLE ( E?NOGRAPHY AS A POSSIBLE MODEL = ! W\LD-BE NON-VANGU>DI/ REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL--AS WELL AS SOME ( ITS POT5TIAL PITFALLS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 :AT ,I AM PROPOS+ W\LD ONLY WORK IF IT WAS1 ULTIMATELY1 A =M ( AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY1 COMB9$1 P]HAPS1 ) A C]TA9 UTOPIAN EXTRAPOLATION3 A MATT] ( TEAS+ \T ! TACIT LOGIC OR PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ C]TA9 =MS ( RADICAL PRACTICE1 & !N1 NOT ONLY (F]+ ! ANALYSIS BACK TO ?OSE COMMUNITIES1 BUT US+ !M TO =MULATE NEW VISIONS 70,IF ONE APPLI$ ! SAME PR9CIPLES AS Y\ >E APPLY+ TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TO ECONOMICS1 MI<T IT NOT LOOK SOME?+ LIKE ?IS8074 ,H]E TOO !RE >E SUGGE/IVE P>ALLELS 9 ! HI/ORY ( RADICAL >TI/IC MOVEM5TS1 :I* BECAME MOVEM5TS PRECISELY AS !Y BECAME !IR [N CRITICS 7&1 ( C\RSE1 ! IDEA ( SELF-CRITICISM TOOK ON A V]Y DIFF]5T1 & MORE OM9\S1 TONE )9 ,M>XI/ POLITICS74 ,!RE >E ALSO 9TELLECTUALS ALREADY TRY+ TO DO PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( AUTO-E?NOGRAPHIC WORK 7SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GRAEB] @& ,%UKAITIS #b#g74 ,BUT ,I SAY ALL ?IS NOT SO MU* TO PROVIDE MODELS AS TO OP5 UP A FIELD = DISCUSSION1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BY EMPHASIZ+ ?AT EV5 ! NOTION ( VANGU>DISM ITSELF HAS A F> MORE RI* HI/ORY1 & FULL ( ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES1 ?AN MO/ ( US W\LD EV] BE GIV5 TO EXPECT4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

  
  

,BONALD1 ,L\IS-,GABRIEL-,AMBROISE 

#ahfd ,O,EUVRES COMPLETES DE ,M4 DE ,BONALD4 ,P>IS 3 ,J4,P4 ,MIGNE 

,B\RDIEU1 ,PI]RE 

#aiic ,! ,FIELD ( ,CULTURAL ,PRODUCTION3 ,ESSAYS ON ,>T & ,LIT]ATURE 7,R&AL ,JOHNSON1 $474 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,5GL&3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

#b ,PASCALIAN M$ITATIONS 7,RI*>D ,NICE1 TRANS474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,BUCK-,MORSS1 ,SUSAN 

#b ,DREAMWORLD & ,CATA/ROPHE3 ,! ,PASS+ ( ,MASS ,UTOPIA 9 ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS4 

,CAMPBELL1 ,COL9 

#aihg ,! ,ROMANTIC ,E?IC & ! ,SPIRIT ( ,MOD]N ,CONSUM]ISM4 ,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL4 

,COMTE1 ,AUGU/E 

#aheb ,CATE*ISME ,POSITIVI/E4 \ ,SOMMAIRE ,EXPOSITION DE LA ,RELIGION ,UNIV]SELLE 5 ,ONZE ,5TRETI5S ,SY/EMATIQUES 5TRE UNE ,FEMME ET UN ,PRETRE DE L',HUMANITE4 ,P>IS3 ,*EZ LE ,AUTEUR4 

,EP/E91 ,B>B>A 

#ba 0,AN>*ISM & ! ,ANTI-,GLOBALIZATION ,MOVEM5T40 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW #ec 7#d71 ,SEPTEMB] #b#a3 #a-#a#d4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID & ,/EVPH5 ,%UKAITIS1 $ITORS 

#bg ,CON/ITU5T ,IMAG9ATION3 ,MILITANT ,9VE/IGATION1 ,COLLECTIVE ,RESE>*4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,KATSIAFICAS1 ,GEORGE 

#bd 0,ES!TIC & ,POLITICAL ,AVANT-,G>DES40 ,J\RNAL ( ,ES!TICS @& ,PROTE/ #c4 

,MAI/RE1 ,JOSEPH ,M>IE1 COMTE DE 

#ahbb ,CONSID]ATIONS SUR LA ,FRANCE4 ,P>IS3 ,J4,B4 ,PELAGAUD @& CIE4 

,POGGIOLI1 ,R5ATO 

#aifh ,! ,!ORY ( ! ,AVANT-,G>DE4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,H5RI1 COMTE DE 

#ahbe ,N\VEAU ,*RI/IANISME3 DIALOGUES 5TRE UN CONS]VATEUR ET UN NOVATEUR1 PRIMI] DIALOGUE4 ,P>IS3 ,BOSSANGE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/