,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 
,TURN+ ,MODES ( ,PRODUCTION ,9SIDE ,\T3 ,OR1 ,:Y ,CAPITALISM ,IS ,A ,TRANS=MATION ( ,SLAV]Y 7,%ORT ,V]SION7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

#c -- ,TURN+ ,MODES ( ,PRODUCTION ,9SIDE ,\T3 OR1 ,:Y ,CAPITALISM ,IS ,A ,TRANS=MATION ( ,SLAV]Y 7,%ORT ,V]SION7 

  

,:AT FOLL[S IS REALLY JU/ ! SUMM>Y ( A MU* LONG] >GUM5T ,I HOPE TO DEVELOP ELSE:]E AT GREAT] L5G?4 ,A LOT ( ! ISSUES IT ADDRESSES--! /ATE ( ,M>XI/ !ORY1 ! NOTION ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ,WORLD-,SY/EMS ANALYSIS-->E ONES MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7OR = ?AT MATT]1 MO/ POLITICAL ACTIVI/S7 HAVE COME TO ?9K ( AS TIRESOME & PASSE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K ?AT1 IF WELL EMPLOY$1 !SE CONCEPTS CAN /ILL TELL US NEW & SURPRIS+ ?+S AB\T ! WORLD WE 9HABIT4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT !Y HAV5'T ALWAYS BE5 EMPLOY$ P>TICUL>LY WELL4 

,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE ( ! T]M 0MODE ( PRODUCTION10 :I* 9 ,CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ !ORY1 WAS 9 C]TA9 WAYS !ORETICALLY QUITE UNDEVELOP$4 ,! CONCEPT WAS1 ,I ?9K1 ALWAYS SOME:AT J]RY-BUILT4 ,AS A RESULT1 :5 WORLD-SY/EMS ANALYSIS CAME ALONG & *ANG$ ! FRAME ( REF]5CE1 IT SIMPLY COLLAPS$4 ,ONE MI<T >GUE ?IS WASN'T SU* AN 5TIRELY BAD ?+4 ,P]HAPS NOT4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS NEV] ?AT USEFUL A CONCEPT TO BEG9 )4 ,BUT ! RESULTS ( ITS COLLAPSE W]E QUITE DI/URB+4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY UPON JETTISON+ ! MODES ( PRODUCTION MODEL1 & ) IT1 ! NOTION ?AT SLAV]Y OR FEUDALISM CON/ITUT$ DI/9CT ECONOMIC SY/EMS1 =M]LY DIE-H>D ,M>XI/S BEGAN SEE+ CAPITALISM EV]Y:]E4 ,IT'S ALWAYS /RUCK ME ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ V]Y >BITR>Y AB\T SU* >GUM5TS4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ LIKE ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN ASSEMBLES EVID5CE ?AT ,GREEK & ,ROMAN SLAV]Y %>$ MANY FEATURES 9 COMMON ) :AT WE HAVE COME TO CALL 0CAPITALISM10 ONE C\LD 9T]PRET ?AT TO MEAN ?AT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS REALLY JU/ A V>IATION ( SLAV]Y4 ,BUT IT NEV] SEEMS TO OCCUR TO CONTEMPOR>Y AU?ORS TO MAKE SU* AN >GUM5T4 ,9/EAD ! >GUM5T IS ALWAYS ?AT ANCI5T SLAV]Y1 OR ,M+ POTT]Y PRODUCTION1 OR ,MESOPOTAMIAN TAX F>M+1 WAS REALLY A =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,:5 EV5 ,M>XI/S >E NATURALIZ+ CAPITALISM1 Y\ KN[ !RE'S A S]I\S PROBLEM4 

,9 ?IS ESSAY1 ,I WANT TO GO BACK & SEE :AT MI<T HAVE HAPP5$ HAD S*OL>S TAK5 A RADICALLY DIFF]5T TACK4 ,:AT IF 9/EAD ( ?R[+ \T ! CONCEPT ( 0MODES ( PRODUCTION10 !Y HAD TRI$ TO FIX IT8 ,:AT IF !Y HAD RE-IMAG9$ 0MODES ( PRODUCTION0 NOT AS SIMPLY WAYS 9 :I* PEOPLE PRODUCE & /RUGGLE OV] SOME K9D ( MAT]IAL SURPLUS1 BUT AS1 EQUALLY1 AB\T ! MUTUAL FA%ION+ ( HUMAN BE+S8 ,I AM NOT SAY+ ?AT ?IS IS ! 0CORRECT0 WAY TO USE ! CONCEPT1 OR EV5 ?AT O!RS %\LD NECESS>ILY EMPLOY IT4 ,/ILL1 ! PO9T ( ANY !ORETICAL CONCEPT IS TO ALL[ ONE TO SEE ?+S ONE W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO SEE O!RWISE1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! MOM5T ONE R$EF9ES MODES ( PRODUCTION 9 ?IS WAY1 ALL SORTS ( ?+S LEAP 9TO FOCUS ?AT MI<T HAVE O!RWISE REMA9$ OBSCURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ ?+S AB\T CAPITALISM IS ?AT IT IS ! ONLY MODE ( PRODUCTION TO SY/EMATICALLY DIVIDE HOMES & WORKPLACES4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT ! MAK+ ( PEOPLE & ! MANUFACTURE ( ?+S %\LD PROP]LY OP]ATE BY AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LOGIC 9 PLACES ?AT HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) EA* O!R4 ,9 ?IS1 IT IS ACTUALLY DOES HAVE C]TA9 /RIK+ SIMIL>ITIES ) SLAV]Y1 SO MU* SO1 9 FACT1 ?AT WE C\LD SAY ?AT ONE IS1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 A TRANS=MATION ( ! O!R4 ,:5 WE TALK AB\T 0WAGE SLAV]Y10 !N1 ?IS IS1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 LESS ( A METAPHOR ?AN WE USUALLY ?9K4 ,! G5ETIC L9KS BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SLAV]Y >E ACTUALLY QUITE PR(\ND4 

,OBS]VATION #a3 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 WAS DI/9CTLY UND]-=MULAT$4 

  

,AS O!RS HAVE NOT$ 7E4G41 ,WOLF #a#i#h#b3 #g#e71 ,M>X HIMSELF WAS NEV] P>TICUL>LY RIGOR\S 9 HIS USE ( ! T]M 0MODE ( PRODUCTION40 ,(T51 HE ?REW ! T]M AB\T QUITE CASUALLY1 SPEAK+ NOT ONLY ( ! CAPITALI/ OR FEUDAL MODES ( PRODUCTION1 BUT 0PRIMITIVE10 0PATRI>*AL10 OR 0SLAVONIC0 ONES4 ,IT ONLY BECAME A RIGOR\S !ORETICAL CONCEPT :51 9 ! #a#i#eS1 ,L\IS ,AL?USS] SEIZ$ ON ! T]M AS A WAY ( BREAK+ \T ( ! (FICIAL1 EVOLUTIONI/ MODEL ?AT HAD DOM9AT$ (FICIAL ,M>XISM UP TO HIS DAY--ONE ?AT SAW HI/ORY EV]Y:]E AS PROCE$+1 ME*ANICALLY1 FROM SLAV]Y TO FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM--)\T 5TIRELY ALI5AT+ ! V]Y DOGMATIC ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ( HIS DAY4 

,! RESULT+ =MULATION1 LAT] DEVELOP$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,MEILLASS\X 7#a#i#h#a7 & ,T]RAY 7#a#i#f#i71 OR HI/ORIANS LIKE ,P]RY ,&]SON 7#a#i#g#dA2 #a#i#g#dB71 RUNS SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 

,A MODE ( PRODUCTION 7,MO,P7 IS BORN ( ! RELATION BETWE5 TWO FACTORS3 ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 7,FO,P7 & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7,RO,P74 ,! =M] IS L>GELY CONC]N$ ) FACTORS LIKE ! QUALITY ( L&1 LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGICAL KN[L$GE1 AVAILABILITY ( MA*9]Y1 & SO ON4 ,! LATT] >E M>K$ BY A RELATION BETWE5 TWO CLASSES1 ONE A CLASS ( PRIM>Y PRODUC]S1 ! O!R AN EXPLOIT+ CLASS4 ,! RELATION BETWE5 !M IS EXPLOITATIVE BECAUSE :ILE ! PRIM>Y PRODUC]S DO 9 FACT CREATE 5\< TO REPRODUCE !IR [N LIVES ?R\< !IR LABORS1 & MORE TO SP>E1 ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS DOES NOT1 BUT RA!R LIVES AT LEA/ 9 P>T ON ! SURPLUS EXTRACT$ FROM ! PRIM>Y PRODUC]S4 ,?IS EXTRACTION1 9 TURN1 IS C>RI$ \T ?R\< ONE OR ANO!R =M ( PROP]TY >RANGEM5T3 9 ! CASE ( ! SLAVE MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! EXPLOIT]S DIRECTLY [N ! PRIM>Y PRODUC]S2 9 FEUDALISM1 BO? HAVE COMPLEX RELATIONS TO ! L&1 BUT ! LORDS USE DIRECT JURAL-POLITICAL MEANS TO EXTRACT A SURPLUS2 9 CAPITALISM1 ! EXPLOIT]S [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRIM>Y PRODUC]S >E ?US R$UC$ TO SELL+ !IR LABOR P[]4 ,! /ATE1 9 EA* CASE1 IS ESS5TIALLY AN APP>ATUS ( CO]CION ?AT BACKS UP !SE PROP]TY >RANGEM5TS BY =CE4 

,A SOCIETY1 OR 0SOCIAL =MATION0 AS ! T]M W5T1 R>ELY 9VOLVES JU/ ONE ,MO,P4 ,!RE T5DS TO BE A MIX1 H[EV]1 ONE WILL BE PR$OM9ANT4 ,& ?AT EXPLOIT+ CLASS WILL BE ! RUL+ CLASS1 :I* DOM9ATES ! /ATE4 

,F9ALLY1 ALL ,MO,PS >E ASSUM$ TO BE 9H]5TLY UN/ABLE4 ,[+ TO !IR 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS1 !Y WILL EV5TUALLY DE/ROY !MSELVES & TURN 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4 

,:5 ONE LOOKS AT ACTUAL ANALYZES1 H[EV]1 :AT ONE F9DS IS SLI<TLY DIFF]5T4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! 0=CES ( PRODUCTION0 >E R>ELY MU* 9VOK$4 ,ROMAN SLAV]Y & ,HAITIAN SLAV]Y 9VOLV$ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T CROPS1 CLIMATES1 TE*NOLOGIES1 & SO ON2 BUT NO ONE HAS EV] SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT1 = ?AT REASON1 BO? BE CONSID]$ SLAV]Y4 ,9 FACT1 ! 0=CES0 REALLY ONLY SEEM TO BE !RE AT ALL AS A GE/URE TO C]TA9 PASSAGES 9 ,M>X1 SU* AS HIS FAM\S CLAIM 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY ?AT 0! H&-MILL GIVES Y\ SOCIETY ) ! FEUDAL LORD2 ! /EAM-MILL1 SOCIETY ) ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/0 7#a#h#d#g3 #i#a74 ,SO1 9 EFFECT1 ! ,MO,P WAS JU/ A !ORY ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< :I* SURPLUSES W]E EXTRACT$4 ,SECOND1 IT PROV$ QUITE DIFFICULT TO BREAK \T ( ,M>XISM'S E>LI]1 EVOLUTION>Y1 ,EUROC5TRIC MOLD4 ,CLE>LY1 ! DIVISION BETWE5 SLAV]Y1 FEUDALISM1 & CAPITALISM WAS ORIG9ALLY DESIGN$ TO DESCRIBE CLASS RELATIONS 9 ANCI5T1 M$IEVAL1 & MOD]N ,EUROPE1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,IT WAS NEV] CLE> H[ TO APPLY ! APPROA* TO O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S F\ND IT ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT TO FIGURE \T H[ TO APPLY ! MODEL TO /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 ,:ILE SOME CO9$ PHRASES LIKE ! 0L9EAGE0 OR 0DOME/IC0 MODE ( PRODUCTION1 !Y NEV] QUITE SEEM$ TO FIT4 ,!N !RE WAS ! QUE/ION ( NON-,WE/]N /ATES4 ,M>X'S HAD >GU$ ?AT EMPIRES LIKE ,*9A OR ,MU<AL ,9DIA W]E LOCK$ 9 A TIMELESS 0,ASIATIC0 MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT LACK$ ! 9T]NAL DYNAMISM ( ,WE/]N /ATES2 ASIDE FROM BE+ EXTREMELY CONDESC5D+1 ! WAY HE =MULAT$ ! CONCEPT TURN$ \T TO BE HOPELESSLY CONTRADICTORY 7,&]SON #a#i#g#dB74 ,ATTEMPTS TO CREATE ALT]NATIVES1 LIKE ! 0,AFRICAN ,MO,P0 7,COQU]Y-,VIDROVIT* #a#i#g#h7 NEV] REALLY CAU<T ON4 ,W]E ALL !SE /ATES SIMPLY V>IATIONS ON FEUDALISM1 AS SO MANY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9SI/$8 ,SAMIR ,AM9 7#a#i#g#c2 #a#i#h#e7 TRI$ TO SALVAGE ! SITUATION BY PROPOS+ ?AT PRETTY MU* ALL NON-CAPITALI/ /ATES BE SUBSUM$ 9 A S+LE1 MU* BROAD] CATEGORY1 :I* HE CALL$ ! 0TRIBUT>Y MODE ( PRODUCTION40 ,?IS1 HE SUGGE/$1 W\LD 9CLUDE ANY SY/EM 9 :I* ! SURPLUS WAS EXTRACT$ ?R\< POLITICAL-CO]CIVE MEANS4 ,C5TRALIZ$ /ATES LIKE ,SUNG ,*9A OR ! ,SASSANIAN EMPIRE C\LD BE CONSID]$ HI<LY ORGANIZ$ EXAMPLES2 FEUDALISM1 AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,EUROPE & P]HAPS ,JAPAN1 ONE P>TICUL>LY DISORGANIZ$ V>IANT4 ,9 ,EUROPE & ! ,PEOPLE ,)\T ,HI/ORY 7#a#i#h#b71 ,]IC ,WOLF TOOK ?IS FUR!R1 PROPOS+ ?REE BROAD ,MO,PS3 ! K9%IP MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* 5COMPASS$ ?OSE /ATELESS SOCIETIES :I* W]E ! TRADITIONAL /OMP+-GR\NDS ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S2 ! TRIBUT>Y MODE2 & F9ALLY CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T ! CONCEPTS HAD BECOME SO DIFFUSE ?AT IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO ?9K ( A SOCIAL =MATION AS A COMPLEX MIX ( DIFF]5T MODES ( PRODUCTION1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS EA* NEW /AGE 9CORPORAT$ ! PREVI\S ONES 7I4E41 UND] TRIBUT>Y /ATES !RE WAS /ILL K9%IP1 & UND] CAPITALISM1 /ATE APP>ATUSES ?AT MADE W> & LEVI$ TAXES74 

,OBS]VATION #b3 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 L>GELY DISSOLV$ :5 REMOV$ FROM ! FRAMEWORK ( ! /ATE4 

  

,BACK 9 #a#i#g#d1 :5 ,P]RY ,&]SON S\ND$ ! DEA?-KNELL ( ! 0,ASIATIC MODE10 HE CALL$ = WORK TO CREATE NEW CONCEPTS TO DESCRIBE /ATES LIKE ,9DIA OR ,*9A4 ,ONE MI<T HAVE IMAG9$ ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ANSW]$ BY AN \TP\R+ ( PROPOSALS = NEW MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD1 :AT HAPP5$ WAS ALMO/ EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,! LI/ KEPT GETT+ %ORT]4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 9 ,WOLF1 WE W]E BACK TO EXACTLY ! K9D ( ?REE-P>T EVOLUTION>Y SEQU5CE ,AL?USS] ORIG9ALLY 9V5T$ ! CONCEPT 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE--! MA9 DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT 0SLAV]Y0 HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY 0K9%IP40 ,H[ C\LD ?IS HAPP58 

,WOLF'S BOOK WAS ! FIR/ MAJOR WORK ( AN?ROPOLOGY TO TRY TO COME TO GRIPS ) ! K9D ( ,WORLD-,SY/EMS ANALYSIS BE+ DEVELOP$ BY ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 & O!RS AT ! TIME1 & ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,ONE REASON = ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,MO,P APPROA* WAS ?AT IT WAS ESS5TIALLY A !ORY ( ! /ATE4 ,= ALL ! FANCY T]M9OLOGY1 0SOCIAL =MATIONS0 JU/ AB\T ALWAYS TURN$ \T TO BE K+DOMS OR EMPIRES ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,H5CE ! !ORY WAS ?R[N 9TO A PR(\ND CRISIS :5 ! ,WORLD-,SY/EMS APPROA* COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ ! UNIT ( ANALYSIS4 ,AT FIR/ ?IS WAS NOT 5TIRELY CLE>1 BECAUSE ! >GUM5TS W]E MA9LY AB\T CAPITALISM4 ,PROPON5TS ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION APPROA* 9SI/$ ?AT CAPITALISM FIR/ EM]G$ FROM ! 9T]NAL CLASS DYNAMICS ( 9DIVIDUAL /ATES1 AS WAGE-LABOR RELATIONS GRADUALLY BECAME PR$OM9ANT1 ULTIMATELY LEAD+ TO A PO9T :]E ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD SEIZE CONTROL ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS 7AS 9 ! ,5GLI% OR ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS74 ,WALL]/E9 >GU$ IT EM]G$ 9 ! =M ( A 0CAPITALI/ WORLD-ECONOMY10 A BROAD] SY/EM ( M>KET RELATIONS ?AT CREAT$ AN OV]ALL DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 REGIONS 7DIFF]5TIAT+ A CORE1 P]IPH]Y & SEMI-P]IPH]Y74 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,WORLD-,SY/EMS APPROA*1 :AT W5T ON )9 ANY P>TICUL> 0SOCIETY0--= EXAMPLE1 ! RISE ( WAGE-LABOR--C\LD ONLY BE EXPLA9$ ) REF]5CE TO ?AT L>G] SY/EM4 

,9 PR9CIPLE1 ?IS IS TRUE ( ALL WORLD-SY/EMS--CALL$ ?IS NOT BECAUSE !Y 5COMPASS$ ! 5TIRE GLOBE1 S9CE ONLY CAPITALISM HAS DONE ?AT1 BUT BECAUSE !Y W]E SPH]ES ( REGIONAL 9T]ACTION ?AT W]E1 9 EFFECT1 WORLDS UNTO !MSELVES4 

,! HOLI/IC EMPHASIS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SIMPLY SUB/ITUTE 0WORLD-SY/EM0 = 0SOCIAL =MATION0 & /ILL >GUE ?AT ANY WORLD-SY/EM CONTA9S A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T MODES ( PRODUCTION1 ( :I* ONLY ONE WILL BE DOM9ANT4 ,WORLD-SY/EMS >E ASSUM$ TO BE COH]5T :OLES4 ,AS A RESULT1 0CAPITALISM0 OR 0FEUDALISM0 CAME TO BE SE5 AS OV]ALL MODES ( ORGANIZATION = !SE NEW1 L>G] UNITS4 

,WALL]/E9 ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ ?REE DIFF]5T SORTS ( WORLD-SY/EM1 9 A =MULATION ?AT LOOK$ SUSPICI\SLY LIKE YET ANO!R ( ?OSE ?REE-P>T EVOLUTION>Y SEQU5CES3 0M9I-SY/EMS0 7SELF-SUFFICI5T1 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES71 0WORLD-EMPIRES0 7SU* AS ! ,A*EM5ID OR ,*9ESE71 & 0WORLD-SY/EMS0 L9K$ BY TRADE 7:I* PRIOR TO CAPITALISM1 T5D$ TO EV5TUALLY TRANS=M 9TO EMPIRES1 !N DISSOLVE74 ,9 P>T1 ! CATEGORIES W]E 9SPIR$ BY ! ,HUNG>IAN ECONOMI/ ,K>L ,POLANYI'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?REE MODES ( DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?3 RECIPROCITY 7TYPICAL ( M9I-SY/EMS71 R$I/RIBUTION 7TYPICAL ( EMPIRES71 & ! M>KET 7TYPICAL ( WORLD-SY/EMS74 ,WALL]/E9 WAS C>EFUL TO NOTE ?AT ALL ?IS WAS MEANT AS A M]E FIR/ APPROXIMATION1 TO /& AS A BASIS = RESE>* UNTIL BETT] T]MS W]E F\ND1 SO P]HAPS IT'S NOT RI<T TO MAKE TOO MU* ( !SE T]MS4 ,BUT ONE ?+ /&S \T4 ,EA* WAS DI/+UI%$ NOT BY A =M ( PRODUCTION1 BUT A =M ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,& IT WAS ?IS L>G] ORGANIZATION ( DI/RIBUTION :I* GAVE %APE TO EV]Y?+ ELSE )9 EA* P>TICUL> UNIV]SE4 ,?IS ACTUALLY SUGGE/$ A V]Y DAUNT+ PROJECT ( CULTURAL COMP>ISON1 S9CE ,WALL]/E9 >GU$ ?AT ALMO/ ALL \R FAMILI> CATEGORIES ( ANALYSIS--CLASS1 /ATE1 H\SEHOLD1 & SO ON-->E REALLY ONLY MEAN+FUL )9 ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ WORLD-SY/EM1 !N PRESUMABLY1 5TIRELY NEW T]MS W\LD HAVE TO BE 9V5T$ TO LOOK AT O!R ONES4 ,IF SO1 !N :AT DID DIFF]5T WORLD-SY/EMS HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,:AT WAS ! BASIS = COMP>ISON8 

,SUBSEQU5T DIVISIONS TURN L>GELY ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,ONE S*OOL ( ,WORLD-,SY/EMS !ORI/S--! 0,COMP>ATIVI/S10 :OSE MO/ PROM95T EXPON5TS >E ,*ASE-,DUNN & ,HALL 7#a#i#i#g7--HAVE TRI$ TO REF9E ! T]MS SO AS TO BE ABLE TO DO SO4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !Y HAD TO DIT* ! NOTION ( M9I-SY/EMS 7BASICALLY 0TRIBES071 BY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT EV5 9 ! CASE ( EXTREMELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,W9TU ( ,S\!RN ,CALI=NIA1 !RE W]E ALWAYS REGIONAL SPH]ES ( 9T]ACTION1 0V]Y SMALL WORLD-SY/EMS0 AS !Y CALL !M4 ,!SE SMALL] SY/EMS ?\< SEEM$ TO LACK ! CYCLES ( GR[? & COLLAPSE TYPICAL ( L>G]1 MORE HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS LIKE M>KETS & EMPIRES4 ,L>G] WORLD-SY/EMS1 !Y PROPOS$1 T5D$ TO BE MADE UP ( A COMPLEX S]IES ( OV]LAPP+ NETWORKS4 ,9 ! 5D1 ?\<1 ! OV]ALL ORGANIZATION ( ALL !SE SY/EMS /ILL 5DS UP FALL+ 9TO ,WOLF'S ?REE CATEGORIES3 K9%IP1 TRIBUT>Y1 & CAPITALI/ 7PLUS ONE HYPO!TICAL SOCIALI/ ONE ?AT DOES NOT YET EXI/1 BUT MI<T SOM$AY74 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE ) ,WOLF IS ?AT !Y T5D TO REF] TO !SE1 NOT AS 0MODES ( PRODUCTION10 BUT AS 0MODES ( ACCUMULATION10 :I* !Y DEF9E AS 0! DEEP /RUCTURAL LOGIC ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 EX*ANGE1 & ACCUMULATION0 7#a#i#i#g3 #b#i74 ,?IS SEEMS A REASONABLE *ANGE 9 T]M9OLOGY FROM A WORLD-SY/EMS P]SPECTIVE4 ,BUT IT LAYS B>E JU/ H[ F> ! T]M 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 HAD DRIFT$ FROM ITS SUPPOS$ ORIG9AL FOCUS ON PEOPLE MAK+ ?+S4 

,ONCE ! T]MS ( COMP>ISON HAVE BE5 MADE ?IS BROAD1 IT'S REALLY JU/ A %ORT HOP TO >GU+ ?AT WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) T]MS ( COMP>ISON AT ALL1 BUT DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS ?AT ONE W\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 ANY COMPLEX SOCIAL ORD]4 ,?IS WAS ! MOVE TAK5 BY ! 0,CONT9UATIONI/S40 ,! PROM95T NAMES H]E >E ,&RE ,GUND] ,FRANK & ,B>RY ,GILLS 7,FRANK #a#i#i#c1 #a#i#i#h2 ,FRANK @& ,GILLS #a#i#i#c71 ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN1 & ,KAJSA ,ECKHOLM 7,ECKHOLM & ,FRI$MAN #a#i#h#b2 ,FRI$MAN #a#i#h#b1 #b7--:O >GUE ?AT JU/ AS ANY COMPLEX SOCIETY WILL /ILL HAVE FAMILIES 70K9%IP071 !Y WILL ALSO T5D TO HAVE SOME SORT ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* MEANS TAXES 70TRIBUTE07 & SOME SORT ( M>KET SY/EM 70CAPITALISM074 ,HAV+ DONE SO1 IT'S EASY 5\< TO CONCLUDE ?AT V]Y PROJECT ( COMP>ISON IS PO9TLESS4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS ONLY ONE WORLD SY/EM4 ,IT BEGAN 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ SOME FIVE ?\S& YE>S AGO & FAIRLY QUICKLY CAME TO DOM9ATE ,AFRO-,EURASIA4 ,= ! LA/ C\PLE ?\S& YE>S1 AT LEA/1 ITS C5T] ( GRAVITY HAS BE5 ,*9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GUND] ,FRANK1 ?IS 0,WORLD ,SY/EM0 7NOTE1 NO HYPH5S N[7 HAS SE5 BROAD BUT REGUL> CYCLES ( GR[? & EXPANSION4 ,?IS IS ! BASIS = HIS NOTORI\SLY PROVOCATIVE CLAIM ?AT NOT ONLY WAS ,EUROPE = A LONG TIME A B>B>\S P]IPH]Y TO ! DOM9ANT WORLD SY/EM--9 ITSELF ACTUALLY A FAIRLY UNCONTROV]SIAL OBS]VATION BY N[--BUT ?AT ,EUROPEAN DOM9ANCE 9 REC5T C5TURIES WAS REALLY ONLY ! RESULT ( A SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN ( IMPORT SUB/ITUTION DUR+ A TIME :5 ! RE/ ( ! ,WORLD ,SY/EM WAS 9 ITS P]IODIC D[NSW+1 & ?AT N[ ?AT IT'S TIME = ! BOOM 5D ( ! CYCLE TO REASS]T ITSELF1 ! DOM9ANCE ( 0! ,WE/0 MAY WELL PROVE A M]ELY PASS+ PHASE 9 A V]Y LONG HI/ORY 7,FRANK #a#i#i#h74 

,OBS]VATION #c3 ,! MA9 RESULT ( ! ECLIPSE ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION CONCEPT HAS BE5 A NATURALIZATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS BECOMES P>TICUL>LY EVID5T :5 LOOK+ AT ! WAY 0CONT9UATIONI/S0 TREAT WAGE-LABOR & SLAV]Y4 

  

,FRI$MAN1 ,ECKHOLM1 & O!RS N[ OP5LY TALK ( A CAPITALI/ WORLD SY/EM ?AT HAS EXI/$ = FIVE ?\S& YE>S4 ,&RE ,GUND] ,FRANK 7#a#i#i#a7 W\LD PREF] TO DISC>D ! T]M 0CAPITALISM0 5TIRELY1 ALONG ) ALL O!R 0MODES ( PRODUCTION10 BUT :AT HE DESCRIBES COMES D[N TO PRETTY MU* ! SAME ?+4 ,! IDEA ?AT CAPITALISM IS AS OLD AS CIVILIZATION IS ( C\RSE A POSITION LONG S9CE POPUL> AMONG CAPITALI/S4 ,:AT N[ MAKES IT PALATABLE ON ! ,LEFT IS L>GELY ?AT IT CAN BE SE5 AS AN ATTACK ON ,EUROC5TRISM3 IF CAPITALISM IS N[ TO BE CONSID]$ AN ACCOMPLI%M5T1 !N IT IS DEEPLY >ROGANT ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN S*OL>S TO ASSUME ,EUROPEANS HAD 9V5T$ IT A M]E FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,ALT]NATELY1 ONE MI<T SEE ?IS AS A POSITION APPROPRIATE = ,M>XI/ S*OL>S WORK+ 9 AN AGE :5 AN>*ISM IS RAPIDLY REPLAC+ /ATI/ IDEOLOGIES AS ! /&>D-BE>] ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE3 IF CAPITALISM APPE>$ TOGE!R ) ! /ATE1 IT W\LD BE H>D TO IMAG9E ELIM9AT+ ONE )\T ! O!R4 ,! PROBLEM ( C\RSE IS ?AT 9 DO+ SO1 MO/ ,M>XI/ S*OL>S HAVE COME TO DEF9E CAPITALISM SO BROADLY--= EXAMPLE1 AS ANY =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION :]E SOME IMPORTANT ACTORS >E US+ MONEY TO MAKE MORE MONEY--IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ELIM9AT+ CAPITALISM AT ALL4 

,NEI!R DOES ?IS POSITION ELIM9ATE ! PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ,EUROPE--AT LEA/ NOT IF Y\ REALLY ?9K AB\T IT4 ,EV5 IF ! ,CONT9UATIONI/S >GUE ?AT SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES DID NOT WITNESS ! BIR? ( CAPITALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & ?US DID NOT M>K SOME GREAT ECONOMIC BREAK?R\<1 !Y >E /ILL >GU+ ?AT IT M>K$ AN EQUALLY MOM5T\S 9TELLECTUAL BREAK?R\<1 ) ,EUROPEANS LIKE ,ADAM ,SMI? DISCOV]+ ! EXI/5CE ( ECONOMIC LAWS ?AT 7WE >E N[ SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE7 HAD EXI/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 BUT ?AT NO ONE !RE HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ABLE TO DESCRIBE OR EV51 REALLY1 NOTICE4 

,?IS IS ACTUALLY A MORE IMPORTANT PO9T ?AN IT MAY SEEM4 ,! ,CONT9UATIONI/S F9D !IR GREAT 9TELLECTUAL NEMESES MID-C5TURY S*OL>S LIKE ,MOSES ,F9LEY & ,K>L ,POLANYI1 :O HAD >GU$ ?AT AU?ORS 9 ANCI5T & NON-,WE/]N SOCIETIES REALLY DID UND]/& :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 !IR [N SOCIETIES1 & ?AT1 IF !Y DID NOT SPEAK ( SOME?+ ?AT C\LD BE LABEL$ 0! ECONOMY10 IT WAS BECAUSE NO?+ EXACTLY P>ALLEL TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS EXI/$4 ,BO? COME 9 = P>TICUL> D5UNCIATION & ABUSE BY ! ,CONT9UATIONI/S3 APP>5TLY1 = ?AT V]Y REASON4 

,LET ME ILLU/RATE SOME?+ ( :AT'S AT /AKE H]E4 ,TYPICALLY1 DEF9ITIONS ( CAPITALISM FOCUS ON ONE ( TWO FEATURES4 ,SOME1 LIKE EXPON5TS ( ! ,MO,P APPROA*1 FOCUS ON WAGE-LABOR4 ,! ,CONT9UATIONI/S1 PR$ICTABLY1 PREF] ! O!R1 :I* LOOKS = ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL3 ?AT IS1 CONC5TRATIONS ( WEAL? EMPLOY$ SIMPLY TO CREATE MORE WEAL? &1 9 P>TICUL>1 AN OP5-5D$ PROCESS ( 5DLESS RE9VE/M5T & EXPANSION4 ,IF ONE *OSE ! FIR/1 IT W\LD BE H>D TO SAY CAPITALISM HAS ALWAYS EXI/$1 S9CE = MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 IT'S RA!R DIFFICULT TO F9D MU* EVID5CE ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,?IS IS NOT = LACK ( TRY+4 ,CONT9UATIONI/S--LIKE MO/ ECONOMIC HI/ORIANS1 ACTUALLY--T5D TO DEF9E 0WAGES0 AS BROADLY AS POSSIBLE3 ESS5TIALLY1 AS ANY MONEY GIV5 ANYONE 9 EX*ANGE = S]VICES4 ,IF Y\ SPELL IT \T1 ! =MULATION IS OBVI\SLY ABSURD3 IF SO1 K+S >E WAGE-LABOR]S 9S(> AS !Y CLAIM TO PROVIDE PROTECTION 9 EX*ANGE = TRIBUTE1 & ! ,A<A ,KHAN IS CURR5TLY A WAGE-LABOR] 9 ! EMPLOY ( ! ,ISMAILI COMMUNITY1 BECAUSE EV]Y YE> !Y PRES5T HIM ) HIS WEI<T 9 GOLD OR DIAMONDS TO REW>D HIM = HIS PRAY]S ON !IR BEHALF4 ,CLE>LY1 0WAGE-LABOR0 7AS OPPOS$ TO1 SAY1 RECEIV+ FEES = PR(ESSIONAL S]VICES7 9VOLVES A DEGREE ( SUBORD9ATION3 A LABOR] HAS TO BE TO SOME DEGREE AT ! COMM& ( HIS OR H] EMPLOY]4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :Y1 ?R\< MO/ ( HI/ORY1 FREE M5 & WOM5 T5D$ TO AVOID WAGE-LABOR1 & :Y1 = MO/ ( HI/ORY1 CAPITALISM ACCORD+ TO ! FIR/ DEF9ITION NEV] EM]G$4 

,AS ,MOSES ,F9LEY NOT$ 7#a#i#g#c71 ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD WAS M>K$ BY A /RONG FEEL+ ( CONTRADICTION BETWE5 POLITICAL & COMM]CIAL LIFE4 ,9 ,ROME1 MO/ BANK]S W]E FRE$ SLAVES2 9 ,A!NS1 ALMO/ ALL COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL PURSUITS W]E 9 ! H&S ( NON-CITIZ5S4 ,! EXI/5CE ( A HUGE POPULATION ( *ATTEL SLAVES--9 MO/ ANCI5T CITIES APP>5TLY AT LEA/ A ?IRD ( ! TOTAL POPULATION--HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON LABOR >RANGEM5TS4 ,:ILE ONE DOES P]IODICALLY RUN 9TO EVID5CE ( >RANGEM5TS :I* TO ! MOD]N EYE LOOK LIKE WAGE-LABOR CONTRACTS1 ON CLOS] EXAM9ATION !Y ALMO/ ALWAYS ACTUALLY TURN \T TO BE CONTRACTS TO R5T SLAVES 7! SLAVE1 9 SU* CASES1 (T5 RECEIV$ A FIX$ P] DIEM = FOOD74 ,FREE M5 & WOM5 ?US AVOID$ ANY?+ REMOTELY LIKE WAGE-LABOR1 SEE+ IT AS A MATT]1 EFFECTIVELY1 ( SLAV]Y1 ( R5T+ !MSELVES \T 7,HUMPHRIES #a#i#g#h3 #a#d#g1 #b#i#gN#c#g-#c#h47 ,WORK+ = ! CITY ITSELF WAS SOMETIMES CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE1 S9CE ONE WAS EFFECTIVELY 9 ! EMPLOY ( A COMMUNITY ( :I* ONE WAS A MEMB]1 BUT EV5 ?IS WAS NORMALLY KEPT TO A TEMPOR>Y CONTRACT BASIS4 ,9 FIF?-C5TURY ,A!NS1 P]MAN5T EMPLOYES1 EV5 /ATE EMPLOYES SU* AS POLICE1 W]E 9V>IABLY SLAVES4 

,ALL ?IS WAS H>DLY UNIQUE4 ,REM>KABLY SIMIL> ?+S HAVE BE5 DOCUM5T$ 91 SAY1 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,MADAGASC> OR ,BRAZIL1 & SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS (T5 SEEM TO DEVELOP 9 M]CANTILE CITY /ATES1 SU* AS ! ,SWAHILI OR ,MALAY CITIES 9 ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN4 ,REFLECTION ON ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! IDEA ( R5T+ P]SONS MI<T YIELD ALL SORTS ( 9SI<TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ONE C\LD CONSID] H[ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MI<T LOOK TO US REM>KABLY LIKE WAGE-LABOR RELATIONS--9 ?AT ONE P>TY WORK$ & ANO!R COMP5SAT$ !M 9 SOME WAY--MI<T REALLY HAVE HAD A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T BASIS3 EXT5D$ TIES ( PATRONAGE & DEP5D5CY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?OSE COMPLICAT$ /ATUSES ?AT ,F9LEY 7#a#i#f#d7 DESCRIB$ AS HOV]+ 0BETWE5 SLAVE & FREE40 ,BUT = ! ,CONT9UATIONI/S1 AS = MO/ ECONOMIC HI/ORIANS1 ALL ?IS IS BRU%$ ASIDE4 ,FRI$MAN = EXAMPLE ACCUSES ,POLANYI1 ,F9LEY1 & !IR FOLL[]S ( BE+ DRIV5 BY 0IDEOLOGICAL0 MOTIVATIONS 9 D5Y+ ! IMPORTANCE ( CAPITAL & M>KETS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT ! ACTORS ?\<T !Y W]E DO+ IS L>GELY IRRELEVANT4 ,CAPITALISM IS NOT A /ATE ( M9D BUT A MATT] ( OBJECTIVE /RUCTURES1 :I* ALL[ WEAL? & P[] TO BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO AB/RACT =MS 9 :I* !Y CAN BE 5DLESSLY EXP&$ & REPRODUC$4 ,IF ONE W]E TO MAKE AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS1 SAYS ,FRI$MAN1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO />T FROM ! FACT ?AT WAGE-LABOR]S1 EV5 IF !Y W]E ( S]VILE /ATUS1 DID EXI/1 ?AT !Y PRODUC$ OBJECTS = SALE ON ! M>KET1 & ?AT ! :OLE SY/EM EV9C$ JU/ ! SORT ( BOOM-BU/ CYCLE WE'RE US$ TO SEE+ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM4 ,HE CONCLUDES 0SLAV]Y 9 ,CLASSICAL ,GREECE IS A COMPLEX AFFAIR 9VOLV+ WAGE1 9T]E/ & PR(IT 9 AN ELABORATE M>KET SY/EM ?AT APPE>S TO HAVE HAD CYCLICAL PROP]TIES ( EXPANSION & CONTRACTION4 ,?IS WAS1 9 O!R WORDS1 A =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT IS NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM ! MORE OBVI\S V>IETIES 9 ! MOD]N WORLD0 7#b3 #a#e#b74 

,= ALL ! PRET5SIONS ( OBJECTIVITY1 ?\<1 IT'S H>D TO SEE ?IS *OICE AS ANY LESS IDEOLOGICAL ?AN ,F9LEY'S4 ,AFT] ALL1 ONE CAN DEF9E 0CAPITALISM0 AS BROADLY OR N>R[LY AS ONE LIKES4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY 5\< TO PLAY ! SAME TRICK ) T]MS LIKE SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 OR FASCISM1 & DEF9E !M SO BROADLY ONE C\LD DISCOV] !M ALL OV] ANCI5T ,GREECE OR ,SAFAVID ,P]SIA4 ,YET SOMEH[ NO ONE EV] DOES4 ,ALT]NATELY1 ONE C\LD JU/ AS EASILY TURN ,FRI$MAN'S [N EXAMPLE >\ND1 DEF9E 0CAPITALISM0 AS NECESS>ILY A MATT] ( FREE WAGE-LABOR1 BUT DEF9E 0SLAV]Y0 9 ! BROADE/ T]MS POSSIBLE3 SAY1 AS ANY =M ( LABOR 9 :I* ONE P>TY IS EFFECTIVELY CO]C$4 ,ONE C\LD !REBY CONCLUDE ?AT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS REALLY A =M ( SLAV]Y4 ,ONE C\LD !N GO ON TO >GUE ?AT ! FACT ?AT MOD]N CAPITALI/S DON'T SEE !MSELVES AS CO]C+ O!RS IS IRRELEVANT1 S9CE WE >E TALK+ AB\T OBJECTIVE CON/RA9+ /RUCTURES & NOT :AT ! ACTORS ?9K IS GO+ ON4 ,SU* AN >GUM5T W\LD NOT BE 5TIRELY UNPREC$5T$3 !RE'S A REASON :Y SO MANY WORK]S 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES HAVE *OS5 TO REF] TO !MSELVES AS 0WAGE SLAVES40 ,BUT NO ECONOMIC HI/ORIAN HAS EV]1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 EV5 SUGGE/$ SU* A ?+4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL BIASES BECOME CLE>E/ :5 ONE CONSID]S NOT JU/ :AT'S BE+ >GU$1 BUT ! >GUM5TS IT NEV] OCCURS TO ANYONE TO MAKE4 

,!SIS #a3 ,! KEY MI/AKE ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION MODEL WAS TO DEF9E 0PRODUCTION0 SIMPLY AS ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 ,ANY ADEQUATE !ORY ( 0PRODUCTION0 W\LD HAVE TO GIVE AT LEA/ EQUAL PLACE TO ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,! ULTIMATE WEAKNESS ( ,MO,P APPROA*ES1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS ?AT !Y SET \T FROM A V]Y NAIVE SORT ( MAT]IALISM4 0,MAT]IAL PRODUCTION0 IS ASSUM$ TO BE ! PRODUCTION ( VALUABLE MAT]IAL OBJECTS LIKE FOOD1 CLO?+1 OR GOLD BULLION2 ALL ! IMPORTANT BUS9ESS ( LIFE IS ASSUM$ TO BE MOV+ SU* OBJECTS >\ND & TRANSF]R+ !M FROM ONE P]SON OR CLASS TO ANO!R4 

,! APPROA* IS USUALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,M>X--9DE$1 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 ( ?IS SORT IS AB\T ! ONLY ASPECT ( ,M>X'S ?\<T S*OL>S LIKE ,GUND] ,FRANK CLAIM IS REALLY SALVAGEABLE 7E4G41 ,GILLS @& ,FRANK #a#i#i#c3 #a#f-#a#i74 ,N[1 ,I REALLY DON'T SEE ! PO9T ( 5T]+ 9TO SOME PROLONG$ DEBATE AB\T :E!R ?IS REPRES5TS :AT ,M>X 0REALLY0 MEANT :5 HE TALK$ AB\T 0MAT]IALISM40 ,M>X'S WORK PULLS 9 ANY NUMB] ( DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS4 ,BUT SOME >E DECID$LY MORE 9T]E/+4 ,CONSID] ?IS PASSAGE FROM HIS E?NOGRAPHIC NOTEBOOKS3  
  

,AMONG ! ANCI5TS WE DISCOV] NO S+LE 9QUIRY AS TO :I* =M ( L&$ PROP]TY4 ETC41 IS ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE1 :I* CREATES MAXIMUM WEAL?4 ,WEAL? DOES NOT APPE> AS ! AIM ( PRODUCTION1 AL?\< ,CATO MAY WELL 9VE/IGATE ! MO/ PR(ITABLE CULTIVATION ( FIELDS1 OR ,BRUTUS MAY EV5 L5D MONEY AT ! MO/ FAVORABLE RATE ( 9T]E/4 ,! 9QUIRY IS ALWAYS AB\T :AT K9D ( PROP]TY CREATES ! BE/ CITIZ5S4 ,WEAL? AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF APPE>S ONLY AMONG A FEW TRAD+ PEOPLES--MONOPOLI/S ( ! C>RY+ TRADE--:O LIVE 9 ! PORES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD LIKE ! ,JEWS 9 M$IEVAL SOCIETY4444 

,?US ! ANCI5T CONCEPTION1 9 :I* MAN ALWAYS APPE>S 79 H[EV] N>R[LY NATIONAL1 RELIGI\S OR POLITICAL A DEF9ITION7 AS ! AIM ( PRODUCTION1 SEEMS V]Y MU* MORE EXALT$ ?AN ! MOD]N WORLD1 9 :I* PRODUCTION IS ! AIM ( MAN & WEAL? ! AIM ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 :5 ! N>R[ B\RGEOIS =M HAS BE5 PEEL$ AWAY1 :AT IS WEAL?1 IF NOT ! UNIV]SALITY ( NE$S1 CAPACITIES1 5JOYM5TS1 PRODUCTIVE P[]S1 ETC41 ( 9DIVIDUALS1 PRODUC$ 9 UNIV]SAL EX*ANGE8 7#a#h#e#d .<#a#i#f#e3 #h#d.>7  
  

,:AT ,M>X SAYS H]E ( ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS C\LD1 CLE>LY1 APPLY EQUALLY WELL TO ! ,BA,KONGO1 OR TO ! 9HABITANTS ( M$IEVAL ,SAM>K&1 OR TO PRETTY MU* ANY NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ALWAYS1 ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? WAS SE5 NOT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT AS ONE SUBORD9ATE MOM5T 9 A L>G] PROCESS ?AT ULTIMATELY AIM$ AT ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE4 ,NEI!R DOES HE SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS WAS JU/ A SUBJECTIVE ILLUSION ?AT WE HAVE ONLY N[ LE>N$ TO SEE ?R\< N[ ?AT WE HAVE DEVELOP$ ! SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS2 RA!R1 IT IS QUITE ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,! ANCI5TS HAD IT RI<T4 ,9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,M>X HAD ALREADY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS IS ALWAYS SIMULTANE\SLY ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS 7AS WELL AS NEW NE$S3 #ahdf .<#a#i#g.>3 #d#b74 ,H]E1 HE OBS]VES ?AT ! OBJECTS >E NOT ULTIMATELY ! PO9T4 ,CAPITALISM & 0ECONOMIC SCI5CE0 MI<T CONFUSE US 9TO ?9K+ ?AT ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( SOCIETY IS SIMPLY ! 9CREASE ( NATIONAL ,G,D,P1 ! PRODUCTION ( MORE & MORE WEAL?1 BUT 9 REALITY WEAL? HAS NO MEAN+ EXCEPT AS A M$IUM = ! GR[? & SELF-REALIZATION ( HUMAN BE+S4 

,! QUE/ION !N BECOMES3 :AT W\LD A 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 BE LIKE IF WE />T$ FROM ?IS ,M>X1 RA!R ?AN1 SAY1 ! ,M>X ( ! ,CONTRIBUTION TO A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY8 ,IF NON-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION >E NOT ULTIMATELY AB\T ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? BUT ( PEOPLE--OR1 AS ,M>X EMPHASIZES1 ( C]TA9 SPECIFIC K9DS ( PEOPLE--!N IT'S PRETTY CLE> ?AT EXI/+ APPROA*ES HAVE TAK5 5TIRELY ! WRONG TRACK4 ,%\LD WE NOT BE EXAM9+ RELATIONS ( S]VICE1 DOME/IC >RANGEM5TS1 $UCATIONAL PRACTICES1 AT LEA/ AS MU* AS ! DISPOSITION ( :EAT H>VE/S & ! FL[ ( TRADE8 

,I W\LD GO EV5 FUR!R4 ,:AT HAS PASS$ = 0MAT]IALISM0 9 TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM--! DIVISION BETWE5 MAT]IAL 09FRA/RUCTURE0 & IDEAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE10 IS ITSELF A P]V]SE =M ( IDEALISM4 ,GRANT$1 ?OSE :O PRACTICE LAW1 OR MUSIC1 OR RELIGION1 OR F9ANCE1 OR SOCIAL !ORY1 ALWAYS DO T5D TO CLAIM ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) SOME?+ HI<] & MORE AB/RACT ?AN ?OSE :O PLANT ONIONS1 BL[ GLASS1 OR OP]ATE SEW+ MA*9ES4 ,BUT IT'S NOT REALLY TRUE4 ,! ACTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( LAW1 POETRY1 ETC41 >E JU/ AS MU* MAT]IAL AS ANY O!R4 ,ONCE Y\ ACKN[L$GE ! SIMPLE DIALECTICAL PO9T ?AT :AT WE TAKE TO BE SELF-ID5TICAL OBJECTS >E REALLY PROCESSES ( ACTION1 !N IT BECOMES PRETTY OBVI\S ?AT SU* ACTIONS >E 7A7 ALWAYS MOTIVAT$ BY MEAN+S 7IDEAS72 & 7B7 ALWAYS PROCE$ ?R\< A CONCRETE M$IUM 7MAT]IAL74 ,FUR!R1 ?AT :ILE ALL SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION SEEM TO PROPOSE ?AT 0NO1 ?IS IS NOT TRUE1 REALLY !RE IS SOME PURE DOMA9 ( LAW1 OR TRU?1 OR GRACE1 OR !ORY1 OR F9ANCE CAPITAL1 ?AT FLOATS ABOVE IT ALL10 SU* CLAIMS >E1 TO USE AN APPROPRIATELY E>?Y METAPHOR1 BULL%IT4 ,AS ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY 7#b#c7 HAS REC5TLY REM9D$ US1 IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION TO TAKE :AT >E REALLY COMPLEX 9T]WOV5 PROCESSES ( ACTION & *OP !M UP & R$EF9E !M AS DISCRETE1 SELF-ID5TICAL OBJECTS--A SONG1 A S*OOL1 A MEAL1 ETC4 ,!RE'S A SIMPLE REASON = IT4 ,IT'S ONLY BY *OPP+ & FREEZ+ !M 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ONE CAN R$UCE !M TO PROP]TY & BE ABLE TO SAY ONE [NS !M4 

,A G5U9E MAT]IALISM !N W\LD NOT SIMPLY PRIVILEGE A 0MAT]IAL0 SPH]E OV] AN IDEAL ONE4 ,IT W\LD BEG9 BY ACKN[L$G+ ?AT NO SU* IDEAL SPH]E ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO /OP FOCUS+ SO OBSESSIVELY ON ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS--DISCRETE1 SELF-ID5TICAL ?+S ?AT ONE CAN [N--& />T ! MORE DIFFICULT WORK ( TRY+ TO UND]/& ! 7EQUALLY MAT]IAL7 PROCESSES BY :I* PEOPLE CREATE & %APE ONE ANO!R4 

,!SIS #b3 ,IF ONE APPLIES ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( VALUE 9 ,CAPITAL TO ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ONE CAN MORE EASILY SEE SOME ( ! ME*ANISMS :I* OBSCURE ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( LABOR ?AT EXI/ 9 MO/ SOCIETIES4 ,BY OBSCUR+ ! REAL /AKES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 :I* ALWAYS HAVE TO DO ) HUMAN 5DS & HUMAN RELATIONS1 !SE ME*ANISMS >E PRECISELY :AT ALL[ 0SCI5TIFIC0 OBS]V]S TO TREAT HUMAN BE+S AS IF !Y W]E M]E AUTOMATONS COMPET+ OV] AB/RACTIONS LIKE 0WEAL?0 OR 0P[]40 

,IT MI<T BE EASI] TO UND]/& :AT ,I'M GETT+ AT H]E BY CONSID]+ ! WORK ( SOME AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O HAVE TAK5 R\<LY ! APPROA* ,I'M 5DORS+4 

,I'M REF]R+ H]E TO ! TRADITION ( :AT ,I'LL CALL 0AN?ROPOLOGICAL VALUE !ORY40 ,SU* !ORY WAS MADE POSSIBLE FIR/ & =EMO/ BY ! 9SI<TS ( FEM9I/ SOCIAL SCI5CE1 :I* HAS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SIMPLY IGNORE ! 5DLESS LABOR ( C>E1 MA9T5ANCE1 $UCATION1 & SO ON1 :I* ACTUALLY KEEPS SOCIETIES RUNN+ & :I* HAS T5D$ TO BE C>RI$ \T OV]:ELM+LY BY WOM54 ,RECOGNIZ+ SU* =MS ( ACTION AS PRODUCTIVE LABOR1 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 MADE IT EASI] TO SEE H[ ,M>X'S 9SI<TS MI<T BE APPLI$ TO MANY ( ! MORE EGALIT>IAN1 /ATELESS SOCIETIES ?AT ! ,MO,P APPROA* F9DS SO DIFFICULT TO DEAL )4 ,! REAL PIONE] H]E IS ,T]RY ,TURN] 7#a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#d1 #a#i#h#g71 ) HIS WORK ON ! ,KAYAPO1 ?\< !RE >E A NUMB] ( O!RS WORK+ ALONG SIMIL> L9ES 7E4G41 ,MY]S ON ! ,P9TUPI .<#a#i#h#f.>1 ,MUNN ON ,GAWA .<#a#i#h#f.>1 ,FAJANS ON ! ,BA9+ .<#a#i#i#g.>1 ,SANGR5 ON RURAL ,TAIWAN .<#a#i#h#g1 #b.>1 ETC474 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SY/EMIZE SOME ( !IR 9SI<TS MYSELF 9 A BOOK CALL$ ,T[>D ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 

,?IS APPROA* DOES1 9DE$1 TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT :ILE ANY SOCIETY HAS TO PRODUCE FOOD1 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 & SO =?1 9 MO/ SOCIETIES1 ! PRODUCTION ( SU* ?+S AS H\SES1 MANIOC1 & CANOES IS V]Y MU* SE5 AS A SUBORD9ATE MOM5T 9 L>G] PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AIM$ AT ! FA%ION+ ( HUMANS4 ,TRUE1 ! =M] V>IETIES ( PRODUCTION T5D TO 9VOLVE PHYSICAL CON/RA9TS ?AT >E V]Y REAL & IMPORTANT TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT4 ,BUT ?AT DOESN'T MEAN !Y >E SIMPLY MATT]S ( TE*NICAL ACTIVITY4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE DEMON/RAT$ TIME & TIME AGA9 ?AT EV5 SU* APP>5TLY MUNDANE ACTIVITIES AS BUILD+ OR MOV+ AB\T 9 A H\SE 7,B\RDIEU #a#i#g#i7 OR PRODUC+ MANIOC FL\R 7,HU<-,JONES #a#i#g#i7 5CODE SYMBOLIC /RUCTURES--HOT_/COLD1 DRY_/WET1 HEAV5_/E>?1 MALE_/FEMALE--:I* T5D TO RECUR AS WELL 9 COMPLEX RITUALS1 =MS ( >TI/IC EXPRESSION1 OR CONCEPTIONS ( ! NATURE ( COSMOS AS A :OLE1 BUT :I* >E1 ULTIMATELY1 EMB$D$ 9 ?OSE V]Y /RUCTURES ( ACTION !MSELVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE >E NEV] DEAL+ ) PURE1 AB/RACT IDEAS1 ANY MORE ?AN WE >E EV] DEAL+ ) PURELY ME*ANICAL PRODUCTION4 ,RA!R1 ! V]Y IDEA ?AT EI!R PURE IDEAS OR M9DLESS MAT]IAL ACTION EXI/ IS AN IDEOLOGY :OSE OP]ATIONS NE$ TO BE 9VE/IGAT$4 

,! LATT] IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T BECAUSE MANY SU* SOCIETIES DO MAKE ?IS SORT ( IDEAL_/MAT]IAL DI/9CTION1 EV5 IF IT R>ELY TAKES EXACTLY ! =M WE >E US$ TO4 ,?IS SEEMS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! FACT ?AT1 JU/ AB\T 9V>IABLY1 SOME =M ( EXPLOITATION DOES OCCUR 9 SU* SOCIETIES2 & :]E IT DOES1 MU* AS 9 CAPITALISM1 ! ME*ANISMS ( EXPLOITATION T5D TO BE MADE SUBTLY 9VISIBLE4 

,9 ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( CAPITALISM1 ?IS HAPP5S MA9LY ?R\< ! ME*ANISM ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,MONEY IS 9 FACT A REPRES5TATION ( AB/RACT LABOR--! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO PRODUCE1 :I* IS :AT HIS EMPLOY] BUYS :5 HE HIRES HIM4 ,IT IS A K9D ( SYMBOL4 ,9 ! =M ( A WAGE1 IT BECOMES A V]Y P[]FUL SORT ( SYMBOL3 A REPRES5TATION :I* 9 FACT PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 BR++ 9TO BE+ :AT IT REPRES5TS--S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 LABOR]S >E ONLY WORK+ 9 ORD] TO GET PAID4 ,IT'S ALSO 9 PRECISELY ?IS TRANSACTION ?AT ! ACTUAL SLEI<T-(-H& ON :I* EXPLOITATION IS BAS$ TAKES PLACE1 S9CE ,M>X >GUES ?AT :AT ! CAPITALI/ 5DS UP PAY+ = IS SIMPLY ! CO/ ( AB/RACT LABOR 7! CO/ ( REPRODUC+ ! WORK]'S CAPACITY TO WORK71 :I* IS ALWAYS GO+ TO BE LESS ?AN ! VALUE ( :AT ! WORK] CAN ACTUALLY PRODUCE4 

,! PO9T ,TURN] MAKES IS ?AT EV5 :]E !RE IS NO S+LE M>KET 9 LABOR--AS !RE HAS NOT BE5 9 MO/ SOCIETIES 9 HUMAN HI/ORY--SOME?+ SIMIL> T5DS TO HAPP54 ,DIFF]5T K9DS ( LABOR /ILL T5D TO GET REFLECT$ BACK 9 ! =M ( A CONCRETE1 MAT]IAL M$IUM :I*1 LIKE MONEY1 IS BO? A REPRES5TATION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( \R [N ACTIONS TO \RSELVES1 & SIMULTANE\SLY SE5 AS VALUABLE 9 ITSELF1 & :I* ?US 5DS UP BECOM+ ! ACTUAL 5D = :I* ACTION TAKES PLACE4 ,TOK5S ( HONOR 9SPIRE HONORABLE BEHAVIOR4 ,REALLY1 !IR VALUE IS JU/ ?AT ( ! ACTIONS !Y REPRES5T1 BUT ! ACTORS SEE !M AS VALUABLE 9 !MSELVES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 TOK5S ( PIETY 9SPIRE RELIGI\S DEVOTION1 TOK5S ( WISDOM 9SPIRE LE>N+1 & SO ON4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT'S QUITE ! SAME 9 \R [N SOCIETY3 IT'S PRECISELY 9 ?OSE DOMA9S ( ACTIVITY :]E LABOR IS NOT COMMODIFI$ :]E WE TALK NOT ( AB/RACT 0VALUE0 BUT CONCRETE 0VALUES03 I4E41 H\SEWORK & *ILDC>E BECOME MATT]S ( 0FAMILY VALUES02 WORK = ! *UR*1 A MATT] ( RELIGI\S VALUES2 POLITICAL ACTIVISM IS 9SPIR$ BY ! VALUES ( IDEALISM2 & SO ON4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 C]TA9 BASIC PR9CIPLES SEEM TO APPLY3  

VALUE IS ! WAY ACTORS REPRES5T ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR [N ACTIONS TO !MSELVES AS P>T ( SOME L>G] :OLE 7OR 0CONCRETE TOTALITY10 AS ,M>X LIK$ TO PUT IT72  

?IS IMPORTANCE IS ALWAYS SE5 9 COMP>ATIVE T]MS3 SOME =MS ( VALUE >E CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T BECAUSE !Y >E UNIQUE1 BUT NORMALLY !RE >E SY/EMS ( RANK+ OR MEASUREM5T2  

VALUES >E ALWAYS REALIZ$ ?R\< SOME K9D ( MAT]IAL TOK51 & G5]ALLY1 9 SOMEPLACE O!R ?AN ! PLACE IT IS PRIM>ILY PRODUC$4 ,9 NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ?IS MO/ (T5 9VOLVES A DI/9CTION BETWE5 A DOME/IC SPH]E1 9 :I* MO/ ( ! PRIM>Y WORK ( PEOPLE-CREATION TAKES PLACE1 & SOME K9D ( PUBLIC1 POLITICAL SPH]E1 9 :I* IT IS REALIZ$1 BUT USUALLY 9 WAYS :I* EXCLUDE ! WOM5 & Y\NG] PEOPLE :O DO ! BULK ( ! WORK & ALL[ TOK5S ( VALUE TO BE REALIZ$4  
  

,! ,KAYAPO ( C5TRAL ,BRAZIL ORGANIZ$ !IR COMMUNITIES AS CIRCLES1 ) A R+ ( H\SEHOLDS SURR\ND+ A PUBLIC1 POLITICAL SPACE 9 ! C5T]4 ,=MS ( VALUE PRODUC$ L>GELY 9 ! DOME/IC UNITS ?R\< ! WORK ( PRODUC+ & SOCIALIZ+ PEOPLE COMES TO BE REALIZ$ ?R\< C]TA9 =MS ( PUBLIC P]=MANCE 7*ANT+1 ORATORY1 KE5+74 ,!SE CAN BE P]=M$ ONLY BY ELD]S1 :O >E !MSELVES ONLY 0ELD]S0 BECAUSE !Y >E ! PEAK ( A DOME/IC PROCESS ( CREAT+ & SOCIALIZ+ *ILDR5 ?AT TAKES PLACE JU/ (F/AGE4 

,?IS EMPHASIZES ?AT ?IS PROCESS ( REALIZATION ( VALUE ALMO/ ALWAYS 9VOLVES SOME =M ( PUBLIC RECOGNITION1 BUT ?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT PEOPLE >E SIMPLY BATTL+ OV] 0PRE/IGE40 ,9/EAD1 ! RANGE ( PEOPLE :O >E WILL+ TO RECOGNIZE C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE CON/ITUTES ! EXT5T ( :AT AN ACTOR CONSID]S 0SOCIETY10 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M1 TO CONSI/ ( 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 

,:AT ,I ESPECIALLY WANT TO /RESS H]E1 ?\<1 IS ?AT1 :5 VALUE IS AB\T ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE1 IT IS ALWAYS 5TIRELY IMPLICAT$ 9 PROCESSES ( TRANS=MATION3 FAMILIES >E CREAT$1 GR[1 & BREAK AP>T2 PEOPLE >E BORN1 MATURE1 REPRODUCE1 GR[ OLD1 & DIE4 ,!Y >E CON/ANTLY BE+ SOCIALIZ$1 TRA9$1 $UCAT$1 M5TOR$ T[>DS NEW ROLES 7A PROCESS :I* IS NOT LIMIT$ TO *ILDHOOD1 BUT LA/S UNTIL DEA?74 ,!Y >E CON/ANTLY BE+ ATT5D$ TO & C>$ =4 ,?IS IS :AT HUMAN LIFE IS MA9LY AB\T1 :AT MO/ PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS SP5T MO/ ( !IR TIME WORRY+ AB\T1 :AT \R PASSIONS1 OBSESSIONS1 LOVES1 & 9TRIGUES T5D TO C5T] ON1 :AT GREAT NOVELI/S & PLAYWRI<TS BECOME FAM\S = DESCRIB+1 :AT POETRY & MY? /RUGGLE TO COME TO T]MS )1 BUT :I* MO/ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL !ORY ESS5TIALLY MAKES TO DISAPPE>4 

,:Y8 ,IT SEEMS TO HAPP51 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 BECAUSE ( ! V]Y ME*ANICS ( VALUE REALIZATION4 ,VALUE T5DS TO BE REALIZ$ 9 A MORE PUBLIC--OR ANYWAY POLITICAL &1 H5CE1 UNIV]SALIZ$--DOMA9 ?AN ! DOME/IC ONE 9 :I* IT IS 7L>GELY7 CREAT$4 ,?AT SPH]E IS USUALLY TREAT$ AS IF IT IS TO SOME DEGREE TRANSC5D5T1 ?AT IS1 AS FLOAT+ ABOVE & UNAFFECT$ BY ! MUNDANE DETAILS ( HUMAN LIFE 7! SPECIAL DOMA9 ( WOM571 HAV+ TO DO ) TIMELESS V]ITIES1 ET]NAL PR9CIPLES1 ABSOLUTE P[]--9 A WORD1 ( SOME?+ V]Y LIKE IDEALI/ AB/RACTIONS4 ,MO/ AN?ROPOLOGICAL VALUE ANALYZES 5D UP TRAC+ \T SOME?+ ( ! SORT3 SO ,KAYAPO VALUE TOK5S 5D UP EMBODY+ ! AB/RACT VALUE ( 0BEAUTY10 A PR(\ND HI<] UNITY & COMPLETION ESPECIALLY EMBODI$ 9 P]FECT P]=MANCES & COMMUNAL RITUAL 7,TURN] #aihg ETC472 PEOPLE PRACTIC+ KULA EX*ANGE SEEK 0FAME0 7,MUNN #a#i#h#f72 ,B]B]S ( ! ,MORROCCAN ,RIF1 ) !IR COMPLEX EX*ANGES ( GIFTS & BLOOD-FEUD1 PURSUE ! VALUES ( HONOR & B>AKA1 OR DIV9E GRACE 7,JAM\S #a#i#h#a71 & SO ON4 ,ALL ( !SE >E PR9CIPLES :I*1 EV5 :5 !Y >E NOT ID5TIFI$ ) SUP]HUMAN P[]S LIKE GODS OR ANCE/ORS1 EV5 :5 !Y >E NOT SE5 AS LIT]ALLY TRANSC5D5TAL PR9CIPLES1 >E SE5 AS /&+ ABOVE & SYMBOLICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! MESS9ESS ( ORD9>Y HUMAN LIFE & TRANS=MATION4 ,! SAME IS USUALLY TRUE ( ! MO/ VALU$ OBJECTS1 :OSE P[] TO 5*ANT & ATTRACT USUALLY COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y REPRES5T FROZ5 PROCESSES4 ,IF ONE CONDUCTS A SUFFICI5TLY SUBTLE ANALYSIS1 ONE T5DS TO DISCOV] ?AT ! OBJECTS ?AT >E ! ULTIMATE /AKES ( SOME FIELD ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR >E1 9 FACT1 SYMBOLIC TEMPLATES :I* COMPRESS 9TO !MSELVES ?OSE PATT]NS ( HUMAN ACTION :I* CREATE !M4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT EV5 BEYOND ! LABOR ?AT IS CON/ANTLY CREAT+ & RE%AP+ HUMAN BE+S1 A KEY UNACKN[L$G$ =M ( LABOR 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES IS PRECISELY ?AT :I* CREATES & MA9TA9S ?AT ILLUSION ( TRANSC5D5CE4 ,9 MO/1 BO? >E P]=M$ OV]:ELM+LY BY WOM54 ,A NICE WAY TO ILLU/RATE :AT ,I'M TALK+ AB\T H]E MI<T BE TO CONSID] ! PH5OM5ON ( M\RN+4 ,R>ELY DO ! POLITICAL C>E]S ( IMPORTANT 9DIVIDUALS 5D 9 DEA?4 ,(T5 POLITICAL FIGURE1 AS ANCE/ORS1 M>TYRS1 F\ND]S ( 9/ITUTIONS1 CAN BE F> MORE IMPORTANT AFT] !IR DEA? ?AN :5 !Y W]E ALIVE4 ,M\RN+1 & O!R ACTS ( MEMORIALIZATION1 C\LD !N BE SE5 AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! LABOR ( PEOPLE-MAK+--) ! FACT ?AT ! DEAD P]SON IS NO LONG] HIMSELF PLAY+ AN ACTIVE ROLE SIMPLY UND]L9+ H[ MU* ( ! WORK ( MAK+ & MA9TA9+ A C>E] IS ALWAYS DONE BY O!RS4 ,EV5 ! MO/ CURSORY GLANCE AT ! LIT]ATURE %[S ?AT ! BURD5 ( SU* LABOR1 H]E1 T5DS TO BE V]Y UNEV5LY DI/RIBUT$4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( ! MO/ DRAMATIC =MS--CUTT+ (F ONE'S HAIR1 SELF-MUTILATION1 FA/+1 WE>+ DRAB CLO!S1 SACKCLO? & A%ES1 OR :ATEV] IS CONSID]$ ! CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE WAY TO MAKE ONESELF AN EMBODIM5T ( GRIEF--TO1 ESS5TIALLY1 NEGATE ONESELF TO EXPRESS ANGUI% OV] ! LOSS ( ANO!R4 ,SOCIAL SUBORD9ATES M\RN !IR SUP]IORS & NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,& PRETTY MU* EV]Y:]E1 ! BURD5 ( M\RN+ FALLS DISPROPORTIONATELY1 & USUALLY OV]:ELM+LY1 ON WOM54 ,9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 WOM5 ( A C]TA9 AGE >E EXPECT$ TO EXI/ L>GELY AS LIV+ MEMORIALS TO SOME DEAD MALE3 :E!R IT BE ,H9DU WID[S :O MU/ R5\NCE ALL ! TA/IE/ FOODS1 OR ,CA?OLIC WOM5 9 ! RURAL ,M$IT]RANEAN :O >E LIKELY TO SP5D AT LEA/ HALF !IR LIVES WE>+ BLACK4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY !SE WOM5 ALMO/ NEV] RECEIVE ! SAME RECOGNITION :5 !Y DIE1 & LEA/ ( ALL FROM M54 

,! PO9T ?\< IS ?AT SYMBOLIC DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 HI< & L[ DO NOT COME FROM SOME PREEXI/+ 0SYMBOLIC SY/EM10 !Y >E CONT9UALLY CON/RUCT$ 9 ACTION1 & ! WORK ( DO+ SO IS DONE DISPROPORTIONABLY BY ?OSE :O >E EFFECTIVELY DEF9+ !MSELVES AS L[]4 ,SO ) M\RN+4 ,AS ,BLO* & ,P>RY 7#a#i#h#b7 HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 M\RN+ IS ALSO AB\T CREAT+ DRAMATIC CONTRA/S BETWE5 :AT IS CONSID]$ TRULY P]MAN5T1 & EV]Y?+ ?AT IS CORPOREAL1 TRANSITORY1 AFFLICT$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( GRIEF & PA91 SUBJECT TO CORRUPTION & DECAY4 ,M\RN]S :5 !Y COV] !MSELVES 9 DIRT OR A%ES1 OR 5GAGE 9 O!R PRACTICES ( SELF-NEGATION ?AT SEEM SURPRIS+LY SIMIL> ACROSS CULTURES1 >E ALSO MAK+ !MSELVES ! EMBODIM5T ( ! TRANSITORY1 BODILY SPH]E AS AGA9/ ANO!R1 TRANSC5D5TAL ONE :I* IS1 9 FACT1 CREAT$ 9 L>GE P>T ?R\< !IR DO+ SO4 ,! DEAD !MSELVES HAVE BECOME SPIRITS1 E!REAL BE+S OR BODILESS AB/RACTIONS4 ,OR P]HAPS !Y >E EMBODI$ 9 P]MAN5T MONUM5TS LIKE TOMBS OR BEAUTIFUL HEIRLOOMS1 OR BUILD+S LEFT 9 !IR MEMORY 7USUALLY1 9 FACT1 IT'S A BIT ( BO?71 BUT IT'S ! ACTIONS ( ! M\RN]S1 MA9LY BY ! DRAMATIC NEGATION ( !IR [N BODIES & PLEASURES1 ?AT CON/ANTLY RECREATE ?AT EXTREMELY HI]>*ICAL CONTRA/ BETWE5 PURE & IMPURE1 HI<] & L[]1 HEAV5 & E>?4 

,IT IS SOMETIMES SAID ?AT ! C5TRAL NOTION ( MOD]NISM IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E PROJECTS ( SELF-CREATION4 ,:AT ,I AM >GU+ H]E IS ?AT WE >E 9DE$ PROCESSES ( CREATION1 BUT ?AT MO/ ( ! CREATION IS NORMALLY C>RI$ \T BY O!RS4 ,I AM ALSO >GU+ ?AT ALMO/ ALL ! MO/ 9T5SE DESIRES1 PASSIONS1 COMMITM5TS1 & EXP]I5CES 9 MO/ PEOPLE'S LIVES--FAMILY DRAMAS1 SEXUAL 9TRIGUE1 $UCATIONAL ACCOMPLI%M5T1 HONOR & PUBLIC RECOGNITION1 ONE'S HOPES = ONE'S *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR51 ONE'S DREAMS ( PO/]ITY AFT] ONE IS DEAD--HAVE REVOLV$ PRECISELY >\ND !SE PROCESSES ( ! MUTUAL CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 BUT ?AT ! ME*ANICS ( VALUE-CREATION T5D TO DISGUISE ?IS BY POSIT+ SOME HI<] SPH]E1 ( ECONOMIC VALUES1 OR IDEALI/ AB/RACTIONS4 ,?IS IS ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( HI]>*Y 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#g7 & ! MORE HI]>*ICAL ! SOCIETY1 ! MORE ?IS T5DS TO HAPP54 ,F9ALLY1 ,I AM SUGGE/+ ?AT IT IS PRECISELY !SE ME*ANISMS ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = HI/ORIANS & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S TO CREATE SU* ODD SIMPLIFICATIONS ( HUMAN LIFE & HUMAN MOTIVATIONS4 ,! LABOR ( CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS 7& PEOPLE >E1 9 L>GE MEASURE1 SIMPLY ! 9T]NALIZ$ ACCRETION ( !IR RELATIONS ) O!RS7 5DS UP BE+ RELEGAT$1 AT LEA/ TACITLY1 TO ! DOMA9 ( NATURE--IT BECOMES A MATT] ( DEMOGRAPHICS OR 0REPRODUCTION0--& ! CREATION ( VALUABLE PHYSICAL OBJECTS BECOMES ! BE-ALL & 5D-ALL ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 

,!SIS #c3 ,ONE ( ! GREAT 9SI<TS ( ,WORLD-,SY/EMS ANALYSIS IS TO %[ H[ V]Y SIMPLE =MS ( SOCIAL RELATION MO/ TYPICAL ( LONG-DI/ANCE RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE :O DO NOT KN[ MU* AB\T EA* O!R >E CONT9UALLY 9TROJECT$ )9 ?OSE SOCIETIES TO SIMPLIFY SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT NE$ NOT BE ?AT WAY4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS !SIS CAN'T REALLY BE ADEQUATELY EXPLA9$1 LET ALONE DEF5D$1 9 ! SPACE AVAILABLE1 SO LET ME JU/ SUMM>IZE IT4 

,M>X WAS ALREADY NOT+ 9 ! PASSAGE CIT$ ABOVE ?AT COMM]CIAL RELATIONS1 9 :I* WEAL? WAS ! MA9 AIM ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 APPE> 09 ! PORES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD10 AMONG ?OSE :O C>RY \T ! TRADE BETWE5 SOCIETIES4 ,?IS IS AN 9SI<T DEVELOP$ 9 WORLD-SY/EMS ANALYSIS1 :]E CAPITALISM IS (T5 SE5 AS DEVELOP+ FIR/ 9 LONG-DI/ANCE TRAD+ & !N GRADUALLY WORM+ ITS WAY 9TO EV]-MORE-9TIMATE ASPECTS ( COMMUNITIES' DAILY LIFE4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A MU* MORE G5]AL PR9CIPLE4 ,ONE C\LD NAME A :OLE S]IES ( HI<LY S*EMATIC1 SIMPLIFI$ =MS ( ACTION1 ?AT MI<T BE 9EVITABLE 9 DEAL+S BETWE5 PEOPLE :O DON'T UND]/& EA* O!R V]Y WELL1 ?AT BECOME 9TROJECT$ 9 A SIMIL> WAY4 ,! FIR/ IS PROBABLY VIOL5CE4 ,VIOL5CE IS V]ITABLY UNIQUE AMONG =MS ( ACTION BECAUSE IT IS PRETTY MU* ! ONLY WAY ONE CAN HAVE RELATIVELY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS ON O!RS' ACTIONS )\T UND]/&+ ANY?+ AB\T !M4 ,ANY O!R WAY ONE MI<T WI% TO 9FLU5CE O!RS REQUIRES ?AT ONE HAS TO AT LEA/ KN[ OR FIGURE \T :O !Y ?9K !Y >E1 :AT !Y WANT OR F9D OBJECTIONABLE1 ETC4 ,HIT !M OV] ! HEAD H>D 5\< & ALL ?IS BECOMES IRRELEVANT4 ,H5CE1 IT IS COMMON TO RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIETIES1 EV5 ?OSE NOT M>K$ BY ELABORATE 9T]NAL /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXI/5CE ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE--SOCIAL HI]>*IES BACK$ UP BY A SY/EMATIC ?REAT ( =CE--ALMO/ 9V>IABLY CREATES =MS ( IGNORANCE 9T]NALLY3 IT IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO C>RY \T ?IS SORT ( 9T]PRETIVE WORK &1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ?OSE ON ! TOP KN[ REM>KABLY LITTLE AB\T :AT ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM ?9K IS GO+ ON4 ,H]E1 AGA91 G5D] RELATIONS >E PROBABLY ! MO/ REVEAL+ EXAMPLE3 ) REM>KABLE CONSI/5CY1 ACROSS A V]Y WIDE RANGE ( SOCIETIES1 M5 T5D TO KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T WOM5'S LIVES1 WORK1 OR P]SPECTIVES1 :ILE WOM5 T5D TO KN[ A GREAT DEAL AB\T M5'S--9 FACT1 !Y >E EXPECT$ TO1 S9CE A L>GE %>E ( ?AT 9T]PRETIVE LABOR 7IF ONE MAY CALL IT ?AT7 ALWAYS SEEMS TO FALL TO WOM51 :I* 9 TURN HELPS EXPLA9 :Y IT IS NOT G5]ALLY CONSID]$ 0LABOR0 AT ALL4 ,& ! SAME T5DS TO APPLY TO RELATIONS ( CA/E1 CLASS1 & O!R =MS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 

,M>KET EX*ANGE IS ANO!R CASE 9 PO9T4 ,IT'S 5\< TO TAKE A GLANCE AT ! RI* AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON 0GIFT EX*ANGE10 OR EV5 CONSID] ! WAY OBJECTS MOVE )9 FAMILIES OR CIRCLES ( FRI5DS1 TO REALIZE H[ 9CR$IBLY /RIPP$-D[N & SIMPLIFI$ IS A /&>D COMMODITY TRANSACTION 9 COMP>ISON4 ,ONE NE$ KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T ! O!R P>TY2 ALL ONE NE$S TO KN[ IS A S+LE ?+ !Y WANT TO ACQUIRE3 GOLD1 OR FI%1 OR CALICOES4 ,H5CE1 ! POPUL>ITY1 9 E>LY ,GREEK OR ,>AB TRAVEL]S' ACC\NTS1 ( ! IDEA ( ! 0! SIL5T TRADE03 9 !ORY1 IT S\LD BE POSSIBLE TO 5GAGE 9 COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE ) PEOPLE AB\T :OM ONE KNEW NO?+ AT ALL1 :O ONE HAD NEV] EV5 MET1 BY ALT]NATELY LEAV+ GOODS ON A BEA*4 ,! PO9T IS AGA9 ?AT COMM]CIAL RELATIONS W]E 9 MANY SOCIETIES TYPICAL ( RELATIONS ) =EIGN]S1 S9CE IT REQUIR$ M9IMAL 9T]PRETIVE WORK4 ,9 DEAL+ ) ?OSE ONE KNEW BETT]1 O!R1 MORE COMPLEX =MS ( EX*ANGE USUALLY APPLI$2 H[EV]1 H]E TOO1 ! 9TROJECTION ( COMM]CIAL RELATIONS 9TO DEAL+S ) ONE'S NEI<BORS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO TREAT !M1 EFFECTIVELY1 LIKE =EIGN]S4 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM ACTUALLY GIVES A C5TRAL ROLE TO ?IS PH5OM5ON3 IT IS A PECULI> EFFECT ( ! M>KET TO ]ASE ! MEMORY ( PREVI\S TRANSACTIONS & CREATE1 EFFECTIVELY A VEIL ( IGNORANCE BETWE5 SELL]S & BUY]S1 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 ,?OSE :O PUR*ASE A COMMODITY USUALLY HAVE NO IDEA :O MADE IT & UND] :AT CONDITIONS IT WAS MADE4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE :AT RESULTS 9 0COMMODITY FETI%ISM40 

,!SIS #d3 ,IF ONE RE9T]PRETS A 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 TO MEAN A RELATION BETWE5 SURPLUS EXTRACTION & ! CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 !N IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM AS AN 9TROJECT$ =M ( ! SLAVE MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ) A /RUCTURALLY ANALOG\S RELATION BETWE5 WORKPLACE & DOME/IC SPH]E4 

,IF ! NOTION ( 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 CAN BE SALVAG$1 IT HAS TO BE SE5 NOT M]ELY AS A /RUCTURE = ! EXTRACTION ( SOME K9D ( MAT]IAL SURPLUS BETWE5 CLASSES1 BUT AS ! WAY 9 :I* SU* A /RUCTURE >TICULATES ) /RUCTURES = ! CREATION ( PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,WE MI<T />T H]E ) ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ?IS WAS ALWAYS ! CASE FROM :I* ! O!RS W]E EXTRAPOLAT$4 ,AS ,I'VE M5TION$1 DEF9ITIONS ( CAPITALISM T5D TO />T EI!R FROM EX*ANGE OR PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 ONE T5DS SEE TO :AT MAKES CAPITALISM UNIQUE AS LY+ 9 ! UNLIMIT$ NE$ = GR[?3 :]E MO/ SY/EMS ( M>KET EX*ANGE 9VOLVE ACTORS TRY+ TO GET :AT !Y FEEL !Y WANT OR NE$1 CAPITALISM OCCURS :5 PR(IT BECOMES AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 & 0CAPITAL0 BECOMES LIKE A LIV+ 5TITY1 :I* CON/ANTLY SEEKS TO EXP&4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALI/ FIRMS CANNOT REMA9 COMPETITIVE UNLESS !Y >E CONT9UALLY EXP&+4 ,9 ! SECOND1 ! EMPHASIS IS ON WAGE-LABOR3 CAPITALISM OCCURS :5 A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( FIRMS >E [N$ OR MANAG$ BY PEOPLE :O HIRE O!RS TO DO !IR BIDD+ 9 EX*ANGE = A DIRECT PAYM5T ( MONEY1 BUT O!RWISE HAVE NO /AKE 9 ! 5T]PRISE4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X1 ! TWO APPE> TOGE!R1 & >E ASSUM$ TO BE CONNECT$4 ,I W\LD PROPOSE A ?IRD4 ,! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ALSO 9TRODUC$ ! FIR/ =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION TO MAKE A SY/EMATIC DI/9CTION BETWE5 HOMES & WORKPLACES1 BETWE5 DOME/IC & ECONOMIC SPH]ES4 ,?IS IS :AT MADE IT POSSIBLE TO BEG9 TALK+ AB\T 0! ECONOMY0 9 ! FIR/ PLACE3 ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE1 & ( COMMODITIES1 W]E TO TAKE PLACE 9 DIFF]5T SPACES BY 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LOGICS4 ,?IS SPLIT PLAYS A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS AS WELL4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! M>KET'S VEIL ( IGNORANCE FALLS PRECISELY BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,ALL ?IS WAS 9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/ TO :AT HAD EXI/$ PREVI\SLY 9 MO/ ( ,EUROPE1 :]E V]Y COMPLEX SY/EMS ( 0LIFE-CYCLE S]VICE0 7,HAJNAL #a#i#f#e1 #a#i#h#b2 ,LASLETT #a#i#g#b1 ,WALL #a#i#h#c7 5SUR$ ! MAJORITY ( Y\NG PEOPLE SP5T YE>S AS APPR5TICES OR S]VANTS 9 ! H\SEHOLDS ( !IR SOCIAL SUP]IORS4 ,ONCE ONE RECOGNIZES ?IS1 ! SIMIL>ITIES ) SLAV]Y BECOME MU* EASI] TO SEE4 

,I %\LD EXPLA9 H]E ?AT ! CONV5TIONAL ,M>XIAN 9T]PRETATION ( SLAV]Y AS A MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ?AT SLAV]Y MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ONE SOCIETY TO EFFECTIVELY /EAL ! PRODUCTIVE LABOR ?AT ANO!R SOCIETY HAS 9VE/$ 9 PRODUC+ HUMAN BE+S 7,MEILLASS\X #a#i#g#e1 #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#i#a2 ,T]RAY #a#i#g#e1 ,LOVEJOY #b74 ,?AT'S :Y SLAVES ALWAYS HAVE TO COME FROM SOMEPLACE ELSE 7IT IS ONLY UND] EXTRAORD9>Y CONDITIONS1 SU* AS ! ,S\!RN COTTON BOOM CREAT$ BY ! ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT IT IS ECONOMICALLY VIABLE TO BRE$ SLAVES1 & EV5 !RE IT WAS NOT REALLY SU/A9ABLE74 ,HUMAN BE+S1 AFT] ALL1 >E L>GELY USELESS AS LABOR]S = ! FIR/ T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,A SLAVE-[N+ SOCIETY IS EFFECTIVELY APPROPRIAT+ ! YE>S ( C>E & NURTURE ?AT SOME O!R SOCIETY HAS 9VE/$ 9 CREAT+ Y\NG M5 & WOM5 CAPABLE ( WORK1 BY KIDNAPP+ ! PRODUCTS--& !N1 (T5 AS NOT1 WORK+ !M FAIRLY RAPIDLY TO DEA?4 

,9 A WAY1 !N1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT SLAV]Y TOO 9VOLVES A SEP>ATION ( DOME/IC SPH]E & WORKPLACE--EXCEPT 9 ?IS CASE1 ! SEP>ATION IS GEOGRAPHIC4 ,HUMAN LABOR PRODUC$ 9 ,ANATOLIA IS REALIZ$ 9 A PLANTATION 9 ,ITALY2 HUMAN LABOR PRODUC$ 9 :AT'S N[ ,GABON IS REALIZ$ 9 ,BRAZIL OR ,JAMAICA4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 CAPITALISM C\LD BE SE5 AS YET ANO!R CASE ( 9TROJECTION4 ,?IS MI<T SEEM F>-FET*$1 BUT 9 FACT ! /RUCTURAL SIMIL>ITIES >E QUITE /RIK+4 

,9 MO/ TIMES & PLACES1 ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y IS SE5 TO D]IVE FROM W>4 ,IF ! VICTOR 9 W> SP>ES ! LIFE ( A CAPTIVE1 HE !REBY ACQUIRES AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO IT4 ,! RESULT IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A 0SOCIAL DEA?0 7E4G41 ,PATT]SON #a#i#h#b73 ! NEW SLAVES >E SP>$ LIT]AL EXECUTION1 BUT H5CE=?1 !Y >E ALSO %ORN ( ALL PREVI\S /ATUS )9 !IR =M] COMMUNITIES1 !Y HAVE NO RI<T TO SOCIAL RELATIONS1 K9%IP1 CITIZ5%IP1 OR ANY SOCIAL RELATION O!R ?AN !IR RELATION ( DEP5D5CE TO A MA/] :O ?US HAS ! RI<T TO ORD] !M TO DO PRETTY MU* ANY?+ HE WANTS4 ,N[1 !RE HAVE BE5 CASES :]E ?IS IS ALL !RE IS TO IT1 BUT 9 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( KN[N HI/ORICAL CASES1 ?IS PROCESS IS M$IAT$ BY ! M>KET4 ,NORMALLY1 ONE IS FIR/ CAPTUR$1 KIDNAPP$1 OR P]HAPS R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y BY JUDICIAL DECISION2 & !N ONE IS SOLD TO =EIGN]S2 OR P]HAPS ONE'S IMPOV]I%$ OR DEBT-RIDD5 P>5TS SELL ONE (F DIRECTLY1 BUT AT ANY RATE1 MONEY *ANGES H&4 ,AFT]W>DS1 SLAVES REMA9 M>KETABLE COMMODITIES ?AT CAN BE SOLD AGA9 & AGA94 ,ONCE PUR*AS$1 !Y >E 5TIRELY AT ! ORD]S ( !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AS HI/ORIAN ,YANN ,M\LI]-,B\TANG 7#a#i#i#h7 HAS REC5TLY PO9T$ \T1 !Y REPRES5T PRECISELY :AT ,M>X CALL$ 0AB/RACT LABOR03 :AT ONE BUYS :5 ONE BUYS A SLAVE IS ! %E] CAPACITY TO WORK1 :I* IS ALSO :AT AN EMPLOY] ACQUIRES :5 HE HIRES A LABOR]4 ,IT'S ( C\RSE ?IS RELATION ( COMM& :I* CAUSES FREE PEOPLE 9 MO/ SOCIETIES TO SEE WAGE-LABOR AS ANALOG\S TO SLAV]Y1 & H5CE1 TO TRY AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO AVOID IT4 

,WE CAN OBS]VE ! FOLL[+ TRAITS %>$ BY SLAV]Y & CAPITALISM3  

,BO? RELY ON A SEP>ATION ( ! PLACE ( SOCIAL 7RE7PRODUCTION ( ! LABOR =CE1 & ! PLACE :]E ?AT LABOR-P[] IS REALIZ$ 9 PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! CASE ( SLAV]Y1 ?IS IS EFFECT$ BY TRANSPORT+ LABOR]S B\<T OR /OL5 FROM ONE SOCIETY 9TO ANO!R ONE2 9 CAPITALISM1 BY SEP>AT+ ! DOME/IC SPH]E 7! SPH]E ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION7 FROM ! WORKPLACE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT IS EFFECT$ BY PHYSICAL DI/ANCE1 9 ONE1 IS EFFECT$ BY ! ANONYMITY ( ! M>KET 9 ! O!R4  

,! TRANSF] IS EFFECT$ ?R\< EX*ANG+ HUMAN P[]S = MONEY3 EI!R BY SELL+ WORK]S1 OR HIR+ !M 7ESS5TIALLY1 ALL[+ !M TO R5T !MSELVES74  

,ONE EFFECT ( ?AT TRANSF] IS 0SOCIAL DEA?10 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! COMMUNITY TIES1 K9%IP RELATIONS1 & SO =? :I* %AP$ ?AT WORK] >E1 9 PR9CIPLE1 SUPPOS$ TO HAVE NO RELEVANCE 9 ! WORKPLACE4 ,?IS IS TRUE 9 CAPITALISM TOO1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE3 A WORK]'S E?NIC ID5TITY1 SOCIAL NETWORKS1 K9 TIES1 & ! RE/ %\LD NOT HAVE ANY EFFECT ON HIR+ OR H[ ONE IS TREAT$ 9 ! (FICE OR %OP FLOOR1 ?\< ( C\RSE 9 REALITY ?IS ISN'T TRUE4  

,MO/ CRITICALLY1 ! F9ANCIAL TRANSACTION 9 BO? CASES PRODUCES AB/RACT LABOR1 :I* IS PURE CREATIVE POT5TIAL4 ,?IS IS CREAT$ BY ! EFFECTS ( COMM&4 ,AB/RACT LABOR IS ! %E] P[] ( CREATION1 TO DO ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,EV]YONE MI<T BE SAID TO CONTROL AB/RACT LABOR 9 !IR [N P]SON1 BUT 9 ORD] TO EXT5D IT FUR!R1 ONE HAS TO PLACE O!RS 9 A POSITION :]E !Y WILL BE EFFECTIVELY AN EXT5SION ( ONE'S WILL1 TO BE COMPLETELY AT ONE'S ORD]S4 ,SLAV]Y1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & V>I\S =MS ( CORVEE1 >E ! MA9 =MS 9 :I* ?IS HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF HI/ORICALLY4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS TOO IS SOME?+ ( AN UNREALIZ$ IDEAL3 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ OV]BE>+ =MS ( CONTROL HAS ALWAYS BE5 ONE ( ! KEY >EAS ( LABOR /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT'S WOR? NOT+ ?AT FEUDALISM 7OR MANORIALISM IF Y\ PREF]7 T5DS T[>DS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE PR9CIPLE3 ! DUTIES [$ BY LIEGE TO LORD T5D$ TO BE V]Y SPECIFIC & 9TRICATELY MAPP$ \T4  

,A CON/ANT IDEOLOGICAL ACCOMPANIM5T ( ?IS SORT ( >RANGEM5T IS AN IDEOLOGY ( FRE$OM4 ,AS ,MOSES ,F9LEY FIR/ PO9T$ 7#a#i#h71 MO/ SOCIETIES TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT NO HUMAN IS COMPLETELY FREE OR COMPLETELY DEP5D5T4 ,RA!R1 ALL HAVE DIFF]5T DEGREES ( RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS4 ,! MOD]N IDEAL ( POLITICAL LIB]TY1 9 FACT1 HAS HI/ORICALLY T5D$ TO EM]GE FROM SOCIETIES ) EXTREME =MS ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y 7,P]ICLES' ,A!NS1 ,JEFF]SON'S ,VIRG9IA71 ESS5TIALLY1 AS A PO9T ( CONTRA/4 ,M$IEVAL JURI/S1 = EXAMPLE1 ASSUM$ EV]Y RI<T WAS SOMEONE ELSE'S OBLIGATION & VICE V]SA4 ,! MOD]N DOCTR9E ( LIB]TY AS A PROP]TY HUMANS C\LD POSSESS WAS DEVELOP$1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ,LISBON & ,ANTW]P1 CITIES ?AT W]E AT ! C5T] ( ! SLAVE TRADE AT ! TIME2 & ! MO/ COMMON OBJECTION TO ?IS NEW NOTION ( LIB]TY WAS ?AT1 IF ONE [NS ONE'S FRE$OM1 IT %\LD !N ALSO BE POSSIBLE TO SELL IT 7,TUCK #a#i#g#i74 ,H5CE1 ! DOCTR9E ( P]SONAL LIB]TY--\TSIDE ( ! WORKPLACE--OR EV5 ! NOTION ( FRE$OM ( CONTRACT ?AT ONE SO (T5 5C\NT]S 9 SOCIETIES DOM9AT$ BY WAGE-LABOR DOES NOT REALLY MEAN WE >E DEAL+ ) A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( SY/EM4 ,IT MEANS WE >E DEAL+ ) A TRANS=MATION4 ,WE >E DEAL+ ) ! SAME T]MS1 DIFF]5TLY >RANG$3 SO ?AT RA!R ?AN ONE CLASS ( PEOPLE BE+ ABLE TO IMAG9E !MSELVES AS ABSOLUTELY 0FREE0 BECAUSE O!RS >E ABSOLUTELY UNFREE1 WE HAVE ! SAME 9DIVIDUALS MOV+ BACK & =? BETWE5 !SE TWO POSITIONS OV] ! C\RSE ( ! WEEK & WORK+ DAY4  
  

,SO1 9 EFFECT1 A TRANSF] EFFECT$ JU/ ONCE1 BY SALE1 UND] A REGIME ( SLAV]Y IS TRANS=M$ UND] CAPITALISM 9TO ONE REPEAT$ OV] & OV] AGA94 

,N[1 IT MI<T SEEM A BIT IMP]T95T TO COMP>E ! MORN+ COMMUTE TO ! ,MIDDLE ,PASSAGE1 BUT /RUCTURALLY1 !Y DO SEEM TO PLAY EXACTLY ! SAME ROLE4 ,:AT IS ACCOMPLI%$ ONCE1 VIOL5TLY & CATA/ROPHICALLY1 9 ONE V>IANT1 IS REPEAT$ ) 5DLESS M9D-NUMB+ DRUDG]Y 9 ! O!R4 

,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT :5 ,I SAY ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION IS A TRANS=MATION ( ! O!R1 ,I AM TALK+ AB\T ! P]MUTATION ( LOGICAL T]MS4 ,IT DOESN'T NECESS>ILY IMPLY ONE GREW \T ( ! O!R1 OR EV5 ?AT !RE WAS ANY HI/ORICAL CONNECTION AT ALL4 ,I AM NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 NECESS>ILY TAK+ ISSUE ) ! HI/ORICAL >GUM5T ?AT CAPITALISM FIR/ EM]G$ )9 ! ,5GLI% AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 RA!R ?AN FROM LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE 7,DOBB #a#i#d#g2 ,BR5N] #a#i#g#f1 #a#i#g#i2 ,WOOD #b#b74 ,OR1 P]HAPS ,I %\LD BE MORE SPECIFIC4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! 0,BR5N] HYPO!SIS10 AS IT'S CALL$1 CAN ACC\NT = ! FIR/ TWO ( ! ?REE FEATURES ?AT DEF9E 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM AS A MODE ( PRODUCTION3 IT DEMON/RATES ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( WAGE-LABOR 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOP$ H& 9 H& ) /RUCTURAL =CES ?AT DEM&$ EV]-EXP&+ PR(ITS4 ,H[EV]1 IT DOESN'T EXPLA9 ! ?IRD3 ! EM]G+ RURAL PROLET>IAT W]E1 9 LEGAL PR9CIPLE & USUALLY 9 PRACTICE1 S]VANTS RESID5T 9 !IR EMPLOY]S' H\SEHOLDS 7SEE1 E4G41 ,KUSSMAUL #a#i#h#a74 ,NOTE1 TOO1 ?IS SAME AGE ( 0M]*ANT CAPITALISM0 DID SEE A SUDD5 & SPECTACUL> REVIVAL ( ! 9/ITUTION ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 & O!R =MS ( =C$ LABOR1 :I* HAD L>GELY VANI%$ 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES--EV5 ?\< !SE W]E LEGALLY CONF9$ TO ! COLONIES4 ,AS ,C4,L4,R4 ,JAMES >GU$ LONG AGO1 RATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES W]E L>GELY DEVELOP$ ON SLAVE PLANTATIONS1 & MU* ( ! WEAL? :I* FUND$ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION EM]G$ FROM ! SLAVE TRADE & EV5 MORE FROM 9DU/RIES ) S]VILE WORK =CES 7,JAMES #a#i#c#h1 ,WILLIAMS #a#i#d#d1 ,BLAUT #a#i#i#c3 #b#c-#b#e74 ,?IS MAKES S5SE4 ,WAGE-LABOR RELATIONS MI<T HAVE EM]G$ AMONG 0IMPROV+0 L&LORDS DUR+ ?AT FIR/ P]IOD1 BUT ! WEAL?Y TRAD]S ( ! TIME W]E AFT] 0AB/RACT LABOR0 9 ! EASIE/ =M POSSIBLE4 ,!Y WANT$ WORK]S :O W\LD DO ANY?+ !Y TOLD !M TO DO1 SO !IR FIR/ IMPULSE WAS TO USE SLAVES4 ,FULL1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM MI<T !N TO BE SAID TO HAVE EM]G$ ONLY :5 ! TWO FUZ$4 ,ONE MI<T SPECULATE ?AT ONE REASON L>GE-SCALE M]*ANTS EV5TUALLY CAME TO APPLY WAGE-LABOR AT HOME1 EV5 )9 ! 9DU/RIAL SECTOR1 WAS NOT BECAUSE SLAV]Y OR O!R =MS ( =C$ LABOR PROV$ 9EFFICI5T AS A =M ( PRODUCTION1 BUT RA!R1 BECAUSE IT DID NOT CREATE EFFICI5T M>KETS = CONSUMPTION3 ONE CANNOT SELL MU* ( ANY?+ TO SLAVES2 &1 AT LEA/ AT ?AT TIME1 IT WAS DIFFICULT TO KEEP ONE'S POPULATION ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ON 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONT95TS4 

,NONE ( ?IS1 P]HAPS1 EXPLA9S ! EXACT CONNECTION BETWE5 WAGE-LABOR1 SEP>ATION ( H\SEHOLD & WORKPLACE1 OR ! CAPITALI/'S NE$ = UNLIMIT$ GR[?4 ,BUT ! !ORETICAL T]MS ,I'VE BE5 DEVELOP+ MI<T SUGGE/ SOME DIRECTIONS4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN FIRMS ( ?IS P]IOD & COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISES 9 ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD1 OR ,EA/ ,ASIA1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ?AT !Y W]E NOT = ! MO/ P>T FAMILY FIRMS4 ,ESPECIALLY ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CORPORATE =M--! IDEA ?AT CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES W]E IMMORTAL P]SONS FREE ( ! NE$ TO BE BORN1 M>RY1 OR DIE--! ECONOMIC DOMA9 WAS EFFECTIVELY EXCIS$ FROM ! DOMA9 ( TRANS=MATION & ! MUTUAL %AP+ ( HUMAN BE+S & CAME TO BE SE5 AS SOME?+ TRANSC5D5T4 ,IT WAS AN UNEV5 PA? 7! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 = EXAMPLE1 AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! GREAT ,EA/ ,9DIES ,COMPANIES1 SEEMS LIKE SOME?+ ( AN ANOMALY 9 ?IS REG>D71 BUT IT IS A DIRECTION WELL WOR? FUR!R 9VE/IGATION4 ,?IS MI<T SUGGE/3 

,!SIS #e3 ,CAPITALISM'S UNLIMIT$ DEM& = GR[? & PR(IT IS RELAT$ TO ! TRANSC5D5T AB/RACTION ( ! CORPORATE =M4 ,9 ANY SOCIETY1 ! DOM9ANT =MS >E CONSID]$ TRANSC5D5T FROM REALITY 9 MU* ! WAY VALUE =MS T5D TO BE &1 :5 !SE TRANSC5D5T =MS 5C\NT] 0MAT]IAL0 REALITY1 !IR DEM&S >E ABSOLUTE4 

,?IS ONE1 ?\<1 ,I WILL HAVE TO LEAVE AS A POSSIBLE DIRECTION = FUTURE RESE>*4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

  
  

,ABU-,LU<OD1 ,JANET 

#aihi ,BE=E ,EUROPEAN ,HEGEMONY3 ,! ,WORLD ,SY/EM ,A,D #a#b#e-#a#c#e4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,AM91 ,SAMIR 

#aihh ,L',EUROC5TRISME4 ,CRITIQUE D'UNE IDEOLOGIE4 ,P>IS3 ,AN?ROPOS4 

#aiia 0,! ,ANCI5T ,WORLD-,SY/EMS ,V]SUS ! ,MOD]N ,CAPITALI/ ,WORLD-,SY/EM40 ,REVIEW #a#d3 #c 7,SUMM]73 #c#d#i-#c#h#e4 

,&]SON1 ,P]RY 

#a#i#g#dA ,PASSAGES FROM ,ANTIQUITY TO ,FEUDALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO ,PRESS4 

#a#i#g#dB ,L9EAGES ( ! ,ABSOLUTI/ ,/ATE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V]SO ,PRESS4 

,B>RAUD1 ,CECILE1 ,DANIEL DE ,COPPET1 ,&RE ,ITEANU1 & ,RAYMOND ,JAM\S 

#aiid ,( ,RELATIONS & ! ,DEAD3 ,F\R ,SOCIETIES ,VIEW$ FROM ! ,ANGLE ( ,!IR ,EX*ANGES4 7,/EPH5 ,J4 ,SUFF]N1 TRANS474 ,OX=D3 ,B]G ,PRESS4 

,BATTAGLIA1 ,DEBBORA 

#aihc 0,PROJECT+ ,P]SONHOOD 9 ,MELANESIA3 ! ,DIALECTICS ( ,>TIFACT ,SYMBOLISM ON ,SAB>L ,ISL&40 ,MAN N4S4 #a#h3 #b#h#i-#c#d4 

#aii ,ON ! ,BONES ( ! ,S]P5T3 ,P]SON1 ,MEMORY & ,MORTALITY 9 ,SAB>L ,ISL& ,SOCIETY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,BLAUT1 ,JAMES 

#aiic ,! ,COLONIZ]'S ,MODEL ( ! ,WORLD3 ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,DIFFUSION & ,EUROC5TRIC ,HI/ORY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,GUIL=D4 

,BLO*1 ,M>C 

#aifa ,FEUDAL ,SOCIETY4 #b VOLS4 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE4 

,BLO*1 ,MAURICE 

#aihb 0,DEA?1 ,WOM5 & ,P[]40 ,9 ,DEA? & ! ,REG5]ATION ( ,LIFE 7,M4 ,BLO* & ,J4 ,P>RY1 $S474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,B\RDIEU1 ,PI]RE 

#aigi ,\TL9E ( A ,!ORY ( ,PRACTICE 7,RI*>D ,NICE1 TRANS474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BR5N]1 ,ROB]T 

#aigf 0,AGR>IAN ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T & ,PRE-,CAPITALI/ ,CLASS ,/RUCTURE 9 ,PRE-,9DU/RIAL ,EUROPE40 ,PA/ & ,PRES5T #g3 #c-#g#e4 

#aihb 0,! ,AGR>IAN ,ROOTS ( ,MOD]N ,CAPITALISM40 ,PA/ & ,PRES5T #i#g3 #a#f-#a#a#c4 

,CAILLE1 ,ALA9 

#aihd 0,DEUX MY!S MOD]NES3 LA R>ETE ET LA RATIONALITE ECONOMIQUES40 ,BULLET9 DU ,M,A,U,S,S #a#b3 #i-#c#g4 

#aihi ,CRITIQUE DE LA RAISON UTILITAIRE3 ,MANIFE/E DU ,M,A,U,S,S4 ,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS LA ,DEC\V]TE_/,M,A,U,S,S4 

#aiid ,DON1 9T]ET ET DES9T]ESSEM5T3 ,B\RDIEU1 ,MAUSS1 ,PLATON ET QUELQUES AUTRES4 ,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS LA ,DEC\V]TE_/,M,A,U,S,S4 

,*ASE-,DUNN1 ,*RI/OPH]1 & ,?OMAS ,D4 ,HALL 

#aiig ,RISE & ,DEMISE3 ,COMP>+ ,WORLD-,SY/EMS4 ,B\LD]3 ,WE/VIEW ,PRESS4 

,*AUDHURI1 ,K4 

#aihe ,TRADE & ,CIVILIZATION 9 ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN3 AN ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY FROM ! ,RISE ( ,ISLAM TO #a#g#e4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#aii ,ASIA ,BE=E ,EUROPE3 ,ECONOMY & ,CIVILIZATION 9 ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN FROM ! ,RISE ( ,ISLAM TO #a#g#e4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,COQU]Y-,VIDROVIT*1 ,C4 

#ai< 0,RESE>* ON AN ,AFRICAN ,MODE ( ,PRODUCTION40 ,9 ,RELATIONS ( ,PRODUCTION 7,D4 ,S$DON1 $474 ,LONDON3 ,FRANK ,CASS4 

,DOBB1 ,MAURICE 

#aidg ,/UDIES 9 ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S4 

,DUBY1 ,GEORGES 

#aihb ,RURAL ,ECONOMY & ! ,C\NTRY ,LIFE 9 ! ,M$IEVAL ,WE/4 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,EKHOLM1 ,KAJSA1 & ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN 

#aihb 0',CAPITAL' ,IMP]IALISM & ,EXPLOITATION 9 ,ANCI5T ,WORLD-,SY/EMS40 ,REVIEW #d3 #h#g-#a#i4 

,FAJANS1 ,JANE 

#aiig ,!Y ,MAKE ,!MSELVES3 ,WORK & ,PLAY AMONG ! ,BA9+ ( ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,F9LEY1 ,MOSES 

#a#i#fA 0,! ,S]VILE ,/ATUSES ( ,ANCI5T ,GREECE10 ,REVUE ,9T]NATIONAL DES DROITS DE L'ANTIQUITE1 #g3 #a#f#e-#h#i4 

#a#i#fB ,SLAV]Y 9 ,CLASSICAL ,ANTIQUITY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,HEFF]4 

#aifd 0,BETWE5 ,SLAV]Y & ,FRE$OM40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY1 #f3 #b#c#c-#d#i4 

#aigc ,! ,ANCI5T ,ECONOMY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,=TUNATI1 ,LEOPOLD9I 

#aiie ,! ,>CANA ( ,REPRODUCTION3 ,H\SEWORK1 ,PRO/ITUTION1 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL4 7,HILL>Y ,CREEK1 TRANS47 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,AUTONOM$IA .<#a#i#h#a.>4 

,FRANK1 ,&RE ,GUND] 

#aiia 0,TRANSITIONAL ,IDEOLOGICAL ,MODES3 ,FEUDALISM1 ,CAPITALISM1 ,SOCIALISM40 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY #a#a3 #a#g#a-#a#h#h4 

#aiic 0,BRONZE ,AGE ,WORLD ,SY/EMS ,CYCLES40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #c#d3 #c#h#c-#d#b#i4 

#aiih ,RE,ORI5T3 ,! ,SILV] ,AGE 9 ,ASIA & ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMY4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,FRANK1 ,&RE ,GUND] & ,B>RY ,K4 ,GILLS 

#aiic ,! ,WORLD ,SY/EM3 ,FIVE ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S OR ,FIVE ,?\S&8 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,FRI$MAN1 ,JONA?AN 

#b 0,CONCRETIZ+ ! CONT9UITY >GUM5T 9 GLOBAL SY/EMS ANALYSIS40 ,9 ,WORLD ,SY/EM ,HI/ORY3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE ( ,LONG-,T]M ,*ANGE 7,ROB]T ,A4 ,D5EM>K1 ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN1 ,B>RY ,K4 ,GILLS1 ,GEORGE ,MODELSKI1 $S474 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,GODB\T1 ,JACQUES ,T41 & ,ALA9 ,CAILLE 

#aiih ,! ,WORLD ( ! ,GIFT4 ,MONTREAL3 ,MC,GILL-,QUE5'S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GODELI]1 ,MAURICE 

#aigg ,P]SPECTIVES 9 ,M>XI/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#ai< 0',SALT ,MONEY' & ! ,CIRCULATION ( ,COMMODITIES AMONG ! ,B>UYA ( ,NEW ,GU9EA40 ,9 ,P]SPECTIVES 9 ,M>XI/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY 7,M4 ,GODELI]1 $474 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

#aihf ,! ,MAK+ ( ,GREAT ,M53 ,MALE ,DOM9ATION & ,P[] AMONG ! ,NEW ,GU9EA ,B>UYA4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GOODY1 ,JACK 

#aiif ,! ,EA/ 9 ! ,WE/4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID 

#aiie 0,DANC+ ) ,CORPSES ,RECONSID]$3 ,AN ,9T]PRETATION ( ,FAMADIHANA 79 ,>IVONIMAMO1 ,MADAGASC>740 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #b#b3 #b#e#h-#b#g#h4 

#aiig 0,MANN]S1 ,DEF]5CE & ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY3 ,! ,G5]ALIZATION ( ,AVOIDANCE 9 ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #c#i7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

#ba ,T[>D AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE3 ,! ,FALSE ,CO9 ( ,\R ,[N ,DREAMS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PALGRAVE4 

,HAJNAL1 ,JOHN 

#aife 0,EUROPEAN ,M>RIAGE ,PATT]NS 9 ,P]SPECTIVE40 ,9 ,POPULATION 9 ,HI/ORY4 7,D4,V4 ,GLASS & ,D4,E4,C4 ,EV]SLEY1 $S474 ,*ICAGO3 ,ALD9E4 

#aihb 0,TWO ,K9DS ( ,PRE9DU/RIAL ,H\SEHOLD ,=MATION ,SY/EM40 ,POPULATION & ,DEVELOPM5T ,REVIEW #h3 #c 7,SEPTEMB]73 #d#d#i-#i#d4 

,H]LIHY1 ,DAVID 

#aif 0,! ,C>OL+IAN ,MANSUS0 ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY ,REVIEW VOL4 #a#c4 

#aihe ,M$IEVAL ,H\SEHOLDS4 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,CAMBRIDGE4 

,HOLL[AY1 ,JOHN 

#bc ,*ANGE ! ,WORLD ,)\T ,TAK+ ,P[]3 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,REVOLUTION ,TODAY4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,HUMPHRIES1 ,SUSAN ,C4 

#ai< ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ! ,GREEKS4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL4 

,JAMES1 ,C4 ,L4 ,R4 

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