,P>TY & ,CLASS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

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,! ,!SES ON ! ,ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ,PROLET>IAN 
,REVOLUTION APPROV$ BY ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL >E 
G5U9ELY & DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E4 ,!SE !SES TAKE ! DEF9ITION 
( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 P>TY & CLASS AS A />T+ PO9T & E/ABLI% ?AT 
! CLASS P>TY CAN 9CLUDE 9 ITS RANKS ONLY A P>T ( ! CLASS ITSELF1 NEV] 
! :OLE NOR EV5 P]HAPS ! MAJORITY ( IT4 ,?IS OBVI\S TRU? W\LD HAVE 
BE5 BETT] EMPHASIZ$ IF IT HAD BE5 PO9T$ \T ?AT ONE CANNOT EV5 SPEAK 
( A CLASS UNLESS A M9ORITY ( ?IS CLASS T5D+ TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9TO A 
POLITICAL P>TY HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,:AT 9 FACT IS A SOCIAL CLASS ACCORD+ 
TO \R CRITICAL ME?OD8 ,CAN WE POSSIBLY RECOGNIZE IT BY ! MEANS ( A PURELY 
OBJECTIVE EXT]NAL ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! COMMON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CONDITIONS 
( A GREAT NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ( !IR ANALOG\S POSITIONS 9 RELATION%IP 
TO ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS8 ,?AT W\LD NOT BE 5\<4 ,\R ME?OD DOES NOT AM\NT 
TO A M]E DESCRIPTION ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE AS IT EXI/S AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 
NOR DOES IT M]ELY DRAW AN AB/RACT L9E DIVID+ ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS COMPOS+ 
SOCIETY 9TO TWO GR\PS1 AS IS DONE 9 ! S*OLA/IC CLASSIFICATIONS ( ! 
NATURALI/S4 ,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE SEES HUMAN SOCIETY 9 ITS MOVEM5T1 9 ITS 
DEVELOPM5T 9 TIME2 IT UTILIZES A FUNDAM5TALLY HI/ORICAL & DIALECTICAL 
CRIT]ION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT /UDIES ! CONNECTION ( EV5TS 9 !IR RECIPROCAL 
9T]ACTION4 ,9/EAD ( TAK+ A SNAP%OT ( SOCIETY AT A GIV5 MOM5T 7LIKE 
! OLD METAPHYSICAL ME?OD7 & !N /UDY+ IT 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% ! 
DIFF]5T CATEGORIES 9TO :I* ! 9DIVIDUALS COMPOS+ IT MU/ BE CLASSIFI$1 
! DIALECTICAL ME?OD SEES HI/ORY AS A FILM UNROLL+ ITS SUCCESSIVE SC5ES2 
! CLASS MU/ BE LOOK$ = & DI/+UI%$ 9 ! /RIK+ FEATURES ( ?IS 
MOVEM5T4 ,9 US+ ! FIR/ ME?OD WE W\LD BE ! T>GET ( A ?\S& OBJECTIONS 
FROM PURE /ATI/ICIANS & DEMOGRAPH]S 7%ORT-SI<T$ PEOPLE IF !RE EV] 
W]E7 :O W\LD REEXAM9E \R DIVISIONS & REM>K ?AT !RE >E NOT TWO CLASSES1 
NOR EV5 ?REE OR F\R1 BUT ?AT !RE CAN BE T51 A HUNDR$ OR EV5 A ?\S& 
CLASSES SEP>AT$ BY SUCCESSIVE GRADATIONS & 9DEF9ABLE TRANSITION ZONES4 
,) ! SECOND ME?OD1 ?\<1 WE MAKE USE ( QUITE DIFF]5T CRIT]IA 9 ORD] 
TO DI/+UI% ?AT PROTAGONI/ ( HI/ORICAL TRAG$Y1 ! CLASS1 & 9 ORD] 
TO DEF9E ITS *>ACT]I/ICS1 ITS ACTIONS & ITS OBJECTIVES1 :I* BECOME 
CONCRETIZ$ 9TO OBVI\SLY UNI=M FEATURES AMONG A MULTITUDE ( *ANG+ FACTS2 
MEAN:ILE ! POOR PHOTOGRAPH] ( /ATI/ICS ONLY RECORDS !SE AS A COLD S]IES 
( LIFELESS DATA4 ,!RE=E1 9 ORD] TO /ATE ?AT A CLASS EXI/S & ACTS 
AT A GIV5 MOM5T 9 HI/ORY1 IT WILL NOT BE 5\< TO KN[1 = 9/ANCE1 H[ 
MANY M]*ANTS !RE W]E 9 ,P>IS UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 OR ! NUMB] ( ,5GLI% 
L&LORDS 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,C5TURY1 OR ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 9 ! ,BELGIAN 
MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,9/EAD1 
WE WILL HAVE TO SUBMIT AN 5TIRE HI/ORICAL P]IOD TO \R LOGICAL 9VE/IGATIONS2 
WE WILL HAVE TO MAKE \T A SOCIAL1 & !RE=E POLITICAL1 MOVEM5T :I* SE>*ES 
= ITS WAY ?R\< ! UPS & D[NS1 ! ]RORS & SUCCESSES1 ALL ! :ILE 
OBVI\SLY ADH]+ TO ! SET ( 9T]E/S ( A /RATA ( PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 
PLAC$ 9 A P>TICUL> SITUATION BY ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & BY ITS DEVELOPM5TS4 
,IT IS ?IS ME?OD ( ANALYSIS ?AT ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS US$ 9 ONE ( HIS FIR/ 
CLASSICAL ESSAYS1 :]E HE DREW ! EXPLANATION ( A S]IES ( POLITICAL MOVEM5TS 
FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 & ?US DEMON/RAT$ ! EXI/5CE 
( A CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS DIALECTICAL CONCEPT ( ! CLASS ALL[S US TO OV]COME 
! /ATI/ICIAN'S PALE OBJECTIONS4 ,HE DOES NOT HAVE ! RI<T ANY LONG] 
TO VIEW ! OPPOS$ CLASSES AS BE+ CLE>LY DIVID$ ON ! SC5E ( HI/ORY 
AS >E ! DIFF]5T *ORAL GR\PS ON A !AT] SC5E4 ,HE CANNOT REFUTE \R 
CONCLUSIONS BY >GU+ ?AT 9 ! CONTACT ZONE !RE >E UNDEF9ABLE /RATA 
?R\< :I* AN OSMOSIS ( 9DIVIDUALS TAKES PLACE1 BECAUSE ?IS FACT DOES 
NOT ALT] ! HI/ORICAL PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! CLASSES FAC+ ONE ANO!R4 

,!RE=E ! CONCEPT ( CLASS MU/ NOT SUGGE/ TO US A /ATIC IMAGE1 
BUT 9/EAD A DYNAMIC ONE4 ,:5 WE DETECT A SOCIAL T5D5CY1 OR A MOVEM5T ORI5T$ 
T[>DS A GIV5 5D1 !N WE CAN RECOGNIZE ! EXI/5CE ( A CLASS 9 ! TRUE 
S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,BUT !N ! CLASS P>TY EXI/S 9 A MAT]IAL IF NOT YET 
9 A =MAL WAY4 ,A P>TY LIVES :5 !RE IS ! EXI/5CE ( A DOCTR9E & 
A ME?OD ( ACTION4 ,A P>TY IS A S*OOL ( POLITICAL ?\<T & CONSEQU5TLY 
AN ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLE4 ,! FIR/ *>ACT]I/IC IS A FACT ( CONSCI\SNESS1 
! SECOND IS A FACT ( WILL1 OR MORE PRECISELY ( A /RIV+ T[>DS A F9AL 
5D4 ,)\T ?OSE TWO *>ACT]I/ICS1 WE DO NOT YET HAVE ! DEF9ITION ( 
A CLASS4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 HE :O COLDLY RECORDS FACTS MAY F9D AFF9ITIES 
9 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( MORE OR LESS L>GE /RATA1 BUT NO M>K IS 5GRAV$ 
9 HI/ORY'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS ONLY )9 ! CLASS P>TY ?AT WE CAN F9D 
!SE TWO *>ACT]I/ICS COND5S$ & CONCRETIZ$4 ,! CLASS =MS ITSELF 
AS C]TA9 CONDITIONS & RELATION%IPS BR\<T AB\T BY ! CONSOLIDATION ( 
NEW SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION >E DEVELOP$ - = 9/ANCE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 
BIG FACTORIES HIR+ & TRA9+ A L>GE LABOR =CE2 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! 
9T]E/S ( SU* A COLLECTIVITY GRADUALLY BEG9 TO MAT]IALIZE 9TO A MORE 
PRECISE CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* BEG9S TO TAKE %APE 9 SMALL GR\PS ( ?IS COLLECTIVITY4 
,:5 ! MASS IS ?RU/ 9TO ACTION1 ONLY !SE FIR/ GR\PS CAN =ESEE A F9AL 
5D1 & IT IS !Y :O SUPPORT & LEAD ! RE/4 ,:5 REF]R+ TO ! MOD]N 
PROLET>IAN CLASS1 WE MU/ CONCEIVE ( ?IS PROCESS NOT 9 RELATION%IP TO A 
TRADE CATEGORY BUT TO ! CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,IT CAN !N BE REALIZ$ H[ A MORE 
PRECISE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S GRADUALLY MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE2 
?IS CONSCI\SNESS1 H[EV]1 RESULTS FROM SU* A COMPLEXITY ( EXP]I5CES & 
IDEAS1 ?AT IT CAN BE F\ND ONLY 9 LIMIT$ GR\PS COMPOS$ ( ELEM5TS SELECT$ 
FROM EV]Y CATEGORY4 ,9DE$ ONLY AN ADVANC$ M9ORITY CAN HAVE ! CLE> VISION 
( A COLLECTIVE ACTION :I* IS DIRECT$ T[>DS G5]AL 5DS ?AT CONC]N ! 
:OLE CLASS & :I* HAS AT ITS CORE ! PROJECT ( *ANG+ ! :OLE SOCIAL 
REGIME4 ,?OSE GR\PS1 ?OSE M9ORITIES1 >E NO?+ O!R ?AN ! P>TY4 ,:5 
ITS =MATION 7:I* ( C\RSE NEV] PROCE$S )\T >RE/S1 CRISES & 9T]NAL 
CONFLICTS7 HAS REA*$ A C]TA9 /AGE1 !N WE MAY SAY ?AT WE HAVE A CLASS 
9 ACTION4 ,AL?\< ! P>TY 9CLUDES ONLY A P>T ( ! CLASS1 ONLY IT CAN 
GIVE ! CLASS ITS UNITY ( ACTION & MOVEM5T1 = IT AMALGAMATES ?OSE ELEM5TS1 
BEYOND ! LIMITS ( CATEGORIES & LOCALITIES1 :I* >E S5SITIVE TO ! CLASS 
& REPRES5T IT4 ,?IS CA/S A LI<T ON ! MEAN+ ( ?IS BASIC FACT3 ! 
P>TY IS ONLY A P>T ( ! CLASS4 ,HE :O CONSID]S A /ATIC & AB/RACT IMAGE 
( SOCIETY1 & SEES ! CLASS AS A ZONE ) A SMALL NUCLEUS1 ! P>TY1 )9 
IT1 MI<T EASILY BE L$ TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSION3 S9CE ! :OLE SECTION 
( ! CLASS REMA9+ \TSIDE ! P>TY IS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! MAJORITY1 IT MI<T 
HAVE A GREAT] WEI<T & A GREAT] RI<T4 ,H[EV] IF IT IS ONLY REMEMB]$ 
?AT ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 ?AT GREAT REMA9+ MASS HAVE NEI!R CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 
NOR CLASS WILL YET & LIVE = !IR [N SELFI% 5DS1 OR = !IR TRADE1 
!IR VILLAGE1 !IR NATION1 !N IT WILL BE REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO SECURE 
! ACTION ( ! CLASS AS A :OLE 9 ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T1 IT IS NECESS>Y 
TO HAVE AN ORGAN :I* 9SPIRES1 UNITES & HEADS IT - 9 %ORT :I* (FIC]S 
IT2 IT WILL !N BE REALIZ$ ?AT ! P>TY ACTUALLY IS ! NUCLEUS )\T 
:I* !RE W\LD BE NO REASON TO CONSID] ! :OLE REMA9+ MASS AS A MOBILIZATION 
( =CES4 ,! CLASS PRESUPPOSES ! P>TY1 BECAUSE TO EXI/ & TO ACT 9 HI/ORY 
IT MU/ POSSESS A CRITICAL DOCTR9E ( HI/ORY & AN AIM TO ATTA9 9 IT4 

,9 ! ONLY TRUE REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION1 ! DIRECTION ( CLASS 
ACTION IS DELEGAT$ TO ! P>TY4 ,DOCTR9AL ANALYSIS1 TOGE!R ) A 
NUMB] ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES1 ALL[ US TO EASILY R$UCE TO PETTY 
B\RGEOIS & ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES1 ANY T5D5CY TO D5Y ! 
NECESSITY & ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! P>TY'S FUNCTION4 ,IF ?IS 
D5IAL IS BAS$ ON A DEMOCRATIC PO9T ( VIEW1 IT MU/ BE SUBJECT$ TO 
! SAME CRITICISM ?AT ,M>XISM USES TO DISPROVE ! FAVORITE !OREMS 
( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO RECALL ?AT1 IF ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMAN BE+S IS ! RESULT1 NOT ! CAUSE ( ! 
*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SURR\ND+S 9 :I* !Y >E COMPELL$ TO LIVE 
& ACT1 !N NEV] AS A RULE WILL ! EXPLOIT$1 ! />V$ & ! 
UND]F$ BE ABLE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ( ! NECESSITY ( 
OV]?R[+ ! WELL-F$ SATIAT$ EXPLOIT] LAD5 ) EV]Y RES\RCE 
& CAPACITY4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE ! EXCEPTION4 ,B\RGEOIS ELECTORAL 
DEMOCRACY SEEKS ! CONSULTATION ( ! MASSES1 = IT KN[S ?AT ! 
RESPONSE ( ! MAJORITY WILL ALWAYS BE FAVORABLE TO ! PRIVILEG$ 
CLASS & WILL READILY DELEGATE TO ?AT CLASS ! RI<T TO GOV]N & 
TO P]PETUATE EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS NOT ! ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION ( 
! SMALL M9ORITY ( B\RGEOIS VOT]S ?AT WILL ALT] ! 
RELATION%IP4 ,! B\RGEOISIE GOV]NS ) ! MAJORITY1 NOT ONLY ( 
ALL ! CITIZ5S1 BUT ALSO ( ! WORK]S TAK5 ALONE4 ,!RE=E IF ! 
P>TY CALL$ ON ! :OLE PROLET>IAN MASS TO JUDGE ! ACTIONS & 
9ITIATIVES ( :I* ! P>TY ALONE HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY1 IT W\LD 
TIE ITSELF TO A V]DICT ?AT W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE FAVORABLE TO 
! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?AT V]DICT W\LD ALWAYS BE LESS 5LI<T5$1 LESS 
ADVANC$1 LESS REVOLUTION>Y1 & ABOVE ALL LESS DICTAT$ BY A 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REALLY COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ ( ! WORK]S & ( 
! F9AL RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 ?AN ! ADVICE COM+ 
FROM ! RANKS ( ! ORGANIZ$ P>TY ALONE4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! 
PROLET>IAT'S RI<T TO COMM& ITS [N CLASS ACTION IS ONLY ON 
AB/RACTION DEVOID ( ANY ,M>XI/ S5SE4 ,IT CONCEALS A DESIRE TO LEAD 
! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY TO 5L>GE ITSELF BY 9CLUD+ LESS MATURE 
/RATA1 S9CE AS ?IS PROGRESSIVELY OCCURS1 ! RESULT+ DECISIONS GET 
NE>] & NE>] TO ! B\RGEOIS & CONS]VATIVE CONCEPTIONS4 ,IF WE 
LOOK$ = EVID5CE NOT ONLY ?R\< !ORETICAL 9QUIRY1 BUT ALSO 9 
! EXP]I5CES HI/ORY HAS GIV5 US1 \R H>VE/ W\LD BE ABUNDANT4 
,LET US REMEMB] ?AT IT IS A TYPICAL B\RGEOIS CLI*E TO OPPOSE ! 
GOOD 0COMMON S5SE0 ( ! MASSES TO ! 0EVIL0 ( 
A 0M9ORITY ( AGITATORS01 & TO PRET5D TO BE MO/ 
FAVORABLY DISPOS$ T[>DS ! EXPLOIT$S' 9T]E/S4 ,! 
RI<T-W+ CURR5TS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC S*OOL1 :OSE REACTION>Y T5ETS HAVE BE5 CLE>LY 
%[N BY HI/ORY1 CON/ANTLY OPPOSE ! MASSES TO ! P>TY & PRET5D 
TO BE ABLE TO F9D ! WILL ( ! CLASS BY CONSULT+ ON A SCALE WID] 
?AN ! LIMIT$ B\NDS ( ! P>TY4 ,:5 !Y CANNOT EXT5D ! P>TY 
BEYOND ALL LIMITS ( DOCTR9E & DISCIPL9E 9 ACTION1 !Y TRY TO 
E/ABLI% ?AT ITS MA9 ORGANS MU/ NOT BE ?OSE APPO9T$ BY A LIMIT$ 
NUMB] ( MILITANT MEMB]S1 BUT MU/ BE ?OSE :I* HAVE BE5 APPO9T$ 
= P>LIAM5T>Y DUTIES BY A L>G] BODY - ACTUALLY1 
P>LIAM5T>Y GR\PS ALWAYS BELONG TO ! EXTREME RI<T W+ ( ! 
P>TIES FROM :I* !Y COME4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 
P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ! FACT ?AT !Y APP>5TLY 
BECAME LESS REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ! UNORGANIZ$ MASSES1 >E DUE TO ! 
FACT ?AT !Y GRADUALLY LO/ !IR SPECIFIC P>TY *>ACT] PRECISELY 
?R\< WORK]I/ & 0LABORI/0 PRACTICES4 ,?AT IS1 !Y NO 
LONG] ACT$ AS ! VANGU>D PREC$+ ! CLASS BUT AS ITS ME*ANICAL 
EXPRESSION 9 AN ELECTORAL & CORPORATIVE SY/EM1 :]E EQUAL 
IMPORTANCE & 9FLU5CE IS GIV5 TO ! /RATA ?AT >E ! LEA/ 
CONSCI\S & ! MO/ DEP5D5T ON EGOTI/ICAL CLAIMS ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS ITSELF4 ,AS A REACTION TO ?IS EPIDEMIC1 EV5 BE=E 
! W>1 !RE DEVELOP$ A T5D5CY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ITALY1 ADVOCAT+ 
9T]NAL P>TY DISCIPL9E1 REJECT+ NEW RECRUITS :O W]E NOT YET 
WELD$ TO \R REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E1 OPPOS+ ! AUTONOMY ( 
P>LIAM5T>Y GR\PS & LOCAL ORGANS1 & RECOMM5D+ ?AT ! P>TY 
%\LD BE PURG$ ( ITS FALSE ELEM5TS4 ,?IS ME?OD HAS PROV$ TO BE 
! REAL ANTIDOTE = RE=MISM1 & =MS ! BASIS ( ! DOCTR9E 
& PRACTICE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* PUTS PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE 
ON ! ROLE ( ! P>TY - ?AT IS A C5TRALIZ$1 DISCIPL9$ 
P>TY ) A CLE> ORI5TATION ON ! PROBLEMS ( PR9CIPLES & 
TACTICS4 ,! SAME ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL JUDG$ ?AT ! 0COLLAPSE ( 
! SOCIALDEMOCRATIC P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS BY NO 
MEANS ! COLLAPSE ( PROLET>IAN P>TIES 9 G5]AL0 BUT1 IF WE 
MAY SAY SO1 ! FAILURE ( ORGANISMS ?AT HAD =GOTT5 !Y W]E 
P>TIES BECAUSE !Y HAD /OPP$ BE+ P>TIES4 

,!RE IS ALSO A DIFF]5T CATEGORY ( OBJECTION TO ! COMMUNI/ 
CONCEPT ( ! P>TY'S ROLE4 ,!SE OBJECTIONS >E L9K$ TO 
ANO!R =M ( CRITICAL & TACTICAL REACTION TO ! RE=MI/ 
DEG5]ACY3 !Y BELONG TO ! SYNDICALI/ S*OOL1 :I* SEES ! CLASS 
9 ! ECONOMIC TRADE UNIONS & PRET5DS ?AT !SE >E ! ORGANS 
CAPABLE ( LEAD+ ! CLASS 9 REVOLUTION4 ,FOLL[+ ! CLASSICAL 
P]IOD ( ! ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,AM]ICAN SYNDICALISM1 !SE 
APP>5TLY LEFT-W+ OBJECTIONS F\ND NEW =MULATIONS 9 T5D5CIES 
:I* >E ON ! M>G9S ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!SE TOO CAN BE 
EASILY R$UC$ TO SEMI-B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGIES BY A CRITIQUE ( !IR 
PR9CIPLES AS WELL AS BY ACKN[L$G+ ! HI/ORICAL RESULTS !Y L$ 
TO4 ,!SE T5D5CIES W\LD LIKE TO RECOGNIZE ! CLASS )9 AN 
ORGANIZATION ( ITS [N - C]TA9LY A *>ACT]I/IC & A MO/ 
IMPORTANT ONE - ?AT IS1 ! CRAFT OR TRADE UNIONS :I* >ISE 
BE=E ! POLITICAL P>TY1 GA!R MU* L>G] MASSES & !RE=E 
BETT] CORRESPOND TO ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,FROM AN AB/RACT 
PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 ! *OICE ( SU* A CRIT]ION REVEALS AN 
UNCONSCI\S RESPECT = ?AT SELFSAME DEMOCRATIC LIE :I* ! 
B\RGEOISIE RELIES ON TO SECURE ITS P[] BY ! MEANS ( 9VIT+ ! 
MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,9 O!R !ORETICAL 
VIEWPO9TS1 SU* A ME?OD MEETS ) B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS :5 IT 
5TRU/S ! TRADE UNIONS ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY & 
DEM&S ! AUTONOMY & DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS1 
JU/ AS REACTION>Y ECONOMI/S DO4 ,BUT \R PRES5T PURPOSE IS NOT TO 
DRAW \T A COMPLETE CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,IT 
IS SUFFICI5T TO REM>K1 CONSID]+ ! RESULT ( HI/ORICAL 
EXP]I5CE1 ?AT ! EXTREME RI<T W+ MEMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T HAVE ALWAYS ADVOCAT$ ! SAME PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT IS1 ! 
REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY TRADE UNIONS2 9DE$ !Y KN[ 
?AT BY DO+ SO1 !Y S(T5 & DIM9I% ! MOVEM5T'S 
*>ACT]1 = ! SIMPLE REASONS ?AT WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$4 ,TODAY 
! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF %[S A SYMPA?Y & AN 9CL9ATION1 :I* >E 
BY NO MEANS ILLOGICAL1 T[>DS ! UNIONIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 
,9DE$1 ! MORE 9TELLIG5T SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD READILY 
ACCEPT A RE=M ( ! /ATE & REPRES5TATIVE APP>ATUS 9 ORD] TO 
GIVE A L>G] PLACE TO ! 0APOLITICAL0 UNIONS & EV5 TO 
!IR CLAIMS TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 
B\RGEOISIE FEELS ?AT1 AS LONG AS ! PROLET>IAT'S ACTION CAN BE 
LIMIT$ TO ! IMM$IATE ECONOMIC DEM&S ?AT >E RAIS$ TRADE BY 
TRADE1 IT HELPS TO SAFEGU>D ! /ATUS-QUO & TO AVOID ! =MATION 
( ! P]IL\S 0POLITICAL0 CONSCI\SNESS - ?AT IS1 
! ONLY CONSCI\SNESS :I* IS REVOLUTION>Y = IT AIMS AT ! 
5EMY'S VULN]ABLE PO9T1 ! POSSESSION ( P[]4 ,PA/ & 
PRES5T SYNDICALI/S1 H[EV]1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CONSCI\S ( ! FACT 
?AT MO/ TRADE UNIONS >E CONTROLL$ BY RI<T W+ ELEM5TS & ?AT 
! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PETTY B\RGEOIS LEAD]S OV] ! MASSES IS 
BAS$ ON ! UNION BUREAUCRACY EV5 MORE ?AN ON ! ELECTORAL 
ME*ANISM ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC PSEUDO-P>TIES4 ,!RE=E ! 
SYNDICALI/S1 ALONG ) V]Y NUM]\S ELEM5TS :O W]E M]ELY ACT+ 
9 REACTION TO ! RE=MI/ PRACTICE1 DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! /UDY 
( NEW =MS ( UNION ORGANIZATION & CREAT$ NEW UNIONS 9DEP5D5T 
FROM ! TRADITIONAL ONES4 ,SU* AN EXP$I5T WAS !ORETICALLY WRONG 
= IT DID NOT GO BEYOND ! FUNDAM5TAL CRIT]ION ( ! ECONOMIC 
ORGANIZATION3 ?AT IS1 ! AUTOMATIC ADMISSION ( ALL ?OSE :O >E 
PLAC$ 9 GIV5 CONDITIONS BY ! P>T !Y PLAY 9 PRODUCTION1 )\T 
DEM&+ SPECIAL POLITICAL CONVICTIONS OR SPECIAL PL$GES ( ACTIONS 
:I* MAY REQUIRE EV5 ! SACRIFICE ( !IR LIVES4 ,MOREOV]1 9 
LOOK+ = ! 0PRODUC]0 IT C\LD NOT GO BEYOND ! LIMITS 
( ! 0TRADE01 :]EAS ! CLASS P>TY1 BY CONSID]+ ! 
0PROLET>IAN0 9 ! VA/ RANGE ( HIS CONDITIONS & 
ACTIVITIES1 IS ALONE ABLE TO AWAK5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! 
CLASS4 ,!RE=E1 ?AT REM$Y :I* WAS WRONG !ORETICALLY ALSO PROV$ 
9EFFICI5T 9 ACTUALITY4 ,9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 SU* RECIPES >E 
CON/ANTLY BE+ S\<T = EV5 TODAY4 ,A TOTALLY WRONG 9T]PRETATION 
( ,M>XI/ DET]M9ISM & A LIMIT$ CONCEPTION ( ! P>T PLAY$ BY 
FACTS ( CONSCI\SNESS & WILL 9 ! =MATION1 UND] ! ORIG9AL 
9FLU5CE ( ECONOMIC FACTORS1 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 LEAD A 
GREAT NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO LOOK = A 0ME*ANICAL0 SY/EM ( 
ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD ALMO/ AUTOMATICALLY ORGANIZE ! MASSES 
ACCORD+ TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S P>T 9 PRODUCTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO 
!SE ILLUSIONS1 SU* A DEVICE BY ITSELF W\LD BE 5\< TO MAKE ! 
MASS READY TO MOVE T[>DS REVOLUTION ) ! MAXIMUM REVOLUTION>Y 
EFFICI5CY4 ,?US ! ILLUSORY SOLUTION REAPPE>S1 :I* CONSI/S ( 
?9K+ ?AT ! EV]YDAY SATISFACTION ( ECONOMIC NE$S CAN BE 
RECONCIL$ ) ! F9AL RESULT ( ! OV]?R[ ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM 
BY RELY+ ON AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M TO SOLVE ! OLD ANTI!SIS 
BETWE5 LIMIT$ & GRADUAL CONQUE/S & ! MAXIMUM REVOLUTION>Y 
PROGRAM4 ,BUT - AS WAS RI<TLY SAID 9 ONE ( ! RESOLUTIONS ( 
! MAJORITY ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AT A TIME :5 !SE 
QUE/IONS 7:I* LAT] PROVOK$ ! SECESSION ( ! ,K,A,P,D7 W]E 
P>TICUL>LY ACUTE 9 ,G]MANY - REVOLUTION IS NOT A QUE/ION ( 
! =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,REVOLUTION REQUIRES AN ORGANIZATION ( ACTIVE 
& POSITIVE =CES UNIT$ BY A DOCTR9E & A F9AL AIM4 ,IMPORTANT 
/RATA & 9NUM]ABLE 9DIVIDUALS WILL REMA9 \TSIDE ?IS 
ORGANIZATION EV5 ?\< !Y MAT]IALLY BELONG TO ! CLASS 9 :OSE 
9T]E/ ! REVOLUTION WILL TRIUMPH4 ,BUT ! CLASS LIVES1 /RUGGLES1 
PROGRESSES & W9S ?ANKS TO ! ACTION ( ! =CES IT HAS 
5G5D]$ FROM ITS WOMB 9 ! PA9S ( HI/ORY4 ,! CLASS ORIG9ATES 
FROM AN IMM$IATE HOMOG5EITY ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* APPE> TO US 
AS ! PRIM>Y MOTIVE =CE ( ! T5D5CY TO DE/ROY & GO BEYOND 
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