,P>LIAM5T>Y ,RULE 

#ahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 BELIEF 9 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 HOME RULE1 OLD FAI?1 SOCIAL QUE/ION1 ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 TILE RULE1 NATIONAL P>LIAM5T4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY CYPHUNK 41,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,ONE ( ! MO/ MIS*IEV\S PREJUDICES WE HAVE TO GET RID ( 9 ORD] TO BEG9 ! NEW LIFE ( ,SOCIALISM1 IS ! BELIEF 9 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE4 ,P>LIAM5T HAS 9 ?IS C\NTRY R5D]$ SO MANY S]VICES 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RULE ( ! ,C\RT1 & ! NATION HAS BE5 SO MU* ACCU/OM$ TO CONNECT ) ,P>LIAM5T ITS REM9ISC5CES ( /RUGGLE = POLITICAL LIB]TIES1 ?AT EV5 AMONG ,SOCIALI/S SOME VAGUE BELIEF 9 ,P>LIAM5T /ILL L+]S2 A FANCY ?AT IT MAY 9 FUTURE BECOME AN 9/RUM5T = RIDD+ ! NATION ( ! RULE ( ,CAPITAL4  

 ,NOT ?AT SU* A BELIEF IS ALWAYS HELD CONSCI\SLY4 ,MU* HAS HAP1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S TO WEAK5 TO SOME EXT5T ! OLD FAI? 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! 9TELLIG5T WORKMAN ALREADY (T5 ASKS HIMSELF :E!R ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* HAS BE5 SO P[]FUL AN 9/RUM5T 9 SUB/ITUT+ ! RULE ( ! MIDDLE-CLASSES = ?AT ( ! >I/OCRACY1 CAN POSSIBLY BE UTILIZ$ AS AN 9/RUM5T = DEMOLI%+ ! RULE ( ?OSE V]Y CLASSES 8 ,NEV]!LESS1 MANY ,SOCIALI/S1 DIRECT+ !IR *IEF ATT5TION TO ! ECONOMIC ASPECT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,QUE/ION1 OV]LOOK ITS POLITICAL ASPECTS4  

 ,!Y DO NOT ASK !MSELVES :E!R SOME NEW =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MU/ NOT BE CALL$ 9TO BE+ 9 ORD] TO P]MIT A NEW DEP>TURE 9 ECONOMICS 2 & !RE=E !Y CONT9UE TO ACT AS IF !Y W]E P]SUAD$ ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y RULE REALLY IS ! H9D ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ) :I* A SOCIETY LIB]AT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ,CAPITAL CAN SET AB\T SU* A NEW DEP>TURE4 ,:AT1 9 FACT1 HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY \R ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC FRI5DS1 9 ?IS C\NTRY & ON ! ,CONT95T1 BEYOND ! ANCI5T P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 ) OCCASIONAL REC\RSE TO ! REF]5DUM1 POPUL> VOTE BY YES OR NO- :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 9 ACTION = SO MANY YE>S 9 ,SWITZ]L& 8 ,:AT DO !Y 9DICATE AS !1 GOAL ( \R 5DEAVORS BEYOND ! P>LIAM5T>Y RULE ( A ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC3 ?AT IS1 ! SAME SORT ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION :I* HAS SO ADMIRABLY FAVORIS$ ! GR[? ( ,CAPITAL-RULE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SWITZ]L&1 & SO ADMIRABLY ADAPTS ITSELF TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 CAPITALI/ W>S1 & CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION 9 ,FRANCE8  

 ,!Y >GUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT 9 A SOCIETY :]E !RE WILL BE NO 9DIVIDUAL [N]S ( L& & CAPITAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE WILL BE NO LONG] A FAILURE 2 ?AT IT WILL NOT *ECK ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( A FREE SOCIETY ( WORK]S )\T CAPITALI/S OR MIDDLE-M54 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME ,LIFE IS TAK+ ANO!R DIRECTION1 & IS ALREADY ELABORAT+ #a NEW =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WILL BE AS DIFF]5T FROM #a P>LIAM5T>Y RULE AS P>LIAM5T>Y RULE IS DIFF]5T FROM ,ABSOLUTE  

 ,MON>*Y4  

 ,?R\<\T \R HI/ORY WE MAY SEE ?AT A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION HAS CORRESPOND$ TO EA* NEW =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ,A,N-LI5 ! PEASANTS W]E R$UC$ TO ECONOMIC1 IF NOT TO P]SONAL S]FDOM 2 :5 ! CITY WORKMAN WAS A FACTOR ( NO IMPORTANCE 2 :5 ! RI*E/ & MO/ P[]FUL CLASS W]E ! L&$ >I/OCRACY1 -!N ,ABSOLUTE ,MON>*Y WAS ! CORRESPOND+ =M ( GOV]NM5T4  

,& AS SOON AS TRADE & COMM]CE BEGAN TO 5RI* ! MIDDLE-CLASSES1 !Y REFUS$ TO BE RUL$ BY A FEW C\RTI]S TAK5 FROM ! >I/OCRACY4 ,!Y REVOLT$-FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 9 #a#g#h#i-#i#c 9 ,FRANCE1 9 #ahdh 9 ,G]MANY4 ,&1 BY CUNN+LY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! SUPPORT !Y F\ND AMONG ! PEASANTS & WORKM51 !Y R$UC$ ! MON>* & HIS C\RTI]S TO OB$I5CE1 & SUB/ITUT$ ! RULE ( P>LIAM5T4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,P>LIAM5T WAS ! 9/RUM5T ) :I* !Y SUCCE$$ 9 ACCOMPLI%+ ?IS REVOLUTION & R5D]+ IT P]MAN5T 9 ITS EFFECTS4  

 ,FUR!R1 IF WE REV]T TO AN E>LI] P]IOD WE SEE ?AT ! CITIES :5 FREE+ !MSELVES1 9 ! ELEV5? & TWELF? C5TURIES1 FROM ! RULE ( !IR LAY & ECCLESIA/ICAL LORDS & ( ! ,CR[N1 ALSO />T$ A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CITY & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! GUILDS4 ,!SE GUILDS W]E NOT LIKE ! TRADES'-UNIONS ( \R TIME1 BUT W]E 9DEP5D5T CORPORATIONS1 HAV+ !IR [N LAWS1 !IR [N =MS = ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 !IR [N >RANGEM5TS = SELF-DEF5SE1 ETC-9 %ORT1 !Y W]E POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AS WELL AS TRADES' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! CITIES CONQU]$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 & MA9TA9$ IT BY PRODUC+ A NEW K9D ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,A NEW PHASE ( ECONOMIC LIFE BR\<T AB\T IT NEW PHASE ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,)\T ! LATT]1 ! =M] W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4  

 ,AGA91 GO+ /ILL FUR!R BACK1 WE F9D1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! COMMON POSSESSION ( ! SOIL GO+ H& 9 H& ) CLAN ORGANIZATION1 ! GA!R+ ( ALL VILLAG]S = ! DISCUSSION ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! VILLAGE1 & ! F$]ATION ( VILLAGES & CLANS = ! DISCUSSION ( BUS9ESS COMMON TO !M ALL4  

 ,9 %ORT1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY WE SEE ?AT EA* *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( A COMMUNITY IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 :AT MAY BE CALL$ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE TWO >E SO CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ONE ANO!R ?AT !Y CANNOT BE SEP>AT$4 ,! FRE$ CITIZ51 BEG9N+ A NEW LIFE ON A NEW BASIS1 PROCLAIMS ! FREE COMMUNE AS ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9 SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES CONVOKE A P>LIAM5T4 ,! FREE CITY 9 ONE CASE1 ! P>LIAM5T 9 ! O!R1 >E 9/RUM5TAL 9 ACCOMPLI%+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,!Y R5D] ITS RESULTS /ABLE & P]MAN5T1 & AF=D SCOPE = ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4  

 ,?US1 TOO1 IT WILL BE ) ,SOCIALISM4 ,IF IT CONTEMPLATES A NEW DEP>TURE 9 ECONOMICS IT MU/ BE PREP>$ = A NEW DEP>TURE 9 :AT IS CALL$ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,& ?IS NEW DEP>TURE CANNOT BE ! P>LIAM5T>Y RULE ( A PA/ ]A4  

 ,MANY SYMPTOMS %[ ?AT 9 ,EUROPE !RE IS ALREADY A /RONG T5D5CY 9 M5'S M9DS T[>DS ! ELABORATION ( ?IS NEW ,SOCIALI/IC =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4  

 ,NO:]E IS ! BELIEF 9 P>LIAM5T>Y RULE SO /RONG AS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY ! OLD FAI? HAS ( LATE RECEIV$ MANY A SEV]E BL[4 ,?OSE :O KN[ :AT P>LIAM5T>Y RULE IS1 >E AGRE$ ?AT SOME NEW DEP>TURE MU/ BE MADE4 #aa ,?+S CAN NO LONG] GO ON AS !Y HAVE DONE10-SU* IS ! GR[+ OP9ION4 ,9 FACT1 AS SOON AS ! NECESSITY ( ,HOME ,RULE = ,IREL& WAS RECOGNIZ$1 ! IDEA RAPIDLY SPREAD ?AT ,HOME ,RULE = ,SCOTL&1 ,HOME ,RULE = ,WALES1 & ,HOME ,RULE = ,LONDON >E ALSO NECESS>Y4 ,BUT ?IS MOVEM5T IS ONLY A PRELIM9>Y4 ,IT DATES BUT FROM YE/]DAY4 ,LET IT GR[1 & ! NECESSITY ( SOME?+ LESS P>LIAM5T>Y ?AN A ,SCOT*1 OR ,WEL%1 OR ,COCKNEY ,P>LIAM5T WILL SOON BE RECOGNIZ$4  

 ,ON ! ,CONT95T ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5T IS /ILL MORE PRON\NC$4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 AMONG ?OSE :O REASON 9/EAD ( M]ELY CL++ TO :AT EXI/S1 Y\ WILL H>DLY F9D ONE MAN 9 A ?\S& :O /ILL BELIEVES 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,P>LIAM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AS TO ! WORKM51 IF !Y *]I% ANY EXPECTATIONS = ! FUTURE1 IT IS FROM ! ,COMMUNE-! AUTONOM\S ,COMMUNE F$]AT$ ) O!R AUTONOM\S ,COMMUNES1& NOT FROM ANY ,NATIONAL ,P>LIAM5T OR ,CONV5TION4 -,NAY1 S9CE ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! ,COMMMUNALI/ IDEA HAS BECOME ! IDEA ( MOD]N ,FRANCE4  

 ,9 ,SPA91 ! ONLY POLITICAL P>TY ( ANY CONSEQU5CE1 BESIDES ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+-M5 ,ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS ,AN>*I/ & NOT POLITICAL1 IS ! 0,CANTONALI/0 P>TY ( ,PI-Y-,M>GAL1 ! P>TY ( COMMUNAL & CANTONAL AUTONOMY4 ,IT IS ! ONLY P>TY BESIDES ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I* ! ,REPUBLICANS !MSELVES CONSID] WOR? SPEAK+ (4  

 ,9 ,ITALY1 AS SOON AS ! ,MON>*Y %ALL BE OV]?R[N & ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T BE R$UC$ TO IMPOT5CE 7& ?AT WILL %ORTLY HAPP571 EA* PROV9CE1 EA* E?NOGRAPHICAL PORTION ( A PROV9CE1 EA* CITY1 WILL />T UPON ITS [N 9DEP5D5T C>E] 2 EA* WILL TRY TO F9D BY ITS [N 5DEAVORS A SOLUTION = ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4  

 ,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E !Y HAVE ,HOME ,RULE = EA* SMALL SEP>ATE ,REPUBLIC 7OR CANTON74 :]E !Y HAVE ?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 &1 MOREOV]1 ! USE ( ! REF]5DUM1 !Y >E DISCUSS+ AT ?IS MOM5T H[ TO MODIFY !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 2 & IT IS A S]I\S QUE/ION ) ! DEMOCRATS ( ,LAUSANNE IF IT W\LD NOT BE BETT]1 EV5 9 ! L>G] CITIES1 TO REV]T TO ! =UM1 /ILL 9 USE 9 SMALL] COMMUNES ,ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* 9SPIR$ SO MU* FAI? 9 #ahdh >E PRON\NC$ A FAILURE4  

 ,G]MANY ALONE SEEMS TO BE AN EXCEPTION TO ! RULE4 ,ITS ,RADICALS & ,SOCIALI/S SEEM /ILL TO SEE !IR IDEAL 9 ,ROBESPI]RE'S ,JACOB9ISM1 I4E41 9 A ,REPUBLIC /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$4 ,BUT ?IS TURN ( M9D IS EASILY EXPLA9$ BY ! HI/ORICAL PHASE ?AT ,G]MANY IS N[ GO+ ?R\<4 ,! FIR/ %OCK WILL1 H[EV]1 LOOS5 IT TO ! F\NDATIONS4 ,SOME?+ T[>DS ! DE/RUCTION ( ,CAPITAL ,RULE WILL C]TA9LY BE DONE 9 ,G]MANY BY ! NEXT REVOLUTION1 BUT ?IS SOME?+ WILL NOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( A ,G]MAN ,P>LIAM5T4 ,IT WILL BE DONE BY ! REVOLT ( ISOLAT$ C5T]S1 :]E ,SOCIALI/ LIFE & ?\<T >E GR[+ RAPIDLY4  

 ,WE >E DEEPLY P]SUAD$ ?AT IF ANY?+ IS TO BE DONE 9 A ,SOCIALI/ S5SE 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 IT WILL BE DONE 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,IT WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ \TSIDE ,P>LIAM5T1 BY ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( ,BRITI% WORKM51 :O WILL TAKE POSSESSION = !MSELVES ( CAPITAL1 L&1 H\SES1 & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & !N COMB9E 9 ORD] TO />T LIFE ON ! NEW L9ES ( LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE4  

 ,P>LIAM5T>Y RULE IS ,CAPITAL RULE4 ,IT HAS S]V$ ITS TIME4 ,NO ,P>LIAM5T1 H[EV] NOISY1 WILL HELP TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,& IT IS NOT TO P>LIAM5T>Y RULE ?AT ! REVOLT$ WORKM5 WILL LOOK = ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! ,PEOPLE4  

,FRE$OM3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM 

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