,APP5DIXES 

#aifbaifb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
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-,AN ,EXC]PT FROM 0,! ,HEAL?Y ,5VIRONM5T0 

 BY ,JOHN ,D4 ,PORT]FIELD1 ,DEPUTY ,SURGEON ,G5]AL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES"9 

,\R DAZZL+ TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I HAS YIELD$ A R&OM H>VE/ ( MIX$ BLESS+S1 & A BUMP] CROP ( NEW HEAL? *ALL5GES4 ,!SE *ALL5GES DIFF] FROM \R TRADITIONAL HEAL? CONC]NS 9 A NUMB] ( SIGNIFICANT WAYS4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! NATURE ( ! ASSAULT ON ! HUMAN ORGANISM IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,! PUBLIC HEAL? PR(ESSIONS >E FAMILI> ) ! 9FECTI\S DISEASE PATT]N-EXPOSURE1 FOLL[$ AT A PR$ICTABLE 9T]VAL BY RECOGNIZABLE SYMPTOMS1 G5]ALLY FOLL[$ BY RECOV]Y & SOME DEGREE ( RESIDUAL IMMUNITY4 ,! TIME-SPAN BETWE5 EXPOSURE & ONSET IS %ORT4 ,! EFFECT IS COMP>ATIVELY EASY TO TRACE TO ITS CAUSE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! *RONIC DISEASES MAY HAVE MULTIPLE CAUSES1 SOME 9TR9SIC BUT (T5 9VOLV+ ONE OR MANY 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS4 ,WE >E CONC]N$ H]E1 NOT PRIM>ILY ) ACUTE ILLNESS BUT ) ! SL[ ACCUMULATION ( TOXIC *EMICALS OR RADIATIONS OV] A P]IOD ( YE>S4 ,! SYMPTOMS :I* F9ALLY DEVELOP MAY BE ID5TICAL ) ?OSE RESULT+ FROM NON-5VIRONM5TAL CAUSES2 RADIATION-9DUC$ LEUKEMIA1 = EXAMPLE1 %[S NO DETECTABLE DIFF]5CE FROM LEUKEMIA UNRELAT$ TO RADIATION EXPOSURE4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ABSOLUTE PRO( ( CAUSE IS DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% )9 ! LIMITS ( \R PRES5T KN[L$GE4 ,& YET !RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE1 BO? FROM ! LABORATORY & FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL /UDIES1 :I* 9DICATES ?AT A RELATION%IP MU/ EXI/4 ,! HAZ>D TO ! 9DIVIDUAL SEEMS TO BE RELAT$ TO ! CUMULATIVE TOTAL ( RADIATIONS OR *EMICAL TOXICANTS RECEIV$ CONT9U\SLY OR 9T]MITT5TLY ?R\<\T HIS LIFE SPAN1 REG>DLESS ( !IR S\RCE4 

"9 ,PRES5T$ AT ! ,FIFTY-?IRD ,ANNUAL ,MEET+ ( ! ,AIR ,POLLUTION ,CONTROL ,ASSOCIATION1 ,C9C9NATI1 ,OHIO1 ,MAY #b#d1 #a#i#f4 

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,EXC]PT FROM ,P,U,B,L,I,C ,H,E,A,L,? ,9 ,A,N ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y1  

BY ,ROB]T ,A4 ,KEHOE1 ,M4,D41 

,DIRECTOR1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PREV5TIVE ,M$IC9E1  

,UNIV]SITY ( ,C9C9NATI"9 

,SOME ,HUNDR$S ( NEW *EMICALS F9D NEW USES 9 ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY ANNUALLY4 ,!SE MAY BE NEW PLA/ICS1 PLA/ICIZ]S1 OR ADDITIVES TO ALLOYS1 FUELS OR FOODS2 !Y MAY BE PE/ICIDES1 PRES]VATIVES1 SOLV5TS1 DET]G5TS1 ADHESIVES OR ABRASIVES2 OR !Y MAY BE P>T ( ! COMPOSITION ( FABRICS US$ = CLO?+1 H\SEHOLD DRAP]IES & KIT*5 EQUIPM5T4 ,MANY ( !SE MAT]IALS COME 9TO 9TIMATE CONTACT ) ! PEOPLE ( ! NATION 9 !IR PLACES ( WORK1 9 !IR CONVEYANCES TO & FROM WORK1 & 9 !IR HOMES4 ,MANY ( !M 5T] DIRECTLY 9TO ! FOOD ( ! L&1 & MANY O!RS F9D !IR WAY 9DIRECTLY 9TO ! FOOD1 ! WAT] SUPPLY & ! ATMOSPH]E4 ,9 !SE & O!R WAYS ! *EMICALS F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! MID/ ( ! ALREADY COMPLICAT$ *EMICAL REACTION MASS ( ! LIV+ HUMAN BODY4 ,9 SPEAK+ ( ! *EMI/RY ( LIFE1 ONE IS AW>E ( C]TA9 COMPLEXITIES :I* HAVE BE5 REVEAL$ ONLY P>TIALLY & SUP]FICIALLY BY BIO*EMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,MAN IS COMPOS$ 9 SOME P>T ( ! ELEM5TS & SUB/ANCES ?AT 5T] 9TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! E>?4 ,! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY C]TA9 M9]AL ELEM5TS ALONE TO ! ME*ANISMS ( LIFE HAVE BE5 9VE/IGAT$ AT L5G?1 BUT \R G5]AL KN[L$GE IS BUT FRAGM5T>Y & (T5 =TUIT\S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE 5DURE \R IGNORANCE ) A C]TA9 PHILOSOPHICAL EQUANIMITY 9 RECOGNITION ( ! FACT ?AT ! COMPOSITION ( ! E>? & ! COMPOSITION ( MAN EXI/ 9 AN 9TIMATE HI/ORICAL & BIOLOGICAL RELATION%IP :I* IS 9EVITABLE & NOT ( \R MAK+4 ,BUT :AT CAN ONE ?9K ( ! >TIFICIAL SITUATION1 9 :I* MANY NEW MAT]IALS1 POSSESS$ ( MANY1 ALMO/ AN 9F9ITY (1 POSSIBILITIES = METABOLIC MODIFICATION )9 ! BODY ( MAN1 F9D !IR WAY 9TO IT1 = BETT] OR WORSE4 ,WE %ALL NEV] BE ABLE TO ANTICIPATE & VISUALIZE ! H>MFUL POT5TIALITIES ( NEW MAT]IALS UNTIL WE A*IEVE A COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( ! NORMAL ELEM5TS & O!R COMPON5TS ( ! LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,ONLY ON SU* A COMPREH5SIVE BACKGR\ND CAN WE DISCOV]1 FAIRLY PROMPTLY1 ! METABOLIC DEVIATIONS1 IF ANY1 9DUC$ BY NEW *EMICALS4 

,?IS BR+S US TO CONSID] ! =EGO+ PROBLEM FROM A SOME:AT DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T4 ,NO PR9CIPLE ( BIOLOGY IS CLE>] ?AN ?AT :I* RELATES A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO A QUANTITY ( /IMULUS )9 APPROPRIATE LIMITS ( TIME4 ,! LIV+ ORGANISM IS RESI/ANT 9 V>Y+ DEGREE1 TO V>Y+ /IMULI1 & ! /IMULUS MU/ BE ADEQUATE TO 9DUCE A RESPONSE4 ,IT IS ?IS PR9CIPLE ON :I* WE BASE ! DIFF]5TIATION ( H>MFUL V]SUS H>MLESS /IMULI 9 T]MS ( DOSAGE & TIME4 ,TOXICITY1 9 !SE T]MS1 DOES NOT RELATE TO A SPECIFIC SUB/ANCE BUT TO A CONC5TRATION ( ?AT SUB/ANCE >RIV$ AT )9 C]TA9 LIMITS ( TIME 9 ! EFFECTIVE TISSUE OR *EMICAL SY/EM )9 AN ORGANISM4 ,A TOXIC 5VIRONM5T1 BY ! SAME TOK51 IS ONE :I*1 AGA9 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS ( TIME1 9TRODUCES 9TO ! ORGANISMS A H>MFUL QUANTITY ( A SUB/ANCE4 ,! MEANS BY :I* ?IS IS DONE MAY BE S+LE OR MULTIPLE - ?AT IS1 ! M$IUM MAY BE ! ATMOSPH]E1 WAT] OR FOOD1 OR ANY COMB9ATION ( !SE4 ,! MULTIPLE 5VIRONM5TAL S\RCES ( HUMAN EXPOSURE TO *EMICALS PROVIDE A GOOD ILLU/RATION ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! PROBLEM ( PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,LET US LOOK AT SU* A SITUATION AS IT RELATES TO A M9]AL CON/ITU5T ( ! E>?4 

,A M9]AL TAK5 FROM ! E>? & BR\<T 9TO COMM]CIAL USE1 MAY POSE C]TA9 PROBLEMS ( 9DU/RIAL HEAL?1 FROM ! ASPECT ( ! TOXICITY ( ONE OR MORE ( ITS +R$I5TS4 ,MEASURES ( CONTROL CAN BE PROVID$ ON ! BASIS ( C]TA9 TOXICOLOGIC FACTS1 & C]TA9 PRODUCTS CAN BE MADE AVAILABLE 9 ! DESIR$ =M OR =MS ( COMM]CE1 )\T UNDUE 9DU/RIAL HAZ>D4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 CON/ITU5TS ( ! M9]AL HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ 9TO ! AIR >\ND ! PRODUCTION FACTORY4 ,!SE SETTLE \T ON ! L&1 !REBY 9CREAS+ ITS CONT5T ( ! M9]AL 9 QUE/ION4 ,VEGETATION :I* GR[S \T ( SU* SOIL MAY TAKE UP ! M9]AL FROM ! SOIL1 & ! M9]AL MAY ALSO BE DEPOSIT$ UPON ! VEGETATION1 :I* !N1 IF EAT5 BY ANIMALS OR M51 C>RIES MORE ?AN ITS NATURAL CONT5T ( SU* M9]ALS 9TO !IR BODIES4 ,SU* DOME/IC ANIMALS & ANIMAL PRODUCTS1 US$ AS HUMAN FOOD1 CONTRIBUTE TO ! TOTAL 9TAKE ( ! M9]AL BY MAN4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WAT]-BORNE WA/E FROM ! FACTORY IS CONVEY$ AWAY 9 PIPES OR DIT*ES4 ,?IS POLLUTES A /REAM NE>BY & AFFECTS AN 5TIRE DRA9AGE >EA TO AN EXT5T :I* MAY BE ONLY !ORETICAL ON ! ONE H&1 OR HI<LY SIGNIFICANT ON ! O!R4 

,?IS PROCESS1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 MAY BE MULTIPLI$ 9 MANY OR ALL P>TS ( A C\NTRY1 SO ?AT A M9]AL CON/ITU5T1 BR\<T =? \T ( ! E>?1 COMES TO BE SPREAD F> & WIDE 9 ! AIR1 9 ! WAT] & 9 ! FOOD MAT]IALS ( ANIMALS & M5 OV] A CONT95T1 OR EV5 OV] ! WORLD4 ,?IS SAME PROCESS1 MULTIPLI$ /ILL FUR!R BY ! 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE & O!R ACTIVITIES ( A C\NTRY1 MAY SO *ANGE ! BALANCE ( NATURE1 ) RESPECT TO ! NUMB]S ( ! NORMAL CON/ITU5TS ( ! E>? & !IR PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION 9 ! SOIL1 WAT] & ATMOSPH]E ( ! C\NTRY1 AS TO ALT] ! M9]AL METABOLISM ( MANK9D 9 ! >EA CONC]N$4 

,! ILLU/RATION :I* WE HAVE *OS5 IS ONLY ONE ( MANY ?AT C\LD BE TAK5 TO FOLL[ ! C\RSE ( TE*NOLOGIC MAN 9 HIS EF=TS TO MAKE USE ( ! MAT]IALS ( ! E>? = HIS [N PURPOSES1 TO WRE/ FROM NATURE SECRETS ?AT WILL FE$1 CLO! & H\SE H] GR[+ POPULATION1 ?AT WILL TRANSPORT !M ) EV] 9CREAS+ SPE$ TO ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>? & BEYOND1 & RELEASE 5]GY FROM NATURAL S\RCES & DIRECT IT TO C>RY \T HIS BIDD+4 ,9 DO+ !SE MANY ?+S1 AS HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T ELSE:]E 9 GREAT DETAIL1 MAN HAS *ANG$ & IS *ANG+ FUR!R ! FACE ( ! E>?1 HAS ALT]$ & IS FUR!R DI/URB+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* LIFE ON ?IS PLANET CAME 9TO EXI/5CE & HAS P]SI/$1 ) *ANGES & DIFF]5TIATION1 = SOME MILLIONS ( YE>S4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT MAN'S ACTIVITIES 9 /RICTLY MODEM TIMES1 AS REPRES5T$ 9 HIS TE*NOLOGIC APPLICATIONS ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 HAVE BR\<T AB\T GREAT] 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ( MORE PR(\ND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ?AN HAVE ALL ! G5]ATIONS ( M5 H]ET(ORE4 ,DUR+ ! GREAT] P>T ( HI/ORICAL TIMES MAN HAS BE5 CONT5D+ ) NATURAL =CES & NATURAL ?REATS TO HIS SURVIVAL4 ,HE HAS N[ MOV$ 9TO A P]IOD 9 :I* HIS KN[L$GE & P[] HAVE 5ABL$ HIM TO MODIFY ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( HIS LIFE4 ,! TIME HAS COME1 H[EV]1 :5 A MU* GREAT] & MORE COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( \R *ANG$ & *ANG+ 5VIRONM5T MU/ BE HAD = \R SAFETY-P]HAPS = \R V]Y SURVIVAL4 

,! EF=TS MADE TO OBTA9 ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & !N TO SEEK COM=T1 WEAL? & P[] HAVE OCCUPI$ MO/ ( ! M5 ( \R TIME & EV]Y O!R TIME4 ,! M5 ( ALL AGES1 :O HAVE S\<T BY ! ME?ODS ( !IR TIME TO CULTIVATE & PROTECT ! HEAL? ( ! PEOPLE1 HAVE BE5 FEW & !IR RES\RCES RELATIVELY SMALL4 ,! TE*NOLOGY ( \R TIME HAS CREAT$ A WEAL? ( MAT]IALS & MADE AVAILABLE ! =CES ( NATURE = MAN'S USE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT HAS FAIL$ TO BR+ TO !SE MAT]IALS & =CES ! UND]/&+ ( !IR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ?AT WILL KEEP !M UND] ADEQUATE CONTROL4 ,! EF=T MU/ BE MADE TO R$UCE ! GAP BETWE5 TE*NOLOGY & BIOLOGY BE=E IT IS TOO LATE4 ,?IS WILL TAKE TIME1 /UDI\S EF=T & MONEY3 TIME = ! TRA9+ ( EXP]TS 9 ! V>I\S FIELDS ( M$IC9E1 HYGI5E & SANITATION2 /UDI\S EF=T TO F]RET \T ! PROBLEMS MO/ 9 NE$ ( 9VE/IGATION2 MONEY TO 9ITIATE & CATALYZE ! 9VE/IGATIONS )\T :I* WE %ALL REMA9 9 RELATIVE IGNORANCE4 

,IT MU/ BECOME AN AXIOM ( MOD]N *EMICAL & TE*NOLOGIC RESE>* ?AT ! MAT]IALS PRODUC$ & ! =MS ( 5]GY H>NESS$ MU/ BE AS WELL UND]/OOD = !IR BIOLOGICAL POT5TIALITIES AS = !IR PHYSICAL & ME*ANICAL PROP]TIES4 ,IT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT ?AT O!R MAN-MADE FACTORS 9 ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :I* WE CANNOT =ESEE AT ?IS TIME1 %\LD BE EXAM9$ CRITICALLY = !IR H>MFUL POT5TIALITIES1 9 ! FULL RECOGNITION ( C]TA9 FACTS ( LIFE & DEA?1 :I* HAVE REC5TLY COME UPON SOME ( US ) A %OCK4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT RECKLESS MAN CAN TURN LOOSE & BUILD UP PHYSICAL =CES :I* MAY DE/ROY HIMSELF & HIS K9D4 ,IT SEEMS PROBABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SAME +5UITY :I* ?US F> HAS 5ABL$ HIM TO EXPLORE & TO P5ETRATE O!R SECRETS ( NATURE1 WILL S]VE HIS NE$ :5 EXP5D$ 9 LE>N+ MORE ( HIS [N VULN]ABILITY & 9 DEVELOP+ ! MEANS = SELF-PROTECTION4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

 ,FROM ,! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,CONF]5CE ON 0,MAN ,V]SUS ,5VIRONM5T10 ,MAY #e-#f1 #a#i#e#h1 PUBLI%$ ) SUPPORT BY ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,APP5DIXES -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,APP5DIXES -- ,ADD$4 

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