,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR V]SUS 0,! ,REVOLT ,AGA9/ ,WORK0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,S]I\S COMM5TATORS ON ! LABOR UPHEAVALS ( ! ,DEPRESSION YE>S SEEM TO AGREE ?AT DI/URBANCES ( ALL K9DS1 9CLUD+ ! WAVE ( SIT-D[N /RIKES ( #aicf & #a#i#c#g1 W]E CAUS$ BY ! 'SPE$-UP' ABOVE ALL4 ,DISSATISFACTION AMONG PRODUCTION WORK]S ) !IR NEW ,C,I,O UNIONS SET 9 E>LY1 H[EV]1 MA9LY BECAUSE ! UNIONS MADE NO EF=TS TO *ALL5GE MANAGEM5T'S RI<T TO E/ABLI% :ATEV] K9D ( WORK ME?ODS & WORK+ CONDITIONS !Y SAW FIT4 ,! #aide ,TR5DS 9 ,COLLECTIVE ,B>GA9+ /UDY NOT$ ?AT 0BY >\ND #a#i#d0 ! LABOR LEAD] HAD JO9$ ! BUS9ESS LEAD] AS AN OBJECT ( 0WIDESPREAD CYNICISM0 TO ! ,AM]ICAN EMPLOYEE4 ,LAT] 9 ! #a#i#dS ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS1 9 HIS ,! ,NEW ,M5 ( ,P[]3 ,AM5CA'S ,LABOR ,LEAD]S1 DESCRIB$ ! UNION'S ROLE ?USLY3 0! 9TEGRATION ( UNION ) PLANT MEANS ?AT ! UNION TAKES OV] MU* ( ! COMPANY'S P]SONNEL WORK1 BECOM+ ! DISCIPL9E AG5T ( ! RANK-&-FILE40 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#eS1 ,DANIEL ,BELL REALIZ$ ?AT UNIONIZATION HAD NOT GIV5 WORK]S CONTROL OV] !IR JOB LIVES4 ,/RUCK BY ! HUGE1 SPONTANE\S WALK-\T AT ,RIV] ,R\GE 9 ,JULY #a#i#d#i1 OV] ! SPE$ ( ! ,=D ASSEMBLY L9E1 HE NOT$ ?AT 0SOMETIMES ! CON/RA9TS ( WORK EXPLODE ) GEYS] SUDD5NESS40 ,& AS ,BELL'S ,WORK & ,ITS ,DISCONT5TS 7#a#i#e#f7 BORE WITNESS ?AT 0! REVOLT AGA9/ WORK IS WIDESPREAD & TAKES MANY =MS10 SO HAD ,WALK] & ,GUE/'S ,H>V>D /UDY1 ,! ,MAN ON ! ,ASSEMBLY ,L9E 7#a#i#e#c71 TE/IFI$ TO ! RES5TM5T & RESI/ANCE ( ! MAN ON ! L9E4 ,SIMIL>LY1 & FROM A WRIT] ) MU* WORK+ CLASS EXP]I5CE HIMSELF1 WAS ,H>VEY ,SWADOS' 0,! ,MY? ( ! ,HAPPY ,WORK]10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,NATION1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#e#g1 ,WORK]S & ! UNIONS CONT9U$ TO BE AT ODDS OV] CONDITIONS ( WORK DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,9 AUTO1 = EXAMPLE1 ! #aiee CONTRACT BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S & ,G5]AL ,MOTORS DID NO?+ TO *ECK ! 'SPE$-UP' OR FACILITATE ! SETTLEM5T ( LOCAL %OP GRIEVANCES4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ,WALT] ,REU!R MADE PUBLIC ! T]MS ( ! CONTRACT HE'D JU/ SIGN$1 OV] #g.0 ( ,G,M WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE4 ,AN EV5 L>G] P]C5TAGE 'WILDCATT$' AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! #aieh AGREEM5T BECAUSE ! UNION HAD AGA9 REFUS$ TO DO ANY?+ AB\T ! WORK ITSELF4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 ! AUTO WORK]S WALK$ (F !IR JOBS AGA9 9 #a#i#f#a1 CLOS+ EV]Y ,G,M & A L>GE NUMB] ( ,=D PLANTS4 

,PAUL ,JACOBS' ,! ,/ATE ( ! ,UNIONS1 ,PAUL ,SALTAN'S ,! ,DIS5*ANT$ ,UNIONI/1 & ,B,J4 ,WIDICK'S ,! ,TRIUMPHS & ,FAILURES ( ,UNIONISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E SOME ( ! BOOKS WRITT5 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS BY PRO-UNION' FIGURES1 USUALLY =M] ACTIVI/S1 :O W]E DIS5*ANT$ ) :AT !Y HAD ONLY LATELY & P>TIALLY DISCOV]$ TO HE ! ROLE ( ! UNIONS4 ,A BLACK WORK]1 ,JAMES ,BOGGS1 CL>IFI$ ! PROCESS 9 A S5T5CE3 0,LOOK+ BACKW>DS1 ONE WILL F9D ?AT SIDE BY SIDE ) ! FI<T TO CONTROL PRODUCTION1 HAS GONE ! /RUGGLE TO CONTROL ! UNION1 & ?AT ! DECL9E HAS TAK5 PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY ON BO? FRONTS40 ,:AT DISPLEAS$ ,BOGGS1 H[EV]1 WAS LAUD$ BY BUS9ESS4 ,9 ! SAME YE> ?AT HIS REM>KS W]E PUBLI%$1 ,=TUNE1 ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL'S MO/ AU?ORITATIVE MAGAZ9E1 FEATUR$ AS A COV] /ORY 9 ITS ,MAY1 #aifc ISSUE ,MAX ,WAY'S 0,LABOR ,UNIONS ,>E ,WOR? ! ,PRICE40 

,BUT BY ! NEXT YE>1 ! P]SI/5T DISSATISFACTION ( WORK]S WAS BEG9N+ TO ASSUME PUBLIC PROM95CE1 & A ,JUNE1 #aifd ,=TUNE >TICLE REFLECT$ ! GR[+ PRESSURE = UNION ACTION3 0,ASSEMBLY-L9E MONOTONY1 A CAUSE REM9ISC5T ( ,*>LIE ,*APL9'S ,MOD]N ,TIMES1 IS BE+ REVIV$ AS A BIG ISSUE 9 ,DETROIT'S #aifd NEGOTIATIONS1 IT REPORT$4 

,9 ! MIDDLE-#a#i#f'S ANO!R PH5OM5ON WAS DRAMATICALLY & VIOL5TLY MAK+ ITSELF FELT4 ,! EXPLOSIONS 9 ! BLACK <ETTOES APPE>$ TO MO/ TO HAVE NO CONNECTION ) ! ALMO/ UND]GR\ND FI<T OV] FACTORY CONDITIONS4 ,BUT MANY ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,WATTS1 ,DETROIT & O!R CITIES W]E FULLY EMPLOY$4 ACCORD+ TO >RE/ RECORDS4 ,! /RUGGLE = DIGNITY 9 ONE'S WORK C]TA9LY 9VOLV$ ! BLACK WORK]S1 :OSE OPPRESSION WAS1 AS 9 ALL O!R >EAS1 GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( NON-BLACK WORK]S4 ,JESSIE ,REESE1 A ,/EELWORK]S' UNION ORGANIZ]1 DESCRIB$ ! DI/RU/ HIS FELL[ BLACKS FELT T[>D HIM AS AN AG5T ( ! UNION3 0,TO ORGANIZE ?AT BLACK BOY \T !RE TODAY Y\'VE GOT TO PROVE Y\RSELF TO HIM1 BECAUSE HE DON'T BELIEVE NO?+ Y\ SAY40 ,AU?ORITY IS RES5T$1 NOT COLOR4 

,TURN+ TO MORE DIRECT =MS ( OPPOSITION TO AN UNCONTROLL$ & ALI5 JOB WORLD1 WE 5C\NT] ! 9TRIGU+ EXP]I5CE ( ,BILL ,WATSON1 :O SP5T #aifh 9 AN AUTO PLANT NE> ,DETROIT4 ,DI/9CTLY PO/-UNION 9 PRACTICE1 HE WITNESS$ ! SY/EMATIC1 PLANN$ EF=TS ( ! WORK]S TO SUB/ITUTE !IR [N PRODUCTION PLANS & ME?ODS = ?OSE ( MANAGEM5T4 ,HE DESCRIB$ IT AS 0A REGUL> PH5OM5ON0 BR\<T \T BY ! REFUSAL ( MANAGEM5T & ! ,U,A,W TO LI/5 TO WORK]S' SUGGE/IONS AS TO MODIFICATIONS & IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! PRODUCT4 0,! CONTRADICTIONS ( PLANN+ & PRODUC+ POOR QUALITY1 BEG9N+ AS ! /UFF ( JOKES1 EV5TUALLY BECAME A S\RCE ( ANG] -- TEMPOR>Y DEALS UNFOLD$ BETWE5 9SPECTION & ASSEMBLY & BETWE5 ASSEMBLY & TRIM1 EA* ) PLANN$ SABOTAGE444 ! RESULT WAS /ACKS UPON /ACKS ( MOTORS AWAIT+ REPAIR444 IT WAS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO MOVE444 ! 5TIRE SIX-CYL9D] ASSEMBLY & 9SPECTION OP]ATION WAS MOV$ AWAY-:]E NEW WORK]S W]E BR\<T 9 TO MAN IT4 ,9 ! MO/ DRAMATIC WAY1 ! NECESSITY ( TAK+ ! PRODUCT \T ( ! H&S ( LABOR]S :O 9SI/$ ON PLANN+ ! PRODUCT BECAME OV]:ELM+40 

,! EXT5T & CO-ORD9ATION ( ! WORK]S' [N ORGANIZATION 9 ! PLANT DESCRIB$ BY ,WATSON WAS V]Y ADVANC$ 9DE$1 CAUS+ HIM TO WOND] IF IT WASN'T A GLIMPSE ( A NEW SOCIAL =M ALTOGE!R4 >IS+ FROM ! FAILURE ( UNIONISM4 ,/ANLEY ,WEIR1 WRIT+ AT ?IS TIME ( SIMIL> IF LESS HI<LY DEVELOP$ PH5OM5A1 F\ND ?AT 09 ?\S&S ( 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS ACROSS ! NATION1 WORK]S HAVE DEVELOP$ 9=MAL UND]GR\ND UNIONS0 DUE TO ! DET]IORATION OR LACK ( IMPROVEM5T 9 ! QUALITY ( !IR DAILY JOB LIVES40 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#gS -- & V]Y (T5 /ILL -- ! WAGES & B5EFITS DIM5SION ( A WORK DISPUTE1 ?AT P>T OV] :I* ! UNION W\LD BECOME 9VOLV$1 RECEIV$ ALMO/ ALL ! ATT5TION4 ,9 #aife ,?OMAS ,BROOKS OBS]V$ ?AT ! 0APA?Y0 ( ! UNION MEMB] /EMM$ FROM PRECISELY ?IS FALSE EMPHASIS3 0444GRIEVANCES ON MATT]S AP>T FROM WAGES >E EI!R IGNOR$ OR LO/ 9 ! LIMBO ( UNION BUREAUCRACY40 ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ,DR4 ,DAVID ,:ITT]1 9DU/RIAL CONSULTANT TO ,G,M1 ADMITT$1 0,?AT .<MORE MONEY.> ISN'T ALL !Y WANT2 IT'S ALL !Y CAN GET40 

,AS ! #a#i#fS DREW TO A CLOSE1 SOME ( ! MORE P]CEPTIVE BUS9ESS OBS]V]S W]E AB\T TO DISCOV] ?IS DI/9CTION & W]E SOON =C$ BY PRESSURE FROM BEL[ TO DISCUSS IT PUBLICLY4 ,:ILE ! ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#i1 ,=TUNE /RESS$ ! PREF]R$ EMPHASIS ON WAGES AS ! ISSUE 9 ,RI*>D ,>M/RONG'S 0,LABOR #a#i#g3 ,ANGRY ,AGGRESSIVE1 ,ACQUISITIVE0 7:ILE ADMITT+ ?AT ! RANK & FILE WAS 9 REVOLT 0AGA9/ ITS [N LEAD]%IP1 & 9 IMPORTANT WAYS AGA9/ SOCIETY ITSELF'71 ! ,JULY1 #aig ISSUE C>RI$ ,JUDSON ,GOOD+'S 0,BLUE-,COLL> ,BLUES ON ! ,ASSEMBLY ,L9E3 ,Y\NG AUTO WORK]S F9D JOB DISCIPL9ES H>% & UN9SPIR+1 & !Y V5T !IR FEEL+S ?R\< ABS5TEEISM1 HI< TURNOV]1 %ODDY WORK1 & EV5 SABOTAGE4 ,IT'S TIME = A NEW LOOK AT :O'S D[N ON ! L9E4 

,) ! #a#i#gS !RE HAS AT LA/ BEGUN TO DAWN ! REALIZATION ?AT ON ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE1 CONTROL ( ! WORK PROCESS1 ! UNIONS & ! WORK]S >E V]Y MU* 9 OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R4 ,A ,/4 ,L\IS ,TEAM/] COMM5T$ ?AT TRADITIONAL LABOR PRACTICE HAS AS A RULE 9VOLV$ 0GIV+ UP ITEMS 9VOLV+ WORK]S' CONTROL OV] ! JOB 9 EX*ANGE = CA% & FR+E B5EFITS40 ,ACKN[L$G+ ! DISCIPL9>Y FUNCTION ( ! UNION1 HE ELABORAT$ ON ?IS TIME-HONOR$ B>GA9+3 ,COMPANIES HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO GIVE UP L>GE AM\NTS ( MONEY TO ! UNION 9 RETURN = ! UNION'S GU>ANTEE ( NO WORK /OPPAGES40 ,DANIEL ,BELL WROTE 9 #aigc ?AT ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T HAS NEV] *ALL5G$ ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK ITSELF1 & SUMM$ UP ! ISSUE ?USLY3 0,! CRUCIAL PO9T IS ?AT H[EV] MU* AN IMPROVEM5T !RE MAY HAVE BE5 9 WAGE RATES1 P5SION CONDITIONS1 SUP]VISION1 & ! LIKE1 ! CONDITIONS ( WORK !MSELVES -- ! CONTROL ( PAC+1 ! ASSIGNM5TS1 ! DESIGN & LAY\T ( WORK -- >E /ILL \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( ! WORK] HIMSELF40 

,AL?\< ! POSITION ( ! UNIONS IS USUALLY IGNOR$1 S9CE #aig !RE HAS APPE>$ A V]ITABLE DELUGE ( >TICLES & BOOKS ON ! IMPOSSIBILITY TO IGNORE REBELLION AGA9/ >BITR>Y WORK ROLES4 ,FROM ! COV]S ( A FEW NATIONAL MAGAZ9ES3 ,B>B>A ,G>SON'S 0,! ,HELL ,) ,WORK10 ,H>P]'S1 ,JUNE1 #a#i#g#b2 ,LIFE MAGAZ9E'S 0,BOR$ ,ON ! ,JOB3 ,9DU/RY ,CONT5DS ) ,APA?Y & ,ANG] ON ! ,ASSEMBLY ,L9E10 ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#g#b2 & 0,:O ,WANTS TO ,WORK80 9 ! ,M>* #b#f1 #aigc ,NEWSWEEK4 ,O!R >TICLES HAVE BR\<T \T ! IMPORTANT FACT ?AT ! DISAFFECTION IS DEF9ITELY NOT CONF9$ TO 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,TO CITE JU/ A FEW3 ,JUDSON ,GOOD+'S 0,! ,FRAY+ ,:ITE ,COLL>0 9 ! ,DECEMB]1 #aig ,=TUNE1 ,TIMO?Y ,+RAM'S 0,! ,CORPORATE ,UND]GR\ND10 9 ,! ,NATION ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#g#a1 ,M>%ALL ,KILDUFFS 0,GETT+ ,BACK AT A ,BOSS3 ,! ,NEW ,UND]GR\ND ,PAP]S10 9 ! ,DECEMB] #b#g1 #aiga ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,*RONICLE1 & ,SEA%ORE & ,B>N[E'S 0,COLL> ,COLOR ,DOESN'T ,C\NT10 9 ! ,AUGU/4 #aigb ,PSY*OLOGY ,TODAY4 

,9 #aiga ,! ,WORK]S1 BY ,K5NE? ,LASSON1 WAS A REPRES5TATIVE BOOK1 FOCUS+ ON ! GR[+ DISCONT5T VIA PORTRAITS ( N9E BLUE-COLL> WORK]S4 ,! ,JOB ,REVOLUTION BY ,JUDSON ,GOOD+ APPE>$ 9 #a#i#g#b1 A MANAGEM5T-ORI5T$ DISCUSSION ( LIB]ALIZ+ WORK MANAGEM5T 9 ORD] TO CONTA9 EMPLOYEE PRESSURE4 ,! ,REPORT ( A ,SPECIAL ,TASK ,=CE TO ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E ON ! PROBLEM TITL$ ,WORK 9 ,AM]ICA1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#c4 ,PAGE #ai ( ! /UDY ADMITS ! MAJOR FACTS3 0ABS5TEEISM1 WILDCAT /RIKES4 TURNOV]1 & 9DU/RIAL SABOTAGE .<HAVE.> BECOME AN 9CREAS+LY SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! CO/ ( DO+ BUS9ESS40 ,! SCORES ( PEOPLE 9T]VIEW$ BY ,/UDS ,T]KEL 9 HIS ,WORK+3 ,PEOPLE ,TALK ,AB\T ,:AT ,!Y ,DO ,ALL ,DAY & ,H[ ,!Y ,FEEL AB\T ,:AT ,!Y ,DO 7#a#i#g#d71 REVEAL A DEP? TO ! WORK REVOLT ?AT IS TRULY DEVA/AT+4 ,HIS BOOK UNCOV]S A NE>LY UNANIM\S CONTEMPT = WORK & ! FACT ?AT ACTIVE RESI/ANCE IS FA/ REPLAC+ ! QUIET DESP]ATION SIL5TLY SUFF]$ BY MO/4 ,FROM WELD]S TO $ITORS TO =M] EXECUTIVES1 ?OSE QUE/ION$ SPOKE UP READILY AS TO ! FEEL+S ( HUMILIATION & FRU/RATION4 ,IF MO/ ( ! LIT]ATURE ( 0! REVOLT AGA9/ WORK0 HAS LEFT ! UNIONS \T ( !IR DISCUSSIONS1 A BRIEF LOOK AT SOME FEATURES ( SPECIFIC WORK] ACTIONS FROM #aig ?R\< #aigc WILL HELP UND]L9E ! COMM5TS MADE ABOVE CONC]N+ ! NECESS>ILY ANTI-UNION NATURE ( ?IS REVOLT4 

,DUR+ ,M>*1 #a#i#g4 A WILDCAT /RIKE ( PO/AL EMPLOYES4 9 DEFIANCE ( UNION ORD]S1 PUBLIC EMPLOYEE ANTI-/RIKE LAW1 & F$]AL 9JUNCTIONS1 SPREAD ACROSS ! C\NTRY DISABL+ PO/ (FICES 9 MORE ?AN #b CITIES & T[NS4 ,9 ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E ! /RIKE BEGAN1 AN EFFIGY ( ,GUS ,JOHNSON1 PRESID5T ( ! LETT] C>RI]S' UNION LOCAL !RE1 WAS HUNG AT A TUMULT\S MEET+ ON ,M>* #ba :]E ! NATIONAL UNION LEAD]S W]E CALL$ 0RATS0 & 0CREEPS40 ,9 MANY LOCATIONS1 ! WORK]S DECID$ TO NOT H&LE BUS9ESS MAIL1 AS P>T ( !IR WORK ACTION1 & ONLY ! USE ( ?\S&S ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>DSM5 5D$ ! /RIKE1 MAJOR ISSUES ( :I* W]E ! PROJECT$ LAY(F ( L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S & ME?ODS ( WORK4 ,9 ,JULY1 #a#i#g#a1 ,NEW ,YORK PO/AL WORK]S TRI$ TO R5EW !IR /RIKE ACTIVITY 9 ! FACE ( A CONTRACT PROPOSAL MADE BY ! NEW LETT] C>RI] PRESID5T1 ,V9C5T ,SOMBROTTO4 ,AT ! CLIMAX ( A /ORMY MEET+ ( #c1#c WORK]S1 ,SOMBROTTO & A LIEUT5ANT W]E *AS$ FROM ! HALL & D[N #c#cRD ,/REET1 N>R[LY ESCAP+ #b 5RAG$ UNION MEMB]S1 :O ACCUS$ !M ( 0SELL+ \T0 ! MEMB]%IP4 

,RETURN+ TO ! ,SPR+ ( #a#i#g1 #a1 ,TEAM/]S 9 #af CITIES WILDCATT$ BETWE5 ,M>* & ,MAY TO OV]TURN A NATIONAL CONTRACT SIGN$ ,M>* #bc BY ,I,B,T ,PRESID5T ,FITZSIMMONS4 ,! 5SU+ VIOL5CE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,WE/ & ,WE/ ,COA/ WAS EXT5SIVE1 & 9 ,CLEVEL& 9VOLV$ NO LESS ?AN A ?IRTY-DAY BLOCKADE ( MA9 CITY ?OR\<F>ES & #fg MILLION DOLL>S 9 DAMAGES4 

,ON ,MAY #h1#a#i#g1 A L>GE GR\P ( H>D-HAT CON/RUCTION WORK]S ASSAULT$ PEACE DEMON/RATORS 9 ,WALL ,/REET & 9VAD$ ,PACE ,COLLEGE & ,CITY ,HALL ITSELF TO ATTACK /UD5TS & O!RS SUSPECT$ ( NOT SUPPORT+ ! PROSECUTION ( ! ,VIETNAM W>4 ,! RIOT1 9 FACT1 WAS SUPPORT$ & DIRECT$ BY CON/RUCTION FIRM EXECUTIVES & UNION LEAD]S1 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD TO *ANNEL WORK] HO/ILITY AWAY FROM !MSELVES4 ,P]HAPS ALONE 9 ITS COMPREH5SION ( ! 9CID5T WAS PUBLIC TELEVISION 7,W,N,E,T1 ,NEW ,YORK7 & ITS 0,GREAT ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM ,MA*9E0 PROGRAM AIR$ ,MAY #a#c4 ,A SEGM5T ( ?AT PRODUCTION UNCOV]$ ! REAL JOB GRIEVANCES ?AT APP>5TLY UND]L9$ ! AFFAIR4 ,9TELLIG5T QUE/ION+ REVEAL$1 9 A V]Y FEW M9UTES1 ?AT 0COMMIE PUNKS0 W]E NOT :OLLY ! CAUSE ( !IR \TBUR/1 AS AN \TP\R+ ( GRIPES AB\T UNSAFE WORK+ CONDITIONS1 ! /RA9 ( ! WORK PACE1 ! FACT ?AT !Y C\LD BE FIR$ AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 ETC41 WAS RECORD$4 ,! HEAD ( ! ,NEW ,YORK BUILD+ TRADES UNION1 ,PET] ,BR5NAN1 & HIS UNION (FICIAL COLLEAGUES W]E FET$ AT ! ,:ITE ,H\SE ON ,MAY #bf = !IR PATRIOTISM -- & = DIV]T+ ! WORK]S8 -- & ,BR5NAN WAS LAT] APPO9T$ ,SECRET>Y ( ,LABOR4 

,9 ,JULY1 #a#i#g1 ON A ,W$NESDAY AFT]NOON SW+ %IFT A BLACK AUTO WORK] AT A ,DETROIT ,*RYSL] PLANT PULL$ \T AN ,M-#a C>B9E & KILL$ ?REE SUP]VISORY P]SONNEL BE=E HE WAS SUBDU$ BY ,U,A,W COMMITTEEM54 ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT TWO O!RS W]E %OT DEAD 9 SEP>ATE AUTO PLANT 9CID5TS )9 WEEKS ( ! ,JOHNSON %OOT+ SPREE1 & ?AT 9 ,MAY1 #aiga A JURY F\ND ,JOHNSON 9NOC5T BECAUSE ( 9SANITY AFT] VISIT+ & BE+ %OCK$ BY :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! MADD5+ CONDITIONS AT ,JOHNSON'S PLACE ( WORK4 

,! SIXTY-SEV5 DAY /RIKE AT ,G5]AL ,MOTORS BY ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S 9 ! ,FALL ( #aig IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ! ANTI-EMPLOYEE NATURE ( ! CONV5TIONAL /RIKE1 P]FECTLY ILLU/RATIVE ( ! RITUALIZ$ MANIPULATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :I* IS REPEAT$ SO (T5 & :I* *ANGES ABSOLUTELY NO?+ AB\T ! NATURE ( WORK4 

,A ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL >TICLE ( ,OCTOB] #b#i1 #aig DISCUSS$ ! REASONS :Y UNION & MANAGEM5T AGRE$ ON ! NECESSITY ( A /RIKE4 ,! ,U,A,W SAW ?AT A WALK-\T W\LD S]VE AS 0AN ESCAPE VALVE = ! FRU/RATIONS ( WORK]S BITT] AB\T :AT !Y CONSID] 9TOL]ABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS10 & A LONG /RIKE W\LD 0WE> D[N ! EXPECTATIONS ( MEMB]S40 ,! ,J\RNAL W5T ON TO PO9T \T ?AT1 0AMONG ?OSE :O DO UND]/& ! NE$ = /RIKES TO EASE 9TRA-UNION PRESSURES >E MANY COMPANY B>GA9]S4 -- ,!Y >E AW>E ?AT UNION LEAD]S MAY NE$ SU* /RIKES TO GET CONTRACTS RATIFI$ & GET REELECT$40 ,OR1 AS ,WILLIAM ,S]R9 SUCC9CTLY PUT IT3 0,A /RIKE1 BY PUTT+ ! WORK]S ON ! /REET1 ROLLS ! /EAM \T ( !M IT R$UCES !IR DEM&S & ?US BR+S AGREEM5T & RATIFICATION2 IT ALSO SOLIDIFIES ! AU?ORITY ( ! UNION HI]>*Y40 

,?US1 ! /RIKE WAS CALL$4 ,! FIR/ ORD] ( ! NEGOTIAT+ BUS9ESS WAS ! DROPP+ ( ALL JOB CONDITION DEM&S1 :I* W]E ONLY RAIS$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE AS A PUBLIC RELATIONS GE/URE TO ! MEMB]%IP4 ,) ?IS UND]/OOD1 ! DISCUSSIONS & PUBLICITY C5T]$ >\ND WAGES & E>LY RETIREM5T B5EFITS EXCLUSIVELY1 & ! *>ADE PLAY$ ITSELF \T TO ITS PRE-ORDA9$ 5D4 0,! COMPANY GRANT$ EA* DEM& .<,U,A,W PRESID5T.> ,WOODCOCK HAD MADE1 DEM&S HE C\LD HAVE HAD 9 ,SEPTEMB]40,H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ,G,M LOAN$ ! UNION @s#b#c MILLION P] MON? DUR+ ! /RIKE8 ,AS ,S]UM CONC$$1 ! COMPANY & ! UNION >E NOT EV5 ADV]S>IES1 MU* LESS 5EMIES4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#g1 ! FUEL DELIV]]S ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 EXASP]AT$ BY !IR UNION PRESID5T'S RESI/ANCE TO PLEAS = ACTION1 GAVE HIM A PUBLIC BEAT+4 ,ALSO 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 9 ! FOLL[+ ,M>* ! ,YELL[ ,CAB DRIV]S RAVAG$ A ,TEAM/]S' ,UNION MEET+ HALL 9 ,MANHATTAN 9 RESPONSE TO !IR UNION (FICIALS' REFUSAL TO YIELD ! FLOOR TO RANK & FILE SPEAK]S4 

,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#g#a1 ! 9T]NS AT ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,G5]AL ,HOSPITAL /RUCK1 SOLELY OV] HOSPITAL CONDITIONS & PATI5T C>E4 ,ES*EW+ ANY TIES TO ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 !IR NEGOTIAT+ PRACTICE WAS TO VOTE PUBLICLY ON EA* PO9T AT ISSUE1 ) ALL 9T]NS PRES5T4 

,! ,G5]AL ,MOTORS /RIKE ( #aig DISCUSS$ ABOVE 9 NO WAY DEALT ) ! CONT5T ( JOBS4 ,KN[+ ?AT IT W\LD FACE NO *ALL5GE FROM ! ,U,A,W1 ESPECIALLY1 IT WAS ?\<T1 SO SOON AFT] A /RIKE & ITS CA?>TIC EFFECTS1 ,G,M BEGAN 9 #aiga A CO-ORD9AT$ EF=T AT SPE$+ UP ! MAK+ ( C>S1 UND] ! NAME ,G5]AL ,MOTORS ,ASSEMBLY ,DIVISION1 OR ,G,M,A,D4 ,! %[PLACE PLANT = ?IS RE-ORGANIZATION WAS ! ,VEGA WORKS AT ,LORD/[N1 ,OHIO1 :]E ! WORK=CE WAS #h#e.0 :ITE & ! AV]AGE AGE #b#g4 ,) C>S MOV+ D[N ! L9E ALMO/ TWICE AS FA/ AS 9 PRE-,G,M,A,D DAYS1 WORK]S RESORT$ TO V>I\S =MS ( ON ! JOB RESI/ANCE TO ! T]RIFIC PACE4 ,G,M ACCUS$ !M ( SABOTAGE & HAD TO %UT D[N ! L9E SEV]AL TIMES4 ,SOME E/IMATES SET ! NUMB] ( DELIB]ATELY DISABL$ C>S AS HI< AS #e1 = ! P]IOD ( ,DECEMB]1 #aiga TO ,M>*1 #a#i#g#b1 :5 A /RIKE WAS F9ALLY CALL$ FOLL[+ A #i#g.0 AFFIRMATIVE VOTE ( ,LORD/[N'S ,LOCAL #a#a#a#b4 ,BUT A ?REE-WEEK /RIKE FAIL$ TO *ECK ! SPE$ ( ! L9E1 ! UNION1 AS ALWAYS1 HAV+ NO MORE DESIRE ?AN MANAGEM5T TO SEE WORK]S EFFECTIVELY *ALL5G+ ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION4 ,! MEMB]%IP LO/ ALL CONFID5CE 9 ! UNION2 ,G>Y ,BRYN]1 ! #b#i-YE>-OLD PRESID5T ( ,LOCAL #aaab ADMITT$3 0,!Y'RE ANGRY ) ! UNION2 :5 ,I GO ?R\< ! PLANT ,I GET CATCALLS40 

,9 ! ,G,M,A,D PLANT AT ,NORWOOD1 ,OHIO1 A /RIKE LIKE ?AT AT ,LORD/[N BROKE \T 9 ,APRIL & LA/$ UNTIL ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#g#a4 ,! #agd DAYS CON/ITUT$ ! LONGE/ WALK\T 9 ,G,M HI/ORY4,! ,NORWOOD WORK]S HAD VOT$ #i#h.0 9 FAVOR ( /RIK+ 9 ! PREVI\S ,FEBRU>Y1 BUT ! ,U,A,W HAD =C$ ! TWO LOCALS TO GO \T SEP>ATELY1 FIR/ ,LORD/[N1 & LAT] ,NORWOOD1 ?US ISOLAT+ !M & PROTECT+ ! ,G,M,A,D PROGRAM4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! ANTI-WORK] EF=TS ( ! ,U,A,W GO EV5 FUR!R BACK1 TO ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#g#a1 :5 ! ,NORWOOD ,LOCAL #fgd WAS PUT 9 RECEIV]%IP1 OR TAK5 OV]1 BY ! C5TRAL LEAD]%IP :5 MEMB]S HAD TRI$ TO CONFRONT ,G,M,A,D OV] ! T]M9ATION ( !IR S5IORITY RI<TS4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#g#c1 ?REE WILDCAT /RIKES 9VOLV+ ,*RYSL] FACILITIES 9 ,DETROIT TOOK PLACE 9 LESS ?AN A MON?4 ,CONC]N+ ! SUCCESSFUL ONE-DAY WILDCAT AT ! ,JEFF]SON ASSEMBLY PLANT1 ,U,A,W VISE PRESID5T ,D\G ,FRAS] SAID ,*RYSL] HAD MADE A CRITICAL MI/AKE 9 0APPEAS+ ! WORK]S0 & ! ,MAC ,AV5UE WALK\T WAS EFFECTIVELY SUPPRESS$ :5 A CR[D ( 0,U,A,W LOCAL UNION (FIC]S & COMMITTEEM51 >M$ ) BASEBALL BAT & CLUBS1 GA!R$ \TSIDE ( ! PLANT GATES TO 'URGE' ! WORK]S TO RETURN40 ,OCTOB]1 #aigc BR\<T ! SIGN+ ( A NEW ?REE-YE> CONTRACT BETWE5 ,=D & ! ,U,A,W4 ,BUT ) ! SIGN+1 APPE>$ FRE% EVID5CE ?AT WORK]S 9T5D TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 DECISIONS CONC]N+ !IR WORK LIVES3 0,DESPITE ! AGREEM5T1 AB\T #g1#g WORK]S LEFT !IR JOBS AT SEV5 ,=D PLANTS :5 ! /RIKE DEADL9E WAS REA*$1 SOME BECAUSE !Y W]E UNHAPPY ) ! SECRECY SURR\ND+ ! NEW AGREEM5T40 

,) !SE BRIEF REM>KS ON A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( ACTIONS BY WORK]S1 LET US TRY TO >RIVE AT SOME UND]/&+ ( ! OV]ALL TEMP] ( ,AM]ICAN WAGE-E>N]S S9CE ! MID-#a#i#fS4 

,SIDNEY ,L5S F\ND ?AT ! NUMB] ( /RIKES DUR+ #a#i#f#h1 #a#i#f#i1 & #aiga WAS EXTREMELY HI< & ?AT ONLY ! YE>S #a#i#c#g1 #a#i#d#d-#d#f1 & #a#i#e#b-#e#c %[$ COMP>ABLE TOTALS4 ,MORE 9T]E/+ IS ! GR[+ T5D5CY ( /RIK]S TO REJECT ! LABOR CONTRACTS NEGOTIAT$ = !M4 ,9 ?OSE CONTRACTS 9 :I* ! ,F$]AL ,M$IATION & ,CONCILIATION ,S]VICE TOOK A H& 7! ONLY ONES = :I* !RE >E /ATI/ICS71 CONTRACT REJECTIONS ROSE FROM #h4#g.0 ( ! CASES 9 #a#i#f#d1 TO #a.0 9 #a#i#f#e1 TO #a#a.0 9 #a#i#f#f1 TO AN AMAZ+ #a#d4#b.0 9 #a#i#f#g1 LEVEL+ (F S9CE !N TO AB\T #a#b.0 ANNUALLY4 ,& ! RATIO ( WORK /OPPAGES OCCURR+ DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 A CONTRACT WAS 9 EFFECT HAS *ANG$1 :I* IS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT :5 IT IS REMEMB]$ ?AT MO/ CONTRACTS SPECIFICALLY =BID /RIKES4 ,BUREAU ( ,LABOR ,/ATI/ICS FIGURES REVEAL ?AT :ILE AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ALL /OPPAGES 9 #aifh OCCURR$ UND] EXI/+ AGREEM5TS1 0AN AL>M+ NUMB]10 ALMO/ TWO-FIF?S ( !M 9 #aigb TOOK PLACE :ILE CONTRACTS W]E 9 EFFECT4 ,9 #aigc ,>ON[ITZ PROVID$ A GOOD SUMM>Y3 

0,! CONFIGURATION ( /RIKES S9CE #aifg IS UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN WORK]S4 ,! NUMB] ( /RIKES AS A :OLE1 AS WELL AS RANK-&-FILE REJECTIONS ( PROPOS$ UNION SETTLEM5TS ) EMPLOY]S4 & WILDCAT ACTIONS HAS EXCE$$ ?AT 9 ANY SIMIL> P]IOD 9 ! MOD]N ]A40,& AS ,S5NETT & ,COBB1 WRIT+ 9 #aiga MADE CLE>1 ! P]IOD HAS 9VOLV$ 0! MO/ TURBUL5T REJECTION ( ORGANIZ$ UNION AU?ORITY AMONG Y\NG WORK]S40 

,! #aig ,G,M /RIKE WAS M5TION$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! USEFULNESS ( A %AM /RUGGLE 9 SAFELY RELEAS+ P5T-UP EMPLOYEE RES5TM5T4 ,! NATION-WIDE TELEPHONE WORK]S' /RIKE ( ,JULY1 #aiga IS ANO!R EXAMPLE1 & ! EFFECTS ( ! RIS+ TIDE ( ANTI-UNION HO/ILITY CAN ALSO BE SE5 9 IT4 ,REJECT+ A ,BELL ,SY/EM (F] ( A #c.0 WAGE 9CREASE OV] ?REE YE>S1 ! ,COMMUNICATION ,WORK]S' UNION CALL$ A /RIKE1 PUBLICLY ANN\NC+ ?AT ! ONLY PO9T AT ISSUE WAS ?AT 0WE NE$ #ca TO #cb P] C5T10AS UNION PRESID5T ,JOSEPH ,BEIRNE PUT IT4 ,AFT] A SIX-DAY WALK\T1 ! #a.0 WAS GRANT$1 AS WAS A NEW ,BELL POLICY REQUIR+ ALL EMPLOYES TO JO9 ! UNION & REMA9 9 GOOD /&+ AS A CONDITION ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT :ILE ! ,C,W,A WAS GRANT$ ! /&>D 'UNION-%OP' /ATUS1 A RA!R NECESS>Y /EP = ! FULFILLM5T ( ITS ROLE AS A DISCIPL9E AG5T ( ! WORK =CE1 ?\S&S ( TELEPHONE WORK]S REFUS$ TO RETURN TO !IR JOBS1 9 SOME CASES /AY+ \T = WEEKS 9 DEFIANCE ( ,C,W,A ORD]S4 

,! CALL+ ( ! #i-DAY WAGE-PRICE FREEZE ON ,AUGU/ #ae WAS 9 L>GE P>T A RESPONSE TO ! CLIMATE ( WORK] UNRUL9ESS & 9DEP5D5CE1 TYPIFI$ BY ! DEFIANT PHONE WORK]S4 ,ASIDE FROM RELAT$ ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 ! FREEZE & ! 5SU+ CONTROLS W]E ADOPT$ BECAUSE ! UNIONS NE$$ GOV]NM5T HELP 9 RE/RA9+ ! WORK]S4 ,%AM /RIKES CLE>LY LOSE !IR EFFECTIV5ESS IF EMPLOYES REFUSE TO PLAY !IR ASSIGN$ ROLES REMA9+4 = EXAMPLE1 ON /RIKE ON !IR [N4 

,GEORGE ,MEANY1 HEAD ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O1 HAD BE5 CALL+ = A WAGE-PRICE FREEZE S9CE #a#i#f#i1& 9 ! WEEKS PRIOR TO ,AUGU/ #ae HAD HELD A NUMB] ( V]Y PRIVATE MEET+S ) ,PRESID5T ,NIXON4 ,?\< HE WAS COMPELL$ TO PUBLICLY DECRY ! FREEZE AS 0COMPLETELY UNFAIR TO ! WORK]0 & 0A BONANZA TO BIG BUS9ESS10 HE DID NOT EV5 CALL = AN EXCESS PR(ITS TAX2 HE DID COME \T /RONGLY = A P]MAN5T WAGE-PRICE CONTROL BO>D & LABOR'S PLACE ON IT1 H[EV]4 

,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT BUS9ESS LEAD]S UND]/OOD ! NE$ = GOV]NM5T ASSI/ANCE4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 A ,=TUNE >TICLE PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0,A SY/EM ( WAGE-PRICE REVIEW BO>DS IS ! BE/ HOPE = BREAK+ ! CO/-PU% MOM5TUM ?AT 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS & EMPLOY]S HAVE BE5 P[]LESS TO RESI/40 ,AS WORK]S TRY TO MAKE P>TIAL COMP5SATION = !IR LACK ( AUTONOMY ON ! JOB BY DEM&+ BETT] WAGES & B5EFITS1 ! ONLY APPROV$ CONCESSIONS1 !Y CREATE OBVI\S ECONOMIC PRESSURE ESPECIALLY 9 AN 9FLATION>Y P]IOD4 ,>?UR ,M4 ,L\IS1 9 ,NOVEMB]'S ,=TUNE1 REALIZ$ ?AT ! HEAT HAD BE5 ON LABOR (FICIALS = SOME TIME4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! 0REBELLI\S RANK & FILE0 ( LONG%OREM51 M9]S1 & /EELWORK]S1 HE SAID1 0,LONG BE=E ,PRESID5T ,NIXON ANN\NC$ HIS WAGE-PRICE FREEZE1 MANY LABOR LEAD]S W]E CALL+ = /ABILIZATION1 IF ONLY TO GET !MSELVES (F ! HOOK40 

,A ,=TUNE $ITORIAL (,JANU>Y 7#a#i#g#b7 PR$ICT$ ?AT BY ! ,FALL1 A NATIONAL 0WAVE ( WILDCAT /RIKES0 MI<T WELL OCCUR & ! LABOR MEMB]S ( ! TRIP>TITE CONTROL BO>D W\LD RESIGN4 ,9 FACT1 ,MEANY & ,WOODCOCK QUIT ! ,PAY ,BO>D MU* E>LI] 9 ! YE> ?AN ?AT1 DUE PRECISELY TO ! RANK & FILE'S REFUSAL TO SUPPORT ! PLA9LY ANTI-LABOR WAGE POLICIES ( ! BO>D4 ,?\< ,FITZSIMMONS ( ! ,TEAM/]S /AY$ ON1 & ! CONTROLS CONT9U$1 ?R\< A TOTAL ( F\R 0,PHASES0 UNTIL E>LY #a#i#g#d1 ! CR$IBILITY ( ! CONTROLS PROGRAM WAS CRIPPL$1 & ITS 9FLU5CE WAN$ RAPIDLY4 ,?\< ! PROGRAM WAS BR\<T TO A PREMATURE 5D1 ! ,BUREAU ( ,LABOR ,/ATI/ICS GAVE ITS CEIL+ ON WAGE 9CREASES MU* ( ! CR$IT = ! FACT ?AT ! NUMB] ( /RIKES 9 #aigb WAS ! SMALLE/ 9 FIVE YE>S4 

,DUR+ 0,PHASE ,ONE0 ( ! CONTROLS1 ! #i-DAY FREEZE1 ,DAVID ,DEIT* WROTE ?AT 0! NEW CAPITALISM REQUIRES A /RONG1 C5TRALIZ$ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T ) :I* TO B>GA940 ,HE MADE EXPLICIT EXACTLY :AT K9D ( 0/R5G?0 W\LD BE NE$$3 0,! LABOR BUREAUCRACY MU/ ULTIMATELY SIL5CE ! RANK & FILE IF IT WANTS TO JO9 9 ! TRIP>TITE PLANN+1 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ! WILDCAT /RIKE CANNOT BE TOL]AT$40 

,9 ?IS >EA1 TOO1 MEMB]S ( ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY HAVE %[N AN UND]/&+ ( ! CRITICAL ROLE ( ! UNIONS4 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#g1 )9 H\RS ( ! PLANE CRA% ?AT CLAIM$ ,U,A,W *IEF ,WALT] ,REU!R1 !RE WAS PUBLICLY EXPRESS$ CORPORATE DESIRE = A REPLACEM5T :O C\LD CONT9UE TO EFFECTIVELY CONTA9 ! WORK]S4 0,IT'S TAK5 A /RONG MAN TO KEEP ! SITUATION UND] CONTROL10 ,VIRGIL ,BOYD4 ,*RYSL] VISE *AIRMAN1 TOLD ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES4 0,I HOPE ?AT :OEV] HIS SUCCESSOR IS CAN EX]T GREAT 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E40 ,LIKEWISE1 ,=TUNE BEWAIL$ ! ABS5CE ( A /RONG UNION 9 ! COALFIELDS4 9 A #aiga >TICLE SUBTITL$1 0,! NATION'S FUEL SUPPLY1 AS WELL AS ! 9DU/RY'S PROSP]ITY1 DEP5DS ON A UNION ?AT HAS LO/ CONTROL ( ITS MEMB]S40 

,DESPITE ! OV]ALL FAILURE ( ! WAGE CONTROL PROGRAM1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 HELP+ ! UNIONS 9 SEV]AL O!R WAYS4 ,S9CE #a#i#g1 = EXAMPLE1 IT HAS WORK$ TO RE9=CE ! CONV5TIONAL /RIKE -- AGA9 DUE TO ITS IMPORTANT SAFETY-VALVE FUNCTION4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#g1 ! ,U4,S4 ,SUPREME ,C\RT RUL$ ?AT AN EMPLOY] C\LD OBTA9 AN 9JUNCTION TO =CE EMPLOYES BACK TO WORK :5 A LABOR AGREEM5T CONTA9S A NO-/RIKE PL$GE & AN >BITRATION CLAUSE4 0,! #aig DECISION A/ONI%$ MANY OBS]V]S ( ! LABOR RELATIONS SC5E10 DIRECTLY REV]S+ A #aifb DECISION ( ! ,C\RT1 :I* RUL$ ?AT SU* WALK\TS W]E M]ELY LABOR DISPUTES & NOT ILLEGAL4 ,ALSO 9 #a#i#g1 DUR+ ! F\R-MON? ,G5]AL ,ELECTRIC /RIKE1 ,S*5ECTADY4 ,NEW ,YORK1 (FICIALS 0PLEAD$ ) NONUNION WORK]S TO REFRA9 FROM CROSS+ PICKET L9ES ON ! GR\NDS ?AT SU* ACTION MI<T 5DANG] ! PEACE40 ,A PHOTO ( ! /RIKE SC5E 9 ,=TUNE WAS CAPTION$4 0,KEEP+ WORK]S \T-WORK]S :O W]E TRY+ TO CROSS PICKET L9ES & GET TO !IR JOBS -- BECAME ! CURI\S TASK ( ,S*5ECTADY POLICEM540 

,A ,SUPREME ,C\RT DECISION 9 #aigb 9DICAT$ H[ F> /ATE P[] WILL GO TO PROTECT ! SPECTACLE ( UNION /RIKES4 ,F\R ,CALI=NIA ,TEAM/]S W]E ORD]$ RE9/AT$ ) FIVE YE>S' BACK PAY AS A UNANIM\S ,SUPREME ,C\RT RUL$ .<,NOVEMB] #g1 #a#i#g#b.> ?AT IT IS UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE = AN EMPLOY] TO FIRE A WORK] SOLELY = TAK+ P>T 9 A /RIKE40 ,GOV]NM5T PROVIDES POSITIVE AS WELL AS NEGATIVE SUPPORT TO APPROV$ WALK\TS1 TOO4 ,AN #a#h-MON? /UDY BY ! ,:>TON ,S*OOL ( ,F9ANCE & ,COMM]CE F\ND ?AT WELF>E B5EFITS1 UNEMPLOYM5T COMP5SATION1 & FOOD /AMPS TO /RIK]S MEAN ?AT 0! ,AM]ICAN TAXPAY] HAS ASSUM$ A SIGNIFICANT %>E ( ! CO/ ( PROLONG$ WORK /OPPAGES40 ,BUT 9 SOME >EAS1 UNIONS W\LD RA!R NOT EV5 RISK (FICIAL /RIKES4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/EELWORK]S ( ,AM]ICA -- :I* ALL[S ONLY UNION (FICIALS TO VOTE ON CONTRACT RATIFICATIONS1 BY ! WAY1 AGRE$ ) ! MAJOR /EEL COMPANIES 9 ,M>*1 #aigc ?AT ONLY NEGOTIATIONS & >BITRATION W\LD BE US$ TO RESOLVE DIFF]5CES4 ,! ,/EELWORK]S' CONTRACT APPROV$ 9 ,APRIL1 #aigd DECL>$ ?AT ! NO-/RIKE POLICY W\LD BE 9 EFFECT UNTIL AT LEA/ #a#i#h4 ,A FEW DAYS BE=E1 9 ,M>*1 A F$]AL C\RT ?REW \T A SUIT FIL$ BY RANK & FILE /EELWORK]S1 RUL+ ?AT ! UNION NE$N'T BE DEMOCRATIC 9 REA*+ ITS AGREEM5TS ) MANAGEM5T4 

,DAVID ,DEIT*1 QUOT$ ABOVE1 SAID ?AT ! /ABILITY ( ! SY/EM REQUIR$ A C5TRALIZ$ UNION /RUCTURE4 ,! PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION HAS BE5 A FACT & ITS ACCEL]ATION HAS FOLL[$ ! 9CREAS+ MILITANCY ( WAGE-E>N]S S9CE ! MIDDLE-#a#i#fS4 ,A ,JUNE #a#i#g#a1 >TICLE 9 ! F$]AL ,MON?LY ,LABOR ,REVIEW DISCUSS$ ! BIG 9CREASE 9 UNION M]G]S OV] ! PREC$+ ?REE YE>S ,AUGU/1 #a#i#g#b1 SAW TWO SU* M]G]S1 ! UNION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,PAP]MAK]S & ,PAP]WORK]S & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,PULP1 ,SULFITE1 & ,PAP] ,MILL ,WORK]S1 & ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,BREW]Y ,WORK]S ) ! ,TEAM/]S ,9 A SPEE* MADE ON ,JULY #e1 #a#i#g#c1 ,LONG%OREM5'S PRESID5T ,H>RY ,BRIDGES CALL$ = ! =MATION ( 0ONE BIG NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T OR F$]ATION40 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS C5TRALIZATION MOVEM5T IS ?AT IT PLACES ! 9DIVIDUAL EV5 FUR!R FROM A POSITION ( POSSIBLE 9FLU5CE OV] ! UNION HI]>*Y-AT A TIME :5 HE IS MORE & MORE LIKELY TO BE OBLIG$ TO JO9 A UNION AS A CONDITION ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,! SITUATION IS BEG9N+ TO RESEMBLE 9 SOME WAYS ! PRACTICE 9 ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,G]MANY1 ( REQUIR+ ! MEMB]%IP ( ALL WORK]S 9 'ONE BIG1 NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T OR F$]ATION1' ! ,LABOR ,FRONT4 ,9 ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,BAY >EA1 = EXAMPLE1 9 #a#i#f#i1 0,A R>E -- & PROBABLY UNIQUE -- AGREEM5T ?AT WILL REQUIRE ALL ! EMPLOYES ( A PUBLIC AG5CY TO JO9 A UNION OR PAY IT ! EQUIVAL5T ( UNION DUES WAS REPORT$ 9 ,OAKL& BY ! ,EA/ ,BAY ,REGIONAL ,P>K ,DI/RICT40 ,& 9 ! SAME >EA ?IS PROCESS WAS UPHELD 9 #a#i#g#c3 0,A CITY CAN REQUIRE ITS EMPLOYES TO PAY ! EQUIVAL5T ( 9ITIATION FEES & DUES TO A UNION TO KEEP !IR JOBS1 >BITRATOR ,ROB]T ,E4 ,BURNS HAS RUL$ 9 A PREC$5T-SETT+ CASE 9VOLV+ ! CITY ( ,HAYW>D40,?IS DIRECTION IS C]TA9LY NOT LIMIT$ TO PUBLIC EMPLOYES4 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,LABOR4 ,!IR 0,:AT ,HAPP5S ,:5 ,EV]YONE ,ORGANIZES0 >TICLE IMPLI$ ! 9EVITABILITY ( TOTAL UNIONIZATION4 

,?\< A DISCUSSION ( ! ABS5CE ( DEMOCRACY 9 UNIONS IS \TSIDE ! SCOPE ( ?IS ESSAY1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ! LACK ( CONTROL POSSESS$ BY ! RANK & FILE4 ,9 #aifa ,JOEL ,SEIDMAN COMM5T$ ON ! SUBJECTION ( ! TYPICAL UNION MEMB]%IP3 0,IT IS H>D TO READ UNION CON/ITUTIONS )\T BE+ /RUCK BY ! MANY PROVISIONS DEAL+ ) ! OBLIGATIONS & ! DISCIPL9+ ( MEMB]S1 AS AGA9/ ! RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( SECTIONS CONC]N$ ) MEMB]S' RI<TS )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 0,TWO EXCELL5T (F]+S ON ! SUBJECT WRITT5 9 ! #a#i#gS >E ,AUTOCRACY & ,9SURG5CY 9 ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR BY ,BURTON ,HAL & 0,APA?Y & ,O!R ,AXIOMS3 ,EXPELL+ ! ,UNION ,DISS5T] FROM ,HI/ORY10 BY ,I4 ,W4 ,B5SON4 

,RELATIVELY UN?REAT5$ BY MEMB]%IPS4 ! UNIONS HAVE 5T]$ 9TO EV]-CLOS] RELATIONS ) GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESS4 ,A ,TIMES-,PO/ ,S]VICE /ORY ( ,APRIL #a#i#f#i1 DISCLOS$ A ?REE-DAY MEET+ BETWE5 ,A,F,L-,C,I,O LEAD]%IP & TOP ,NIXON ADM9I/RATION (FICIALS4 %R\D$ 9 SECRECY AT ! EXCLUSIVE ,GRE5BRI> SPA4 0,BIG LABOR & BIG GOV]NM5T HAVE QUIETLY >RANG$ AN 9TRIGU+ TRY/ ?IS WEEK 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA -- = A PRIVATE MEET+ 9VOLV+ AT LEA/ HALF A DOZ5 CAB9ET MEMB]S40 ,SIMIL>LY1 A SURPRIS+ ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES >TICLE APPE>+ ON ! LA/ DAY ( #aigb IS WOR? QUOT+ = ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ( GOV]NM5T-LABOR TIES IT AUGURS3 0,PRESID5T ,NIXON HAS (F]$ TO PUT A LABOR UNION REPRES5TATIVE AT A HI< LEVEL 9 EV]Y F$]AL GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5T1 A WELL-9=M$ ,:ITE ,H\SE (FICIAL HAS DISCLOS$4 ,! (F]1 SAID TO BE UNP>ALLEL$ 9 LABOR HI/ORY1 WAS MADE TO UNION MEMB]S ON ! ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCTIVITY ,COMMISSION1 9CLUD+ ,GEORGE ,MEANY1 PRESID5T ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O & ,FRANK ,E4 ,FITZSIMMONS1 PRESID5T ( ! ,I,B,T1 AT A ,:ITE ,H\SE MEET+ LA/ WEEK444 LABOR S\RCES SAID ?AT !Y UND]/OOD ! PROPOSAL TO 9CLUDE AN (F] TO PLACE UNION M5 AT ! ASSI/ANT SECRET>Y LEVEL 9 ALL RELEVANT GOV]NM5T AG5CIES44 -- %\LD ! ,PRESID5T'S (F] BE TAK5 UP1 IT W\LD M>K A SIGNAL TURN+ PO9T 9 ! TRADITIONAL RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & GOV]NM5T40 

,9 ,OREGON1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,ASSOCIAT$ ,OREGON ,9DU/RIES1 REPRES5T+ BIG BUS9ESS & ! ,OREGON ,A,F,L-,C,I,O1 BY ! E>LY '#gS REFLECT$ A CLOSE WORK+ RELATION%IP BETWE5 LABOR & MANAGEM5T ON PRACTICALLY EV]Y?+4 ,JO9T LOBBY+ EF=TS1 AGA9/ CONSUM] & 5VIRONM5TALI/ PROPOSALS ESPECIALLY1 & O!R =MS ( COOP]ATION L$ TO AN EX*ANGE ( EV5 SPEAK]S AT EA* O!R'S CONV5TIONS 9 ! ,FALL ( #a#i#g#a4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,A,O,I1 ,PHIL ,BLAD9E1 ADDRESS$ ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O2 ON ,SEPTEMB]#a#h1 ,A,F,L-,C,I,O PRESID5T ,$ ,:AL5 SPOKE BE=E ! ,A,O,I4 

,9 ,CALI=NIA1 AS 9 MANY O!R /ATES1 ! PATT]N HAS BE5 V]Y MU* ! SAME1 ) LABOR & BUS9ESS WORK+ TOGE!R TO ATTACK CONS]VATIONI/S 9 #aigb & DEFEAT EF=TS TO RE=M CAMPAIGN SP5D+ 9 #a#i#g#d1 = EXAMPLE4 

,ALSO REVEAL+ IS ! 0,/RANGE ,B$FELL[S ,FROM ,LABOR1 ,BUS9ESS' ,[N ,DOM9ICAN ,RESORT0 >TICLE ON ! FRONT PAGE ( ! ,MAY #a#e1 #aigc ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL BY ,JONA?ON ,KWITNEY4 ,AMONG ! LEAD+ /OCKHOLD]S 9 ! #a#e1 ACRE ,PUNTA ,CANA1 ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC RESORT & PLANTATION >E ,GEORGE ,MEANY & ,LANE ,KIRKL&1 PRESID5T & SECRET>Y-TREASUR] ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O1 & ,KEI? ,T]PE1 ,SEAF>]S' ,UNION (FICIAL1 AS WELL AS LEAD+ (FIC]S ( ,SEATRA9 ,L9ES1 ,9C41 :I* EMPLOYS MEMB]S ( ,T]PE'S UNION4 

,NOT SE5 = :AT !Y >E1 ! /RIK+ CASES ( M\NT+ BUS9ESS-LABOR-GOV]NM5T COLLUSION & COOP]ATION HAVE L>GELY BE5 OV]LOOK$4 ,BUT ?OSE 9 A POSITION TO SEE ?AT ! WORK] IS MORE & MORE ACTIVELY 9TOL]ANT ( A DAILY WORK LIFE BEYOND HIS CONTROL1 ALSO REALIZE ?AT EV5 CLOS] COOP]ATION IS NECESS>Y4 ,9 E>LY #aiga ,P]SONNEL1 ! MAGAZ9E ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,MANAGEM5T ,ASSOCIATION1 SAID ?AT 0IT IS P]HAPS TIME = A M>RIAGE ( CONV5I5CE BETWE5 ! TWO .<UNIONS & MANAGEM5T.> 0= ! PRES]VATION ( ORD]40 ,PO9T+ \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT MANY MEMB]S 0T5D TO MI/RU/ ! UNION40 

,! REASON = ?IS 0MI/RU/10 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS ! HI/ORICAL REFUSAL ( UNIONS TO 9T]F]E ) MANAGEM5T'S CONTROL ( WORK4 ,! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O MAGAZ9E1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATIONI/1 ADMITT$ LABOR'S LACK ( 9T]E/ & 9VOLVEM5T 9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ,JANU>Y4 #aigd ISSUE 5TITL$ 0,WORK IS ,H]E TO ,/AY1 ,ALAS40 ,& ! TRADITIONAL UNION POSITION ON ! MATT] IS :Y1 9 TURN1 ,C4 ,JACKSON ,GRAYSON1 ,DEAN ( ! ,S*OOL ( ,BUS9ESS ,ADM9I/RATION AT ,S\!RN ,ME?ODI/ ,UNIV]SITY & =M] *AIRMAN ( ! ,PRICE ,COMMISSION1 CALL$ 9 E>LY #aigd = UNION-MANAGEM5T COLLABORATION4 ,! ,JANU>Y #ab ISSUE ( ,BUS9ESS ,WEEK CONTA9S HIS CALL = A SYMBOLIC D$ICATION ON ,JULY #d1 #a#i#g#f1 0) ! ACTUAL SIGN+ ( A DOCUM5T -- A ,DECL>ATION ( ,9T]DEP5D5CE0 BETWE5 LABOR & BUS9ESS1 09SEP>ABLY L9K$ 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY QUE/40 

,PRODUCTIVITY -- \TPUT P] H\R ( WORK -- HAS ( C\RSE FALL5 DUE TO WORK] DISSATISFACTION & UNRE/4 ,A BASIC 9DICATION ( ! CONT9U+ REVOLT AGA9/ WORK >E ! JO9T CAMPAIGNS = HI<] PRODUCTIVITY4 SU* AS ! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ ,U,S ,/EEL-,UNIT$ ,/EELWORK]S EF=TS4 ,A SPECIAL ISSUE ON PRODUCTIVITY 9 ,BUS9ESS ,WEEK = ,SEPTEMB] #i1 #a#i#g#b1 HI<LI<T$ ! PROBLEM1 PO9T+ \T ALSO ! OPPOSITION WORK]S HAD = UNION-BACK$ DRIVES ( ?IS K9D4 ,CLOSELY RELAT$ TO L[ PRODUCTIVITY1 IT SEEMS1 IS ! EMPLOYEE RESI/ANCE TO WORK+ OV]TIME1 EV5 DUR+ ECONOMIC RECESSION4 ,! REFUSAL ( ?\S&S ( ,=D WORK]S TO OV]TIME PROMPT$ A ,=D EXECUTIVE 9 ,APRIL1 #aigd TO SAY1 0,WE'RE MY/IFI$ BY ! EXP]I5CE 9 LI<T ( ! G5]AL ECONOMIC SITUATION40 ,ALSO DUR+ ,APRIL1 ! ,LABOR ,DEP>TM5T REPORT$ ?AT 0! PRODUCTIVITY ( ,AM]ICAN WORK]S TOOK ITS BIGGE/ DROP ON RECORD AS \TPUT SLUMP$ 9 ALL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY DUR+ ! FIR/ QU>T]40 

,9 #aice ! ,N,R,A ISSU$ ! ,H5D]SON ,REPORT1 :I* C\NSEL$ ?AT 0UNLESS SOME?+ IS DONE SOON1 !Y .<! WORK]S.> 9T5D TO TAKE ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S40 ,SOME?+ WAS DONE1 ! HI]>*ICAL1 NATIONAL UNIONS ( ! ,C,I,O F9ALLY APPE>$ & /ABILIZ$ RELATIONS4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS IT MAY BE ?AT A LIMIT$ =M ( WORK] P>TICIPATION 9 MANAGEM5T DECISIONS WILL BE REQUIR$ TO PREV5T EMPLOYES FROM 0TAK+ ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S40 ,IRV+ ,BLUE/ONE1 HEAD ( ! ,U,A,W'S ,G,M DEP>TM5T1 PR$ICT$ 9 E>LY #aigb ?AT SOME =M ( P>TICIPATION W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 UND] UNION-MANAGEM5T CONTROL1 ( C\RSE4 ,AS ,>NOLD ,TANN5BAUM ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* 9 ,MI*IGAN PO9T$ \T 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 C$+ SOME P[] TO WORK]S CAN BE AN EXCELL5T MEANS ( 9CREAS+ !IR SUBJECTION4 IF IT SUCCE$S 9 GIV+ !M A S5SE ( 9VOLVEM5T4 

,BUT IT REMA9S D\BTFUL ?AT TOK5 P>TICIPATION WILL ASSUAGE ! WORK]'S ALI5ATION4 ,MORE LIKELY1 IT WILL UND]L9E IT & MAKE EV5 CLE>] ! TRUE NATURE ( ! UNION-MANAGEM5T RELATION%IP1 :I* WILL /ILL OBTA94 ,IT MAY BE MORE PROBABLE ?AT TRADITIONAL UNION 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS ! PAID4 PR(ESSIONAL /RATUM ( (FICIALS & REPRES5TATIVES1 MONOPOLY ( MEMB]%IP GU>ANTE$ BY MANAGEM5T1 & ! LABOR CONTRACT ITSELF WILL BE 9CREAS+LY REEXAM9$ AS WORK]S CONT9UE TO /RIVE TO TAKE !IR WORK LIVES 9TO !IR [N H&S4 

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