,OPTIMISM ,OV] ,DESPAIR 
,ON ,CAPITALISM1 ,EMPIRE1 & ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #ddi ,WORDS2 #b1#i#f#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIETY & A ,WORLD 9 ,TRANSITION 

      #d1#b#b#d ,WORDS2 #b#f1#d#i#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,HORROR ,BEYOND ,DESCRIPTION3 ,! ,LATE/ ,PHASE ( ! 0,W> ON ,T]ROR0 

      #b1#i#h#h ,WORDS2 #a#h1#g#a#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,EMPIRE ( ,*AOS 

      #a1#e#d#a ,WORDS2 #i1#g#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,GLOBAL ,/RUGGLES = ,DOM9ANCE3 ,I,S,I,S1 ,N,A,T,O1 & ,RUSSIA 

      #b1#f#h#h ,WORDS2 #a#f1#i#i#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,IS ,EUROPEAN ,9TEGRATION ,UNRAVEL+8 

      #b1#d#g#a ,WORDS2 #a#e1#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,BURK9I ,BANS1 ,NEW ,A!ISM1 & ,/ATE ,WOR%IP3 ,RELIGION 9 ,POLITICS 

      #b1#g#e#i ,WORDS2 #a#g1#c#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,CON/RUCT+ ,VISIONS ( 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE0 

      #d1#c#e#h ,WORDS2 #b#g1#g#c#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,IT ,IS ,ALL ,WORK+ ,QUITE ,WELL = ! ,RI*1 ,P[]FUL 

      #b1#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#e1#g#i#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #i 

      #b1#i#g#f ,WORDS2 #a#h1#i#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 

      #f1#f#f#f ,WORDS2 #d#b1#f#d#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,REPUBLICAN ,BASE ,IS 0,\T ( ,CONTROL0 

      #a1#i#d#i ,WORDS2 #a#b1#e#f#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 #baf ,ELECTION ,PUTS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ,RISK ( 0,UTT] ,DISA/]0 

      #b1#d#e ,WORDS2 #a#e1#b#b#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,TRUMP 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE 

      #d1#a#d ,WORDS2 #b#e1#b#c#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,GLOBAL ,W>M+ & ! ,FUTURE ( ,HUMANITY 

      #a1#d#a#a ,WORDS2 #i1#b#a#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,LONG ,HI/ORY ( ,U,S ,M$DL+ 9 ,=EIGN ,ELECTIONS 

      #b1#f#d#c ,WORDS2 #a#g1#d#d#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,LEGACY ( ! ,OBAMA ,ADM9I/RATION 

      #b1#g#c#h ,WORDS2 #a#g1#d#c#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,SOCIALISM = ! ,RI*1 ,CAPITALISM = ! ,POOR 

      #b1#a#i ,WORDS2 #a#b1#f#c#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,U,S ,HEAL? ,SY/EM ,IS AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,SC&AL--& ,A,C,A ,REPEAL ,WILL ,MAKE ,IT ,WORSE 

      #b1#i#a#h ,WORDS2 #a#h1#i#i#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,P]ILS ( ,M>KET-,DRIV5 ,$UCATION 

      #a1#f#g#a ,WORDS2 #a1#g#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,REVOLUTIONS 

      #b1#e#g#h ,WORDS2 #a#f1#g#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,READY = ,SOCIALISM8 

      #a1#g#e#b ,WORDS2 #a#a1#a#c#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,:Y ,I ,*OOSE ,OPTIMISM OV] ,DESPAIR 

      #b1#i#e#d ,WORDS2 #a#h1#i#i#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #cb ,WORDS2 #c1#a#d#b ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,9TRODUCTION 

  

,! 9T]VIEWS 9 ?IS VOLUME PRES5T ! VIEWS ( ! WORLD'S LEAD+ PUBLIC 9TELLECTUAL ON ! CONSEQU5CES ( CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION1 & MU* MORE1 AS RECORD$ 9 CONV]SATIONS ) ! UND]SIGN$ OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ F\R YE>S--FROM LATE #bac TO E>LY #b#a#g1 TO BE EXACT--& ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T4 

,NOAM ,*OMSKY HAS BE5 0,AM]ICA'S MORAL CONSCI5CE0 = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY 7EV5 IF HE REMA9S UNKN[N TO ! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS7 AS WELL AS ! WORLD'S MO/ RECOGNIZ$ PUBLIC 9TELLECTUAL1 CONSI/5TLY SPEAK+ \T AGA9/ ,U,S AGGRESSION & DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( ! WEAK & ! OPPRESS$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD FROM ! TIME ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W> TO ! PRES5T4 ,HIS ANALYZES >E ALWAYS GR\ND$ 9 9DISPUTABLE FACTS & >E ALSO GUID$ BY DEEPLY HELD MORAL CONSID]ATIONS AB\T FRE$OM1 DEMOCRACY1 HUMAN RI<TS1 & HUMAN DEC5CY4 

,*OMSKY'S VOICE REMA9S ALMO/ S+UL>LY A BEACON ( HOPE & OPTIMISM 9 !SE D>K TIMES--AN AGE ( UNP>ALLEL$ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 GR[+ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 & SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ) A LEFT ?AT HAS TURN$ ITS BACK ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,= QUITE SOME TIME N[1 !RE HAVE BE5 CLE> & /RONG 9DICATIONS ACROSS ! 5TIRE POLITICAL & SOCIOECONOMIC SPECTRUM 9 ADVANC$ ,WE/]N SOCIETIES ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION & ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ASSOCIAT$ ) !M ?REAT5 TO UNLEA% P[]FUL =CES ) ! CAPACITY TO PRODUCE NOT ONLY HI<LY DE/RUCTIVE \TCOMES = GR[? & PROSP]ITY1 JU/ICE1 & SOCIAL PEACE1 BUT ALSO CONCOMITANT CONSEQU5CES = DEMOCRACY1 ! 5VIRONM5T1 & HUMAN CIVILIZATION ON ! :OLE4 

,/ILL1 ACCORD+ TO ,*OMSKY1 DESPAIR IS NOT AN OPTION4 ,NO MATT] H[ HORR5D\S ! CURR5T WORLD SITUATION APPE>S TO BE1 RESI/ANCE TO OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION HAS NEV] BE5 A FRUITLESS UND]TAK+1 EV5 9 D>K] TIMES ?AN \R [N4 ,9DE$1 ! ,TRUMP 0C\NT]REVOLUTION0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS ALREADY BR\<T TO ! SURFACE A PLE?ORA ( SOCIAL =CES DET]M9$ TO /& UP TO ! ASPIR+ AUTOCRAT1 & ! FUTURE ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! WORLD'S MO/ P[]FUL C\NTRY APPE>S MORE PROMIS+ ?AN 9 MANY O!R P>TS ( ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! 9T]VIEWS ASSEMBL$ H]E >E1 WE BELIEVE1 ( CRITICAL IMPORT4 ,!SE W]E ORIG9ALLY COMMISSION$ & $IT$ BY ,MAYA ,S*5W>1 ,ALANA ,YU-LAN ,PRICE1 & ,LESLIE ,?AT*] = PUBLICATION AS /&-ALONE >TICLES 9 ,TRU?\T4 ,\R HOPE 9 AN?OLOGIZ+ !M IS ?AT !Y WILL ASSI/ TO 9TRODUCE ! VIEWS & IDEAS ( ,NOAM ,*OMSKY TO A NEW G5]ATION ( READ]S1 :ILE MA9TA9+ FAI? AMONG ! RE/ 9 ! HUMAN ABILITY TO PROVIDE T5ACI\S RESI/ANCE TO ! =CES ( POLITICAL D>KNESS & ULTIMATELY *ANGE ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY = ! BETT]4 

--,C4 ,J4 ,POLY*RONI\1 ,M>* #bag 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIETY & A ,WORLD 9 ,TRANSITION 
,P>T ,I 

  
,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIETY & A ,WORLD 9 ,TRANSITION 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 Y\ HAVE SAID ?AT ! RISE ( ,DONALD ,TRUMP IS L>GELY DUE TO ! BREAKD[N ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,:AT EXACTLY DO Y\ MEAN BY ?IS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! /ATE-CORPORATE PROGRAMS ( ! PA/ ?IRTY-FIVE OR SO YE>S HAVE HAD DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS ON ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 ) /AGNATION1 DECL9E1 & %>PLY 5HANC$ 9EQUALITY BE+ ! MO/ DIRECT \TCOMES4 ,?IS HAS CREAT$ FE> & HAS LEFT PEOPLE FEEL+ ISOLAT$1 HELPLESS--VICTIMS ( P[]FUL =CES !Y CAN NEI!R UND]/& NOR 9FLU5CE4 ,! BREAKD[N IS NOT CAUS$ BY ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,!Y >E POLICIES1 A K9D ( CLASS W> 9ITIAT$ BY ! RI* & P[]FUL AGA9/ ! WORK+ POPULATION & ! POOR4 ,?IS IS :AT DEF9ES ! NEOLIB]ALISM P]IOD1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUT 9 ,EUROPE & ELSE:]E4 ,TRUMP IS APPEAL+ TO ?OSE :O S5SE & EXP]I5CE ! BREAKD[N ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY--TO DEEP FEEL+S ( ANG]1 FE>1 FRU/RATION1 HOPELESSNESS1 PROBABLY AMONG SECTORS ( ! POPULATION ?AT >E SEE+ AN 9CREASE 9 MORTALITY1 SOME?+ UNHE>D ( AP>T FROM W>4 

,CLASS W>F>E REMA9S AS VICI\S & ONE-SID$ AS EV]4 ,NEOLIB]AL GOV]NANCE OV] ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 REG>DLESS IF !RE WAS A ,REPUBLICAN OR A ,DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION 9 PLACE1 HAS 9T5SIFI$ IMM5SELY ! PROCESSES ( EXPLOITATION & 9DUC$ EV]-L>G] GAPS BETWE5 HAVES & HAVE-NOTS 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 ,I DON'T SEE NEOLIB]AL CLASS POLITICS BE+ ON RETREAT 9 SPITE ( ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT OP5$ UP BECAUSE ( ! LA/ F9ANCIAL CRISIS & BY HAV+ A C5TRI/ ,DEMOCRAT 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE4 

,! BUS9ESS CLASSES1 :I* L>GELY RUN ! C\NTRY1 >E HI<LY CLASS CONSCI\S4 ,IT IS NOT A DI/ORTION TO DESCRIBE !M AS VULG> ,M>XI/S1 ) VALUES & COMMITM5TS REV]S$4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ?IRTY YE>S AGO ?AT ! HEAD ( ! MO/ P[]FUL UNION RECOGNIZ$ & CRITICIZ$ ! 0ONE-SID$ CLASS W>0 ?AT IS REL5TLESSLY WAG$ BY ! BUS9ESS WORLD4 ,IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ ! RESULTS Y\ DESCRIBE4 ,H[EV]1 NEOLIB]AL POLICIES >E 9 %AMBLES4 ,!Y HAVE COME TO H>M ! MO/ P[]FUL & PRIVILEG$ 7:O ONLY P>TIALLY ACCEPT$ !M = !MSELVES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE71 SO !Y CANNOT BE SU/A9$4 

,IT IS RA!R /RIK+ TO OBS]VE ?AT ! POLICIES ?AT ! RI* & P[]FUL ADOPT = !MSELVES >E ! PRECISE OPPOSITE ( ?OSE !Y DICTATE TO ! WEAK & POOR4 ,?US1 :5 ,9DONESIA HAS A DEEP F9ANCIAL CRISIS1 ! 9/RUCTIONS FROM ! ,U,S ,TREASURY ,DEP>TM5T 7VIA ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND1 ,I,M,F7 >E TO PAY (F ! DEBT 7TO ! ,WE/71 TO RAISE 9T]E/ RATES & ?US SL[ ! ECONOMY1 TO PRIVATIZE 7SO ?AT ,WE/]N CORPORATIONS CAN BUY UP !IR ASSETS71 & ! RE/ ( ! NEOLIB]AL DOGMA4 ,= \RSELVES1 ! POLICIES >E TO =GET AB\T DEBT1 TO R$UCE 9T]E/ RATES TO Z]O1 TO NATIONALIZE 7BUT NOT TO USE ! WORD71 & TO P\R PUBLIC FUNDS 9TO ! POCKETS ( ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & SO ON4 ,IT IS ALSO /RIK+ ?AT ! DRAMATIC CONTRA/ PASSES UNNOTIC$1 ALONG ) ! FACT ?AT ?IS CON=MS TO ! RECORD ( ! ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ! PA/ SEV]AL C5TURIES1 A PRIM>Y REASON = ! SEP>ATION ( ! FIR/ & ?IRD WORLDS4 

,CLASS POLITICS IS SO F> ONLY M>G9ALLY UND] ATTACK4 ,! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS AVOID$ EV5 M9IMAL /EPS TO 5D & REV]SE ! ATTACK ON UNIONS4 ,OBAMA HAS EV5 9DIRECTLY 9DICAT$ HIS SUPPORT = ?IS ATTACK1 9 9T]E/+ WAYS4 ,IT IS WOR? RECALL+ ?AT HIS FIR/ TRIP TO %[ HIS SOLID>ITY ) WORK+ PEOPLE 7CALL$ 0! MIDDLE CLASS10 9 ,U,S RHETORIC7 WAS TO ! ,CAT]PILL> PLANT 9 ,ILL9OIS4 ,HE W5T !RE 9 DEFIANCE ( PLEAS BY *UR* & HUMAN RI<TS ORGANIZATIONS BECAUSE ( ,CAT]PILL>'S GROTESQUE ROLE 9 ! ,ISRAELI OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES1 :]E IT IS A PRIME 9/RUM5T 9 DEVA/AT+ ! L& & VILLAGES ( 0! WRONG PEOPLE40 ,BUT IT SEEMS NOT EV5 TO HAVE BE5 NOTIC$ ?AT1 ADOPT+ ,REAGAN'S ANTILABOR POLICIES1 ,CAT]PILL> BECAME ! FIR/ 9DU/RIAL CORPORATION 9 G5]ATIONS TO BREAK A P[]FUL UNION BY EMPLOY+ /RIKE-BREAK]S1 9 RADICAL VIOLATION ( 9T]NATIONAL LABOR CONV5TIONS4 ,?AT LEFT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALONE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD1 ALONG ) AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA1 9 TOL]AT+ SU* MEANS ( UND]M9+ WORK]S' RI<TS & DEMOCRACY--& N[ ,I PRESUME ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ALONE4 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT ! *OICE WAS ACCID5TAL4 

,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD BELIEF1 AT LEA/ AMONG SOME WELL-KN[N POLITICAL /RATEGI/S1 ?AT ISSUES DO NOT DEF9E ,AM]ICAN ELECTIONS--EV5 IF ! RHETORIC IS ?AT C&IDATES NE$ TO UND]/& PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ORD] TO WOO VOT]S--& WE DO KN[1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT M$IA PROVIDE A WEAL? ( FALSE 9=MATION ON CRITICAL ISSUES 7TAKE ! MASS M$IA'S ROLE BE=E & DUR+ ! LAUN*+ ( ! ,IRAQ ,W>7 OR FAIL TO PROVIDE ANY 9=MATION AT ALL 7ON LABOR ISSUES1 = EXAMPLE74 ,YET1 !RE IS /RONG EVID5CE 9DICAT+ ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC C>ES AB\T ! GREAT SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & =EIGN POLICY ISSUES FAC+ ! C\NTRY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO A RESE>* /UDY RELEAS$ SOME YE>S AGO BY ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA1 ,AM]ICANS RANK$ HEAL? C>E AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FAC+ ! C\NTRY4 ,WE ALSO KN[ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS >E 9 SUPPORT ( UNIONS4 ,OR ?AT !Y JUDG$ ! 0W> AGA9/ T]ROR0 TO BE A TOTAL FAILURE4 ,9 ! LI<T ( ALL ( ?IS1 :AT'S ! BE/ WAY TO UND]/& ! RELATION BETWE5 M$IA1 POLITICS1 & ! PUBLIC 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY8 

,IT IS WELL E/ABLI%$ ?AT ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS >E DESIGN$ SO AS TO M>G9ALIZE ISSUES & FOCUS ON P]SONALITIES1 RHETORICAL /YLE1 BODY LANGUAGE1 & ! LIKE4 ,& !RE >E GOOD REASONS4 ,P>TY MANAG]S READ POLLS & >E WELL AW>E ?AT ON A HO/ ( MAJOR ISSUES1 BO? P>TIES >E WELL TO ! RI<T ( ! POPULATION--NOT SURPRIS+LY2 !Y >E1 AFT] ALL1 BUS9ESS P>TIES4 ,POLLS %[ ?AT A L>GE MAJORITY ( VOT]S OBJECT1 BUT ?OSE >E ! ONLY *OICES (F]$ TO !M 9 ! BUS9ESS-MANAG$ ELECTORAL SY/EM1 9 :I* ! MO/ HEAVILY FUND$ C&IDATE ALMO/ ALWAYS W9S4 

,SIMIL>LY1 CONSUM]S MI<T PREF] DEC5T MASS TRANSPORTATION TO A *OICE BETWE5 TWO AUTOMOBILES1 BUT ?AT OPTION IS NOT PROVID$ BY ADV]TIZ]S--NOR1 9DE$1 BY M>KETS4 ,ADS ON ,T,V DO NOT PROVIDE 9=MATION AB\T PRODUCTS2 RA!R1 !Y PROVIDE ILLUSION & IMAG]Y4 ,! SAME PUBLIC RELATIONS FIRMS ?AT SEEK TO UND]M9E M>KETS BY 5SUR+ ?AT UN9=M$ CONSUM]S WILL MAKE IRRATIONAL *OICES 7CONTR>Y TO AB/RACT ECONOMIC !ORIES7 SEEK TO UND]M9E DEMOCRACY 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,& ! MANAG]S ( ! 9DU/RY >E WELL AW>E ( ALL ( ?IS4 ,LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! 9DU/RY HAVE EXULT$ 9 ! BUS9ESS PRESS ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 M>KET+ C&IDATES LIKE COMMODITIES EV] S9CE ,REAGAN1 & ?IS IS !IR GREATE/ SUCCESS YET1 :I* !Y PR$ICT WILL PROVIDE A MODEL = CORPORATE EXECUTIVES & ! M>KET+ 9DU/RY 9 ! FUTURE4 

,Y\ M5TION$ ! ,M9NESOTA POLL ON HEAL? C>E4 ,IT IS TYPICAL4 ,= DECADES1 POLLS HAVE %[N ?AT HEAL? C>E IS AT OR NE> ! TOP ( PUBLIC CONC]NS--NOT SURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ! DISA/R\S FAILURE ( ! HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 ) P] CAPITA CO/S TWICE AS HI< AS COMP>ABLE SOCIETIES & SOME ( ! WOR/ \TCOMES4 ,POLLS ALSO CONSI/5TLY %[ ?AT L>GE MAJORITIES WANT A NATIONALIZ$ SY/EM1 CALL$ 0S+LE PAY]10 RA!R LIKE ! EXI/+ ,M$IC>E SY/EM = ! ELD]LY1 :I* IS F> MORE EFFICI5T ?AN ! PRIVATIZ$ SY/EMS OR ! ONE 9TRODUC$ BY ,OBAMA4 ,:5 ANY ( ?IS IS M5TION$1 :I* IS R>E1 IT IS CALL$ 0POLITICALLY IMPOSSIBLE0 OR 0LACK+ POLITICAL SUPPORT0--MEAN+ ?AT ! 9SURANCE & PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RIES1 & O!RS :O B5EFIT FROM ! CURR5T SY/EM1 OBJECT4 ,WE GA9$ AN 9T]E/+ 9SI<T 9TO ! WORK+S ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY FROM ! FACT ?AT 9 #b#h1 UNLIKE 9 #b#d1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES--FIR/ ,$W>DS1 !N ,CL9TON & ,OBAMA--CAME =W>D ) PROPOSALS ?AT AT LEA/ BEGAN TO APPROA* :AT ! PUBLIC HAS WANT$ = DECADES4 ,:Y8 ,NOT BECAUSE ( A %IFT 9 PUBLIC ATTITUDES1 :I* HAVE REMA9$ /EADY4 ,RA!R1 ! MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY HAS BE5 SUFF]+ FROM ! CO/LY & 9EFFICI5T PRIVATIZ$ HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 & ! 5ORM\S PRIVILEGES GRANT$1 BY LAW1 TO ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 A L>GE SECTOR ( CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL FAVORS SOME PROGRAM1 IT BECOMES 0POLITICALLY POSSIBLE0 & HAS 0POLITICAL SUPPORT40 ,JU/ AS REVEAL+ AS ! FACTS !MSELVES IS ?AT !Y >E NOT NOTIC$4 

,MU* ! SAME IS TRUE ON MANY O!R ISSUES1 DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,U,S ECONOMY IS FAC+ MYRIAD PROBLEMS1 AL?\< PR(ITS = ! RI* & CORPORATIONS RETURN$ LONG AGO TO ! LEVELS !Y W]E PRIOR TO ! ]UPTION ( ! #bh F9ANCIAL CRISIS4 ,BUT ! ONE S+LE PROBLEM ?AT MO/ ACADEMIC & F9ANCIAL ANALY/S SEEM TO FOCUS ON AS BE+ ( MO/ CRITICAL NATURE IS ?AT ( GOV]NM5T DEBT4 ,ACCORD+ TO MA9/REAM ANALY/S1 ,U,S DEBT IS ALREADY \T ( CONTROL1 :I* IS :Y !Y HAVE BE5 >GU+ CONSI/5TLY AGA9/ BIG ECONOMIC /IMULUS PACKAGES TO BOO/ GR[?1 CONT5D+ ?AT SU* MEASURES WILL ONLY PU% ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DEEP] 9TO DEBT4 ,:AT IS ! LIKELY IMPACT ?AT A BALLOON+ DEBT WILL HAVE ON ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY & ON 9T]NATIONAL 9VE/ORS' CONFID5CE 9 ! EV5T ( A NEW F9ANCIAL CRISIS8 

,NO ONE REALLY KN[S4 ,DEBT HAS BE5 F> HI<] 9 ! PA/1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,BUT ?AT WAS OV]COME ?ANKS TO ! REM>KABLE ECONOMIC GR[? UND] ! W>TIME SEMI-COMM& ECONOMY4 ,SO WE KN[ ?AT IF GOV]NM5T /IMULUS SPURS SU/A9$ ECONOMIC GR[?1 ! DEBT CAN BE CONTROLL$4 ,& !RE >E O!R DEVICES1 SU* AS 9FLATION4 ,BUT ! RE/ IS V]Y MU* GUESSWORK4 ,! MA9 FUND]S--PRIM>ILY ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 OIL PRODUC]S--MI<T DECIDE TO %IFT !IR FUNDS ELSE:]E = HI<] PR(ITS4 ,BUT !RE >E FEW SIGNS ( SU* DEVELOPM5TS1 & !Y >E NOT TOO LIKELY4 ,! FUND]S HAVE A CONSID]ABLE /AKE 9 SU/A9+ ! ,U,S ECONOMY = !IR [N EXPORTS4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO MAKE CONFID5T PR$ICTIONS1 BUT IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD IS 9 A T5U\S SITUATION1 TO SAY ! LEA/4 

,Y\ SEEM TO BELIEVE1 9 CONTRA/ TO SO MANY O!RS1 ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9S A GLOBAL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & ( C\RSE MILIT>Y SUP]P[] EV5 AFT] ! LATE/ CRISIS--& ,I DO HAVE ! SAME IMPRESSION1 AS WELL1 AS ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ECONOMIES >E NOT ONLY NOT 9 ANY %APE TO *ALL5GE ,AM]ICA'S HEGEMONY BUT >E LOOK+ T[>D ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A SAVIOR ( ! GLOBAL ECONOMY4 ,:AT DO Y\ SEE AS ! COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ?AT ,U,S CAPITALISM HAS OV] ! ,E,U ECONOMY & ! NEWLY EM]G+ ECONOMIES 9 ,ASIA8 

,! #b#g-#b#h F9ANCIAL CRISIS 9 L>GE MEASURE ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT ITS MAJOR COMPETITORS--,EUROPE & ,JAPAN--5D$ UP SUFF]+ MORE SEV]ELY1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9$ ! *OICE LOCATION = 9VE/ORS :O >E LOOK+ = SECURITY 9 A TIME ( CRISIS4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E SUB/ANTIAL4 ,IT HAS EXT5SIVE 9T]NAL RES\RCES4 ,IT IS UNIFI$1 AN IMPORTANT FACT4 ,UNTIL ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ! #a#h#fS1 ! PHRASE 0,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 WAS PLURAL 7AS IT /ILL IS 9 ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES74 ,BUT S9CE !N1 ! PHRASE HAS BE5 S+UL>1 9 /&>D ,5GLI%4 ,POLICIES DESIGN$ 9 ,WA%+TON BY /ATE P[] & CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL APPLY TO ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,?AT IS F> H>D] 9 ,EUROPE4 ,A C\PLE ( YE>S AFT] ! ]UPTION ( ! LATE/ GLOBAL F9ANCIAL CRISIS1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMISSION TASK =CE ISSU$ A REPORT SAY+1 0,EUROPE NE$S NEW BODIES TO MONITOR SY/EMIC RISK & COORD9ATE OV]SI<T ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ACROSS ! REGION'S PAT*WORK ( SUP]VISION10 ?\< ! TASK =CE1 HEAD$ !N BY A =M] ,FR5* C5TRAL BANK]1 0/OPP$ WELL %ORT ( SUGGE/+ A S+LE ,EUROPEAN WAT*DOG0--:I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAN HAVE ANY TIME IT WANTS4 ,= ,EUROPE1 IT W\LD BE 0AN ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE MISSION10 ! TASK =CE LEAD] SAID4 .<,SEV]AL.> ANALY/S1 9CLUD+ ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES1 HAVE DESCRIB$ SU* A GOAL AS POLITICALLY IMPOSSIBLE1 0A /EP TOO F> = MANY MEMB] /ATES RELUCTANT TO C$E AU?ORITY 9 ?IS >EA40 ,!RE >E MANY O!R ADVANTAGES TO UNITY4 ,SOME ( ! H>MFUL EFFECTS ( ,EUROPEAN 9ABILITY TO COORD9ATE REACTIONS TO ! CRISIS HAVE BE5 WIDELY DISCUSS$ BY ,EUROPEAN ECONOMI/S4 

,! HI/ORICAL ROOTS ( !SE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E FAMILI>4 ,C5TURIES ( CONFLICT IMPOS$ A NATION-/ATE SY/EM 9 ,EUROPE1 & ! EXP]I5CE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I CONV9C$ ,EUROPEANS ?AT !Y MU/ AB&ON !IR TRADITIONAL SPORT ( SLAU<T]+ ONE ANO!R1 BECAUSE ! NEXT TRY W\LD BE ! LA/4 ,SO WE HAVE :AT POLITICAL SCI5TI/S LIKE TO CALL 0A DEMOCRATIC PEACE10 ?\< IT IS F> FROM CLE> ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS MU* TO DO ) IT4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS A SETTL]-COLONIAL /ATE1 :I* MURD]$ ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION & CONSIGN$ ! REMNANTS TO 0RES]VATIONS10 :ILE CONQU]+ HALF ( ,MEXICO1 !N EXP&+ BEYOND4 ,F> MORE ?AN 9 ,EUROPE1 ! RI* 9T]NAL DIV]SITY WAS DE/ROY$4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> CEM5T$ C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 & UNI=MITY 9 O!R DOMA9S AS WELL3 NATIONAL LANGUAGE1 CULTURAL PATT]NS1 HUGE /ATE-CORPORATE SOCIAL 5G9E]+ PROJECTS SU* AS ! SUBURBANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY1 MASSIVE C5TRAL SUBSIDY ( ADVANC$ 9DU/RY BY RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T1 PROCUREM5T & O!R DEVICES1 & MU* ELSE4 

,! NEW EM]G+ ECONOMIES 9 ,ASIA HAVE 9CR$IBLE 9T]NAL PROBLEMS UNKN[N 9 ! ,WE/4 ,WE KN[ MORE AB\T ,9DIA ?AN ,*9A1 BECAUSE IT IS A MORE OP5 SOCIETY4 ,!RE >E REASONS :Y IT RANKS #a#c? 9 ! ,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T ,9DEX 7AB\T :]E IT WAS BE=E ! P>TIAL NEOLIB]AL RE=MS72 ,*9A RANKS #i?1 & ! RANK C\LD BE WORSE IF MORE W]E KN[N AB\T IT4 ,?AT ONLY SCRAT*ES ! SURFACE4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,*9A & ,9DIA W]E ! COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! WORLD1 ) SOPHI/ICAT$ M>KET SY/EMS1 ADVANC$ HEAL? LEVELS BY COMP>ATIVE /&>DS1 & SO ON4 ,BUT IMP]IAL CONQUE/ & ECONOMIC POLICIES 7/ATE 9T]V5TION = ! RI*1 FREE M>KETS RAMM$ D[N ! ?ROATS ( ! POOR7 LEFT !M 9 MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! ONE C\NTRY ( ! GLOBAL ,S\? ?AT DEVELOP$ WAS ,JAPAN1 ! ONE C\NTRY ?AT WAS NOT COLONIZ$4 ,! CORRELATION IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 

,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /ILL DICTAT+ ,I,M,F POLICIES8 

,IT'S OPAQUE1 BUT MY UND]/&+ IS ?AT ,I,M,F'S ECONOMI/S >E SUPPOS$ TO BE1 MAYBE >E1 SOME:AT 9DEP5D5T ( ! POLITICAL PEOPLE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,GREECE1 & AU/]ITY G5]ALLY1 ! ECONOMI/S HAVE COME \T ) SOME /RONGLY CRITICAL PAP]S ON ! ,BRUSSELS PROGRAMS1 BUT ! POLITICAL PEOPLE SEEM TO BE IGNOR+ !M4 

,ON ! =EIGN POLICY FRONT1 ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 SEEMS TO BE A NEV]-5D+ 5T]PRISE &1 AS ) ! ,HYDRA MON/]1 TWO NEW HEADS POP UP :5 ONE IS CUT (F4 ,CAN MASSIVE 9T]V5TIONS ( =CE WIPE \T T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ,I,S,I,S 7ALSO KN[N AS ,DAE% OR ,I,S,I,L78 

,UPON TAK+ (FICE1 ,OBAMA EXP&$ 9T]V5TION =CES & /EPP$ UP ! W>S 9 ,AF<ANI/AN & ,PAKI/AN1 JU/ AS HE HAD PROMIS$ HE W\LD DO4 ,!RE W]E PEACEFUL OPTIONS1 SOME RECOMM5D$ RI<T 9 ! MA9/REAM3 9 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 = EXAMPLE4 ,BUT !SE DID NOT FALL UND] CONSID]ATION4 ,AF<AN PRESID5T ,HAMID ,K>ZAI'S FIR/ MESSAGE TO ,OBAMA1 :I* W5T UNANSW]$1 WAS A REQUE/ TO /OP BOMB+ CIVILIANS4 ,K>ZAI ALSO 9=M$ A ,U,N DELEGATION ?AT HE WANT$ A TIMETABLE = )DRAWAL ( =EIGN 7MEAN+ ,U,S7 TROOPS4 ,IMM$IATELY HE FELL \T ( FAVOR 9 ,WA%+TON1 & ACCORD+LY %IFT$ FROM A M$IA FAVORITE TO 0UNRELIABLE10 0CORRUPT10 & SO ON--:I* WAS NO MORE TRUE ?AN :5 HE WAS FET$ AS \R 0\R MAN0 9 ,KABUL4 ,OBAMA S5T MANY MORE TROOPS & /EPP$ UP BOMB+ ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,AF<AN-,PAKI/AN BORD]--! ,DUR& L9E1 AN >TIFICIAL BORD] E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,BRITI%1 :I* CUTS ! ,PA%TUN >EAS 9 TWO & :I* ! PEOPLE HAVE NEV] ACCEPT$4 ,AF<ANI/AN 9 ! PA/ (T5 PRESS$ = OBLIT]AT+ IT4 

,?AT IS ! C5TRAL COMPON5T ( ! 0W> ON T]ROR40 ,IT WAS C]TA9 TO /IMULATE T]ROR1 JU/ AS ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ DID1 & AS RESORT TO =CE DOES QUITE G5]ALLY4 ,=CE CAN SUCCE$4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ONE ILLU/RATION4 ,! ,RUSSIANS 9 ,*E*NYA IS ANO!R4 ,BUT IT HAS TO BE OV]:ELM+1 & !RE >E PROBABLY TOO MANY T5TACLES TO WIPE \T ! T]RORI/ MON/] ?AT WAS L>GELY CREAT$ BY ,REAGAN & HIS ASSOCIATES1 S9CE NURTUR$ BY O!RS4 ,I,S,I,S IS ! LATE/ ONE1 & A F> MORE BRUTAL ORGANIZATION ?AN AL-,QA$A4 ,IT IS ALSO DIFF]5T 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT HAS T]RITORIAL CLAIMS4 ,IT CAN BE WIP$ \T ?R\< MASSIVE EMPLOYM5T ( TROOPS ON ! GR\ND1 BUT ?AT WON'T 5D ! EM]G5CE ( SIMIL>-M9D$ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,VIOL5CE BEGETS VIOL5CE4 

,U,S RELATIONS ) ,*9A HAVE GONE ?R\< DIFF]5T PHASES OV] ! PA/ FEW DECADES1 & IT IS H>D TO GET A H&LE ON :]E ?+S /& TODAY4 ,DO Y\ ANTICIPATE FUTURE ,U,S-,S9O RELATIONS TO IMPROVE OR DET]IORATE8 

,! ,U,S HAS A LOVE-HATE RELATION ) ,*9A4 ,*9A'S ABYSMAL WAGES1 WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & LACK ( 5VIRONM5TAL CON/RA9TS >E A GREAT BOON TO ,U,S & O!R ,WE/]N MANUFACTUR]S :O TRANSF] OP]ATIONS !RE1 & TO ! HUGE RETAIL 9DU/RY1 :I* CAN OBTA9 *EAP GOODS4 ,& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES N[ RELIES ON ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 & O!RS TO SU/A9 ITS [N ECONOMY4 ,BUT ,*9A POSES PROBLEMS AS WELL4 ,IT DOES NOT 9TIMIDATE EASILY4 ,:5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %AKES ITS FI/ AT ,EUROPE & TELLS ,EUROPEANS TO /OP DO+ BUS9ESS ) ,IRAN1 !Y MO/LY COMPLY4 ,*9A DOESN'T PAY MU* ATT5TION4 ,?AT'S FRI<T5+4 ,!RE IS A LONG HI/ORY ( CONJUR+ UP IMAG9>Y ,*9ESE ?REATS4 ,IT CONT9UES4 

,DO Y\ SEE ,*9A BE+ 9 A POSITION ANY TIME SOON TO POSE A ?REAT TO ,U,S GLOBAL 9T]E/S8 

,AMONG ! GREAT P[]S1 ,*9A HAS BE5 ! MO/ RES]V$ 9 USE ( =CE1 EV5 MILIT>Y PREP>ATIONS4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT LEAD+ ,U,S /RATEGIC ANALY/S 7,JOHN ,/E9BRUNN] & ,NANCY ,GALLA<]1 WRIT+ 9 ! J\RNAL ( ! ULTRA-RESPECTABLE ,AM]ICAN ,ACADEMY ( ,>TS & ,SCI5CES7 CALL$ ON ,*9A SOME YE>S AGO TO LEAD A COALITION ( PEACE-LOV+ NATIONS TO CONFRONT ! ,U,S AGGRESSIVE MILIT>ISM ?AT !Y ?9K IS LEAD+ TO 0ULTIMATE DOOM40 ,!RE IS LITTLE 9DICATION ( ANY SIGNIFICANT *ANGE 9 ?AT RESPECT4 ,BUT ,*9A DOES NOT FOLL[ ORD]S & IS TAK+ /EPS TO GA9 ACCESS TO 5]GY & O!R RES\RCES >\ND ! WORLD4 ,?AT CON/ITUTES A ?REAT4 

,9DIAN-,PAKI/ANI RELATIONS POSE CLE>LY A MAJOR *ALL5GE 9 ,U,S =EIGN POLICY4 ,IS ?IS A SITUATION ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAN ACTUALLY HAVE UND] CONTROL8 

,TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T4 ,& ! SITUATION IS HI<LY VOLATILE4 ,!RE IS CON/ANT ONGO+ VIOL5CE 9 ,KA%MIR--/ATE T]ROR BY ,9DIA1 ,PAKI/AN-BAS$ T]RORI/S4 ,& MU* MORE1 AS ! REC5T ,MUMBAI BOMB+S REVEAL$4 ,!RE >E ALSO POSSIBLE WAYS TO R$UCE T5SIONS4 ,ONE IS A PLANN$ PIPEL9E TO ,9DIA ?R\< ,PAKI/AN FROM ,IRAN1 ! NATURAL S\RCE ( 5]GY = ,9DIA4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ,WA%+TON'S DECISION TO UND]M9E ! NONPROLIF]ATION TREATY BY GRANT+ ,9DIA ACCESS TO NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY WAS 9 P>T MOTIVAT$ BY ! HOPE ( UND]CUTT+ ?IS OPTION & BR++ ,9DIA TO JO9 9 ,WA%+TON'S CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,IRAN4 ,IT ALSO MAY BE A RELAT$ ISSUE 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 :]E !RE HAS LONG BE5 DISCUSSION ( A PIPEL9E 7,T,A,P,I7 FROM ,TURKM5I/AN ?R\< ,AF<ANI/AN TO ,PAKI/AN & !N ,9DIA4 ,IT IS PROBABLY NOT A V]Y LIVE ISSUE1 BUT QUITE POSSIBLY IS 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! 0GREAT GAME0 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS ALIVE & WELL4 

,9 MANY CIRCLES1 !RE IS A WIDESPREAD IMPRESSION ?AT ! ,ISRAEL LOBBY CALLS ! %OTS 9 ,U,S =EIGN POLICY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,IS ! P[] ( ! ,ISRAEL LOBBY SO /RONG ?AT IT CAN HAVE SWAY OV] A SUP]P[]8 

,MY FRI5D ,GILB]T ,A*C>1 A NOT$ SPECIALI/ ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS G5]ALLY1 DESCRIBES ?AT IDEA AS 0PHANTASMAGORIC40 ,RI<TLY4 ,IT IS NOT ! LOBBY ?AT 9TIMIDATES ,U,S HI<-TE* 9DU/RY TO EXP& ITS 9VE/M5TS 9 ,ISRAEL1 OR ?AT TWI/S ! >M ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T SO ?AT IT WILL PRE-POSITION SUPPLIES !RE = LAT] ,U,S MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS & 9T5SIFY CLOSE MILIT>Y & 9TELLIG5CE RELATIONS4 

,:5 ! LOBBY'S GOALS CON=M TO P]CEIV$ ,U,S /RATEGIC & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 IT G5]ALLY GETS ITS WAY3 CRU%+ ( ,PALE/9IANS1 = EXAMPLE1 A MATT] ( LITTLE CONC]N TO ,U,S /ATE-CORPORATE P[]4 ,:5 GOALS DIV]GE1 AS (T5 HAPP5S1 ! LOBBY QUICKLY DISAPPE>S1 KN[+ BETT] ?AN TO CONFRONT AU!NTIC P[]4 

,I AGREE TOTALLY ) Y\R ANALYSIS1 BUT ,I ?9K Y\ W\LD ALSO AGREE ?AT ! ,ISRAEL LOBBY IS 9FLU5TIAL 5\<1 & BEYOND :ATEV] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LEV]AGE IT C>RIES1 ?AT CRITICISMS ( ,ISRAEL /ILL CAUSE HY/]ICAL REACTIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--& Y\ C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 A T>GET ( RI<T-W+ ,ZIONI/S = MANY YE>S4 ,TO :AT DO WE ATTRIBUTE ?IS 9TANGIBLE 9FLU5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ,ISRAEL LOBBY OV] ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC OP9ION8 

,?AT IS ALL TRUE1 ?\< MU* LESS SO ?AN 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,IT IS NOT REALLY P[] OV] PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,9 NUMB]S1 BY F> ! L>GE/ SUPPORT = ,ISRAELI ACTIONS IS 9DEP5D5T ( ! LOBBY3 ,*RI/IAN RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALI/S4 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN ,ZIONISM PREC$$ ! ,ZIONI/ MOVEM5T1 BAS$ ON PROVID5TIALI/ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,BIBLICAL PROPHECIES4 ,! POPULATION AT L>GE SUPPORTS ! TWO-/ATE SETTLEM5T1 D\BTLESS UNAW>E ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BE5 UNILAT]ALLY BLOCK+ IT4 ,AMONG $UCAT$ SECTORS1 9CLUD+ ,JEWI% 9TELLECTUALS1 !RE WAS LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 ,ISRAEL BE=E ITS GREAT MILIT>Y VICTORY 9 #a#i#f#g1 :I* REALLY E/ABLI%$ ! ,U,S-,ISRAELI ALLIANCE4 ,?AT L$ TO A MAJOR LOVE AFFAIR ) ,ISRAEL ON ! P>T ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,ISRAEL'S MILIT>Y PR[ESS & ! ,U,S-,ISRAELI ALLIANCE PROVID$ AN IRRESI/IBLE TEMPTATION TO COMB9E SUPPORT = ,WA%+TON ) WOR%IP ( P[] & HUMANIT>IAN PRETEXTS4 ,BUT TO PUT IT 9 P]SPECTIVE1 REACTIONS TO CRITICISM ( ,U,S CRIMES >E AT LEA/ AS SEV]E1 (T5 MORE SO4 ,IF ,I C\NT UP ! DEA? ?REATS ,I HAVE RECEIV$ OV] ! YE>S1 OR ! DIATRIBES 9 J\RNALS ( OP9ION1 ,ISRAEL IS F> FROM ! LEAD+ FACTOR4 ,! PH5OM5ON IS BY NO MEANS RE/RICT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,DESPITE MU* SELF-DELUSION1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS NOT V]Y DIFF]5T--?\<1 ( C\RSE1 IT IS MORE OP5 TO CRITICISM ( ,U,S ACTIONS4 ,! CRIMES ( O!RS USUALLY T5D TO BE WELCOME1 (F]+ OPPORTUNITIES TO PO/URE AB\T ONE'S PR(\ND MORAL COMMITM5TS4 

,UND] ,]DOGAN1 ,TURKEY HAS BE5 9 A PROCESS ( UNFOLD+ A NEO-,OTTOMAN /RATEGY T[>DS ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,IS ! UNFOLD+ ( ?IS GR& /RATEGY TAK+ PLACE ) ! COLLABORATION OR ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES8 

,TURKEY1 ( C\RSE1 HAS BE5 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ,U,S ALLY1 SO MU* SO ?AT UND] ,CL9TON IT BECAME ! LEAD+ RECIPI5T ( ,U,S >MS 7AFT] ,ISRAEL & ,EGYPT1 9 A SEP>ATE CATEGORY74 ,CL9TON P\R$ >MS 9TO ,TURKEY TO HELP IT C>RY \T A VA/ CAMPAIGN ( MURD]1 DE/RUCTION1 & T]ROR AGA9/ ITS ,KURDI% M9ORITY4 ,TURKEY HAS ALSO BE5 A MAJOR ALLY ( ,ISRAEL S9CE #a#i#e#h1 P>T ( A G5]AL ALLIANCE ( NON-,>AB /ATES1 UND] ! ,U,S EGIS1 ) ! TASK ( 5SUR+ CONTROL OV] ! WORLD'S MAJOR 5]GY S\RCES BY PROTECT+ ! RUL+ DICTATORS AGA9/ :AT IS CALL$ 0RADICAL NATIONALISM0--A EUPHEMISM = ! POPULATIONS4 ,U,S-,TURKI% RELATIONS HAVE SOMETIMES BE5 /RA9$4 ,?AT WAS P>TICUL>LY TRUE 9 ! BUILDUP TO ! ,U,S 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 :5 ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T1 B[+ TO ! WILL ( #ie P]C5T ( ! POPULATION1 REFUS$ TO JO94 ,?AT CAUS$ FURY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,PAUL ,WOLF[ITZ WAS DISPAT*$ TO ORD] ! DISOB$I5T GOV]NM5T TO M5D ITS EVIL WAYS1 TO APOLOGIZE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ITS DUTY IS TO HELP ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!SE WELL-PUBLICIZ$ EV5TS 9 NO WAY UND]M9$ ,WOLF[ITZ'S REPUTATION 9 ! LIB]AL M$IA AS ! 0IDEALI/ 9 *IEF0 ( ! ,BU% ADM9I/RATION1 UTT]LY D$ICAT$ TO PROMOT+ DEMOCRACY4 ,RELATIONS >E SOME:AT T5SE TODAY TOO1 ?\< ! ALLIANCE IS 9 PLACE4 ,TURKEY HAS QUITE NATURAL POT5TIAL RELATIONS ) ,IRAN & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & MI<T BE 9CL9$ TO PURSUE !M1 P]HAPS RAIS+ T5SIONS ) ,WA%+TON AGA94 ,BUT IT DOES NOT LOOK TOO LIKELY RI<T N[4 

,ON ! ,WE/]N FRONT1 >E PLANS = ! EA/W>D EXPANSION ( ,N,A,T,O1 :I* GO BACK TO ! ]A ( ,BILL ,CL9TON1 /ILL 9 PLACE8 

,ONE ( ,CL9TON'S MAJOR CRIMES 9 MY OP9ION--& !RE W]E MANY--WAS TO EXP& ,N,A,T,O TO ! EA/1 9 VIOLATION ( A FIRM PL$GE TO ,GORBA*EV BY HIS PR$ECESSORS AFT] ,GORBA*EV MADE ! A/ONI%+ CONCESSION TO ALL[ A UNIT$ ,G]MANY TO JO9 A HO/ILE MILIT>Y ALLIANCE4 ,!SE V]Y S]I\S PROVOCATIONS W]E C>RI$ =W>D BY ,BU%1 ALONG ) A PO/URE ( AGGRESSIVE MILIT>ISM :I*1 AS PR$ICT$1 ELICIT$ /RONG REACTIONS FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT ,AM]ICAN R$L9ES >E ALREADY PLAC$ ON ,RUSSIA'S BORD]S4 

,:AT >E Y\R VIEWS AB\T ! ,E,U8 ,IT IS /ILL L>GELY A TRAILBLAZ] = NEOLIB]ALISM & H>DLY A BULW>K = ,U,S AGGRESSION4 ,BUT DO Y\ SEE ANY SIGNS ?AT IT CAN EM]GE AT SOME PO9T AS A CON/RUCTIVE1 9FLU5TIAL ACTOR ON ! WORLD /AGE8 

,IT C\LD4 ,?AT IS A DECISION = ,EUROPEANS TO MAKE4 ,SOME HAVE FAVOR$ TAK+ AN 9DEP5D5T /ANCE1 NOTABLY ,DE ,GAULLE4 ,BUT BY & L>GE1 ,EUROPEAN ELITES HAVE PREF]R$ PASSIVITY1 FOLL[+ PRETTY MU* 9 ,WA%+TON'S FOOT/EPS4 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,HORROR ,BEYOND ,DESCRIPTION3 ,! ,LATE/ ,PHASE ( ! 0,W> ON ,T]ROR0 
,HORROR ,BEYOND ,DESCRIPTION3 ,! ,LATE/ ,PHASE ( ! 0,W> ON ,T]ROR0 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,I W\LD LIKE TO />T BY HE>+ Y\R ?\<TS ON ! LATE/ DEVELOPM5TS ON ! W> AGA9/ T]RORISM1 A POLICY ?AT DATES BACK TO ! ,REAGAN YE>S & WAS SUBSEQU5TLY TURN$ 9TO A DOCTR9E ( ,ISLAMOPHOBIC 0CRUSADE0 BY ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%1 ) SIMPLY 9E/IMABLE CO/ TO 9NOC5T HUMAN LIVES & A/ONI%+LY PR(\ND EFFECTS = 9T]NATIONAL LAW & WORLD PEACE4 ,! W> AGA9/ T]RORISM IS SEEM+LY 5T]+ A NEW & P]HAPS MORE DANG]\S PHASE AS O!R C\NTRIES HAVE JUMP$ 9TO ! FRAY1 ) DIFF]5T POLICY AG5DAS & 9T]E/S ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & SOME ( ITS ALLIES4 ,FIR/1 DO Y\ AGREE ) ! ABOVE ASSESSM5T ON ! EVOLUTION ( ! W> AGA9/ T]RORISM1 &1 IF SO1 :AT >E LIKELY TO BE ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES ( A P]MAN5T GLOBAL W> ON T]ROR1 = ,WE/]N SOCIETIES 9 P>TICUL>8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! TWO PHASES ( ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 >E QUITE DIFF]5T1 EXCEPT 9 ONE CRUCIAL RESPECT4 ,REAGAN'S W> V]Y QUICKLY TURN$ 9TO MURD]\S T]RORI/ W>S1 PRESUMABLY ! REASON :Y IT HAS BE5 0DISAPPE>$40 ,HIS T]RORI/ W>S HAD HIDE\S CONSEQU5CES = ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 S\!RN ,AFRICA1 & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 ! MO/ DIRECT T>GET1 HAS YET TO RECOV]1 ONE ( ! PRIM>Y REASONS--R>ELY M5TION$--= ! CURR5T REFUGEE CRISIS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! SECOND PHASE1 R$ECL>$ BY ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU% TW5TY YE>S LAT]1 9 #b#a4 ,DIRECT AGGRESSION HAS DEVA/AT$ L>GE REGIONS1 & T]ROR HAS TAK5 NEW =MS1 NOTABLY ,OBAMA'S GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION 7DRONE7 CAMPAIGN1 :I* BREAKS NEW RECORDS 9 ! ANNALS ( T]RORISM1 &1 LIKE O!R SU* EX]CISES1 PROBABLY G5]ATES D$ICAT$ T]RORI/S MORE QUICKLY ?AN IT KILLS SUSPECTS4 

,! T>GET ( ,BU%'S W> WAS AL-,QA$A4 ,ONE HAMM] BL[ AFT] ANO!R--,AF<ANI/AN1 ,IRAQ1 ,LIBYA1 & BEYOND--HAS SUCCE$$ 9 SPREAD+ JIHADI T]ROR FROM A SMALL TRIBAL >EA 9 ,AF<ANI/AN TO VIRTUALLY ! :OLE WORLD1 FROM ,WE/ ,AFRICA ?R\< ! ,LEVANT & ON TO ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,ONE ( HI/ORY'S GREAT POLICY TRIUMPHS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 AL-,QA$A HAS BE5 DISPLAC$ BY MU* MORE VICI\S & DE/RUCTIVE ELEM5TS4 ,CURR5TLY1 ,I,S,I,S HOLDS ! RECORD = MON/R\S BRUTALITY1 BUT O!R CLAIMANTS = ! TITLE >E NOT F> BEH9D4 ,! DYNAMIC1 :I* GOES BACK MANY YE>S1 HAS BE5 /UDI$ 9 AN IMPORTANT WORK BY MILIT>Y ANALY/ ,&REW ,COCKBURN1 9 HIS BOOK ,KILL ,*A94 ,HE DOCUM5TS H[ :5 Y\ KILL ONE LEAD] )\T DEAL+ ) ! ROOTS & CAUSES ( ! PH5OM5ON1 HE IS TYPICALLY REPLAC$ V]Y QUICKLY BY SOMEONE Y\NG]1 MORE COMPET5T1 & MORE VICI\S4 

,ONE CONSEQU5CE ( !SE A*IEVEM5TS IS ?AT WORLD OP9ION REG>DS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO PEACE BY A L>GE M>G94 ,F> BEH9D1 9 SECOND PLACE1 IS ,PAKI/AN1 PRESUMABLY 9FLAT$ BY ! ,9DIAN VOTE4 ,FUR!R SUCCESSES ( ! K9D ALREADY REGI/]$ MI<T EV5 CREATE A BROAD] W> ) AN 9FLAM$ ,MUSLIM WORLD :ILE ! ,WE/]N SOCIETIES SUBJECT !MSELVES TO 9T]NAL REPRESSION & CURTAIL+ ( CIVIL RI<TS & GROAN UND] ! BURD5 ( HUGE EXP5SES1 REALIZ+ ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5'S WILDE/ DREAMS1 & ?OSE ( ,I,S,I,S TODAY4 

,9 ,U,S POLICY DISCUSSIONS REVOLV+ >\ND ! 0W> ON T]ROR10 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 OV]T & COV]T OP]ATIONS HAS ALL BUT DISAPPE>$4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ID5TIFICATION ( T]RORI/ GR\PS & ! SELECTION ( ACTORS OR /ATES SUPPORT+ T]RORISM NOT ONLY APPE> TO BE TOTALLY >BITR>Y1 BUT ALSO 9 SOME CASES ! CULPRITS ID5TIFI$ HAVE RAIS$ QUE/IONS AB\T :E!R ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 IS 9 FACT A REAL W> AGA9/ T]RORISM OR :E!R IT IS A SMOKESCRE5 TO JU/IFY POLICIES ( GLOBAL CONQUE/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE AL-,QA$A & ,I,S,I,S >E UND5IABLE T]RORI/ & MURD]\S ORGANIZATIONS1 ! FACT ?AT ,U,S ALLIES SU* AS ,SAUDI ,>ABIA & ,QAT>1 & EV5 ,N,A,T,O MEMB] C\NTRIES SU* AS ,TURKEY1 HAVE ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ ,I,S,I,S IS EI!R IGNOR$ OR S]I\SLY D[NPLAY$ BY BO? ,U,S POLICY MAK]S & ! MA9/REAM M$IA4 ,DO Y\ HAVE ANY COMM5TS ON ?IS MATT]8 

,! SAME WAS TRUE ( ! ,REAGAN & ,BU% V]SIONS ( ! 0W> ON T]ROR40 ,= ,REAGAN1 IT WAS A PRETEXT TO 9T]V5E 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 9 :AT ,SALVADORAN ,BI%OP ,RIV]A Y ,DAMAS1 :O SUCCE$$ ! ASSASS9AT$ ,>*BI%OP ,OSC> ,ROM]O1 DESCRIB$ AS 0A W> ( EXT]M9ATION & G5OCIDE AGA9/ A DEF5SELESS CIVILIAN POPULATION40 ,IT WAS EV5 WORSE 9 ,GUATEMALA & PRETTY AWFUL 9 ,HONDURAS4 ,NIC>AGUA WAS ! ONE C\NTRY ?AT HAD AN >MY TO DEF5D IT FROM ,REAGAN'S T]RORI/S2 9 ! O!R C\NTRIES1 ! SECURITY =CES W]E ! T]RORI/S4 

,9 S\!RN ,AFRICA1 ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 PROVID$ ! PRETEXT TO SUPPORT ,S\? ,AFRICAN CRIMES AT HOME & 9 ! REGION1 ) A HORR5D\S TOLL4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE HAD TO DEF5D CIVILIZATION FROM 0ONE ( ! MORE NOTORI\S T]RORI/ GR\PS0 9 ! WORLD1 ,NELSON ,M&ELA'S ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS4 ,M&ELA HIMSELF REMA9$ ON ! ,U,S T]RORI/ LI/ UNTIL #b#h4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 CON/RUCT L$ TO SUPPORT = ,ISRAEL'S MURD]\S 9VASION ( ,LEBANON1 & MU* ELSE4 ,) ,BU%1 IT PROVID$ A PRETEXT = 9VAD+ ,IRAQ4 ,& SO IT CONT9UES4 

,:AT'S HAPP5+ 9 ! ,SYRIAN HORROR /ORY DEFIES DESCRIPTION4 ,! MA9 GR\ND =CES OPPOS+ ,I,S,I,S SEEM TO BE ! ,KURDS1 JU/ AS 9 ,IRAQ1 :]E !Y >E ON ! ,U,S T]RORI/ LI/4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 !Y >E ! PRIME T>GET ( ! ASSAULT ( \R ,N,A,T,O ALLY ,TURKEY1 :I* IS ALSO SUPPORT+ ! AL-,QA$A AFFILIATE 9 ,SYRIA1 AL-,NUSRA ,FRONT4 ,! LATT] SEEMS H>DLY DIFF]5T FROM ,I,S,I,S1 ?\< !Y >E HAV+ A TURF BATTLE4 ,TURKI% SUPPORT = AL-,NUSRA IS SO EXTREME ?AT :5 ! ,P5TAGON S5T 9 SEV]AL DOZ5 FI<T]S IT HAD TRA9$1 ,TURKEY APP>5TLY AL]T$ AL-,NUSRA1 :I* 9/ANTLY WIP$ !M \T4 ,AL-,NUSRA & ! CLOSELY ALLI$ ,AHR> AL-,%AM >E ALSO SUPPORT$ BY ,U,S ALLIES ,SAUDI ,>ABIA & ,QAT>1 &1 IT SEEMS1 MAY BE GETT+ ADVANC$ WEAPONS FROM ! ,C,I,A4 ,IT'S BE5 REPORT$ ?AT !Y US$ ,T,[ 7!AT] ( W>7 ANTITANK WEAPONS SUPPLI$ BY ! ,C,I,A TO 9FLICT S]I\S DEFEATS ON ! ,ASSAD >MY1 POSSIBLY IMPELL+ ! ,RUSSIANS TO 9T]V5E4 ,TURKEY SEEMS TO BE CONT9U+ TO ALL[ JIHADIS TO FL[ ACROSS ! BORD] TO ,I,S,I,S4 

,SAUDI ,>ABIA 9 P>TICUL> HAS BE5 A MAJOR SUPPORT] ( ! EXTREMI/ JIHADI MOVEM5TS = YE>S1 NOT ONLY ) F9ANC+ BUT ALSO BY SPREAD+ ITS RADICAL ,ISLAMI/ ,WAHHABI DOCTR9ES ) ,KORANIC S*OOLS1 MOSQUES1 & CL]ICS4 ,) NO LITTLE JU/ICE1 ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CORRESPOND5T ,PATRICK ,COCKBURN DESCRIBES ! 0,WAHHABIZATION0 ( ,SUNNI ,ISLAM AS ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ]A4 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA & ! ,EMIRATES HAVE HUGE1 ADVANC$ MILIT>Y =CES1 BUT !Y >E B>ELY 5GAG$ 9 ! W> AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S4 ,!Y DO OP]ATE 9 ,YEM51 :]E !Y >E CREAT+ A MAJOR HUMANIT>IAN CATA/ROPHE & V]Y LIKELY1 AS BE=E1 G5]AT+ FUTURE T]RORI/S = US TO T>GET 9 \R 0W> ON T]ROR40 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! REGION & ITS PEOPLE >E BE+ DEVA/AT$4 

,= ,SYRIA1 ! ONLY SLIM HOPE SEEMS TO BE NEGOTIATIONS AMONG ! MANY ELEM5TS 9VOLV$1 EXCLUD+ ,I,S,I,S4 ,?AT 9CLUDES REALLY AWFUL PEOPLE1 LIKE ,SYRIAN PRESID5T ,BA%> AL-,ASSAD1 :O >E NOT GO+ TO WILL+LY COMMIT SUICIDE & SO WILL HAVE TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 NEGOTIATIONS IF ! SPIRAL TO NATIONAL SUICIDE IS NOT TO CONT9UE4 ,!RE >E1 F9ALLY1 HALT+ /EPS 9 ?IS DIRECTION AT ,VI5NA4 ,!RE IS MORE ?AT CAN BE DONE ON ! GR\ND1 BUT A %IFT TO DIPLOMACY IS ESS5TIAL4 

,TURKEY'S ROLE 9 ! SO-CALL$ GLOBAL W> AGA9/ T]RORISM HAS TO BE SE5 AS ONE ( ! MO/ HYPOCRITICAL GE/URES 9 ! MOD]N ANNALS ( DIPLOMACY1 & ,VLADIMIR ,PUT9 DID NOT M9CE HIS WORDS FOLL[+ ! D[N+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN JET FI<T] BY LABEL+ ,TURKEY 0ACCOMPLICES ( T]RORI/S40 ,OIL IS ! REASON :Y ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ,WE/]N ALLIES KN[+LY OV]LOOK C]TA9 ,GULF NATIONS' SUPPORT = T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ,I,S,I,S1 BUT :AT IS ! REASON = NEGLECT+ TO QUE/ION ,TURKEY'S SUPPORT ( ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/ T]RORISM8 

,TURKEY HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN IMPORTANT ,N,A,T,O ALLY ( GREAT GEO/RATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE4 ,?R\< ! #a#i#iS1 :5 ,TURKEY WAS C>RY+ \T SOME ( ! WOR/ ATROCITIES ANY:]E 9 ITS W> AGA9/ ITS ,KURDI% POPULATION1 IT BECAME ! LEAD+ RECIPI5T ( ,U,S >MS 7\TSIDE ,ISRAEL & ,EGYPT1 A SEP>ATE CATEGORY74 ,! RELATION%IP HAS OCCASIONALLY BE5 UND] /RESS1 MO/ NOTABLY 9 #b#c1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T ADOPT$ ! POSITION ( #ie P]C5T ( ! POPULATION & REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,U,S ATTACK ON ,IRAQ4 ,TURKEY WAS BITT]LY CONDEMN$ = ?IS FAILURE TO UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( 0DEMOCRACY40 ,BUT G5]ALLY ! RELATION%IP HAS REMA9$ QUITE CLOSE4 ,REC5TLY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,TURKEY REA*$ AN AGREEM5T ON ! W> AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S3 ,TURKEY GRANT$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ACCESS TO ! ,TURKI% BASES CLOSE TO ,SYRIA & 9 RETURN PL$G$ TO ATTACK ,I,S,I,S--BUT 9/EAD ATTACK$ ITS ,KURDI% 5EMIES4 

,:ILE ?IS MAY NOT BE A POPUL> VIEW ) MANY PEOPLE1 ,RUSSIA1 UNLIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEEMS TO BE RE/RA9$ :5 IT COMES TO ! USE ( =CE4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT Y\ AGREE ) ?IS ASSUMPTION1 :Y DO Y\ ?9K ?IS IS ! CASE8 

,!Y >E ! WEAK] P>TY4 ,!Y DON'T HAVE EI<T HUNDR$ MILIT>Y BASES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 C\LDN'T POSSIBLY 9T]V5E EV]Y:]E ! WAY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS DONE OV] ! YE>S1 OR C>RY \T ANY?+ LIKE ,OBAMA'S GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION CAMPAIGN4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ?R\<\T ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,!Y C\LD USE MILIT>Y =CE NE> !IR BORD]S BUT C\LDN'T POSSIBLY HAVE C>RI$ \T ANY?+ LIKE ! ,9DO*9A W>S1 = EXAMPLE4 

,FRANCE SEEMS TO HAVE BECOME A FAVORITE T>GET ( ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/ T]RORI/S4 ,:AT'S ! EXPLANATION = ?AT8 

,ACTUALLY1 MANY MORE ,AFRICANS >E KILL$ BY ,ISLAMIC T]RORISM4 ,9 FACT1 ,BOKO ,H>AM IS RANK$ HI<] ?AN ,I,S,I,S AS A GLOBAL T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION4.<#a.> ,9 ,EUROPE1 ,FRANCE HAS BE5 ! MAJOR T>GET1 9 L>GE P>T = REASONS GO+ BACK TO ! ,ALG]IAN W>4 

,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/ T]RORISM ( ! K9D PROMOT$ BY ,I,S,I,S HAS BE5 CONDEMN$ BY ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ,HAMAS & ,HEZBOLLAH4 ,:AT DIFF]5TIATES ,I,S,I,S FROM O!R SO-CALL$ T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 & :AT DOES ,I,S,I,S REALLY WANT8 

,WE HAVE TO BE C>EFUL AB\T :AT WE CALL 0T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS40 ,ANTI-,NAZI P>TISANS US$ T]ROR4 ,SO DID ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON'S >MY1 SO MU* SO ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION FL$ 9 FE> ( HIS T]ROR--NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ,9DIG5\S COMMUNITY1 = :OM HE WAS 0! T[N DE/ROY]40 ,IT'S H>D TO F9D A NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ?AT HASN'T US$ T]ROR4 ,HEZBOLLAH & ,HAMAS W]E =M$ 9 RESPONSE TO ,ISRAELI OCCUPATION & AGGRESSION4 ,BUT :ATEV] CRIT]IA WE USE1 ,I,S,I,S IS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS SEEK+ TO C>VE \T T]RITORY ?AT IT WILL RULE & E/ABLI% AN ,ISLAMIC CALIPHATE4 ,?AT'S QUITE DIFF]5T FROM O!RS4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,P>IS MASSACRE ( ,NOVEMB] #b#a#e1 ,OBAMA /AT$ 9 A JO9T NEWS CONF]5CE ) ,FR5* ,PRESID5T ,HOLL&E ?AT 0,I,S,I,S MU/ BE DE/ROY$40 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?IS IS POSSIBLE8 ,IF YES1 H[8 ,IF NOT1 :Y NOT8 

,! ,WE/ DOES ( C\RSE HAVE ! CAPACITY TO SLAU<T] EV]YONE 9 ! ,I,S,I,S-CONTROLL$ >EAS1 BUT EV5 ?AT W\LDN'T DE/ROY ,I,S,I,S--OR1 V]Y LIKELY1 SOME MORE VICI\S MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD DEVELOP 9 ITS PLACE BY ! DYNAMIC ,I M5TION$ E>LI]4 ,ONE GOAL ( ,I,S,I,S IS TO DRAW ! 0CRUSAD]S0 9TO A W> ) ALL ,MUSLIMS4 ,WE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ?AT CATA/ROPHE1 OR WE CAN TRY TO ADDRESS ! ROOTS ( ! PROBLEM & HELP E/ABLI% CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! ,I,S,I,S MON/ROSITY WILL BE OV]COME BY =CES )9 ! REGION4 

,=EIGN 9T]V5TION HAS BE5 A CURSE = A LONG TIME1 & IS LIKELY TO CONT9UE TO BE4 ,!RE >E S5SIBLE PROPOSALS AS TO H[ TO PROCE$ ON ?IS C\RSE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PROPOSAL BY ,WILLIAM ,POLK1 A F9E ,MIDDLE ,EA/ S*OL> ) RI* EXP]I5CE NOT ONLY 9 ! REGION BUT ALSO AT ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ,U,S GOV]NM5T PLANN+4.<#b.> ,IT RECEIVES SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT FROM MO/ C>EFUL 9VE/IGATIONS ( ! APPEAL ( ,I,S,I,S1 NOTABLY ?OSE ( ,SCOTT ,ATRAN4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! *ANCES ?AT ! ADVICE WILL BE HE$$ >E SLI<T4 

,! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,U,S W>F>E SEEMS TO BE /RUCTUR$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT W>S APPE> TO BE ALMO/ 9EVITABLE1 SOME?+ :I* ,PRESID5T ,DWI<T ,EIS5H[] WAS APP>5TLY AW>E ( :5 HE W>N$ US 9 HIS F>EWELL SPEE* ( ! DANG]S ( A MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT WILL IT TAKE TO MOVE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AWAY FROM MILIT>I/IC J+OISM8 

,IT IS QUITE TRUE ?AT SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY B5EFIT FROM 0MILIT>I/IC J+OISM10 BUT ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT IS ITS MA9 CAUSE4 ,!RE >E GEO/RATEGIC & 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS ( GREAT IMPORT4 ,! ECONOMIC B5EFITS--ONLY ONE FACTOR--W]E DISCUSS$ 9 ! BUS9ESS PRESS 9 9T]E/+ WAYS 9 ! E>LY PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT MASSIVE GOV]NM5T SP5D+ HAD RESCU$ ! C\NTRY FROM ! ,DEPRESSION1 & !RE WAS MU* CONC]N ?AT IF IT W]E CURTAIL$1 ! C\NTRY W\LD S9K BACK 9TO DEPRESSION4 ,ONE 9=MATIVE DISCUSSION1 9 ,BUS9ESS ,WEEK 7,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#d#i71 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SOCIAL SP5D+ C\LD HAVE ! SAME 0PUMP-PRIM+0 EFFECT AS MILIT>Y SP5D+1 BUT PO9T$ \T ?AT = BUS9ESSM51 0!RE'S A TREM5D\S SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 WELF>E PUMP-PRIM+ & MILIT>Y PUMP-PRIM+40 ,! LATT] 0DOESN'T REALLY ALT] ! /RUCTURE ( ! ECONOMY40 ,= ! BUS9ESSMAN1 IT'S JU/ ANO!R ORD]4 ,BUT WELF>E & PUBLIC WORKS SP5D+ 0DOES ALT] ! ECONOMY4 ,IT MAKES NEW *ANNELS ( ITS [N4 ,IT CREATES NEW 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT R$I/RIBUTES 9COME40 ,& WE CAN ADD MORE4 ,MILIT>Y SP5D+ SC>CELY 9VOLVES ! PUBLIC1 BUT SOCIAL SP5D+ DOES1 & HAS A DEMOCRATIZ+ EFFECT4 ,= REASONS LIKE !SE1 MILIT>Y SP5D+ IS MU* PREF]R$4 

,PURSU+ ?IS QUE/ION AB\T ! L9K BETWE5 ,U,S POLITICAL CULTURE & MILIT>ISM A BIT FUR!R1 IS ! APP>5T DECL9E ( ,U,S SUPREMACY ON ! GLOBAL >5A MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO TURN FUTURE ,U,S PRESID5TS 9TO W>MONG]S8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REA*$ ! PEAK ( ITS P[] AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 BUT DECL9E SET 9 V]Y SOON1 FIR/ ) ! 0LOSS ( ,*9A0 & LAT] ) ! REVIVAL ( O!R 9DU/RIAL P[]S & ! AGONIZ+ C\RSE ( DECOLONIZATION1 & 9 MORE REC5T YE>S ) O!R =MS ( DIV]SIFICATION ( P[]4 ,REACTIONS C\LD TAKE V>I\S =MS4 ,ONE IS ,BU%-/YLE TRIUMPHALISM & AGGRESSIV5ESS4 ,ANO!R IS ,OBAMA-/YLE RETIC5CE TO USE GR\ND =CES4 ,& !RE >E MANY O!R POSSIBILITIES4 ,! POPUL> MOOD IS NO SLI<T CONSID]ATION1 & ONE ?AT WE CAN HOPE TO 9FLU5CE4 

,%\LD ! LEFT SUPPORT ,B]NIE ,S&]S :5 HE CAUCUSES ) ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY8 

,I ?9K SO4 ,HIS CAMPAIGN HAS HAD A SALUT>Y EFFECT4 ,IT'S RAIS$ IMPORTANT ISSUES ?AT >E O!RWISE SIDE/EPP$ & HAS MOV$ ! ,DEMOCRATS SLI<TLY 9 A PROGRESSIVE DIRECTION4 ,*ANCES ?AT HE C\LD BE ELECT$ 9 \R SY/EM ( B\<T ELECTIONS >E NOT HI<1 &1 IF HE W]E1 IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = HIM TO EFFECT ANY SIGNIFICANT *ANGE ( POLICIES4 ,! ,REPUBLICANS WON'T DISAPPE>1 & ?ANKS TO G]RYM&]+ & O!R TACTICS !Y >E LIKELY AT LEA/ TO CONTROL ! ,H\SE1 AS !Y HAVE DONE ) A M9ORITY ( VOTES = SOME YE>S1 & !Y >E LIKELY TO HAVE A /RONG VOICE 9 ! ,S5ATE4 ,! ,REPUBLICANS CAN BE C\NT$ ON TO BLOCK EV5 SMALL /EPS 9 A PROGRESSIVE--OR = ?AT MATT] EV5 RATIONAL--DIRECTION4 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] A NORMAL POLITICAL P>TY4 

,AS RESPECT$ POLITICAL ANALY/S ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,AM]ICAN ,5T]PRISE ,9/ITUTE HAVE OBS]V$1 ! =M] ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY IS N[ A 0RADICAL 9SURG5CY0 ?AT HAS PRETTY MU* AB&ON$ P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS1 = 9T]E/+ REASONS ?AT WE CAN'T GO 9TO H]E4 ,! ,DEMOCRATS HAVE ALSO MOV$ TO ! RI<T1 & !IR CORE ELEM5TS >E NOT UNLIKE MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS ( YE>S PA/--?\< SOME ( ,EIS5H[]'S POLICIES W\LD PLACE HIM AB\T :]E ,S&]S IS ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,S&]S1 !RE=E1 W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO HAVE MU* CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT1 & W\LD HAVE LITTLE AT ! /ATE LEVEL4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! HORDES ( LOBBYI/S & WEAL?Y DONORS W\LD H>DLY BE ALLIES4 ,EV5 ,OBAMA'S OCCASIONAL /EPS 9 A PROGRESSIVE DIRECTION W]E MO/LY BLOCK$1 ?\< !RE MAY BE O!R FACTORS 9VOLV$1 P]HAPS RACISM2 IT'S NOT EASY TO ACC\NT = ! F]OCITY ( ! HATR$ HE HAS EVOK$ 9 O!R T]MS4 ,BUT 9 G5]AL1 9 ! UNLIKELY EV5T ?AT ,S&]S W]E ELECT$1 HIS H&S W\LD BE TI$--UNLESS1 UNLESS1 :AT ALWAYS MATT]S 9 ! 5D3 UNLESS MASS POPUL> MOVEM5TS W\LD DEVELOP1 CREAT+ A WAVE ?AT HE C\LD RIDE & ?AT MI<T 7& %\LD7 IMPEL HIM F>!R ?AN HE MI<T O!RWISE GO4 

,?AT BR+S US1 ,I ?9K1 TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ! ,S&]S C&IDACY4 ,IT HAS MOBILIZ$ A HUGE NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,IF ?OSE =CES CAN BE SU/A9$ BEYOND ! ELECTION1 9/EAD ( FAD+ AWAY ONCE ! EXTRAVAGANZA IS OV]1 !Y C\LD BECOME ! K9D ( POPUL> =CE ?AT ! C\NTRY BADLY NE$S IF IT IS TO DEAL 9 A CON/RUCTIVE WAY ) ! 5ORM\S *ALL5GES ?AT LIE AHEAD4 

,! COMM5TS ABOVE RELATE TO DOME/IC POLICIES1 ! >EAS HE HAS CONC5TRAT$ ON4 ,HIS =EIGN POLICY CONCEPTIONS & PROPOSALS SEEM TO ME TO BE PRETTY CONV5TIONAL LIB]AL ,DEMOCRAT4 ,NO?+ P>TICUL>LY NOVEL IS PROPOS$1 AS F> AS ,I CAN SEE1 9CLUD+ SOME ASSUMPTIONS ?AT ,I ?9K %\LD BE S]I\SLY QUE/ION$4 

,ONE F9AL QUE/ION4 ,:AT DO Y\ SAY TO ?OSE :O MA9TA9 ! VIEW ?AT 5D+ ! 0W> ON T]ROR0 IS NAIVE & MISGUID$8 

,SIMPLE3 ,:Y8 ,& A MORE IMPORTANT QUE/ION3 ,:Y DO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %\LD CONT9UE TO MAKE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO GLOBAL T]RORISM1 UND] ! GUISE ( A 0W> ON T]ROR08 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #bae 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,EMPIRE ( ,*AOS 
,! ,EMPIRE ( ,*AOS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,U,S MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY 7= EXAMPLE1 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 ,IRAQ1 ,LIBYA1 ,SYRIA7 HAVE PROV5 TOTALLY DISA/R\S1 YET ! T]MS ( ! 9T]V5TION DEBATE HAVE YET TO BE R$RAWN AMONG ,WA%+TON'S W>MAK]S4 ,:AT'S ! EXPLANATION = ?IS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,9 P>T1 ! OLD CLI*E--:5 ALL Y\ HAVE IS A HAMM]1 EV]Y?+ LOOKS LIKE A NAIL4 ,! COMP>ATIVE ADVANTAGE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 MILIT>Y =CE4 ,:5 ONE =M ( 9T]V5TION FAILS1 DOCTR9E & PRACTICE CAN BE REVIS$ ) NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 DEVICES1 & ! LIKE4 ,!RE >E POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES1 SU* AS SUPPORT+ DEMOCRATIZATION 79 REALITY1 NOT RHETORIC74 ,BUT !SE HAVE LIKELY CONSEQU5CES ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD NOT FAVOR4 ,?AT IS :Y :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SUPPORTS 0DEMOCRACY02 IT IS 0TOP-D[N0 =MS ( DEMOCRACY1 9 :I* TRADITIONAL ELITES L9K$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9 9 P[]1 TO QUOTE ! LEAD+ S*OL> ( 0DEMOCRACY PROMOTION10 ,?OMAS ,C>O!RS1 A =M] ,REAGAN (FICIAL1 :O IS A /RONG ADVOCATE ( ! PROCESS BUT :O RECOGNIZES ! REALITY1 UNHAPPILY4 

,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT ,OBAMA'S W>S >E QUITE DIFF]5T 9 BO? /YLE & ESS5CE FROM ?OSE ( HIS PR$ECESSOR1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%4 ,IS !RE ANY VALIDITY BEH9D !SE CLAIMS8 

,BU% RELI$ ON %OCK-&-AWE MILIT>Y VIOL5CE1 :I* PROV$ DISA/R\S = ! VICTIMS & L$ TO S]I\S DEFEATS = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,OBAMA IS RELY+ ON DIFF]5T TACTICS1 PRIM>ILY ! DRONE GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION CAMPAIGN1 :I* BREAKS NEW RECORDS 9 9T]NATIONAL T]RORISM1 & ,SPECIAL ,=CES OP]ATIONS1 BY N[ OV] MU* ( ! GLOBE4 ,NICK ,TURSE1 ! LEAD+ RESE>*] ON ! TOPIC1 REC5TLY REPORT$ ?AT ,U,S ELITE =CES W]E 0DEPLOY$ TO A RECORD-%ATT]+ #adg C\NTRIES 9 #b#a#e40.<#c.> 

,DE/ABILIZATION & :AT ,I CALL ! 0CREATION ( BLACK HOLES0 IS ! PR9CIPAL AIM ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ,*AOS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ELSE:]E1 BUT IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS SAIL+ 9 A TURBUL5T SEA ) NO S5SE ( DIRECTION & IS1 9 FACT1 QUITE CLUELESS 9 T]MS ( :AT NE$S TO BE DONE ONCE ! TASK ( DE/RUCTION HAS BE5 COMPLET$4 ,H[ MU* ( ?IS IS DUE TO ! DECL9E ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A GLOBAL HEGEMON8 

,! *AOS & DE/ABILIZATION >E REAL1 BUT ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT'S ! AIM4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A CONSEQU5CE ( HITT+ FRAGILE SY/EMS ?AT ONE DOES NOT UND]/& ) ! SL$GEHAMM] ?AT IS ! MA9 TOOL1 AS 9 ,IRAQ1 ,LIBYA1 ,AF<ANI/AN1 & ELSE:]E4 ,AS = ! CONT9U+ DECL9E ( ,U,S HEGEMONIC P[] 7ACTUALLY1 FROM #a#i#d#e1 ) SOME UPS & D[NS71 !RE >E CONSEQU5CES 9 ! CURR5T WORLD SC5E4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FATE ( ,$W>D ,SN[D54 ,F\R ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES >E REPORT$ TO HAVE (F]$ HIM ASYLUM1 NO LONG] FE>+ ! LA% ( ,WA%+TON4 ,NOT A S+LE ,EUROPEAN P[] IS WILL+ TO FACE ,U,S ANG]4 ,?AT IS A CONSEQU5CE ( V]Y SIGNIFICANT DECL9E ( ,U,S P[] 9 ! ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E4 

,H[EV]1 ,I D\BT ?AT ! *AOS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ TRACES SUB/ANTIALLY TO ?IS FACTOR4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,U,S 9VASION ( ,IRAQ WAS TO 9CITE SECT>IAN CONFLICTS ?AT >E DE/ROY+ ,IRAQ & >E N[ TE>+ ! REGION TO %R$S4 ,! ,EUROPE-9ITIAT$ BOMB+ ( ,LIBYA CREAT$ A DISA/] !RE1 :I* HAS SPREAD F> BEYOND ) WEAPONS FL[ & /IMULATION ( JIHADI CRIMES4 ,& !RE >E MANY O!R EFFECTS ( =EIGN VIOL5CE4 ,!RE >E ALSO MANY 9T]NAL FACTORS4 ,I ?9K ?AT ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CORRESPOND5T ,PATRICK ,COCKBURN IS CORRECT 9 HIS OBS]VATION ?AT ! 0,WAHHABIZATION0 ( ,SUNNI ,ISLAM IS ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S DEVELOPM5TS ( ! MOD]N ]A4 ,BY N[ MANY ( ! MO/ HORRIBLE PROBLEMS LOOK VIRTUALLY 9SOLUBLE1 LIKE ! ,SYRIAN CATA/ROPHE1 :]E ! ONLY SLIM HOPES LIE 9 SOME K9D ( NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T T[>D :I* ! P[]S 9VOLV$ SEEM TO BE SL[LY 9*+4 

,RUSSIA IS ALSO RA9+ D[N DE/RUCTION 9 ,SYRIA4 ,TO :AT 5D2 & DOES ,RUSSIA POSE A ?REAT TO ,U,S 9T]E/S 9 ! REGION8 

,RUSSIAN /RATEGY EVID5TLY IS TO SU/A9 ! ,ASSAD REGIME1 & IT IS 9DE$ 0RA9+ D[N DE/RUCTION10 PRIM>ILY ATTACK+ ! JIHADI-L$ =CES SUPPORT$ BY ,TURKEY1 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 & ,QAT>1 & TO AN EXT5T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,A REC5T >TICLE 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/ SUGGE/$ ?AT ! HI<-TE* WEAPONS PROVID$ BY ! ,C,I,A TO !SE =CES 79CLUD+ ,T,[ ANTITANK MISSILES7 HAD %IFT$ ! MILIT>Y BALANCE AGA9/ ,ASSAD & W]E A FACTOR 9 DRAW+ ! ,RUSSIANS 94 ,ON 0,U,S 9T]E/10 WE HAVE TO BE C>EFUL4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ,U,S P[] & ( ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E (T5 QUITE DIFF]5T1 AS IS COMMONLY ! CASE ELSE:]E AS WELL4 ,! (FICIAL ,U,S 9T]E/ IS TO ELIM9ATE ,ASSAD1 & NATURALLY ,RUSSIAN SUPPORT = ,ASSAD POSES A ?REAT TO ?AT4 ,& ! CONFRONTATION NOT ONLY IS H>MFUL1 IF NOT CATA/ROPHIC1 = ,SYRIA1 BUT ALSO C>RIES A ?REAT ( ACCID5TAL ESCALATION ?AT C\LD BE CATA/ROPHIC F> BEYOND4 

,IS ,I,S,I,S A ,U,S-CREAT$ MON/]8 

,A REC5T 9T]VIEW ) ! PROM95T ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ANALY/ ,GRAHAM ,FULL] IS HEADL9$1 0,=M] ,C,I,A (FIC] SAYS ,U,S POLICIES HELP$ CREATE ,I,S40 ,:AT ,FULL] SAYS1 CORRECTLY ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT 

,I ?9K ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ONE ( ! KEY CREATORS ( ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID NOT PLAN ! =MATION ( ,I,S,I,S1 BUT ITS DE/RUCTIVE 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! W> 9 ,IRAQ W]E ! BASIC CAUSES ( ! BIR? ( ,I,S,I,S4 ,Y\ WILL REMEMB] ?AT ?AT ! />T+ PO9T ( ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS TO PROTE/ ! ,U,S 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS IT WAS SUPPORT$ BY MANY NON-,ISLAMI/ ,SUNNIS AS WELL BECAUSE ( !IR OPPOSITION TO ,IRAQ'S OCCUPATION4 ,I ?9K EV5 TODAY ,I,S,I,S .<N[ ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE.> IS SUPPORT$ BY MANY ,SUNNIS :O FEEL ISOLAT$ BY ! ,%IITE GOV]NM5T 9 ,BA<DAD4 

,E/ABLI%M5T ( ,%IITE DOM9ANCE WAS ONE DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,U,S 9VASION1 A VICTORY = ,IRAN & ONE ELEM5T ( ! REM>KABLE ,U,S DEFEAT 9 ,IRAQ4 ,SO 9 ANSW] TO Y\R QUE/ION1 ,U,S AGGRESSION WAS A FACTOR 9 ! RISE ( ,I,S,I,S1 BUT !RE IS NO M]IT TO CONSPIRACY !ORIES CIRCULAT+ 9 ! REGION ?AT HOLD ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PLANN$ ! RISE ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y MON/ROSITY4 

,H[ DO Y\ EXPLA9 ! FASC9ATION ?AT A COMPLETELY B>B>IC & SAVAGE ORGANIZATION LIKE ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE HOLDS = MANY Y\NG ,MUSLIM PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ,EUROPE8 

,!RE HAS BE5 A GOOD DEAL ( C>EFUL /UDY ( ! PH5OM5ON1 BY ,SCOTT ,ATRAN AMONG O!RS4 ,! APPEAL SEEMS TO BE PRIM>ILY AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE :O LIVE UND] CONDITIONS ( REPRESSION & HUMILIATION1 ) LITTLE HOPE & LITTLE OPPORTUNITY1 & :O SEEK SOME GOAL 9 LIFE ?AT (F]S DIGNITY & SELF-REALIZATION2 9 ?IS CASE1 E/ABLI%+ A UTOPIAN ,ISLAMIC /ATE RIS+ 9 OPPOSITION TO C5TURIES ( SUBJUGATION & DE/RUCTION BY ,WE/]N IMP]IAL P[]4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE APPE>S TO BE A GOOD DEAL ( PE] PRESSURE--MEMB]S ( ! SAME SOCC] CLUB1 & SO ON4 ,! %>PLY SECT>IAN NATURE ( ! REGIONAL CONFLICTS NO D\BT IS ALSO A FACTOR--NOT JU/ 0DEF5D+ ,ISLAM0 BUT DEF5D+ IT FROM ,%IITE APO/ATES4 ,IT'S A V]Y UGLY & DANG]\S SC5E4 

,! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS %[N LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 REEVALUAT+ ! ,U,S RELATION%IP ) AU?ORIT>IAN & FUNDAM5TALI/ REGIMES 9 PLACES LIKE ,EGYPT & ,SAUDI ,>ABIA4 ,IS DEMOCRACY PROMOTION A COMPLETELY %AM ELEM5T ( ,U,S =EIGN POLICY8 

,!RE D\BTLESS >E PEOPLE LIKE ,?OMAS ,C>O!RS1 M5TION$ ABOVE1 :O REALLY >E D$ICAT$ TO DEMOCRACY PROMOTION1 & >E )9 ! GOV]NM5T2 HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 0DEMOCRACY PROMOTION0 9 ! ,REAGAN ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,BUT ! RECORD %[S QUITE CLE>LY ?AT IT IS SC>CELY AN ELEM5T 9 POLICY1 & QUITE (T5 DEMOCRACY IS CONSID]$ A ?REAT--= GOOD REASONS1 :5 WE LOOK AT POPUL> OP9ION4 ,TO M5TION ONLY ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE1 POLLS ( 9T]NATIONAL OP9ION BY ! LEAD+ ,U,S POLL+ AG5CY 7,W,9_/ ,GALLUP7 %[ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS REG>D$ AS ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO WORLD PEACE BY A HUGE M>G91 ,PAKI/AN F> BEH9D 9 SECOND PLACE 7PRESUMABLY 9FLAT$ BY ! ,9DIAN VOTE74 ,POLLS TAK5 9 ,EGYPT ON ! EVE ( ! ,>AB ,SPR+ REVEAL$ CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT = ,IRANIAN NUCLE> WEAPONS TO C\NT]BALANCE ,ISRAELI & ,U,S P[]4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION (T5 FAVORS SOCIAL RE=M ( ! K9D ?AT W\LD H>M ,U,S-BAS$ MULT9ATIONALS4 ,& MU* ELSE4 ,!SE >E H>DLY POLICIES ?AT ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T W\LD LIKE TO SEE 9/ITUT$1 BUT AU!NTIC DEMOCRACY W\LD GIVE A SIGNIFICANT VOICE TO PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,= SIMIL> REASONS1 DEMOCRACY IS FE>$ AT HOME4 

,DO Y\ ANTICIPATE ANY MAJOR *ANGES 9 ,U,S =EIGN POLICY 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 EI!R UND] A ,DEMOCRATIC OR ,REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATION8 

,NOT UND] A ,DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! SITUATION ) A ,REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATION IS MU* LESS CLE>4 ,! P>TY HAS DRIFT$ F> (F ! SPECTRUM ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,IF ! PRON\NCEM5TS ( ! CURR5T CROP ( C&IDATES CAN BE TAK5 S]I\SLY1 ! WORLD C\LD BE FAC+ DEEP TR\BLE4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! NUCLE> DEAL ) ,IRAN4 ,NOT ONLY >E !Y UNANIM\SLY OPPOS$ TO IT1 BUT !Y >E COMPET+ ON H[ QUICKLY TO BOMB ,IRAN4 ,IT'S A V]Y /RANGE MOM5T 9 ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL HI/ORY1 & 9 A /ATE ) AWESOME P[]S ( DE/RUCTION ?AT %\LD CAUSE NOT A LITTLE CONC]N4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,NOVEMB] #e1 #bae 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,GLOBAL ,/RUGGLES = ,DOM9ANCE3 ,I,S,I,S1 ,N,A,T,O1 & ,RUSSIA 
,GLOBAL ,/RUGGLES = ,DOM9ANCE3 ,I,S,I,S1 ,N,A,T,O1 & ,RUSSIA 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,! RISE ( ,I,S,I,S IS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,U,S 9VASION & OCCUPATION ( ,IRAQ & REPRES5TS TODAY1 BY F>1 ! MO/ BRUTAL & DANG]\S T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION WE HAVE SE5 9 REC5T MEMORY4 ,IT ALSO APPE>S ?AT ITS T5TACLES HAVE REA*$ BEYOND ! 0BLACK HOLES0 CREAT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ,SYRIA1 ,LIBYA1 ,IRAQ1 & ,AF<ANI/AN & HAVE N[ TAK5 HOLD 9SIDE ,EUROPE1 A FACT ACKN[L$G$ REC5TLY BY ,G]MAN *ANCELLOR ,ANGELA ,M]KEL4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS BE5 E/IMAT$ ?AT ATTACKS ORGANIZ$ OR 9SPIR$ BY ,I,S,I,S HAVE TAK5 PLACE EV]Y =TY-EI<T H\RS 9 CITIES \TSIDE ! ABOVE-M5TION$ C\NTRIES S9CE E>LY ,JUNE #b#a#f4 ,:Y HAVE C\NTRIES LIKE ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE BECOME ! T>GETS ( ,I,S,I,S8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO BE CAUTI\S 9 9T]PRET+ ,I,S,I,S CLAIMS ( RESPONSIBILITY = T]RORI/ ATTACKS4 ,TAKE ! WOR/ ( ! REC5T ONES1 9 ,NICE4 ,IT WAS DISCUSS$ BY ,AKB> ,AHM$1 ONE ( ! MO/ C>EFUL & DISC]N+ ANALY/S ( RADICAL ,ISLAM4 ,HE CONCLUDES FROM ! AVAILABLE EVID5CE ?AT ! P]PETRATOR1 ,MOHAM$ ,LAH\AIEJ ,B\HLEL1 WAS PROBABLY 0NOT A DEV\T ,MUSLIM4 ,HE HAD A CRIM9AL RECORD1 DRANK ALCOHOL1 ATE PORK1 DID DRUGS1 DID NOT FA/1 PRAY OR REGUL>LY ATT5D A MOSQUE & WAS NOT RELIGI\S 9 ANY WAY4 ,HE WAS CRUEL TO HIS WIFE1 :O LEFT HIM4 ,?IS IS NOT :AT MANY ,MUSLIMS W\LD TYPICALLY CONSID] REFLECTIVE ( !IR FAI?1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O CONSID] !MSELVES RELIGI\SLY DEV\T40 ,I,S,I,S DID 7BELAT$LY7 0TAKE CR$IT0 = ! ATTACK1 AS !Y R\T9ELY DO1 :ATEV] ! FACTS1 BUT ,AHM$ REG>DS ! CLAIM AS HI<LY DUBI\S 9 ?IS CASE4 ,ON ?IS & SIMIL> ATTACKS1 HE CONCLUDES ?AT 

! REALITY IS ?AT :ILE ,I,S,I,S MAY 9FLU5CE !SE ,MUSLIMS 9 A G5]AL WAY1 !IR ANIMUS IS COM+ FROM !IR POSITION AS UNWANT$ IMMIGRANTS 9 ,EUROPE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E !Y >E /ILL NOT TREAT$ .<AS.> ,FR5*1 EV5 IF !Y >E BORN !RE4 ,! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE HAS A DISPROPORTIONATE POPULATION ( UNEMPLOY$ Y\? ) POOR $UCATION & H\S+ & IS CON/ANTLY ! BUTT ( CULTURAL HUMILIATION4 ,IT IS NOT AN 9TEGRAT$ COMMUNITY1 B>R+ SOME HONORABLE EXCEPTIONS4 ,FROM IT COME ! Y\NG M5 LIKE ,LAH\AIEJ ,B\HLEL4 ,! PATT]N ( .<!.> PETTY CRIM9AL MAY BE OBS]V$ 9 ! O!R REC5T T]RORI/ ATTACKS 9 ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS4 

,AHM$'S ANALYSIS CORRESPONDS CLOSELY TO ?AT ( O!RS :O HAVE DONE EXT5SIVE 9VE/IGATION ( RECRUITS TO ,I,S,I,S1 NOTABLY ,SCOTT ,ATRAN & HIS RESE>* TEAM4 ,& IT %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE TAK5 S]I\SLY1 ALONG ) HIS PRESCRIPTIONS1 :I* ALSO >E CLOSE TO ?OSE ( O!R KN[L$GEABLE ANALY/S3 TO 0PROVIDE ! ,MUSLIM COMMUNITY $UCATIONAL & EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES1 Y\? PROGRAMS1 & PROMOTE ACCEPTANCE1 DIV]SITY & UND]/&+4 ,!RE IS MU* ?AT GOV]NM5TS CAN DO TO PROVIDE LANGUAGE1 CULTURAL & RELIGI\S TRA9+ = ! COMMUNITY1 :I* WILL HELP RESOLVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PROBLEM ( =EIGN IMAMS HAV+ DIFFICULTY TRANSF]R+ !IR ROLES ( LEAD]%IP 9TO LOCAL SOCIETY40 

,M]ELY TO TAKE ONE ILLU/RATION ( ! PROBLEM TO BE FAC$1 ,ATRAN PO9TS \T ?AT 0ONLY #g TO #h P]C5T ( ,FRANCE'S POPULATION IS ,MUSLIM1 :]EAS #f TO #g P]C5T ( ,FRANCE'S PRISON POPULATION IS ,MUSLIM40 ,IT'S ALSO WOR? TAK+ NOTE ( A REC5T ,NATIONAL ,RESE>* ,C\NCIL REPORT1 :I* F\ND ?AT 0) RESPECT TO POLITICAL CONTEXT1 T]RORISM & ITS SUPPORT+ AUDI5CES APPE> TO BE FO/]$ BY POLICIES ( EXTREME POLITICAL REPRESSION & DISC\RAG$ BY POLICIES ( 9CORPORAT+ BO? DISSID5T & MOD]ATE GR\PS RESPONSIBLY 9TO CIVIL SOCIETY & ! POLITICAL PROCESS40 

,IT'S EASY TO SAY1 0,LET'S /RIKE BACK ) VIOL5CE0--POLICE REPRESSION1 C>PET-BOMB !M TO OBLIVION 7,T$ ,CRUZ71 & SO ON--V]Y MU* :AT AL-,QA$A & ,I,S,I,S HAVE HOP$ =1 & V]Y LIKELY TO 9T5SIFY ! PROBLEMS1 AS1 9DE$1 HAS BE5 HAPP5+ UNTIL N[4 

,:AT IS ,I,S,I,S'S AIM :5 T>GET+ 9NOC5T CIVILIANS1 SU* AS ! ATTACK ON ! SEASIDE T[N ( ,NICE 9 ,FRANCE 9 :I* EI<TY-F\R PEOPLE W]E KILL$8 

,AS ,I M5TION$1 WE %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE CAUTI\S AB\T ! CLAIMS & *>GES ( ,I,S,I,S 9ITIATIVE1 OR EV5 9VOLVEM5T4 ,BUT :5 !Y >E 9VOLV$ 9 SU* ATROCITIES1 ! /RATEGY IS CLE> 5\<4 ,C>EFUL & EXP]T ANALY/S ( ,I,S,I,S & VIOL5T 9SURG5CIES 7,SCOTT ,ATRAN1 ,WILLIAM ,POLK1 & O!RS7 G5]ALLY T5D TO TAKE ,I,S,I,S AT ITS WORD4 ,SOMETIMES !Y CITE ! 0PLAYBOOK0 9 :I* ! CORE /RATEGY US$ BY ,I,S,I,S IS LAID \T1 WRITT5 A DECADE AGO BY ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN W+ ( ! AL-,QA$A AFFILIATE ?AT MORPH$ 9TO ,I,S,I,S4 ,H]E >E ! FIR/ TWO AXIOMS 7QUOT+ AN >TICLE BY ,ATRAN73 

.<,AXIOM #a3.> ,HIT S(T T>GETS3 0,DIV]SIFY & WID5 ! VEXATION /RIKES AGA9/ ! ,CRUSAD]-,ZIONI/ 5EMY 9 EV]Y PLACE 9 ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD1 & EV5 \TSIDE ( IT IF POSSIBLE1 SO AS TO DISP]SE ! EF=TS ( ! ALLIANCE ( ! 5EMY & ?US DRA9 IT TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE40 .<,AXIOM #b3.> ,/RIKE :5 POT5TIAL VICTIMS HAVE !IR GU>D D[N TO MAXIMIZE FE> 9 G5]AL POPULATIONS & DRA9 !IR ECONOMIES3 0,IF A T\RI/ RESORT ?AT ! ,CRUSAD]S PATRONIZE 444 IS HIT1 ALL ( ! T\RI/ RESORTS 9 ALL ( ! /ATES ( ! WORLD WILL HAVE TO BE SECUR$ BY ! WORK ( ADDITIONAL =CES1 :I* >E D\BLE ! ORD9>Y AM\NT1 & A HUGE 9CREASE 9 SP5D+40 

,& ! /RATEGY HAS BE5 QUITE SUCCESSFUL1 BO? 9 SPREAD+ T]RORISM & IMPOS+ GREAT CO/S ON ! 0,CRUSAD]S0 ) SLI<T EXP5DITURE4 

,IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ ?AT T\RI/S 9 ,FRANCE WILL BE PROTECT$ BY >M$ =CES & SOLDI]S AT HOLIDAY SITES1 9CLUD+ BEA*ES4 ,H[ MU* ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS L9K$ TO ! REFUGEE CRISIS 9 ,EUROPE1 :]E MILLIONS HAVE BE5 >RIV+ 9 ! LA/ C\PLE ( YE>S FROM W>-TORN REGIONS >\ND ! WORLD8 

,H>D TO JUDGE4 ,! CRIMES 9 ,FRANCE HAVE NOT BE5 TRAC$ TO REC5T REFUGEES1 AS F> AS ,I HAVE SE54 ,RA!R1 IT SEEMS TO BE MORE LIKE ! ,LAH\AIEJ ,B\HLEL CASE4 ,BUT !RE IS GREAT FE> ( REFUGEES1 F> BEYOND ANY EVID5CE RELAT+ !M TO CRIME4 ,MU* ! SAME APPE>S TO BE TRUE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E ,TRUMP-/YLE RHETORIC AB\T ,MEXICO S5D+ CRIM9ALS & RAPI/S D\BTLESS FRI<T5S PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< ! LIMIT$ /ATI/ICAL EVID5CE 9DICATES ?AT 0FIR/-G5]ATION IMMIGRANTS >E PR$ISPOS$ TO L[] CRIME RATES ?AN NATIVE-BORN ,AM]ICANS10 AS REPORT$ BY ,MI*ELLE ,YE ,HEE ,LEE 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/4 

,TO :AT EXT5T W\LD Y\ SAY ?AT ,BREXIT WAS BE+ DRIV5 BY X5OPHOBIA & ! MASSIVE 9FL[ ( IMMIGRANTS 9TO ,EUROPE8 

,!RE HAS BE5 PL5TY ( REPORT+ GIV+ ?AT IMPRESSION1 BUT ,I HAV5'T SE5 ANY H>D DATA4 ,& IT'S WOR? RECALL+ ?AT ! 9FL[ ( IMMIGRANTS IS FROM ! ,E,U1 NOT ?OSE FLEE+ FROM CONFLICT4 ,IT'S ALSO WOR? RECALL+ ?AT ,BRITA9 HAS HAD A NONTRIVIAL ROLE 9 G5]AT+ REFUGEES4 ,! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 TO GIVE ONE EXAMPLE4 ,MANY O!RS1 IF WE CONSID] GREAT] HI/ORICAL DEP?4 ,! BURD5 ( DEAL+ ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,U,S-,U,K CRIMES FALLS MA9LY ON C\NTRIES ?AT HAD NO RESPONSIBILITY = !M1 LIKE ,LEBANON1 :]E AB\T #d P]C5T ( ! POPULATION IS E/IMAT$ TO BE REFUGEES4 

,>E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! MAJOR ,WE/]N P[]S REALLY 9VOLV$ 9 A W> AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S8 ,?IS W\LD SEEM D\BTFUL TO AN \TSIDE OBS]V]1 GIV5 ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( ,I,S,I,S & ! CONT9U+ ABILITY ( ! ORGANIZATION TO RECRUIT SOLDI]S = ITS CAUSE FROM 9SIDE ,EUROPE4 

,SPECULATIONS TO ?AT EFFECT >E RAMPANT 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 BUT ,I DON'T ?9K !Y HAVE ANY CR$IBILITY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS P[]FUL1 BUT NOT ALL-P[]FUL4 ,!RE IS A T5D5CY TO ATTRIBUTE EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 ! WORLD TO ! ,C,I,A OR SOME DIABOLICAL ,WE/]N PLAN4 ,!RE IS PL5TY TO CONDEMN1 %>PLY4 ,& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9DE$ P[]FUL4 ,BUT IT'S NO?+ LIKE :AT IS (T5 BELIEV$4 

,!RE SEEMS TO BE A GEOPOLITICAL %IFT UND]WAY 9 ,TURKEY'S REGIONAL POLITICAL ROLE1 :I* MAY HAVE BE5 ! ULTIMATE CAUSE BEH9D ! FAIL$ C\P ( ,JULY #b#a#f4 ,DO Y\ DETECT SU* A %IFT UND] WAY8 

,!RE C]TA9LY HAS BE5 A %IFT 9 REGIONAL POLICY FROM =M] ,TURKI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,DAVUTOGLU'S 0,Z]O ,PROBLEMS ,POLICY10 BUT ?AT'S BECAUSE PROBLEMS AB\ND4 ,! GOAL ( BECOM+ A REGIONAL P[]1 SOMETIMES DESCRIB$ AS NEO-,OTTOMAN1 SEEMS TO BE CONT9U+1 IF NOT ACCEL]AT+4 ,RELATIONS ) ! ,WE/ >E BECOM+ MORE T5SE AS ,]DOGAN'S GOV]NM5T CONT9UES ITS /RONG DRIFT T[>D AU?ORIT>IAN RULE1 ) QUITE EXTREME REPRESSIVE MEASURES4 ,?AT NATURALLY IMPELS ,TURKEY TO SEEK ALLIANCES ELSE:]E1 P>TICUL>LY ) ,RUSSIA4 ,]DOGAN'S FIR/ PO/-C\P VISIT WAS TO ,MOSC[1 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE 0! ,MOSC[-,ANK>A FRI5D%IP AXIS0 79 HIS WORDS7 TO :AT IT WAS BE=E ,TURKEY %OT D[N A ,RUSSIAN JET 9 ,NOVEMB] #bae :5 IT ALLEG$LY PASS$ ACROSS ! ,TURKI% BORD] = A FEW SECONDS :ILE ON A BOMB+ MISSION 9 ,SYRIA4 ,V]Y UN=TUNATELY1 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE ,WE/]N OPPOSITION TO ,]DOGAN'S VIOL5T & VICI\S ESCALATION ( ATROCITIES AGA9/ ! ,KURDI% POPULATION 9 ! S\!A/1 :I* SOME OBS]V]S N[ DESCRIBE AS APPROA*+ ! HORRORS ( ! #a#i#iS4 ,AS = ! C\P1 ITS BACKGR\ND REMA9S OBSCURE1 = ! TIME BE+4 ,I DON'T KN[ ( EVID5CE ?AT %IFTS 9 REGIONAL POLICY PLAY$ A ROLE4 

,! C\P AGA9/ ,]DOGAN 5SUR$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( A HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME 9 ,TURKEY3 ,]DOGAN >RE/$ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE & CLOS$ D[N M$IA \TLETS1 S*OOLS1 & UNIV]SITIES FOLL[+ ! C\P4 ,! EFFECTS ( ! C\P MAY1 9 FACT1 EV5 /R5G!N ! ROLE ( ! MILIT>Y 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS AS IT WILL COME UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! PRESID5T HIMSELF1 A MOVE ?AT ,]DOGAN HAS ALREADY 9ITIAT$4 ,H[ WILL ?IS AFFECT ,TURKEY'S RELATIONS ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPEAN P[]S1 GIV5 ! ALLEG$ CONC]NS ( ! LATT] AB\T HUMAN RI<TS & DEMOCRACY 9SIDE ,TURKEY & AB\T ,]DOGAN'S PURSUIT ( CLOS] TIES ) ,PUT98 

,! CORRECT WORD IS 0ALLEG$40 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#iS1 ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T WAS C>RY+ \T HORRIFY+ ATROCITIES1 T>GET+ ITS ,KURDI% POPULATION--T5S ( ?\S&S KILL$1 ?\S&S ( VILLAGES & T[NS DE/ROY$1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S 7MAYBE MILLIONS7 DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES1 EV]Y IMAG9ABLE =M ( TORTURE4 ,EI<TY P]C5T ( ! >MS W]E COM+ FROM ,WA%+TON1 9CREAS+ AS ATROCITIES 9CREAS$4 ,9 ! S+LE YE> #a#i#i#g1 :5 ATROCITIES W]E PEAK+1 ,CL9TON S5T MORE >MS ?AN ! SUM TOTAL S5T TO ,TURKEY ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE PO/W> ]A UNTIL ! ONSET ( ! C\NT]9SURG5CY CAMPAIGN4 ,! M$IA VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ ALL ( ?IS4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES HAS A BUREAU 9 ,ANK>A1 BUT IT REPORT$ ALMO/ NO?+4 ,! FACTS W]E1 ( C\RSE1 WIDELY KN[N 9 ,TURKEY--& ELSE:]E1 TO ?OSE :O TOOK ! TR\BLE TO LOOK4 ,N[ ?AT ATROCITIES >E PEAK+ AGA91 AS ,I M5TION$1 ! ,WE/ PREF]S TO LOOK ELSE:]E4 

,NEV]!LESS1 RELATIONS BETWE5 ,]DOGAN'S REGIME & ! ,WE/ >E BECOM+ MORE T5SE1 & !RE IS GREAT ANG] AGA9/ ! ,WE/ AMONG ,]DOGAN SUPPORT]S BECAUSE ( ,WE/]N ATTITUDES T[>D ! C\P 7MILDLY CRITICAL1 BUT NOT 5\< = ! REGIME7 & T[>D ! 9CREAS$ AU?ORIT>IANISM & %>P REPRESSION 7MILD CRITICISM1 BUT TOO MU* = ! REGIME74 ,9 FACT1 IT IS WIDELY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9ITIAT$ ! C\P4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ALSO CONDEMN$ = ASK+ = EVID5CE BE=E EXTRADIT+ ,GUL51 :OM ,]DOGAN BLAMES = ! C\P4 ,NOT A LITTLE IRONY H]E4 ,ONE MAY RECALL ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BOMB$ ,AF<ANI/AN BECAUSE ! ,TALIBAN REFUS$ TO TURN ,OSAMA B9 ,LAD5 OV] )\T EVID5CE4 ,OR TAKE ! CASE ( ,EMMANUEL 0,TOTO0 ,CON/ANT1 ! LEAD] ( ! T]RORI/ =CE ,F,R,A,P,H 7,FRONT = ! ,ADVANCEM5T & ,PROGRESS ( ,HAITI7 ?AT RAN WILD 9 ,HAITI UND] ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! E>LY '#iS4 ,:5 ! JUNTA WAS OV]?R[N BY A ,M>9E 9VASION1 HE ESCAP$ TO ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E HE WAS LIV+ COM=TABLY4 ,HAITI WANT$ HIM EXTRADIT$ & HAD MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE4 ,BUT ,CL9TON REFUS$1 V]Y LIKELY BECAUSE HE W\LD HAVE EXPOS$ ,CL9TON'S TIES TO ! MURD]\S MILIT>Y JUNTA4 

,! REC5T MIGRATION DEAL BETWE5 ,TURKEY & ! ,E,U SEEMS TO BE FALL+ AP>T1 ) ,]DOGAN HAV+ GONE SO F> AS TO SAY PUBLICLY ?AT 0,EUROPEAN LEAD]S >E NOT BE+ HONE/40 ,:AT C\LD BE ! CONSEQU5CES = ,TURKEY-,E,U RELATIONS1 & = ! REFUGEES !MSELVES1 IF ! DEAL W]E TO FALL AP>T8 

,BASICALLY1 ,EUROPE BRIB$ ,TURKEY TO KEEP ! MIS]ABLE REFUGEES--MANY FLEE+ FROM CRIMES = :I* ! ,WE/ BE>S NO SLI<T RESPONSIBILITY--FROM REA*+ ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS SIMIL> TO ,OBAMA'S EF=TS TO 5LI/ ,MEXICAN SUPPORT 9 KEEP+ ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN REFUGEES--(T5 V]Y DEF9ITELY VICTIMS ( ,U,S POLICIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION--FROM REA*+ ! ,U,S BORD]4 ,MORALLY GROTESQUE1 BUT BETT] ?AN LETT+ !M DR[N 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,! DET]IORATION ( RELATIONS WILL PROBABLY MAKE !IR TRAVAIL EV5 WORSE4 

,N,A,T,O1 /ILL A ,U,S-DOM9AT$ MILIT>Y ALLIANCE1 HAS 9CREAS$ ITS PRES5CE 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE LATELY1 AS IT IS B5T ON /OPP+ ,RUSSIA'S REVIVAL BY CREAT+ DIVISIONS BETWE5 ,EUROPE & ,RUSSIA4 ,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LOOK+ = A MILIT>Y CONFLICT ) ,RUSSIA1 OR >E SU* MOVES DRIV5 BY ! NE$ TO KEEP ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9TACT 9 A PO/-,COLD ,W> WORLD8 

,N,A,T,O IS SURELY A ,U,S-DOM9AT$ MILIT>Y ALLIANCE4 ,AS ! ,U,S,S,R COLLAPS$1 ,RUSSIA'S ,MIKHAIL ,GORBA*EV PROPOS$ A CONT95T-WIDE SECURITY SY/EM1 :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REJECT$1 9SI/+ ON PRES]V+ ,N,A,T,O--& EXP&+ IT4 ,GORBA*EV AGRE$ TO ALL[ A UNIFI$ ,G]MANY TO JO9 ,N,A,T,O1 A REM>KABLE CONCESSION 9 ! LI<T ( HI/ORY4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 A QUID PRO QUO3 ?AT ,N,A,T,O NOT EXP& 0ONE 9* TO ! EA/10 MEAN+ TO ,EA/ ,G]MANY4 ,?AT WAS PROMIS$ BY ,PRESID5T ,BU% ,I & SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JAMES ,BAK]1 BUT NOT ON PAP]2 IT WAS A V]BAL COMMITM5T1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LAT] CLAIM$ ?AT MEANS IT WAS NOT B9D+4 

,C>EFUL >*IVAL RESE>* BY ,JO%UA ,R4 ,ITZK[ITZ ,%IFR9SON1 PUBLI%$ LA/ SPR+ 9 ! PRE/IGI\S ,H>V>D-,M,I,T J\RNAL ,9T]NATIONAL ,SECURITY1 REVEALS V]Y PLAUSIBLY ?AT ?IS WAS 9T5TIONAL DECEIT1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT DISCOV]Y ?AT SUB/ANTIALLY RESOLVES1 ,I ?9K1 S*OL>LY DISPUTE AB\T ! MATT]4 ,N,A,T,O DID EXP& TO ,EA/ ,G]MANY2 9 LAT] YE>S1 TO ! ,RUSSIAN BORD]4 ,?OSE PLANS W]E %>PLY CONDEMN$ BY ,GEORGE ,K5NAN & O!R HI<LY RESPECT$ COMM5TATORS BECAUSE !Y W]E V]Y LIKELY TO LEAD TO A NEW ,COLD ,W>1 AS ,RUSSIA NATURALLY FELT ?REAT5$4 ,! ?REAT BECAME MORE SEV]E :5 ,N,A,T,O 9VIT$ ,UKRA9E TO JO9 9 #bh & #b#a#c4 ,AS ,WE/]N ANALY/S RECOGNIZE1 ?AT EXT5DS ! ?REAT TO ! CORE ( ,RUSSIAN /RATEGIC CONC]NS1 A MATT] DISCUSS$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,JOHN ,ME>%EIM] 9 ! LEAD >TICLE 9 ! MAJOR E/ABLI%M5T J\RNAL ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS4 

,H[EV]1 ,I DO NOT ?9K ! GOAL IS TO /OP ,RUSSIA'S REVIVAL OR TO KEEP ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9TACT4 ,& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C]TA9LY DOESN'T WANT A MILIT>Y CONFLICT1 :I* W\LD DE/ROY BO? SIDES 7& ! WORLD74 ,RA!R1 ,I ?9K IT'S ! NORMAL EF=T ( A GREAT P[] TO EXT5D ITS GLOBAL DOM9ANCE4 ,BUT IT DOES 9CREASE ! ?REAT ( W>1 IF ONLY BY ACCID5T1 AS ,K5NAN & O!RS PRESCI5TLY W>N$4 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 DOES A NUCLE> W> BETWE5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,RUSSIA REMA9 A V]Y REAL POSSIBILITY 9 TODAY'S WORLD8 

,A V]Y REAL POSSIBILITY1 & 9 FACT1 AN 9CREAS+ ONE4 ,?AT'S NOT JU/ MY JUDGM5T4 ,IT'S ALSO ! JUDGM5T ( ! EXP]TS :O SET ! ,DOOMSDAY ,CLOCK ( ! ,BULLET9 ( ,ATOMIC ,SCI5TI/S2 ( =M] DEF5SE SECRET>Y ,WILLIAM ,P]RY1 ONE ( ! MO/ EXP]I5C$ & RESPECT$ EXP]TS ON !SE MATT]S2 & ( NUM]\S O!RS :O >E BY NO MEANS SC>EMONG]S4 ,! RECORD ( NE> ACCID5TS1 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 T]M9AL1 IS %OCK+1 NOT TO SPEAK ( V]Y DANG]\S ADV5TURISM4 ,IT IS ALMO/ MIRACUL\S ?AT WE HAVE SURVIV$ ! NUCLE> WEAPONS ]A1 & PLAY+ ) FIRE IS IRRESPONSIBLE 9 ! EXTREME4 ,9 FACT1 !SE WEAPONS %\LD BE REMOV$ FROM ! ,E>?1 AS EV5 MANY ( ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE ANALY/S RECOGNIZE--,H5RY ,KISS+]1 ,GEORGE ,%ULTZ1 & O!RS4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,AUGU/ #a#g1 #baf 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,IS ,EUROPEAN ,9TEGRATION ,UNRAVEL+8 
,IS ,EUROPEAN ,9TEGRATION ,UNRAVEL+8 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ?ANKS = DO+ ?IS 9T]VIEW ON CURR5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO />T BY ASK+ Y\ ?IS QUE/ION3 ,:Y DO Y\ ?9K ,EUROPE'S REFUGEE CRISIS IS HAPP5+ N[8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! CRISIS HAS BE5 BUILD+ UP = A LONG TIME4 ,IT IS HITT+ ,EUROPE N[ BECAUSE IT HAS BUR/ ! B\NDS1 FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & FROM ,AFRICA4 ,TWO ,WE/]N SL$GEHAMM] BL[S HAD A DRAMATIC EFFECT4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! ,U,S-,U,K 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 :I* DEALT A NE>LY LE?AL BL[ TO A C\NTRY ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 DEVA/AT$ BY A MASSIVE MILIT>Y ATTACK TW5TY YE>S E>LI]1 FOLL[$ BY VIRTUALLY G5OCIDAL ,U,S-,U,K SANCTIONS4 ,AP>T FROM ! SLAU<T] & DE/RUCTION1 ! BRUTAL OCCUPATION IGNIT$ A SECT>IAN CONFLICT ?AT IS N[ TE>+ ! C\NTRY & ! 5TIRE REGION AP>T4 ,! 9VASION DISPLAC$ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 MANY ( :OM FL$ & W]E ABSORB$ 9 ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES1 POOR C\NTRIES ?AT >E LEFT TO DEAL SOMEH[ ) ! DETRITUS ( \R CRIMES4 

,ONE \TGR[? ( ! 9VASION IS ! ,I,S,I,S_/,DAE% MON/ROSITY1 :I* IS CONTRIBUT+ TO ! HORRIFY+ ,SYRIAN CATA/ROPHE4 ,AGA91 ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES HAVE BE5 ABSORB+ ! FL[ ( REFUGEES4 ,TURKEY ALONE HAS OV] #b MILLION ,SYRIAN REFUGEES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT IS CONTRIBUT+ TO ! FL[ BY ITS POLICIES 9 ,SYRIA3 SUPPORT+ ! EXTREMI/ AL-,NUSRA ,FRONT & O!R RADICAL ,ISLAMI/S & ATTACK+ ! ,KURDS :O >E ! MA9 GR\ND =CE OPPOS+ ,I,S,I,S--:I* HAS ALSO B5EFIT$ FROM NOT-SO-TACIT ,TURKI% SUPPORT4 ,BUT ! FLOOD CAN NO LONG] BE CONTA9$ )9 ! REGION4 

,! SECOND SL$GEHAMM] BL[ DE/ROY$ ,LIBYA1 N[ A *AOS ( W>R+ GR\PS1 AN ,I,S,I,S BASE1 A RI* S\RCE ( JIHADIS & WEAPONS FROM ,WE/ ,AFRICA TO ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & A FUNNEL = ! FL[ ( REFUGEES FROM ,AFRICA4 ,?AT AT ONCE BR+S UP LONG]-T]M FACTORS4 ,= C5TURIES1 ,EUROPE HAS BE5 TORTUR+ ,AFRICA--OR1 TO PUT IT MORE MILDLY--EXPLOIT+ ,AFRICA = ,EUROPE'S [N DEVELOPM5T1 TO ADOPT ! RECOMM5DATION ( ! TOP ,U,S PLANN]1 ,GEORGE ,K5NAN1 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,! HI/ORY1 :I* %\LD BE FAMILI>1 IS BEYOND GROTESQUE4 ,TO TAKE JU/ A S+LE CASE1 CONSID] ,BELGIUM1 N[ GROAN+ UND] A REFUGEE CRISIS4 ,ITS WEAL? D]IV$ 9 NO SMALL MEASURE FROM 0EXPLOIT+0 ! ,CONGO ) BRUTALITY ?AT EXCE$$ EV5 ?AT ( ITS ,EUROPEAN COMPETITORS4 ,CONGO F9ALLY WON ITS FRE$OM 9 #a#i#f4 ,IT C\LD HAVE BECOME A RI* & ADVANC$ C\NTRY ONCE FRE$ FROM ,BELGIUM'S CLUT*ES1 SPURR+ ,AFRICA'S DEVELOPM5T AS WELL4 ,!RE W]E REAL PROSPECTS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,PATRICE ,LUMUMBA1 ONE ( ! MO/ PROMIS+ FIGURES 9 ,AFRICA4 ,HE WAS T>GET$ = ASSASS9ATION BY ! ,C,I,A1 BUT ! ,BELGIANS GOT !RE FIR/4 ,HIS BODY WAS CUT TO PIECES & DISSOLV$ 9 SULFURIC ACID4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ALLIES SUPPORT$ ! MURD]\S KLEPTOMANIAC ,MOBUTU4 ,BY N[ ,EA/]N ,CONGO IS ! SC5E ( ! WORLD'S WOR/ SLAU<T]S1 ASSI/$ BY ,U,S FAVORITE ,RW&A1 :ILE W>R+ MILITIAS FE$ ! CRAV+ ( ,WE/]N MULT9ATIONALS = M9]ALS = CELL PHONES & O!R HI<-TE* WOND]S4 ,! PICTURE G5]ALIZES TOO MU* ( ,AFRICA1 EXAC]BAT$ BY 9NUM]ABLE CRIMES4 ,= ,EUROPE1 ALL ( ?IS BECOMES A REFUGEE CRISIS4 

,DO ! WAVES ( IMMIGRANTS 7OBVI\SLY MANY ( !M >E IMMIGRANTS1 NOT SIMPLY REFUGEES FROM W>-TORN REGIONS7 P5ETRAT+ ! HE>T ( ,EUROPE REPRES5T SOME K9D ( A 0NATURAL DISA/]10 OR IS IT PURELY ! RESULT ( POLITICS8 

,!RE IS AN ELEM5T ( NATURAL DISA/]4 ,! T]RIBLE DR\<T 9 ,SYRIA ?AT %ATT]$ ! SOCIETY WAS PRESUMABLY ! EFFECT ( GLOBAL W>M+1 :I* IS NOT EXACTLY NATURAL4 ,! ,D>FUR CRISIS WAS 9 P>T ! RESULT ( DES]TIFICATION ?AT DROVE NOMADIC POPULATIONS TO SETTL$ >EAS4 ,! AWFUL ,C5TRAL ,AFRICAN FAM9ES TODAY MAY ALSO BE 9 P>T DUE TO ! ASSAULT ON ! 5VIRONM5T DUR+ ! ,AN?ROPOC5E1 ! NEW GEOLOGICAL ]A :5 HUMAN ACTIVITIES1 MA9LY 9DU/RIALIZATION1 HAVE BE5 DE/ROY+ ! PROSPECTS = DEC5T SURVIVAL1 & WILL DO SO1 UNLESS CURB$4 

,EUROPEAN ,UNION (FICIALS >E HAV+ AN EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT TIME COP+ ) ! REFUGEE CRISIS BECAUSE MANY ,E,U MEMB] /ATES >E UNWILL+ TO DO !IR P>T & ACCEPT ANY?+ MORE ?AN JU/ A H&FUL ( REFUGEES4 ,:AT DOES ?IS SAY AB\T ,E,U GOV]NANCE & ! VALUES ( MANY ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES8 

,E,U GOV]NANCE WORKS V]Y EFFICI5TLY TO IMPOSE H>% AU/]ITY MEASURES ?AT DEVA/ATE POOR] C\NTRIES & B5EFIT ,NOR!RN BANKS4 ,BUT IT HAS BROK5 D[N ALMO/ COMPLETELY :5 ADDRESS+ A HUMAN CATA/ROPHE ?AT IS 9 SUB/ANTIAL P>T ! RESULT ( ,WE/]N CRIMES4 ,! BURD5 HAS FALL5 ON ! FEW :O W]E WILL+1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 TO DO MORE ?AN LIFT A F+]1 LIKE ,SW$5 & ,G]MANY4 ,MANY O!RS HAVE JU/ CLOS$ !IR BORD]S4 ,EUROPE IS TRY+ TO 9DUCE ,TURKEY TO KEEP ! MIS]ABLE WRECKS AWAY FROM ITS BORD]S1 JU/ AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS DO+1 PRESSUR+ ,MEXICO TO PREV5T ?OSE TRY+ TO ESCAPE ! RU9S ( ,U,S CRIMES 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA FROM REA*+ ,U,S BORD]S4 ,?IS IS EV5 DESCRIB$ AS A HUMANE POLICY ?AT R$UCES 0ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION40 

,:AT DOES ALL ( ?IS TELL US AB\T PREVAIL+ VALUES8 ,IT IS H>D EV5 TO USE ! WORD 0VALUES10 LET ALONE TO COMM5T4 ,?AT'S P>TICUL>LY :5 WRIT+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 PROBABLY ! SAFE/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 N[ CONSUM$ BY A DEBATE OV] :E!R TO ALL[ ,SYRIANS 9 AT ALL BECAUSE ONE MI<T BE A T]RORI/ PRET5D+ TO BE A DOCTOR1 OR1 AT ! EXTREMES1 :I* UN=TUNATELY IS 9 ! ,U,S MA9/REAM1 :E!R TO ALL[ ANY ,MUSLIMS 9 AT ALL1 :ILE A HUGE WALL PROTECTS US FROM IMMIGRANTS FLEE+ FROM ! WRECKAGE S\? ( ! BORD]4 

,:AT AB\T ! >GUM5T ?AT IT IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE = MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES TO ACCOMMODATE SO MANY IMMIGRANTS & REFUGEES8 

,G]MANY HAS DONE ! MO/1 ABSORB+ AB\T #a MILLION REFUGEES 9 A V]Y RI* C\NTRY ( OV] #h MILLION PEOPLE4 ,COMP>E ,LEBANON1 A POOR C\NTRY ) SEV]E 9T]NAL PROBLEMS4 ,ITS POPULATION IS N[ AB\T #be P]C5T ,SYRIAN1 9 ADDITION TO ! DESC5DANTS ( ?OSE :O W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! =M] ,PALE/9E4 ,FUR!RMORE1 UNLIKE ,LEBANON1 ,G]MANY BADLY NE$S IMMIGRANTS TO MA9TA9 ITS POPULATION ) ! DECL9+ F]TILITY ?AT HAS T5D$ TO RESULT FROM $UCATION ( WOM51 WORLDWIDE4 ,K5NE? ,RO?1 ! HEAD ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,WAT*1 IS SURELY RI<T TO OBS]VE ?AT 0?IS 'WAVE ( PEOPLE' IS MORE LIKE A TRICKLE :5 CONSID]$ AGA9/ ! POOL ?AT MU/ ABSORB IT4 ,CONSID]+ ! ,E,U'S WEAL? & ADVANC$ ECONOMY1 IT IS H>D TO >GUE ?AT ,EUROPE LACKS ! MEANS TO ABSORB !SE NEWCOM]S10 P>TICUL>LY 9 C\NTRIES ?AT NE$ IMMIGRANTS = !IR ECONOMIC HEAL?4 

,MANY ( ! REFUGEES TRY+ TO GET TO ,EUROPE NEV] MAKE ! J\RNEY1 ) MANY DEAD WA%+ UP ON ,GREECE'S & ,ITALY'S %ORES4 ,9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,U,N REFUGEE AG5CY1 ! ,U,N ,HI< ,COMMISSION] = ,REFUGEES 7,U,N,H,C,R71 MORE ?AN #b1#e PEOPLE HAVE DI$ ?IS PA/ SUMM] .<#b#a#e.> ALONE TRY+ TO CROSS ! ,M$IT]RANEAN TO ,EUROPE1 ) ! S\?WE/]N COA/ ( ,TURKEY HAV+ BECOME ! DEP>TURE PO9T = ?\S&S ( REFUGEES :O >E LUR$ 9TO CRUMBL+ BOATS BY ,TURKI% MIGRANT SMUGGL]S4 ,:Y ISN'T ,EUROPE PUTT+ MORE PRESSURE ON ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T ( PRESID5T ,RECEP ,TAYYIP ,]DOGAN TO DO SOME?+ AB\T ?IS HORRIBLE SITUATION8 

,! PRIM>Y ,EUROPEAN EF=TS1 AS NOT$1 HAVE BE5 TO PRESSURE ,TURKEY TO KEEP ! MIS]Y & SUFF]+ F> FROM US4 ,MU* LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,MEXICO4 ,!IR FATE1 ONCE WE >E SAFE FROM ! CONTAGION1 IS ( MU* LESS] CONC]N4 

,JU/ REC5TLY1 Y\ ACCUS$ ,]DOGAN ( D\BLE /&>DS ON T]RORISM :5 HE S+L$ Y\ \T = A PETITION SIGN$ BY HUNDR$S ( ACADEMICIANS PROTE/+ ,TURKEY'S ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,KURDI% POPULATION1 CALL+ Y\1 9 FACT1 A T]RORI/4 ,CAN Y\ SAY A FEW ?+S AB\T ?IS MATT]1 S9CE IT EVOLV$ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL 9CID5T8 

,IT IS FAIRLY /RAI<T=W>D4 ,A GR\P ( ,TURKI% ACADEMICS 9ITIAT$ A PETITION PROTE/+ ! GOV]NM5T'S SEV]E & M\NT+ REPRESSION ( ITS ,KURDI% POPULATION4 ,I WAS ONE ( SEV]AL =EIGN]S 9VIT$ TO SIGN4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] A MURD]\S T]RORI/ ATTACK 9 ,I/ANBUL1 ,]DOGAN LAUN*$ A TIRADE BITT]LY ATTACK+ ! SIGN]S ( ! DECL>ATION1 DECL>+ ,BU%-/YLE ?AT Y\ >E EI!R ) US OR ) ! T]RORI/S4 ,S9CE HE S+L$ ME \T = A /REAM ( 9VECTIVE1 ,I WAS ASK$ BY ,TURKI% M$IA & FRI5DS TO RESPOND4 ,I DID SO1 BRIEFLY1 AS FOLL[S3 0,TURKEY BLAM$ ,I,S,I,S1 :I* ,]DOGAN HAS BE5 AID+ 9 MANY WAYS1 :ILE ALSO SUPPORT+ ! AL-,NUSRA ,FRONT1 :I* IS H>DLY DIFF]5T4 ,HE !N LAUN*$ A TIRADE AGA9/ ?OSE :O CONDEMN HIS CRIMES AGA9/ ,KURDS--:O HAPP5 TO BE ! MA9 GR\ND =CE OPPOS+ ,I,S,I,S 9 BO? ,SYRIA & ,IRAQ4 ,IS !RE ANY NE$ = FUR!R COMM5T80 

,TURKI% ACADEMICS :O SIGN$ ! PETITION W]E DETA9$ & ?REAT5$2 O!RS W]E PHYSICALLY ATTACK$4 ,MEAN:ILE /ATE REPRESSION CONT9UES TO ESCALATE4 ,! D>K DAYS ( ! #a#i#iS HAVE H>DLY FAD$ FROM MEMORY4 ,AS BE=E1 ,TURKI% ACADEMICS & O!RS HAVE DEMON/RAT$ REM>KABLE C\RAGE & 9TEGRITY 9 VIGOR\SLY OPPOS+ CRIMES ( /ATE1 9 A MANN] R>ELY TO BE F\ND ELSE:]E1 RISK+ & SOMETIMES 5DUR+ SEV]E PUNI%M5T = !IR HONORABLE /ANCE4 ,!RE IS1 =TUNATELY1 GR[+ 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT = !M1 ?\< IT /ILL FALLS F> %ORT ( :AT IS M]IT$4 

,9 A CORRESPOND5CE WE HAD1 Y\ REF]R$ TO ,]DOGAN AS 0! DICTATOR ( HIS DREAMS40 ,:AT DO Y\ MEAN BY ?IS8 

,= SEV]AL YE>S1 ,]DOGAN HAS BE5 TAK+ /EPS TO CONSOLIDATE HIS P[]1 REV]S+ ! 5C\RAG+ /EPS T[>D DEMOCRACY & FRE$OM 9 ,TURKEY 9 E>LI] YE>S4 ,HE %[S EV]Y SIGN ( SEEK+ TO BECOME AN EXTREME AU?ORIT>IAN RUL]1 APPROA*+ DICTATOR%IP1 & A H>% & REPRESSIVE ONE4 

,! ,GREEK CRISIS CONT9UES UNABAT$1 & ! C\NTRY'S 9T]NATIONAL CR$ITORS >E DEM&+ CON/ANTLY ADDITIONAL RE=MS ( ! K9D ?AT NO DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,EUROPE W\LD BE ABLE TO IMPLEM5T4 ,9 SOME CASES1 9 FACT1 !IR DEM&S = MORE RE=MS >E NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY SPECIFIC MEASURES1 GIV+ ONE ! IMPRESSION ?AT :AT IS GO+ ON IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A DISPLAY ( BRUTAL SADISM T[>D ! ,GREEK PEOPLE4 ,:AT >E Y\R VIEWS ON ?IS MATT]8 

,! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ ON ,GREECE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CR$ITORS HAVE DEVA/AT$ ! C\NTRY4 ,! PROCLAIM$ GOAL WAS TO R$UCE ! DEBT BURD51 :I* HAS 9CREAS$ UND] !SE MEASURES4 ,AS ! ECONOMY HAS BE5 UND]M9$1 ,G,D,P HAS NATURALLY DECL9$1 & ! DEBT-TO-,G,D,P RATIO HAS 9CREAS$ DESPITE RADICAL SLA%+ ( /ATE EXP5DITURES4 ,GREECE HAS BE5 PROVID$ ) DEBT RELIEF1 !ORETICALLY4 ,9 REALITY1 IT HAS BECOME A FUNNEL ?R\< :I* ,EUROPEAN AID FL[S TO ! ,NOR!RN BANKS ?AT MADE RISKY LOANS ?AT FAIL$ & WANT TO BE BAIL$ \T BY ,EUROPEAN TAXPAY]S1 A FAMILI> FEATURE ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! NEOLIB]AL AGE4 

,:5 ! ,GREEK GOV]NM5T SUGGE/$ ASK+ ! PEOPLE ( ,GREECE TO EXPRESS !IR OP9IONS ON !IR FATE1 ! REACTION ( ,EUROPEAN ELITES WAS UTT] HORROR AT ! IMPUD5CE4 ,H[ CAN ,GREEKS D>E TO REG>D DEMOCRACY AS A VALUE TO BE RESPECT$ 9 ! C\NTRY ( ITS ORIG98 ,! RUL+ ,EUROCRATS REACT$ ) UTT] SADISM1 IMPOS+ EV5 H>%] DEM&S TO R$UCE ,GREECE TO RU9S1 MEAN:ILE1 NO D\BT1 APPROPRIAT+ :AT !Y CAN = !MSELVES4 ,! T>GET ( ! SADISM IS NOT ! ,GREEK PEOPLE SPECIFICALLY1 BUT ANYONE :O D>ES TO IMAG9E ?AT PEOPLE MI<T HAVE RI<TS ?AT BEG9 TO COMP>E ) ?OSE ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & 9VE/ORS4 ,QUITE G5]ALLY1 ! MEASURES ( AU/]ITY DUR+ RECESSION MADE NO ECONOMIC S5SE1 AS RECOGNIZ$ EV5 BY ! ECONOMI/S ( ! ,I,M,F 7?\< NOT ITS POLITICAL ACTORS74 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO REG>D !M AS ANY?+ O!R ?AN CLASS W>1 SEEK+ TO UNDO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GA9S ?AT HAVE BE5 ONE ( ,EUROPE'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO MOD]N CIVILIZATION4 

,& Y\R VIEWS ON ! ,SYRIZA-L$ GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS R5EG$ ON ITS PRE-ELECTION PROMISES & 5D$ UP SIGN+ A NEW BAIL\T AGREEM5T1 !REBY BECOM+ YET ANO!R ,GREEK GOV]NM5T 5=C+ AU/]ITY & ANTIPOPUL> MEASURES8 

,I DO NOT FEEL CLOSE 5\< TO ! SITUATION TO COMM5T ON ,SYRIZA'S SPECIFIC *OICES OR TO EVALUATE ALT]NATIVE PA?S ?AT IT MI<T HAVE PURSU$4 ,!IR OPTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSID]ABLY 5HANC$ HAD !Y RECEIV$ MEAN+FUL SUPPORT FROM POPUL> =CES ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE1 AS ,I ?9K C\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 

,! =M] ,GREEK F9ANCE M9I/]1 ,YANIS ,V>\FAKIS1 IS AB\T TO LAUN* A NEW P>TY :OSE AIM IS TO C>RY \T1 AS HE SAID1 0A SIMPLE BUT RADICAL IDEA3 TO DEMOCRATIZE ,EUROPE40 ,I HAVE TWO QUE/IONS = Y\ ON ?IS MATT]3 ,FIR/1 :Y IS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY A ?+ ( ! PA/ 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES8 ,&1 SECOND H[ F> CAN ONE 0DEMOCRATIZE0 CAPITALISM8 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 NOT JU/ ITS ,EUROPEAN V>IANT BUT O!RS AS WELL1 HAS BE5 UND] SEV]E ATTACK ?R\< ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD ( ! PA/ G5]ATION1 :I* HAS BE5 H>MFUL TO ! G5]AL POPULATION ALMO/ EV]Y:]E :ILE B5EFIT+ T9Y ELITES4 ,ONE ILLU/RATION ( ! OBSC5ITY ( !SE DOCTR9ES IS REVEAL$ 9 ! /UDY1 JU/ RELEAS$ BY ,OXFAM1 F9D+ ?AT ! RI*E/ #a P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION WILL SOON HOLD MORE ?AN HALF ( ! WORLD'S WEAL?4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! RI*E/ ( ! WORLD'S MAJOR SOCIETIES & ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES1 MILLIONS ( *ILDR5 LIVE 9 H\SEHOLDS ?AT TRY TO SURVIVE ON TWO DOLL>S A DAY4 ,EV5 ?AT PITTANCE IS UND] ATTACK BY SO-CALL$ CONS]VATIVES4 

,H[ F> RE=MS CAN PROCE$ UND] ! EXI/+ V>IETIES ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 ONE CAN DEBATE4 ,BUT ?AT !Y CAN GO F> BEYOND :AT N[ EXI/S IS NOT AT ALL 9 D\BT4 ,NOR IS IT 9 D\BT ?AT EV]Y EF=T %\LD BE MADE TO PRESS !M TO !IR LIMITS4 ,?AT %\LD BE A GOAL EV5 = ?OSE COMMITT$ TO RADICAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* W\LD ONLY LEAD TO WORSE HORRORS IF IT W]E NOT TO >ISE FROM ! D$ICATION ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION :O COME TO REALIZE ?AT ?AT ! C5T]S ( P[] WILL BLOCK FUR!R /EPS =W>D4 

,EUROPE'S REFUGEE CRISIS HAS =C$ SEV]AL ,E,U MEMB] /ATES1 9CLUD+ ,AU/RIA1 ,SW$51 ,D5M>K1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 TO SUSP5D ! ,S*5G5 ,AGREEM5T4 ,DO Y\ ?9K WE >E 9 ! MID/ ( WITNESS+ ! UNRAVEL+ ( ! ,E,U 9TEGRATION PROJECT1 9CLUD+ P]HAPS ! S+LE CURR5CY8 

,I ?9K WE %\LD DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! S+LE CURR5CY1 = :I* CIRCUM/ANCES W]E NOT APPROPRIATE1 & ! ,E,U 9TEGRATION PROJECT1 :I*1 ,I ?9K1 HAS BE5 A MAJOR ADVANCE4 ,IT IS 5\< TO RECALL ?AT = HUNDR$S ( YE>S ,EUROPE WAS DEVOT$ TO MUTUAL SLAU<T] ON A HORRIFIC SCALE4 ,OV]COM+ ( NATIONAL HO/ILITIES & ]OSION ( BORD]S IS A SUB/ANTIAL A*IEVEM5T4 ,IT W\LD BE A GREAT %AME IF ! ,S*5G5 ,AGREEM5T COLLAPSES UND] A P]CEIV$ ?REAT ?AT %\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO MANAGE 9 A HUMANE WAY1 & MI<T 9DE$ CONTRIBUTE TO ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL HEAL? ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #baf 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,BURK9I ,BANS1 ,NEW ,A!ISM1 & ,/ATE ,WOR%IP3 ,RELIGION 9 ,POLITICS 
,BURK9I ,BANS1 ,NEW ,A!ISM1 & ,/ATE ,WOR%IP3 ,RELIGION 9 ,POLITICS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 RELIGION HAS PROVID$ RELIEF FROM PA9 & SUFF]+ TO POOR & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD1 :I* IS PROBABLY :AT ,M>X MEANT :5 HE SAID1 0,RELIGION IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE40 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 UNSPEAKABLE ATROCITIES HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS (T5 FUNCTION AS ! GU>DIANS ( TRADITION4 ,:AT >E Y\R [N VIEWS ON ! ROLE ( RELIGION 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! G5]AL PICTURE IS QUITE UGLY & TOO FAMILI> TO REC\NT4 ,BUT IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT !RE >E SOME EXCEPTIONS4 ,ONE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AFT] ,VATICAN ,I,I 9 #a#i#f#b1 CALL$ AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,POPE ,JOHN ,X,X,I,I,I4 ,! PROCE$+S TOOK SIGNIFICANT /EPS T[>D RE/OR+ ! RADICAL PACIFI/ MESSAGE ( ! ,GOSPELS ?AT HAD BE5 L>GELY AB&ON$ :5 ! ,EMP]OR ,CON/ANT9E1 9 ! F\R? C5TURY1 ADOPT$ ,*RI/IANITY AS ! (FICIAL DOCTR9E ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE--TURN+ ! *UR* ( ! P]SECUT$ 9TO ! *UR* ( ! P]SECUTORS1 AS HI/ORIAN ( ,*RI/IANITY ,HANS ,KUNG DESCRIB$ ! TRANS=MATION4 ,! MESSAGE ( ,VATICAN ,I,I WAS TAK5 UP 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA BY BI%OPS1 PRIE/S1 LAY P]SONS :O DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO HELP+ POOR & BITT]LY OPPRESS$ PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE TO GA9 & DEF5D !IR RI<TS--:AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0LIB]ATION !OLOGY40 

,!RE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 E>LI] ROOTS & C\NT]P>TS 9 MANY ,PROTE/ANT D5OM9ATIONS1 9CLUD+ EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANS4 ,!SE GR\PS =M$ A CORE P>T ( A REM>KABLE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! #a#i#hS :51 = ! FIR/ TIME EV] TO MY KN[L$GE1 A GREAT MANY PEOPLE NOT ONLY PROTE/$ ! T]RIBLE CRIMES ?AT !IR GOV]NM5T WAS COMMITT+ BUT W5T TO JO9 & HELP ! VICTIMS TO SURVIVE ! ONSLAU<T4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LAUN*$ A VIRTUAL W> AGA9/ ! *UR*1 MO/ DRAMATICALLY 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 9 ! #a#i#hS4 ,! DECADE WAS FRAM$ BY TWO CRUCIAL EV5TS 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR3 ! ASSASS9ATION 9 #aih ( ,>*BI%OP ,OSC> ,ROM]O1 ! 0VOICE = ! VOICELESS10 & ! ASSASS9ATION ( SIX LEAD+ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS1 ,JESUIT PRIE/S1 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,ROM]O WAS ASSASS9AT$ A FEW DAYS AFT] HE S5T AN ELOQU5T LETT] TO ,PRESID5T ,C>T] PLEAD+ ) HIM NOT TO S5D AID TO ! MURD]\S MILIT>Y JUNTA1 :O W\LD USE IT 0TO DE/ROY ! PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATIONS FI<T+ TO DEF5D !IR FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RI<TS10 9 ,ROM]O'S WORDS4 ,SO ! SECURITY =CES DID1 9 ! ,U,S-DOM9AT$ /ATES ( ! REGION1 LEAV+ MANY RELIGI\S M>TYRS ALONG ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( ! USUAL VICTIMS3 POOR PEASANTS1 HUMAN RI<TS ACTIVI/S1 & O!RS SEEK+ 0TO DEF5D !IR FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RI<TS40 

,! ,U,S MILIT>Y TAKES PRIDE 9 HELP+ TO DE/ROY ! DANG]\S H]ESY ?AT ADOPT$ 0! PREF]5TIAL OPTION = ! POOR10 ! MESSAGE ( ! ,GOSPELS4 ,! ,S*OOL ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7R5AM$ ,! ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E ,9/ITUTE = ,SECURITY ,COOP]ATION71 FAM\S = TRA9+ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN KILL]S1 ANN\NCES PR\DLY ?AT LIB]ATION !OLOGY WAS 0DEFEAT$ ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,U,S >MY40 

,DO Y\ BELIEVE 9 ! SPIRITUAL FACTOR BEH9D RELIGION OR F9D SOME?+ USEFUL 9 IT8 

,= ME1 P]SONALLY1 NO4 ,I ?9K IRRATIONAL BELIEF IS A DANG]\S PH5OM5ON & ,I TRY TO AVOID IT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT IT'S A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! LIVES ( O!RS1 ) MIX$ EFFECTS4 

,:AT >E Y\R VIEWS ON ! RISE ( 0NEW A!ISM10 :I* SEEMS TO HAVE COME AB\T 9 RESPONSE TO ! #i_/#a#a T]RORI/ ATTACKS8 ,:O >E ?IS MOVEM5T'S T>GET AUDI5CES1 & DOES IT HAVE A DI/+UI%ABLE POLITICAL AG5DA >\ND :I* ! PROGRESSIVE & LEFT =CES %\LD RALLY8 

,IT'S (T5 NOT V]Y CLE> :O ! T>GET AUDI5CES >E1 & AG5DAS NO D\BT V>Y4 ,IT'S F9E TO C>RY \T $UCATIONAL 9ITIATIVES AIM$ AT 5C\RAG+ PEOPLE TO QUE/ION BASELESS & IRRATIONAL BELIEFS1 :I* CAN (T5 BE QUITE DANG]\S4 ,& P]HAPS1 SOMETIMES SU* EF=TS HAVE POSITIVE EFFECTS4 ,BUT QUE/IONS >ISE4 

,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%1 :O 9VOK$ HIS FUNDAM5TALI/ ,*RI/IAN BELIEFS 9 JU/IFY+ HIS 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 ! WOR/ CRIME ( ! C5TURY4 ,IS HE P>T ( ! 9T5D$ AUDI5CE1 OR HIS V>IETY ( EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANS8 ,OR ! PROM95T RABBIS 9 ,ISRAEL :O CALL = VISIT+ ! JUDGM5T ( ,AMALEK ON ALL ,PALE/9IANS 7TOTAL DE/RUCTION1 D[N TO !IR ANIMALS78 ,OR ! RADICAL ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/S 9 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA :O HAVE BE5 ,WA%+TON'S HI<LY VALU$ ALLIES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ = SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S1 :ILE !Y HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T+ ! ,WAHHABIZATION ( ,SUNNI ,ISLAM8 ,IF GR\PS LIKE !SE >E ! 9T5D$ AUDI5CES ( 0NEW A!ISM10 ! EF=T IS NOT V]Y PROMIS+1 TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,IS IT PEOPLE ) NO P>TICUL> RELIGI\S BELIEFS :O ATT5D RELIGI\S C]EMONIES REGUL>LY & CELEBRATE HOLIDAYS SO ?AT !Y CAN BECOME P>T ( A COMMUNITY ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY1 & TOGE!R ) O!RS 5JOY A TRADITION & RE9=CE VALUES ?AT HELP OV]COME ! ISOLATION ( AN ATOMIZ$ WORLD LACK+ SOCIAL BONDS8 ,IS IT ! GRIEV+ MO!R :O CONSOLES H]SELF BY ?9K+ ?AT %E WILL SEE H] DY+ *ILD AGA9 9 HEAV58 ,NO ONE W\LD DELIV] SOLEMN LECTURES ON EPI/EMOLOGY TO H]4 ,!RE MAY 9DE$ BE AN AUDI5CE1 BUT ITS COMPOSITION & B\NDS RAISE QUE/IONS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 TO BE S]I\S1 ! 0NEW A!ISM0 %\LD T>GET ! VIRUL5T SECUL> RELIGIONS ( /ATE WOR%IP1 (T5 DISGUIS$ 9 ! RHETORIC ( EXCEPTIONALISM & NOBLE 9T5T1 ! S\RCE ( CRIMES SO FREQU5T & IMM5SE ?AT REC\NT+ !M IS H>DLY NECESS>Y4 

,)\T GO+ ON1 ,I HAVE RES]VATIONS4 ,?\<1 AGA91 EF=TS TO OV]COME FALSE & (T5 EXTREMELY DANG]\S BELIEFS >E ALWAYS APPROPRIATE4 

,ONE C\LD MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 REALITY A DEEPLY FUNDAM5TALI/ C\NTRY :5 IT COMES TO ! ISSUE ( RELIGION4 ,IS !RE A HOPE = TRUE PROGRESSIVE *ANGE 9 ?IS C\NTRY :5 ! OV]:ELM+ BULK ( ! POPULATION SEEMS TO BE 9 ! GRIP ( RELIGI\S F]VOR8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BE5 A DEEPLY FUNDAM5TALI/ C\NTRY S9CE ITS ORIG9S1 ) REPEAT$ ,GREAT ,AWAK5+S & \TBUR/S ( RELIGI\S F]VOR4 ,IT /&S \T TODAY AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES 9 ! P[] ( RELIGION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ALSO FROM ITS ORIG9S !RE HAS BE5 SIGNIFICANT PROGRESSIVE *ANGE1 & IT HAS NOT NECESS>ILY BE5 9 CONFLICT ) RELIGI\S COMMITM5TS4 

,ONE ?9KS1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,DORO?Y ,DAY & ! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] MOVEM5T4 ,OR ( ! P[]FUL ROLE ( RELIGION 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES 9 ! GREAT CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T--& AS A P]SONAL ASIDE1 IT WAS DEEPLY MOV+ TO BE ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 MEET+S ( DEMON/RATORS 9 *UR*ES 9 ! ,S\? AFT] A DAY ( BRUTAL BEAT+S & SAVAG]Y1 :]E ! P>TICIPANTS W]E RE9=C+ BONDS ( SOLID>ITY1 S++ HYMNS1 GA!R+ /R5G? TO GO ON ! NEXT DAY4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 BY NO MEANS ! NORM1 & COMMONLY ! IMPACT ( FUNDAM5TALI/ RELIGI\S COMMITM5T ON SOCIAL POLICY HAS BE5 H>MFUL1 IF NOT P]NICI\S4 

,AS USUAL1 !RE >E NO SIMPLE ANSW]S1 JU/ ! OLD FAMILI> ONES3 SYMPA!TIC CONC]N1 EF=TS TO BR+ \T :AT IS CON/RUCTIVE & WOR?:ILE & TO OV]COME H>MFUL T5D5CIES1 & TO CONT9UE TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( SECUL> HUMANISM & F>-REA*+ & RADICAL COMMITM5TS ?AT >E URG5TLY NE$$ TO DEAL ) ! PRESS+ & URG5T PROBLEMS WE ALL FACE4 

,SO MANY POLITICAL SPEE*ES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5D )1 0,GOD BLESS Y\1 & ,GOD BLESS ,AM]ICA40 ,DO L+UI/IC EXPRESSIONS LIKE !SE 9FLU5CE POLITICS1 CULTURE1 & SOCIAL REALITY8 

,I PRESUME ! CAUSAL RELATION IS SUB/ANTIALLY 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 ?\< !RE MAY WELL BE FE$BACK4 ,A DRUMBEAT ( PROPAG&A ON H[ 0WE >E GOOD0 & 0!Y >E EVIL10 ) CON/ANT EX]CISES ( SELF-ADMIRATION & ABUSE ( O!RS1 CAN H>DLY FAIL TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

,EXAMPLES AB\ND1 BUT M]ELY TO ILLU/RATE ! COMMON PATT]N1 TAKE A CURR5T EXAMPLE FROM ! PEAK ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE3 ,SAMAN?A ,P[]'S ,AUGU/ #a#h1 #b#a#f1 >TICLE 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS4 ,)\T ANY RELEVANT QUALIFICATION OR COMM5T1 ! AU?OR PRES5TS ,H5RY ,KISS+]'S SAGE REFLECTIONS ON 0,AM]ICA'S TRAGIC FLAW03 NAMELY1 0BELIEV+ ?AT \R PR9CIPLES >E UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES1 & SEEK+ TO EXT5D HUMAN RI<TS F> BEYOND \R NATION'S BORD]S4444',NO NATION 444 HAS EV] IMPOS$ ! MORAL DEM&S ON ITSELF ?AT ,AM]ICA HAS4 ,& NO C\NTRY HAS SO TORM5T$ ITSELF OV] ! GAP BETWE5 ITS MORAL VALUES1 :I* >E BY DEF9ITION ABSOLUTE1 & ! IMP]FECTION 9H]5T 9 ! CONCRETE SITUATIONS TO :I* !Y MU/ BE APPLI$4'0 

,= ANYONE ) ! SLI<TE/ FAMILI>ITY ) CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY1 SU* FATU\S MUS+S >E SIMPLY AN EMB>RASSM5T--OR TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 A HORROR4 ,& ?IS IS NOT TALK RADIO1 BUT A LEAD+ J\RNAL ( LEFT-LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,PEOPLE BOMB>D$ ) PATRIOTIC DRIVEL FROM ALL CORN]S >E LIKELY TO HAVE A VIEW ( !MSELVES & ! WORLD ?AT POSES MAJOR ?REATS TO HUMANITY4 

,RHETORIC IS WIDELY US$ 9 POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS & IS FREQU5TLY ABUS$ 9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT4 ,DO Y\ HAVE A !ORY ( POLITICAL RHETORIC8 

,I DON'T HAVE ANY !ORY ( RHETORIC1 BUT ,I TRY TO KEEP 9 M9D ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ONE %\LD NOT TRY TO P]SUADE2 RA!R1 ONE %\LD LAY \T ! T]RITORY AS BE/ ONE CAN SO ?AT O!RS CAN USE !IR [N 9TELLECTUAL P[]S TO DET]M9E = !MSELVES :AT !Y ?9K IS TAK+ PLACE & :AT IS RI<T OR WRONG4 ,I ALSO TRY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 POLITICAL WRIT+1 TO MAKE IT EXTREMELY CLE> 9 ADVANCE EXACTLY :]E ,I /& SO ?AT READ]S CAN MAKE JUDGM5TS ACCORD+LY4 ,! IDEA ( NEUTRAL OBJECTIVITY IS AT BE/ MISLEAD+ & (T5 FRAUDUL5T4 ,WE CANNOT HELP BUT APPROA* COMPLEX & CONTROV]SIAL QUE/IONS--ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE--) A DEF9ITE PO9T ( VIEW1 ) AN AX TO GR9D IF Y\ LIKE1 & ?AT AX %\LD BE APP>5T RI<T UP FRONT SO ?AT ?OSE WE ADDRESS CAN SEE :]E WE >E COM+ FROM 9 \R *OICE & 9T]PRETATION ( ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,I CAN MONITOR MY [N RHETORICAL ACTIVITIES1 :I* IS PROBABLY NOT A LOT1 ,I TRY TO REFRA9 FROM EF=TS TO BR+ PEOPLE TO REA* MY CONCLUSIONS )\T ?9K+ ! MATT] ?R\< ON !IR [N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ANY GOOD TEA*] KN[S ?AT CONVEY+ 9=MATION IS ( F> LESS IMPORTANCE ?AN HELP+ /UD5TS GA9 ! ABILITY TO 9QUIRE & CREATE ON !IR [N4 

,IT HAS BECOME POPUL> OV] ! YE>S TO ?9K ( KN[L$GE AS SOME?+ ?AT IS SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$1 & PROPON5TS ( ! IDEA ?AT KN[L$GE IS SIMPLY ! \TCOME ( A CONS5SUS ON ANY SUBJECT MATT] REQUIR+ RESE>* & ANALYSIS SAY ! SAME GOES = REALITY ITSELF4 ,DO Y\ AGREE ) ?IS RELATIVI/IC VIEW ( KN[L$GE & REALITY8 

,I ?9K IT IS MO/LY F> (F TRACK1 ?\< !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( TRU? HIDD5 )94 ,NO D\BT ! PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE IS GUID$ BY PRIOR CONCEPTIONS1 & NO D\BT IT IS (T51 NOT ALWAYS1 BUT TYPICALLY1 A COMMUNAL ACTIVITY4 ,?AT'S SUB/ANTIALLY TRUE ( ORGANIZ$ KN[L$GE1 SAY RESE>* 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A GRADUATE /UD5T WILL COME 9 & 9=M ME ,I WAS WRONG AB\T :AT ,I SAID 9 A LECTURE YE/]DAY = ?IS OR ?AT REASON1 & WE'LL DISCUSS IT1 & WE'LL AGREE OR DISAGREE1 & MAYBE ANO!R SET ( PROBLEMS WILL COME \T4 ,WELL1 ?AT'S NORMAL 9QUIRY1 & :ATEV] RESULTS IS SOME =M ( KN[L$GE OR UND]/&+1 :I* IS1 9 P>T1 SOCIALLY DET]M9$ BY ! NATURE ( !SE 9T]ACTIONS4 

,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ?AT WE DON'T UND]/& MU* AB\T1 LIKE H[ SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE IS ACQUIR$ & DEVELOPS4 ,IF WE LOOK MORE DEEPLY AT ! DOMA9S :]E WE DO UND]/& SOME?+1 WE DISCOV] ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( COGNITIVE SY/EMS1 9CLUD+ SY/EMS ( KN[L$GE & UND]/&+1 IS SUB/ANTIALLY DIRECT$ BY \R BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,9 ! CASE ( KN[L$GE ( LANGUAGE1 WE HAVE CLE> EVID5CE & SUB/ANTIAL RESULTS AB\T ?IS4 ,P>T ( MY [N P]SONAL 9T]E/ 9 ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE IS ?AT IT'S A DOMA9 9 :I* !SE QUE/IONS CAN BE /UDI$ FAIRLY CLE>LY1 MU* MORE SO ?AN 9 MANY O!RS4 ,ALSO1 IT'S A DOMA9 ?AT IS 9TR9SIC TO HUMAN NATURE & HUMAN FUNCTIONS1 NOT A M>G9AL CASE4 ,H]E1 ,I ?9K1 WE HAVE V]Y P[]FUL EVID5CE ( ! DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE ON ! =M ( ! SY/EM ( KN[L$GE ?AT >ISES4 

,9 O!R DOMA9S LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 9T]NAL CON/RUCTION ( \R MORAL CODE1 WE JU/ KN[ LESS1 ?\< !RE IS QUITE 9T]E/+ & REVEAL+ CURR5T RESE>* 9TO ! TOPIC4 ,I ?9K ! QUALITATIVE NATURE ( ! PROBLEM FAC$ /RONGLY SUGGE/S A V]Y SIMIL> CONCLUSION3 A HI<LY DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,:5 Y\ TURN TO SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY1 AGA91 SO LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T H[ IT PROCE$S--H[ DISCOV]IES >E MADE--?AT WE >E R$UC$ TO SPECULATION & REVIEW ( HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ! QUALITATIVE NATURE ( ! PROCESS ( ACQUIR+ SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE AGA9 SUGGE/S A HI<LY DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,! REASON+ BEH9D ?IS IS BASICALLY ,PLATO'S1 :I* ,I ?9K IS ESS5TIALLY VALID4 ,?AT'S :Y IT'S SOMETIMES CALL$ 0,PLATO'S PROBLEM40 ,! REASON+ 9 ! ,PLATONIC DIALOGUES IS ?AT ! RI*NESS & SPECIFICITY & COMMONALITY ( ! KN[L$GE WE ATTA9 IS F> BEYOND ANY?+ ?AT CAN BE ACC\NT$ = BY ! EXP]I5CE AVAILABLE1 :I* 9CLUDES 9T]P]SONAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,&1 AP>T FROM ACTS ( ,GOD1 ?AT LEAVES ONLY ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT'S 9N]-DET]M9$ 9 ESS5TIAL WAYS1 ULTIMATELY BY BIOLOGICAL 5D[M5T4 

,?AT'S ! SAME LOGIC ?AT'S R\T9ELY US$ BY NATURAL SCI5TI/S /UDY+ ORGANIC SY/EMS4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 WE /UDY PHYSICAL GR[?--METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 0BEL[ ! NECK10 EV]Y?+ BUT ! M9D--WE TAKE ?IS REASON+ = GRANT$4 ,LET'S SAY ,I W]E TO SUGGE/ TO Y\ ?AT UND]GO+ PUB]TY IS A MATT] ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION & PEOPLE DO IT BECAUSE !Y SEE O!R PEOPLE DO IT1 ?AT IT'S PE] PRESSURE4 ,WELL1 Y\ W\LD LAU<4 ,:Y8 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT C\LD DIRECT !SE HI<LY SPECIFIC *ANGES 9 ! ORGANISM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE ALL TAKE = GRANT$ ?AT IT IS BIOLOGICALLY DET]M9$1 ?AT GR[+ *ILDR5 >E SOMEH[ PROGRAMM$ TO UND]GO PUB]TY AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,>E SOCIAL FACTORS IRRELEVANT TO PUB]TY8 ,NO1 NOT AT ALL4 ,SOCIAL 9T]ACTION IS C]TA9LY GO+ TO BE RELEVANT4 ,UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL ISOLATION1 IT MI<T NOT EV5 TAKE PLACE4 ,! SAME LOGIC HOLDS :5 9QUIRY PROCE$S 0ABOVE ! NECK40 

,RETURN+ TO ! SUBJECT ( ! L9K BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ BY QUITE A FEW COMM5TATORS ?AT ! ,ISRAELI-,PALE/9IAN CONFLICT IS A W> ( RELIGION1 NOT T]RITORY4 ,ANY VALIDITY 9 ?IS8 

,! ,ZIONI/ MOVEM5T WAS 9ITIALLY SECUL>1 ?\< RELIGI\S ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 GA9+ A CONSID]ABLY GREAT] ROLE1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! #aifg W> & ! ONSET ( ! OCCUPATION1 :I* HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON ,ISRAELI SOCIETY & CULTURE4 ,?AT'S P>TICUL>LY TRUE 9 ! MILIT>Y1 A MATT] ?AT HAS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ANALY/S ( MILIT>Y AFFAIRS S9CE ! #a#i#hS 7,YORAM ,P]I'S W>N+S AT ! TIME W]E P]CEPTIVE7 & 9CREAS+LY TODAY4 ,! ,PALE/9IAN MOVEM5TS W]E ALSO L>GELY SECUL>1 ?\< RELIGI\S EXTREMISM IS ALSO GR[+--?R\<\T ! ,MUSLIM WORLD1 9 FACT1 AS SECUL> 9ITIATIVES >E BEAT5 BACK & ! VICTIMS SEEK SOME?+ ELSE TO GRASP4 ,/ILL1 IT W\LD BE QUITE MISLEAD+1 ,I ?9K1 TO REG>D IT AS A W> ( RELIGION4 ,:ATEV] ONE ?9KS ( IT1 ,ZIONISM HAS BE5 A SETTL]-COLONIAL MOVEM5T1 ) ALL ?AT ?AT 5TAILS4 

,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! ,FR5* LAW ON SECUL>ITY & CONSPICU\S RELIGI\S SYMBOLS8 ,A /EP =W>D OR BACKW>D ON PROGRESS & UNIV]SALISM8 

,I DON'T ?9K !RE %\LD BE LAWS =C+ WOM5 TO REMOVE VEILS OR PREF]R$ CLO!S :5 SWIMM+4 ,SECUL> VALUES %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE HONOR$2 AMONG !M1 RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL *OICE1 AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT H>M O!RS4 ,SECUL> VALUES ?AT %\LD BE RESPECT$ >E UND]M9$ :5 /ATE P[] 9TRUDES 9 >EAS ?AT %\LD BE MATT]S ( P]SONAL *OICE4 ,IF ,HASIDIC ,JEWS *OOSE TO DRESS 9 BLACK CLOAKS1 :ITE %IRTS1 & BLACK HATS1 ) HAIR 9 OR?ODOX /YLE & ) RELIGI\S G>B1 ?AT'S NOT ! /ATE'S BUS9ESS4 ,SAME :5 A ,MUSLIM WOMAN DECIDES TO WE> A SC>F OR GO SWIMM+ 9 A 0BURK9I40 

,COAU?OR$ ) ,LILY ,SAGE2 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,AUGU/ #c#a1 #baf 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,CON/RUCT+ ,VISIONS ( 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE0 
,CON/RUCT+ ,VISIONS ( 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE0 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! DECL9E ( DEMOCRACY AS A REFLECTION ( POLITICAL APA?Y IS EVID5T 9 BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ,EUROPE1 & ! EXPLANATION PROVID$ 9 ,:O ,RULES ! ,WORLD8 IS ?AT ?IS PH5OM5ON IS L9K$ TO ! FACT ?AT MO/ PEOPLE ?R\<\T ,WE/]N SOCIETIES >E 0CONV9C$ ?AT A FEW BIG 9T]E/S CONTROL POLICY40.<#d.> ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE1 BUT WASN'T ?IS ALWAYS ! CASE8 ,I MEAN1 PEOPLE ALWAYS KNEW ?AT POLICY MAK+ WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ELITE1 BUT ?IS DID NOT /OP !M 9 ! PA/ FROM SEEK+ TO 9FLU5CE POLITICAL \TCOMES ?R\< ! BALLOT BOX & O!R MEANS4 ,SO1 :AT SPECIFIC FACTORS MI<T EXPLA9 POLITICAL APA?Y 9 \R [N AGE8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 0,RESIGNATION0 MAY BE A BETT] T]M ?AN 0APA?Y10 & EV5 ?AT GOES TOO F>1 ,I ?9K4 

,S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 POLLS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE %[N ?AT MO/ PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS RUN BY A FEW BIG 9T]E/S LOOK+ \T = !MSELVES4 ,I DO NOT KN[ ( E>LI] POLLS1 OR POLLS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 BUT IT W\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ IF ! RESULTS >E SIMIL>4 ,! IMPORTANT QUE/ION IS3 ,>E PEOPLE MOTIVAT$ TO DO SOME?+ AB\T IT8 ,?AT DEP5DS ON MANY FACTORS1 CRUCIALLY 9CLUD+ ! MEANS ?AT !Y P]CEIVE TO BE AVAILABLE4 ,IT'S ! TASK ( S]I\S ACTIVI/S TO HELP DEVELOP ?OSE MEANS & 5C\RAGE PEOPLE TO UND]/& ?AT !Y >E AVAILABLE4 ,TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S AGO1 9 ONE ( ! FIR/ MOD]N WORKS ( POLITICAL !ORY1 ,DAVID ,HUME OBS]V$ ?AT 0P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]N$10 IF !Y ONLY *OOSE TO EX]CISE IT1 & ULTIMATELY1 IT IS 0BY OP9ION ONLY0--?AT IS1 BY DOCTR9E & PROPAG&A--?AT !Y >E PREV5T$ FROM EX]CIS+ P[]4 ,?AT CAN BE OV]COME1 & (T5 HAS BE54 

,?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/ ,WALT] ,DEAN ,BURNHAM ID5TIFI$ 0! TOTAL ABS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ OR LABORITE MASS P>TY AS AN ORGANIZ$ COMPETITOR 9 ! ELECTORAL M>KET0 AS A PRIM>Y CAUSE ( ! HI< RATE ( AB/5TION 9 ,U,S ELECTIONS4 ,TRADITIONALLY1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & LABOR-BAS$ P>TIES HAVE PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 (F]+ WAYS TO 09FLU5CE POLITICAL \TCOMES0 )9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM & ON ! /REETS & %OP FLOOR4 ,?AT CAPACITY HAS DECL9$ SIGNIFICANTLY UND] NEOLIB]AL ASSAULT1 :I* 5HANC$ ! BITT] W> WAG$ AGA9/ UNIONS BY ! BUS9ESS CLASSES ?R\<\T ! PO/W> P]IOD4 

,9 #a#i#g#h1 BE=E ,REAGAN'S ESCALATION ( ! ATTACK AGA9/ LABOR1 ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S PRESID5T ,D\G ,FRAS] RECOGNIZ$ :AT WAS HAPP5+--F> TOO LATE--& CRITICIZ$ ! 0LEAD]S ( ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 = HAV+ 0*OS5 TO WAGE A ONE-SID$ CLASS W> 9 ?IS C\NTRY--A W> AGA9/ WORK+ PEOPLE1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! POOR1 M9ORITIES1 ! V]Y Y\NG & ! V]Y OLD1 & EV5 MANY 9 ! MIDDLE CLASS ( \R SOCIETY10 & = HAV+ 0BROK5 & DISC>D$ ! FRAGILE1 UNWRITT5 COMPACT PREVI\SLY EXI/+ DUR+ A P]IOD ( GR[? & PROGRESS40 ,! UNION LEAD]%IP HAD PLAC$ !IR FAI?--P>TLY = !IR [N B5EFIT AS A LABOR BUREAUCRACY--9 A COMPACT ) [N]S & MANAG]S DUR+ ! PO/W> GR[? & HI< PR(ITS P]IOD ?AT HAD COME TO AN 5D BY ! #a#i#gS4 ,BY !N1 ! P[]FUL ATTACK ON LABOR HAD ALREADY TAK5 A SEV]E TOLL & IT HAS GOTT5 MU* MORE EXTREME S9CE1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE ! RADICALLY ANTILABOR ,REAGAN ADM9I/RATION4 

,! ,DEMOCRATS1 MEAN:ILE1 PRETTY MU* AB&ON$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE BE5 V]Y M>G9AL1 & POLITICAL ACTIVISM1 :ILE WIDESPREAD1 HAS (T5 SIDEL9$ CLASS ISSUES & (F]$ LITTLE TO ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS N[ DRIFT+ 9TO ! H&S ( !IR CLASS 5EMY4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY HAS /EADILY DECL9$ AS MAJOR POLICY DECISIONS >E TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,BRUSSELS BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,E,U1 OP]AT+ UND] ! %AD[ ( ,NOR!RN BANKS4 ,BUT !RE >E MANY POPUL> REACTIONS1 SOME SELF-DE/RUCTIVE 7RAC+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! CLASS 5EMY7 & O!RS QUITE PROMIS+ & PRODUCTIVE1 AS WE SEE 9 CURR5T POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE4 

,9 Y\R BOOK1 Y\ REF] TO ! 09VISIBLE H&S ( P[]40 ,:AT IS ! EXACT MEAN+ ( ?IS1 & TO :AT SITUATIONS & CIRCUM/ANCES CAN IT BE APPLI$ 9 ORD] TO UND]/& DOME/IC & GLOBAL POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS8 

,I WAS US+ ! PHRASE TO REF] TO ! GUID+ DOCTR9ES ( POLICY =MATION1 SOMETIMES SPELL$ \T 9 ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD1 SOMETIMES EASILY DETECTABLE 9 ONGO+ EV5TS4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES 9 9T]NATIONAL & DOME/IC AFFAIRS4 ,SOMETIMES ! CL\DS >E LIFT$ BY HI<-LEVEL DISCLOSURES OR BY SIGNIFICANT HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,! REAL NATURE ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CONSID]ABLY ILLUM9AT$ :5 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ & IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO PROCLAIM SIMPLY ?AT ! ,RUSSIANS >E COM+4 ,?AT PROVID$ AN 9T]E/+ TE/ ( ! REAL MOTIVES ( POLICY =MATION1 HIDD5 BY ,COLD ,W> PRETEXTS ?AT W]E SUDD5LY GONE4 

,WE LE>N FROM ,BU% ,I ADM9I/RATION DOCUM5TS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT WE MU/ KEEP 9T]V5TION =CES AIM$ AT ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 :]E ! S]I\S ?REATS TO \R 9T]E/S 0C\LD NOT BE LAID AT ! ,KREML9'S DOOR10 CONTR>Y TO LONG DECEIT4 ,RA!R1 ! S]I\S PROBLEMS TRACE TO 0RADICAL NATIONALISM10 ! T]M REGUL>LY US$ = 9DEP5D5T NATIONALISM ?AT IS UND] CONTROL4 ,?AT IS ACTUALLY A MAJOR !ME ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 MASK$ BY PO/UR+ AB\T ! ,GREAT ,5EMY4 

,! FATE ( ,N,A,T,O IS ALSO REVEAL+4 ,IT WAS CON/RUCT$ & MA9TA9$ 9 ALLEG$ DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN HORDES4 ,BY #a#i#i#a1 !RE W]E NO MORE ,RUSSIAN HORDES1 NO ,W>SAW ,PACT1 & ,MIKHAIL ,GORBA*EV WAS PROPOS+ A BROAD SECURITY SY/EM ) NO MILIT>Y PACTS4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO ,N,A,T,O8 ,IT EXP&$ TO ! ,EA/ 9 VIOLATION ( COMMITM5TS TO ,GORBA*EV BY ,PRESID5T ,BU% ,I & SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JAMES ,BAK] ?AT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CONSCI\SLY 9T5D$ TO DECEIVE HIM & TO GA9 HIS ACQUIESC5CE TO A UNIFI$ ,G]MANY )9 ,N,A,T,O1 SO REC5T >*IVAL WORK P]SUASIVELY 9DICATES4 

,TO MOVE TO ANO!R DOMA91 ! FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM EXTOLL$ 9 DOCTR9E WAS ILLU/RAT$ BY AN ,I,M,F /UDY ( MAJOR BANKS1 :I* %[$ ?AT !IR PR(ITS D]IV$ MO/LY FROM AN IMPLICIT TAXPAY] 9SURANCE POLICY4 

,EXAMPLES AB\ND1 & >E HI<LY 9/RUCTIVE4 

,S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 CAPITALISM ?R\<\T ! ,WE/--& 9 FACT ?R\<\T ! GLOBE--HAS MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 & EXP& ITS DOM9ATION NOT M]ELY ?R\< POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL MEANS BUT ALSO ?R\< ! USE ( ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ! MILIT>Y4 ,CAN Y\ TALK A LITTLE BIT AB\T ?IS 9 CONNECTION ) ! !ME ( 0:O RULES ! WORLD08 

,! 0MAIL$ FI/0 7! ?REAT ( >M$ OR OV]BE>+ =CE7 IS NOT LACK+ EV5 )9 ! MO/ FREE SOCIETIES4 ,9 ! PO/W> ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O1 A PROGRAM RUN BY ! NATIONAL POLITICAL POLICE 7,F,B,I7 TO /AMP \T DISSID5CE & ACTIVISM OV] A BROAD RANGE1 REA*+ AS F> AS POLITICAL ASSASS9ATION 7,BLACK ,PAN!R ORGANIZ] ,F]D ,HAMPTON74 ,MASSIVE 9C>C]ATION ( POPULATIONS DEEM$ SUP]FLU\S = PR(IT-MAK+ 7L>GELY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN1 = OBVI\S HI/ORICAL REASONS7 IS YET ANO!R MEANS4 

,ABROAD1 ! FI/ IS CON/ANTLY WIELD$1 DIRECTLY OR ?R\< CLI5TS4 ,! ,9DO*9A W>S >E ! MO/ EXTREME CASE1 ! WOR/ PO/W> TW5TIE?-C5TURY CRIME1 CRITICIZ$ 9 ! MA9/REAM AS A 0BLUND]10 LIKE ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 ! WOR/ CRIME ( ! NEW C5TURY4 ,ONE HI<LY SIGNIFICANT PO/W> EXAMPLE IS ! PLAGUE ( VIOL5T REPRESSION ?AT SPREAD ?R\< ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AFT] ,JOHN ,F4 ,K5N$Y EFFECTIVELY %IFT$ ! MISSION ( ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y FROM 0HEMISPH]IC DEF5SE0 TO 09T]NAL SECURITY10 A EUPHEMISM = W> AGA9/ ! POPULATION4 ,!RE W]E HORR5D\S EFFECTS ?R\<\T ! HEMISPH]E1 REA*+ ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA ) ,REAGAN'S MURD]\S W>S1 MO/LY RELY+ ON ! T]RORI/ =CES ( CLI5T /ATES4 

,:ILE /ILL ! WORLD'S PR$OM9ANT P[]1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 DECL9E4 ,:AT >E ! CAUSES & CONSEQU5CES ( ,AM]ICAN DECL9E8 

,U,S P[] PEAK$1 AT A HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL1 AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,?AT C\LDN'T POSSIBLY BE SU/A9$4 ,IT BEGAN TO ]ODE V]Y SOON ) :AT IS CALL$1 9T]E/+LY1 0! LOSS ( ,*9A0 7! TRANS=MATION ( ,*9A 9TO A COMMUNI/ NATION 9 #a#i#d#i74 ,& ! PROCESS CONT9U$ ) ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES FROM W>TIME DEVA/ATION & DECOLONIZATION4 ,ONE REFLECTION ( ! DECL9E IS ! %IFT ( ATTITUDES T[>D ! ,U,N4 ,IT WAS GREATLY ADMIR$ :5 IT WAS H>DLY MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T ( ,U,S P[] 9 ! E>LY PO/W> YE>S1 BUT 9CREAS+LY CAME UND] ATTACK AS 0ANTI-,AM]ICAN0 AS IT FELL \T ( CONTROL--SO F> \T ( CONTROL ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS HELD ! RECORD 9 VETOES AFT] #a#i#g1 :5 IT JO9$ ,BRITA9 9 SUPPORT ( ! RACI/ REGIME ( ,S\!RN ,RHODESIA4 ,BY !N1 ! GLOBAL ECONOMY WAS TRIP>TITE3 ,G]MAN-BAS$ ,EUROPE1 ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ,U,S-BAS$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,9 ! MILIT>Y DIM5SION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS REMA9$ SUPREME4 ,!RE >E MANY CONSEQU5CES4 ,ONE IS RESORT TO 0COALITIONS ( ! WILL+0 :5 9T]NATIONAL OP9ION OV]:ELM+LY OPPOSES ,U,S RESORT TO VIOL5CE1 EV5 AMONG ALLIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,ANO!R IS 0S(T C\PS10 AS RI<T N[ 9 ,BRAZIL1 RA!R ?AN SUPPORT = NEO-,NAZI NATIONAL SECURITY /ATES1 AS WAS TRUE 9 ! NOT-DI/ANT PA/4 

,IF ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS /ILL ! WORLD'S FIR/ SUP]P[]1 :AT C\NTRY OR 5TITY DO Y\ CONSID] TO BE ! SECOND SUP]P[]8 

,!RE IS MU* TALK ( ,*9A AS ! EM]G+ SUP]P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO MANY ANALY/S1 IT IS POIS$ TO OV]TAKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ( ,*9A'S EM]G+ SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! WORLD SC5E1 ALREADY SURPASS+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ECONOMICALLY BY SOME MEASURES 7?\< F> BEL[ P] CAPITA74 ,MILIT>ILY1 ,*9A IS F> WEAK]2 CONFRONTATIONS >E TAK+ PLACE 9 COA/AL WAT]S NE> ,*9A1 NOT 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN OR (F ! COA/ ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,BUT ,*9A FACES V]Y S]I\S 9T]NAL PROBLEMS--LABOR REPRESSION & PROTE/1 SEV]E ECOLOGICAL ?REATS1 DEMOGRAPHIC DECL9E 9 WORK =CE1 & O!RS4 ,& ! ECONOMY1 :ILE BOOM+1 IS /ILL HI<LY DEP5D5T ON ! MORE ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMIES AT ITS P]IPH]Y & ! ,WE/1 ?\< ?AT IS *ANG+4 ,9 SOME HI<-TE* DOMA9S1 SU* AS DESIGN & DEVELOPM5T ( SOL> PANELS1 ,*9A SEEMS TO HAVE ! WORLD LEAD4 ,AS ,*9A IS HEMM$ 9 FROM ! SEA1 IT IS COMP5SAT+ BY EXT5D+ WE/W>D1 RECON/RUCT+ SOME?+ LIKE ! OLD SILK ROADS 9 A ,EURASIAN SY/EM L>GELY UND] ,*9ESE 9FLU5CE & SOON TO REA* ,EUROPE4 

,Y\ HAVE BE5 >GU+ = A LONG TIME N[ ?AT NUCLE> WEAPONS POSE ONE ( ! TWO GREATE/ ?REATS TO HUMANK9D4 ,:Y >E ! MAJOR P[]S SO RELUCTANT TO ABOLI% NUCLE> WEAPONS8 ,DOESN'T ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( !SE WEAPONS POSE A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! 0MA/]S ( ! UNIV]SE0 !MSELVES8 

,IT IS QUITE REM>KABLE TO SEE H[ LITTLE CONC]N TOP PLANN]S %[ = ! PROSPECTS ( !IR [N DE/RUCTION--NOT A NOVELTY 9 WORLD AFFAIRS 7?OSE :O 9ITIAT$ W>S (T5 5D$ UP DEVA/AT$7 BUT N[ ON A HUGELY DIFF]5T SCALE4 ,WE SEE ?AT FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( ! ATOMIC AGE4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT FIR/ WAS VIRTUALLY 9VULN]ABLE1 ?\< !RE WAS ONE S]I\S ?REAT ON ! HORIZON3 ,I,C,B,MS 79T]CONT95TAL BALLI/IC MISSILES7 ) HYDROG5 BOMB W>HEADS4 ,>*IVAL RESE>* HAS N[ CONFIRM$ :AT WAS SURMIS$ E>LI]3 !RE WAS NO PLAN1 NOT EV5 A ?\<T1 ( REA*+ A TREATY AGREEM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE BANN$ !SE WEAPONS1 ?\< !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT MI<T HAVE BE5 FEASIBLE4 ,! SAME ATTITUDES PREVAIL RI<T TO ! PRES5T1 :]E ! VA/ BUILDUP ( =CES RI<T AT ! TRADITIONAL 9VASION R\TE 9TO ,RUSSIA IS POS+ A S]I\S ?REAT ( NUCLE> W>4 

,PLANN]S EXPLA9 QUITE LUCIDLY :Y IT IS SO IMPORTANT TO KEEP !SE WEAPONS4 ,ONE ( ! CLE>E/ EXPLANATIONS IS 9 A P>TIALLY DECLASSIFI$ ,CL9TON-]A DOCUM5T ISSU$ BY ! ,/RATEGIC ,COMM& 7,/,R,A,T,C,O,M71 :I* IS 9 *>GE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS POLICY & USE4 ,! DOCUM5T IS CALL$ ,ESS5TIALS ( ,PO/-,COLD ,W> ,DET]R5CE2 ! T]M 0DET]R5CE10 LIKE 0DEF5SE10 IS A FAMILI> ,ORWELLISM REF]R+ TO CO]CION & ATTACK4 ,! DOCUM5T EXPLA9S ?AT 0NUCLE> WEAPONS ALWAYS CA/ A %AD[ OV] ANY CRISIS OR CONFLICT10 & MU/ !RE=E BE AVAILABLE1 AT ! READY4 ,IF ! ADV]S>Y KN[S WE HAVE !M1 & MI<T USE !M1 !Y MAY BACK D[N--A REGUL> FEATURE ( ,KISS+]IAN DIPLOMACY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 NUCLE> WEAPONS >E CON/ANTLY BE+ US$1 A PO9T ?AT ,DAN ,ELLSB]G HAS 9SI/5TLY MADE1 JU/ AS WE >E US+ A GUN :5 WE ROB A /ORE BUT DON'T ACTUALLY %OOT4 ,ONE SECTION ( ! REPORT IS HEAD$ 0,MA9TA9+ ,AMBIGUITY40 ,IT ADVISES ?AT 0PLANN]S %\LD NOT BE TOO RATIONAL AB\T DET]M9+ 444 :AT ! OPPON5T VALUES ! MO/10 :I* MU/ BE T>GET$4 

0,?AT ! ,U,S MAY BECOME IRRATIONAL & V9DICTIVE IF ITS VITAL 9T]E/S >E ATTACK$ %\LD BE A P>T ( ! NATIONAL P]SONA WE PROJECT10 ! REPORT SAYS1 ADD+ ?AT IT IS 0B5EFICIAL0 = \R /RATEGIC PO/URE IF 0SOME ELEM5TS MAY APPE> TO BE POT5TIALLY '\T ( CONTROL4'0 ,NIXON'S MADMAN !ORY1 EXCEPT ?IS TIME CLE>LY >TICULAT$ 9 AN 9T]NAL PLANN+ DOCUM5T1 NOT M]ELY A RECOLLECTION BY AN ADVIS] 7,HALDEMAN1 9 ! ,NIXON CASE74 

,LIKE O!R E>LY PO/-,COLD ,W> DOCUM5TS1 ?IS ONE HAS BE5 VIRTUALLY IGNOR$4 7,I'VE REF]R$ TO IT A NUMB] ( TIMES1 ELICIT+ NO NOTICE ?AT ,I'M AW>E (47 ,! NEGLECT IS QUITE 9T]E/+4 ,SIMPLE LOGIC SUFFICES TO %[ ?AT ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD AFT] ! ALLEG$ ,RUSSIAN ?REAT DISAPPE>$ W\LD BE HI<LY ILLUM9AT+ AS TO :AT WAS ACTUALLY GO+ ON BE=E4 

,! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS MADE SOME OP5+S T[>D ,CUBA4 ,DO Y\ ANTICIPATE AN 5D TO ! EMB>GO ANY TIME SOON8 

,! EMB>GO HAS LONG BE5 OPPOS$ BY ! 5TIRE WORLD1 AS ! ANNUAL VOTES ON ! EMB>GO AT ! ,U,N ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY REVEAL4 ,BY N[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS SUPPORT$ ONLY BY ,ISRAEL4 ,BE=E1 IT C\LD SOMETIMES C\NT ON A ,PACIFIC ISL& OR SOME O!R DEP5D5CY4 ,( C\RSE ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA IS COMPLETELY OPPOS$4 ,MORE 9T]E/+LY1 MAJOR SECTORS ( ,U,S CAPITAL HAVE LONG BE5 9 FAVOR ( NORMALIZATION ( RELATIONS1 AS PUBLIC OP9ION HAS BE53 AGRIBUS9ESS1 PH>MACEUTICALS1 5]GY1 T\RISM1 & O!RS4 ,IT IS NORMAL = PUBLIC OP9ION TO BE IGNOR$1 BUT DISMISS+ P[]FUL CONC5TRATIONS ( ! BUS9ESS WORLD TELLS US ?AT REALLY SIGNIFICANT 0REASONS ( /ATE0 >E 9VOLV$4 ,WE HAVE A GOOD S5SE FROM ! 9T]NAL RECORD AB\T :AT !SE 9T]E/S >E4 

,FROM ! ,K5N$Y YE>S UNTIL TODAY !RE HAS BE5 \TRAGE OV] ,CUBA'S 0SUCCESSFUL DEFIANCE0 ( ,U,S POLICIES GO+ BACK TO ! ,MONROE ,DOCTR9E1 :I* SIGNAL$ ! 9T5TION TO CONTROL ! HEMISPH]E4 ,! GOAL WAS NOT REALIZABLE BECAUSE ( RELATIVE WEAKNESS1 JU/ AS ! ,BRITI% DET]R5T PREV5T$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ATTA9+ ITS FIR/ 0=EIGN POLICY0 OBJECTIVE1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,CUBA1 9 ! #a#h#bS 7H]E ! T]M 0=EIGN POLICY0 IS US$ 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE1 :I* ADH]ES TO :AT HI/ORIAN ( IMP]IALISM ,B]N>D ,PORT] CALLS 0! SALT WAT] FALLACY03 CONQUE/ BECOMES IMP]IAL ONLY :5 IT CROSSES SALT WAT]1 SO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,9DIAN NATIONS & ! CONQUE/ ( HALF ( ,MEXICO W]E NOT 0IMP]IALISM074 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID A*IEVE ITS OBJECTIVE 9 #a#h#i#h1 9T]V5+ TO PREV5T ,CUBA'S LIB]ATION FROM ,SPA9 & CONV]T+ IT 9TO A VIRTUAL COLONY4 

,WA%+TON HAS NEV] RECONCIL$ ITSELF TO ,CUBA'S 9TOL]ABLE >ROGANCE ( A*IEV+ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#e#i--P>TIAL1 S9CE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REFUS$ TO RETURN ! VALUABLE ,GUANTANAMO ,BAY REGION1 TAK5 BY 0TREATY0 AT GUNPO9T 9 #aic & NOT RETURN$ DESPITE ! REQUE/S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CUBA4 ,9 PASS+1 IT MI<T BE RECALL$ ?AT BY F> ! WOR/ HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS 9 ,CUBA TAKE PLACE 9 ?IS /OL5 T]RITORY1 TO :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS A MU* WEAK] CLAIM ?AN ,RUSSIA DOES TO ,CRIMEA1 ALSO TAK5 BY =CE4 

,BUT TO RETURN TO ! QUE/ION1 IT IS H>D TO PR$ICT :E!R ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL AGREE TO 5D ! EMB>GO %ORT ( SOME K9D ( ,CUBAN CAPITULATION TO ,U,S DEM&S GO+ BACK ALMO/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S4 

,H[ DO Y\ ASSESS & EVALUATE ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE & IMPACT ( ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION 9 WORLD AFFAIRS & T[>D ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM8 

,! IMPACT ON WORLD AFFAIRS WAS EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,CUBA PLAY$ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,WE/ & ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,ITS TROOPS BEAT BACK A ,U,S-SUPPORT$ ,S\? ,AFRICAN 9VASION ( ,ANGOLA & COMPELL$ ,S\? ,AFRICA TO AB&ON ITS ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A REGIONAL SUPPORT SY/EM & TO GIVE UP ITS ILLEGAL HOLD ON ,NAMIBIA4 ,! FACT ?AT ,BLACK ,CUBAN TROOPS DEFEAT$ ! ,S\? ,AFRICANS HAD AN 5ORM\S PSY*OLOGICAL IMPACT BO? 9 :ITE & ,BLACK ,AFRICA4 ,A REM>KABLE EX]CISE ( D$ICAT$ 9T]NATIONALISM1 UND]TAK5 AT GREAT RISK FROM ! REIGN+ SUP]P[]1 :I* WAS ! LA/ SUPPORT] ( AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & 5TIRELY SELFLESS4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT :5 ,NELSON ,M&ELA WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 ONE ( HIS FIR/ ACTS WAS TO DECL>E3 

,DUR+ ALL MY YE>S 9 PRISON1 ,CUBA WAS AN 9SPIRATION & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO A T[] ( /R5G?444 4 .<,CUBAN VICTORIES.> DE/ROY$ ! MY? ( ! 9V9CIBILITY ( ! :ITE OPPRESSOR .<&.> 9SPIR$ ! FI<T+ MASSES ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 444 A TURN+ PO9T = ! LIB]ATION ( \R CONT95T--& ( MY PEOPLE--FROM ! SC\RGE ( AP>!ID 444 ,:AT O!R C\NTRY CAN PO9T TO A RECORD ( GREAT] SELFLESSNESS ?AN ,CUBA HAS DISPLAY$ 9 ITS RELATIONS TO ,AFRICA8 

,CUBAN M$ICAL ASSI/ANCE 9 POOR & SUFF]+ >EAS IS ALSO QUITE UNIQUE4 

,DOME/ICALLY1 !RE W]E V]Y SIGNIFICANT A*IEVEM5TS1 AMONG !M SIMPLY SURVIVAL 9 ! FACE ( ,U,S EF=TS TO BR+ 0! T]RORS ( ! E>?0 TO ,CUBA 7HI/ORIAN ,>?UR ,S*LES+]'S PHRASE1 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,ROB]T ,K5N$Y1 :O WAS ASSIGN$ ?IS TASK AS HIS HI<E/ PRIORITY7 & ! FI]CE EMB>GO4 ,LIT]ACY CAMPAIGNS W]E HI<LY SUCCESSFUL1 & ! HEAL? SY/EM IS JU/LY R5[N$4 ,!RE >E S]I\S HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS & RE/RICTIONS ( POLITICAL & P]SONAL FRE$OMS4 ,H[ MU* IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! EXT]NAL ATTACK & H[ MU* TO 9DEP5D5T POLICY *OICES1 ONE CAN DEBATE--BUT = ,AM]ICANS TO CONDEMN VIOLATIONS )\T FULL RECOGNITION ( !IR [N MASSIVE RESPONSIBILITY GIVES HYPOCRISY A NEW MEAN+4 

,DOES ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9 ! WORLD'S LEAD+ SUPPORT] ( T]RORISM8 

,A REVIEW ( SEV]AL REC5T BOOKS ON ,OBAMA'S GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION 7DRONE7 CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW CONCLUDES ?AT !RE IS A 0P]SUASIVE CASE0 ?AT ! CAMPAIGN IS 0UNLAWFUL03 0,U4,S4 DRONE ATTACKS G5]ALLY VIOLATE 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 WORS5 ! PROBLEM ( T]RORISM1 & TRANSGRESS FUNDAM5TAL MORAL PR9CIPLES0--A JUDICI\S ASSESSM5T1 ,I BELIEVE4 ,! DETAILS ( ! COLD & CALCULAT$ PRESID5TIAL KILL+ MA*9E >E H>R[+1 AS IS ! ATTEMPT AT LEGAL JU/IFICATION1 SU* AS ! /& ( ,OBAMA'S ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T ON 0PRESUMPTION ( 9NOC5CE10 A F\NDATION /ONE ( MOD]N LAW TRAC+ BACK TO ! ,MAGNA ,C>TA EI<T HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,AS ! /& WAS EXPLA9$ 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 0,MR4 ,OBAMA EMBRAC$ A DISPUT$ ME?OD = C\NT+ CIVILIAN CASUALTIES ?AT DID LITTLE TO BOX HIM 94 ,IT1 9 EFFECT1 C\NTS ALL MILIT>Y-AGE MALES 9 A /RIKE ZONE AS COMBATANTS1 ACCORD+ TO SEV]AL ADM9I/RATION (FICIALS1 UNLESS !RE IS EXPLICIT 9TELLIG5CE PO/HUM\SLY PROV+ !M 9NOC5T0--PO/-ASSASS9ATION4 ,9 L>GE >EAS ( TRIBAL ,PAKI/AN & ,YEM51 & ELSE:]E1 POPULATIONS >E TRAUMATIZ$ BY ! FE> ( SUDD5 MURD] FROM ! SKIES AT ANY MOM5T4 ,! DI/+UI%$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,AKB> ,AHM$1 ) LONG PR(ESSIONAL & P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ) ! TRIBAL SOCIETIES ?AT >E UND] ATTACK ALL OV] ! WORLD1 =CEFULLY REC\NTS H[ !SE MURD]\S ASSAULTS ELICIT D$ICATION TO REV5GE--NOT V]Y SURPRIS+LY4 ,H[ W\LD WE REACT8 

,!SE CAMPAIGNS ALONE1 ,I ?9K1 SECURE ! TROPHY = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 UND] CAPITALISM1 PLUND]+ ! POOR & ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( WEAK NATIONS HAS BE5 ! FAVORITE HOBBY ( BO? ! RI* & ( IMP]IAL /ATES4 ,9 ! PA/1 ! PLUND]+ WAS DONE MO/LY ?R\< \TRI<T PHYSICAL EXPLOITATION MEANS & MILIT>Y CONQUE/4 ,H[ HAVE ! MEANS ( EXPLOITATION *ANG$ UND] F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM8 

,SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JOHN ,FO/] ,DULLES ONCE COMPLA9$ TO ,PRESID5T ,EIS5H[] ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y CAN 0APPEAL DIRECTLY TO ! MASSES0 & 0GET CONTROL ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 SOME?+ WE HAVE NO CAPACITY TO DUPLICATE4 ,! POOR PEOPLE >E ! ONES !Y APPEAL TO & !Y HAVE ALWAYS WANT$ TO PLUND] ! RI*40 ,IT'S NOT EASY TO SELL ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! RI* HAVE A RI<T TO PLUND] ! POOR4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT ! MEANS HAVE *ANG$4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL 0FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS0 7,F,T,AS7 >E A GOOD EXAMPLE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE N[ BE+ NEGOTIAT$--MO/LY 9 SECRET FROM POPULATIONS1 BUT NOT FROM ! CORPORATE LAWY]S & LOBBYI/S :O >E WRIT+ ! DETAILS4 ,! ,F,T,AS REJECT 0FREE TRADE03 !Y >E HI<LY PROTECTIONI/1 ) ON]\S PAT5T REGULATIONS TO GU>ANTEE EXORBITANT PR(ITS = ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY1 M$IA CONGLOM]ATES1 & O!RS1 AS WELL AS PROTECTION = AFFLU5T PR(ESSIONALS1 UNLIKE WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O >E PLAC$ 9 COMPETITION ) ALL ( ! WORLD1 ) OBVI\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ,F,T,AS >E TO A L>GE EXT5T NOT EV5 AB\T TRADE2 RA!R1 AB\T 9VE/OR RI<TS1 SU* AS ! RI<TS ( CORPORATIONS 7NOT1 ( C\RSE1 M]E PEOPLE ( FLE% & BLOOD7 TO SUE GOV]NM5TS = ACTIONS ?AT MI<T R$UCE POT5TIAL PR(ITS ( =EIGN 9VE/ORS1 LIKE 5VIRONM5TAL OR HEAL? & SAFETY REGULATIONS4 ,MU* ( :AT IS CALL$ 0TRADE0 DOESN'T M]IT ?AT T]M1 = EXAMPLE1 PRODUCTION ( P>TS 9 ,9DIANA1 ASSEMBLY 9 ,MEXICO1 SALE 9 ,CALI=NIA1 ALL BASICALLY )9 A COMM& ECONOMY1 A MEGACORPORATION4 ,FL[ ( CAPITAL IS FREE4 ,FL[ ( LABOR IS ANY?+ BUT1 VIOLAT+ :AT ,ADAM ,SMI? RECOGNIZ$ TO BE A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( FREE TRADE3 FREE CIRCULATION ( LABOR4 ,& TO TOP IT (F1 ! ,F,T,AS >E NOT EV5 AGREEM5TS1 AT LEA/ IF PEOPLE >E CONSID]$ TO BE MEMB]S ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES4 

,IS ?IS TO SAY ?AT WE N[ LIVE 9 A PO/IMP]IALI/ AGE8 

,SEEMS TO ME JU/ A QUE/ION ( T]M9OLOGY4 ,DOM9ATION & CO]CION TAKE MANY & V>I$ =MS1 AS ! WORLD *ANGES4 

,WE HAVE SE5 9 REC5T YE>S SEV]AL SO-CALL$ PROGRESSIVE LEAD]S M>* TO P[] ?R\< ! BALLOT BOX ONLY TO BETRAY !IR V[S TO ! PEOPLE ! MOM5T !Y TOOK (FICE4 ,:AT MEANS OR ME*ANISMS %\LD BE 9TRODUC$ 9 TRULY DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS TO 5SURE ?AT ELECT$ (FICIALS DO NOT BETRAY ! TRU/ ( ! VOT]S8 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS HAD CONCEIV$ ( SOME?+ CALL$ 0! RI<T TO RECALL10 :I* 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BECAME A CRITICAL AL?\< LITTLE-KN[N ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL PROJECT = FUTURE SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD] ( C]TA9 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,>E Y\ 9 FAVOR ( REVIV+ ?IS ME*ANISM AS A CRITICAL COMPON5T ( REAL1 SU/A9ABLE DEMOCRACY8 

,I ?9K A /RONG CASE CAN BE MADE = RI<T ( RECALL 9 SOME =M1 BUTTRESS$ BY CAPACITIES = FREE & 9DEP5D5T 9QUIRY TO MONITOR :AT ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES >E DO+4 ,! GREAT A*IEVEM5T ( ,*ELSEA ,MANN+1 ,JULIAN ,ASSANGE1 ,$W>D ,SN[D51 & O!R CONTEMPOR>Y 0:I/LEBL[]S0 IS TO S]VE & ADVANCE !SE FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS ( CITIZ5S4 ,! REACTION BY /ATE AU?ORITIES IS 9/RUCTIVE4 ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS BROK5 ALL RECORDS 9 PUNI%M5T ( :I/LEBL[]S4 ,IT IS ALSO REM>KABLE TO SEE H[ 9TIMIDAT$ ,EUROPE IS4 ,WE SAW ?AT DRAMATICALLY :5 ,BOLIVIAN PRESID5T ,EVO ,MORALES'S PLANE FLEW HOME FROM A VISIT TO ,MOSC[1 & ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES W]E 9 SU* T]ROR ( ,WA%+TON ?AT !Y W\LD NOT LET ! PLANE CROSS !IR AIRSPACE1 9 CASE IT MI<T BE C>RY+ ,$W>D ,SN[D51 & :5 ! PLANE L&$ 9 ,AU/RIA IT WAS SE>*$ BY POLICE 9 VIOLATION ( DIPLOMATIC PROTOCOL4 

,C\LD AN ACT ( T]RORISM AGA9/ LEAD]S :O BLATANTLY BETRAY$ ! TRU/ ( VOT]S EV] BE JU/IFI$8 

0,EV]0 IS A /RONG WORD4 ,IT IS H>D TO CONJURE UP REALI/IC CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! BURD5 ( PRO( = ANY RESORT TO VIOL5CE %\LD BE V]Y HEAVY1 & ?IS CASE W\LD SEEM EXTREMELY H>D TO JU/IFY4 

,) HUMAN NATURE BE+ :AT IT IS1 & 9DIVIDUALS CLE>LY HAV+ DIFF]5T SKILLS1 ABILITIES1 DRIVES1 & ASPIRATIONS1 IS A TRULY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY FEASIBLE &_/OR DESIRABLE8 

,HUMAN NATURE 5COMPASSES SA9TS & S9N]S1 & EA* ( US HAS ALL ( !SE CAPACITIES4 ,I SEE NO CONFLICT AT ALL BETWE5 AN EGALIT>IAN VISION & HUMAN V>IETY4 ,ONE C\LD1 P]HAPS1 >GUE ?AT ?OSE ) GREAT] SKILLS & TAL5TS >E ALREADY REW>D$ BY ! ABILITY TO EX]CISE !M1 SO !Y M]IT LESS EXT]NAL REW>D--?\< ,I DON'T >GUE ?IS4 ,AS = ! FEASIBILITY ( MORE JU/ & FREE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES1 WE CAN NEV] BE C]TA9 9 ADVANCE1 & CAN ONLY KEEP TRY+ TO PRESS ! LIMITS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ) NO CLE> REASON ?AT ,I CAN SEE TO ANTICIPATE FAILURE4 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT W\LD CON/ITUTE A DEC5T SOCIETY & :AT =M ( A WORLD ORD] W\LD BE NE$$ TO ELIM9ATE COMPLETELY QUE/IONS AB\T :O RULES ! WORLD8 

,WE CAN CON/RUCT VISIONS ( 0P]PETUAL PEACE10 C>RY+ =W>D ! ,KANTIAN PROJECT1 & ( A SOCIETY ( FREE & CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALS NOT SUBJECT$ TO HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 >BITR>Y RULE & DECISION4 ,9 MY [N VIEW--RESPECT$ FRI5DS & COMRADES 9 /RUGGLE DISAGREE--WE DO NOT KN[ 5\< TO SPELL \T DETAILS ) MU* CONFID5CE1 & CAN ANTICIPATE ?AT CONSID]ABLE EXP]IM5TATION WILL BE NECESS>Y ALONG ! WAY4 ,!RE >E V]Y URG5T IMM$IATE TASKS1 NOT LEA/ DEAL+ ) LIT]AL QUE/IONS ( SURVIVAL ( ORGANIZ$ HUMAN SOCIETIES1 QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE NEV] RIS5 BE=E 9 HUMAN HI/ORY BUT >E 9ESCAPABLE RI<T N[4 ,& !RE >E MANY O!R TASKS ?AT DEM& IMM$IATE & D$ICAT$ WORK4 ,IT MAKES GOOD S5SE TO KEEP 9 M9D LONG]-T]M ASPIRATIONS AS GUIDEL9ES = IMM$IATE *OICES1 RECOGNIZ+ AS WELL ?AT ! GUIDEL9ES >E NOT IMMUTABLE4 ,?AT LEAVES US PL5TY TO DO4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JUNE #a#i1 #baf 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,IT ,IS ,ALL ,WORK+ ,QUITE ,WELL = ! ,RI*1 ,P[]FUL 
,IT ,IS ,ALL ,WORK+ ,QUITE ,WELL = ! ,RI*1 ,P[]FUL 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGY CLAIMS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS A PROBLEM1 SOCIETY DOES NOT EXI/1 & 9DIVIDUALS >E RESPONSIBLE = !IR [N FATE4 ,YET1 BIG BUS9ESS & ! RI* RELY1 AS EV]1 ON /ATE 9T]V5TION TO MA9TA9 !IR HOLD OV] ! ECONOMY & TO 5JOY A BIGG] SLICE ( ! ECONOMIC PIE4 ,IS NEOLIB]ALISM A MY?1 M]ELY AN IDEOLOGICAL CON/RUCT8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! T]M 0NEOLIB]AL0 IS A BIT MISLEAD+4 ,! DOCTR9ES >E NEI!R NEW NOR LIB]AL4 ,AS Y\ SAY1 BIG BUS9ESS & ! RI* RELY EXT5SIVELY ON :AT ECONOMI/ ,DEAN ,BAK] CALLS 0! CONS]VATIVE NANNY /ATE0 ?AT !Y N\RI%4 ,?AT IS DRAMATICALLY TRUE ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,A REC5T ,I,M,F /UDY ATTRIBUTES ! PR(ITS ( ! BIG BANKS ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! IMPLICIT GOV]NM5T 9SURANCE POLICY 70TOO BIG TO FAIL071 NOT JU/ ! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ BAIL\TS BUT ACCESS TO *EAP CR$IT1 FAVORABLE RAT+S BECAUSE ( ! /ATE GU>ANTEE1 & MU* ELSE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY4 ,! ,I,T REVOLUTION1 N[ ITS DRIV+ =CE1 RELI$ V]Y HEAVILY ON /ATE-BAS$ ,R@&,D1 PROCUREM5T1 & O!R DEVICES4 ,?AT PATT]N GOES BACK TO E>LY ,5GLI% 9DU/RIALIZATION4 

,H[EV]1 NEI!R 0NEOLIB]ALISM10 NOR ITS E>LI] V]SIONS AS 0LIB]ALISM10 HAVE BE5 MY?S1 C]TA9LY NOT = !IR VICTIMS4 ,ECONOMIC HI/ORIAN ,PAUL ,BAIRO* IS ONLY ONE ( MANY :O HAVE %[N ?AT 0! ,?IRD ,WORLD'S COMPULSORY ECONOMIC LIB]ALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS A MAJOR ELEM5T 9 EXPLA9+ ! DELAY 9 ITS 9DU/RIALIZATION10 9 FACT1 ITS 0DE9DU/RIALIZATION10 A /ORY ?AT CONT9UES TO ! PRES5T UND] V>I\S GUISES4 

,9 BRIEF1 ! DOCTR9ES >E1 TO A SUB/ANTIAL EXT5T1 A 0MY?0 = ! RI* & P[]FUL1 :O CRAFT MANY WAYS TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM M>KET =CES1 BUT NOT = ! POOR & WEAK1 :O >E SUBJECT$ TO !IR RAVAGES4 

,:AT EXPLA9S ! SUPREMACY ( M>KET-C5TRIC RULE & PR$ATORY F9ANCE 9 AN ]A ?AT HAS EXP]I5C$ ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE CRISIS ( CAPITALISM S9CE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION8 

,! BASIC EXPLANATION IS ! USUAL ONE3 IT IS ALL WORK+ QUITE WELL = ! RI* & P[]FUL4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 T5S ( MILLIONS >E UNEMPLOY$1 UNKN[N MILLIONS HAVE DROPP$ \T ( ! WORK=CE 9 DESPAIR1 & 9COMES AS WELL AS CONDITIONS ( LIFE HAVE L>GELY /AGNAT$ OR DECL9$4 ,BUT ! BIG BANKS1 :I* W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! LATE/ CRISIS1 >E BIGG] & RI*] ?AN EV]4 ,CORPORATE PR(ITS >E BREAK+ RECORDS1 WEAL? BEYOND ! DREAMS ( AV>ICE IS ACCUMULAT+ AMONG ?OSE :O C\NT1 & LABOR IS SEV]ELY WEAK5$ BY UNION BU/+ & 0GR[+ WORK] 9SECURITY10 TO BORR[ ! T]M ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN US$ 9 EXPLA9+ ! GR& SUCCESS ( ! ECONOMY HE MANAG$1 :5 HE WAS /ILL 0,/4 ,ALAN0--P]HAPS ! GREATE/ ECONOMI/ S9CE ,ADAM ,SMI?1 BE=E ! COLLAPSE ( ! /RUCTURE HE HAD ADM9I/]$1 ALONG ) ITS 9TELLECTUAL F\NDATIONS4 ,SO :AT IS !RE TO COMPLA9 AB\T8 

,! GR[? ( F9ANCIAL CAPITAL IS RELAT$ TO ! DECL9E 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT 9 9DU/RY & ! NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO DI/RIBUTE PRODUCTION MORE WIDELY TO PLACES :]E LABOR IS MORE READILY EXPLOIT$ & CON/RA9TS ON CAPITAL >E WEAKE/--:ILE PR(ITS >E DI/RIBUT$ TO PLACES ) L[E/ TAX RATES 70GLOBALIZATION074 ,! PROCESS HAS BE5 ABETT$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AT FACILITATE ! GR[? ( AN 0\T-(-CONTROL F9ANCIAL SECTOR10 :I* 0IS EAT+ \T ! MOD]N M>KET ECONOMY .<?AT IS1 ! PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY.> FROM 9SIDE1 JU/ AS ! L>VA ( ! SPID] WASP EATS \T ! HO/ 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 LAID10 TO BORR[ ! EVOCATIVE PHRASE ( ,M>T9 ,WOLF ( ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES1 PROBABLY ! MO/ RESPECT$ F9ANCIAL CORRESPOND5T 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD4 

,?AT ASIDE1 AS NOT$1 ! 0M>KET-C5TRIC RULE0 IMPOSES H>% DISCIPL9E ON ! MANY1 BUT ! FEW :O C\NT PROTECT !MSELVES FROM IT EFFECTIVELY4 

,:AT DO Y\ MAKE ( ! >GUM5T AB\T ! DOM9ANCE ( A TRANSNATIONAL ELITE & ! 5D ( ! NATION-/ATE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ITS PROPON5TS CLAIM ?AT ?IS ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD] IS ALREADY UPON US8 

,!RE'S SOME?+ TO IT1 BUT IT %\LDN'T BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,MULT9ATIONALS CONT9UE TO RELY ON ! HOME /ATE = PROTECTION1 ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y1 & SUB/ANTIALLY = 9NOVATION AS WELL4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS REMA9 L>GELY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! MO/ P[]FUL /ATES1 & 9 G5]AL ! /ATE-C5TRIC GLOBAL ORD] REMA9S REASONABLY /ABLE4 

,EUROPE IS MOV+ EV] CLOS] TO ! 5D ( ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT40 ,IS ?IS A SURPRIS+ DEVELOPM5T = Y\8 

,9 AN 9T]VIEW1 ,M>IO ,DRA<I 9=M$ ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL ?AT 0! ,CONT95T'S TRADITIONAL SOCIAL CONTRACT0--P]HAPS ITS MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION--0IS OBSOLETE0 & MU/ BE DISMANTL$4 ,& HE IS ONE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BUREAUCRATS :O IS DO+ MO/ TO PROTECT ITS REMNANTS4 ,BUS9ESS HAS ALWAYS DISLIK$ ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,RECALL ! EUPHORIA 9 ! BUS9ESS PRESS :5 ! FALL ( 0COMMUNISM0 (F]$ A NEW WORK =CE--$UCAT$1 TRA9$1 HEAL?Y1 & EV5 BLOND & BLUE-EY$--?AT C\LD BE US$ TO UND]CUT ! 0LUXURI\S LIFE/YLE0 ( ,WE/]N WORK]S4 ,IT IS NOT ! RESULT ( 9EXORABLE =CES1 ECONOMIC OR O!R1 BUT A POLICY DESIGN BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( ! DESIGN]S1 :O >E RA!R MORE LIKELY TO BE BANK]S & ,C,E,OS ?AN ! JANITORS :O CLEAN !IR (FICES4 

,ONE ( ! BIGGE/ PROBLEMS FAC+ MANY P>TS ( ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ WORLD TODAY IS ! DEBT BURD51 PUBLIC & PRIVATE4 ,9 ! P]IPH]AL NATIONS ( ! ,EUROZONE1 9 P>TICUL>1 DEBT IS HAV+ CATA/ROPHIC SOCIAL EFFECTS AS ! 0PEOPLE ALWAYS PAY10 AS Y\ HAVE PO9T$LY >GU$ 9 ! PA/4 ,= ! B5EFIT ( TODAY'S ACTIVI/S1 W\LD Y\ EXPLA9 9 :AT S5SE DEBT IS 0A SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL CON/RUCT80 

,!RE >E MANY REASONS4 ,ONE WAS CAPTUR$ WELL BY A PHRASE ( ! ,U,S EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ( ! ,I,M,F1 ,K>5 ,LISSAK]S1 :O DESCRIB$ ! 9/ITUTION AS 0! CR$IT COMMUNITY'S 5=C]40 ,9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 IF Y\ L5D ME MONEY & ,I CAN'T PAY Y\ BACK1 IT'S Y\R PROBLEM3 Y\ CANNOT DEM& ?AT MY NEI<BORS PAY ! DEBT4 ,BUT S9CE ! RI* & P[]FUL PROTECT !MSELVES FROM M>KET DISCIPL9E1 MATT]S WORK DIFF]5TLY :5 A BIG BANK L5DS MONEY TO RISKY BORR[]S1 H5CE AT HI< 9T]E/ & PR(IT1 & AT SOME PO9T !Y CANNOT PAY4 ,!N ! 0! CR$IT COMMUNITY'S 5=C]0 RIDES TO ! RESCUE1 5SUR+ ?AT ! DEBT IS PAID1 ) LIABILITY TRANSF]R$ TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC BY /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T PROGRAMS1 AU/]ITY1 & ! LIKE4 ,:5 ! RI* DON'T LIKE TO PAY SU* DEBTS1 !Y CAN DECL>E !M TO BE 0ODI\S10 H5CE 9VALID3 IMPOS$ ON ! WEAK BY UNFAIR MEANS4 ,A HUGE AM\NT ( DEBT IS 0ODI\S0 9 ?IS S5SE1 BUT FEW CAN APPEAL TO P[]FUL 9/ITUTIONS TO RESCUE !M FROM ! RIGORS ( CAPITALISM4 

,!RE >E PL5TY ( O!R DEVICES4 ,J4 ,P4 ,MORGAN ,*ASE HAS JU/ BE5 F9$ @s#a#c BILLION 7HALF ( IT TAX-D$UCTIBLE7 = :AT %\LD BE REG>D$ AS CRIM9AL BEHAVIOR 9 FRAUDUL5T MORTGAGE S*EMES1 FROM :I* ! USUAL VICTIMS SUFF] UND] HOPELESS BURD5S ( DEBT4 

,! 9SPECTOR-G5]AL ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T BAIL\T PROGRAM1 ,NEIL ,B>(SKY1 PO9T$ \T ?AT IT WAS (FICIALLY A LEGISLATIVE B>GA93 ! BANKS ?AT W]E ! CULPRITS W]E TO BE BAIL$ \T1 & !IR VICTIMS1 PEOPLE LOS+ !IR HOMES1 W]E TO BE GIV5 SOME LIMIT$ PROTECTION & SUPPORT4 ,AS HE EXPLA9S1 ONLY ! FIR/ P>T ( ! B>GA9 WAS S]I\SLY HONOR$1 & ! PLAN BECAME A 0GIVEAWAY TO ,WALL ,/REET EXECUTIVES0--TO ! SURPRISE ( NO ONE :O UND]/&S 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM40 

,! LI/ GOES ON4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! CRISIS1 ,GREEKS HAVE BE5 PORTRAY$ >\ND ! GLOBE AS LAZY & CORRUPT TAX EVAD]S :O M]ELY LIKE TO DEMON/RATE4 ,?IS VIEW HAS BECOME MA9/REAM4 ,:AT >E ! ME*ANISMS US$ TO P]SUADE PUBLIC OP9ION8 ,CAN !Y BE TACKL$8 

,! PORTRAYALS >E PRES5T$ BY ?OSE ) ! WEAL? & P[] TO FRAME ! PREVAIL+ DISC\RSE4 ,! DI/ORTION & DECEIT CAN BE CONFRONT$ ONLY BY UND]M9+ !IR P[] & CREAT+ ORGANS ( POPUL> P[]1 AS 9 ALL O!R CASES ( OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 

,:AT IS Y\R VIEW AB\T :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ,GREECE1 P>TICUL>LY ) REG>D TO ! CON/ANT DEM&S BY ! 0TROIKA0 & ,G]MANY'S UNYIELD+ DESIRE TO ADVANCE ! CAUSE ( AU/]ITY8 

,IT APPE>S ?AT ! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! ,G]MAN DEM&S FROM ,A!NS1 UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! DEBT CRISIS1 IS ! CAPTURE ( :ATEV] IS ( VALUE 9 ,GREECE4 ,SOME PEOPLE 9 ,G]MANY APPE> TO BE 9T5T ON IMPOS+ CONDITIONS ( VIRTUAL ECONOMIC SLAV]Y ON ! ,GREEKS4 

,IT IS RA!R LIKELY ?AT ! NEXT GOV]NM5T 9 ,GREECE WILL BE A GOV]NM5T ( ! ,COALITION ( ! ,RADICAL ,LEFT4 ,:AT %\LD BE ITS APPROA* T[>D ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION & ,GREECE'S CR$ITORS8 ,ALSO1 %\LD A LEFT GOV]NM5T BE REASSUR+ T[>D ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE SECTORS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 OR %\LD IT ADOPT ! CORE COMPON5TS ( A TRADITIONAL WORK]I/-POPULI/ IDEOLOGY8 

,!SE >E H>D PRACTICAL QUE/IONS4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY = ME TO SKET* :AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO HAPP51 BUT GIV5 EXI/+ REALITIES1 ANY C\RSE FOLL[$ HAS RISKS & CO/S4 ,EV5 IF ,I W]E 9 A POSITION TO ASSESS !M PROP]LY--,I AM NOT--IT W\LD BE IRRESPONSIBLE TO URGE POLICY )\T S]I\S ANALYSIS & EVID5CE4 

,CAPITALISM'S APPETITE = DE/RUCTION WAS NEV] 9 D\BT1 BUT 9 Y\R REC5T WRIT+S Y\ PAY 9CREAS+ ATT5TION TO 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,DO Y\ REALLY ?9K HUMAN CIVILIZATION IS AT /AKE8 

,I ?9K DEC5T HUMAN SURVIVAL IS AT /AKE4 ,! E>LIE/ VICTIMS >E1 AS USUAL1 ! WEAKE/ & MO/ VULN]ABLE4 ,?AT MU* HAS BE5 EVID5T EV5 9 ! GLOBAL SUMMIT ON CLIMATE *ANGE ?AT JU/ CONCLUD$ 9 ,W>SAW1 ) LITTLE \TCOME4 ,& !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO EXPECT ?AT TO CONT9UE4 ,A FUTURE HI/ORIAN--IF !RE IS ONE--WILL OBS]VE ! CURR5T SPECTACLE ) AMAZEM5T4 ,9 ! LEAD 9 TRY+ TO AV]T LIKELY CATA/ROPHE >E ! SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES3 ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 ,CANADA1 ,9DIG5\S PEOPLE 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 & SO ON1 ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,WE SEE ! /RUGGLE = 5VIRONM5TAL SALVAGE & PROTECTION TAK+ PLACE TODAY 9 ,GREECE1 :]E ! RESID5TS ( ,SK\RIES 9 ,*ALKIDIKI >E PUTT+ UP A H]OIC RESI/ANCE BO? AGA9/ ! PR$ATORY AIMS ( ,EL ,DORADO ,GOLD & ! POLICE =CES ?AT HAVE BE5 MOBILIZ$ BY ! ,GREEK /ATE 9 SUPPORT ( ! MULT9ATIONAL COMPANY4 

,?OSE 5?USIA/ICALLY LEAD+ ! RACE TO FALL (F ! CLIFF >E ! RI*E/ & MO/ P[]FUL SOCIETIES1 ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 ,JU/ ! OPPOSITE ( :AT RATIONALITY W\LD PR$ICT--AP>T FROM ! LUNATIC RATIONALITY ( 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY40 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9S A WORLD EMPIRE &1 BY Y\R ACC\NT1 OP]ATES UND] ! 0,MAFIA PR9CIPLE10 MEAN+ ?AT ! GODFA!R DOES NOT TOL]ATE 0SUCCESSFUL DEFIANCE40 ,IS ! ,AM]ICAN EMPIRE 9 DECL9E1 &1 IF SO1 DOES IT POSE YET A GREAT] ?REAT TO GLOBAL PEACE & SECURITY8 

,U,S GLOBAL HEGEMONY REA*$ A HI/ORICALLY UNP>ALLEL$ PEAK 9 #a#i#d#e1 & HAS BE5 DECL9+ /EADILY S9CE4 ,?\< IT /ILL REMA9S V]Y GREAT & ?\< P[] IS BECOM+ MORE DIV]SIFI$1 !RE IS NO S+LE COMPETITOR 9 SI<T4 ,! TRADITIONAL ,MAFIA PR9CIPLE IS CON/ANTLY 9VOK$1 BUT ABILITY TO IMPLEM5T IT IS MORE CON/RA9$4 ,! ?REAT TO PEACE & SECURITY IS V]Y REAL4 ,TO TAKE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE1 ,PRESID5T ,OBAMA'S DRONE CAMPAIGN IS BY F> ! MO/ VA/ & DE/RUCTIVE T]RORI/ OP]ATION N[ UND] WAY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ,ISRAELI CLI5T VIOLATE 9T]NATIONAL LAW ) COMPLETE IMPUNITY1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ?REATS TO ATTACK ,IRAN 70ALL OPTIONS >E OP507 9 VIOLATION ( CORE PR9CIPLES ( ! ,U,N ,*>T]4 ,! MO/ REC5T ,U,S ,NUCLE> ,PO/URE ,REVIEW 7#b#a7 IS MORE AGGRESSIVE 9 TONE ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS1 A W>N+ NOT TO BE IGNOR$4 ,CONC5TRATION ( P[] RA!R G5]ALLY POSES DANG]S1 9 ?IS DOMA9 AS WELL4 

,REG>D+ ! ,ISRAELI-,PALE/9IAN CONFLICT1 Y\ HAVE SAID ALL ALONG ?AT ! ONE-/ATE_/TWO-/ATE DEBATE IS IRRELEVANT4 

,! ONE-/ATE_/TWO-/ATE DEBATE IS IRRELEVANT BECAUSE ONE /ATE IS NOT AN OPTION4 ,IT IS WORSE ?AN IRRELEVANT3 IT IS A DI/RACTION FROM ! REALITY4 

,! ACTUAL OPTIONS >E EI!R 7#a7 TWO /ATES OR 7#b7 A CONT9UATION ( :AT ,ISRAEL IS N[ DO+ ) ,U,S SUPPORT3 KEEP+ ,GAZA UND] A CRU%+ SIEGE1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,WE/ ,BANK2 SY/EMATICALLY TAK+ OV] :AT IT F9DS ( VALUE 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK :ILE 9TEGRAT+ IT MORE CLOSELY TO ,ISRAEL1 TAK+ OV] >EAS ) NOT MANY ,PALE/9IANS2 & QUIETLY EXPELL+ ?OSE :O >E !RE4 ,! CONT\RS >E QUITE CLE> FROM ! DEVELOPM5T & EXPULSION PROGRAMS4 

,GIV5 OPTION 7#b71 !RE'S NO REASON :Y ,ISRAEL OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %\LD AGREE TO ! ONE-/ATE PROPOSAL1 :I* ALSO HAS NO 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT ANY:]E ELSE4 ,UNLESS ! REALITY ( ! EVOLV+ SITUATION IS RECOGNIZ$1 TALK AB\T ONE /ATE 7CIVIL RI<TS_/ANTIAP>!ID /RUGGLE1 0DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEM10 & SO ON7 IS JU/ A DIV]SION1 IMPLICITLY L5D+ SUPPORT TO OPTION 7#b74 ,?AT'S ! ESS5TIAL LOGIC ( ! SITUATION1 LIKE IT OR NOT4 

,Y\ HAVE SAID ?AT ELITE 9TELLECTUALS >E ! ONES ?AT MA9LY TICK Y\ (F4 ,IS ?IS BECAUSE Y\ FUZE POLITICS ) MORALITY8 

,ELITE 9TELLECTUALS1 BY DEF9ITION1 HAVE A GOOD DEAL ( PRIVILEGE4 ,PRIVILEGE PROVIDES OPTIONS & CONF]S RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?OSE MORE PRIVILEG$ >E 9 A BETT] POSITION TO OBTA9 9=MATION & TO ACT 9 WAYS ?AT WILL AFFECT POLICY DECISIONS4 ,ASSESSM5T ( !IR ROLE FOLL[S AT ONCE4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT ,I ?9K ?AT PEOPLE %\LD LIVE UP TO !IR ELEM5T>Y MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 A POSITION ?AT %\LD NE$ NO DEF5SE4 ,& ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( SOMEONE 9 A MORE FREE & OP5 SOCIETY >E1 AGA9 OBVI\SLY1 GREAT] ?AN ?OSE :O MAY PAY SOME CO/ = HONE/Y & 9TEGRITY4 ,IF COMMISS>S 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA AGRE$ TO SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO /ATE P[]1 !Y C\LD AT LEA/ PLEAD FE> 9 EXT5UATION4 ,!IR C\NT]P>TS 9 MORE FREE & OP5 SOCIETIES CAN PLEAD ONLY C[>DICE4 

,MI*EL ,GONDRY'S ANIMAT$ DOCUM5T>Y ,IS ! ,MAN ,:O ,IS ,TALL ,HAPPY8 HAS JU/ BE5 RELEAS$ 9 SELECT$ !AT]S 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & O!R MAJOR CITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ RAVE REVIEWS4 ,DID Y\ SEE ! MOVIE8 ,W]E Y\ PLEAS$ ) IT8 .<,$4 ,NOTE3 ,IS ! ,MAN ,:O ,IS ,TALL ,HAPPY8 IS BAS$ ON A S]IES ( 9T]VIEWS FEATUR+ ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4.> 

,I SAW IT4 ,GONDRY IS REALLY A GREAT >TI/4 ,! MOVIE IS DELICATELY & CLEV]LY DONE & MANAGES TO CAPTURE SOME IMPORTANT IDEAS 7(T5 NOT UND]/OOD EV5 9 ! FIELD7 9 A V]Y SIMPLE & CLE> WAY1 ALSO ) P]SONAL T\*ES ?AT SEEM$ TO ME V]Y S5SITIVE & ?\<TFUL4 

,COAU?OR$ ) ,ANA/ASIA ,GIAMALI2 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,DECEMB] #h1 #bac 

O ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #i 
,CAN ,CIVILIZATION ,SURVIVE 0,REALLY ,EXI/+ ,CAPITALISM08 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,9 A NATIONALLY TELEVIS$ ADDRESS ON ! EVE ( ! ?IRTE5? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #b#a1 ATTACKS ON ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,OBAMA ANN\NC$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS GO+ BACK TO W> 9 ,IRAQ1 ?IS TIME AGA9/ ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE ( ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA 7,I,S,I,S74 ,IS ,IRAQ AN UNF9I%$ BUS9ESS ( ! ,U,S 9VASION ( #b#c1 OR IS ! SITUATION !RE M]ELY ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( ! /RATEGIC AG5DA ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ,*AOS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 0,9EVITABLE0 IS A /RONG WORD1 BUT ! APPE>ANCE ( ,I,S,I,S & ! G5]AL SPREAD ( RADICAL JIHADISM IS A FAIRLY NATURAL \TGR[? ( ,WA%+TON WIELD+ ITS SL$GEHAMM] AT ! FRAGILE SOCIETY ( ,IRAQ1 :I* WAS B>ELY HANG+ TOGE!R AFT] A DECADE ( ,U,S-,U,K SANCTIONS SO ON]\S ?AT ! RESPECT$ 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMATS :O ADM9I/]$ !M VIA ! ,U,N BO? RESIGN$ 9 PROTE/1 *>G+ ?AT !Y W]E 0G5OCIDAL40 

,ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ MA9/REAM ,U,S ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ANALY/S1 =M] ,C,I,A OP]ATIVE ,GRAHAM ,FULL]1 REC5TLY WROTE3 0,I ?9K ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ONE ( ! KEY CREATORS ( .<,I,S,I,S.>4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID NOT PLAN ! =MATION ( ,I,S,I,S1 BUT ITS DE/RUCTIVE 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! W> 9 ,IRAQ W]E ! BASIC CAUSES ( ! BIR? ( ,I,S,I,S40 

,HE IS CORRECT1 ,I ?9K4 ,! SITUATION IS A DISA/] = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUT IS A NATURAL RESULT ( ITS 9VASION4 ,ONE ( ! GRIM CONSEQU5CES ( ,U,S-,U,K AGGRESSION WAS TO 9FLAME SECT>IAN CONFLICTS ?AT >E N[ TE>+ ,IRAQ TO %R$S1 & HAVE SPREAD OV] ! :OLE REGION1 ) AWFUL CONSEQU5CES4 

,I,S,I,S SEEMS TO REPRES5T A NEW JIHADI/ MOVEM5T1 ) GREAT] 9H]5T T5D5CIES T[>D B>B>ITY 9 ! PURSUIT ( ITS MISSION TO REE/ABLI% AN ,ISLAMIC CALIPHATE1 YET APP>5TLY MORE ABLE TO RECRUIT Y\NG RADICAL ,MUSLIMS FROM ! HE>T ( ,EUROPE1 & EV5 AS F> AS ,AU/RALIA1 ?AN AL-,QA$A ITSELF4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 :Y HAS RELIGI\S FANATICISM BECOME ! DRIV+ =CE BEH9D SO MANY ,MUSLIM MOVEM5TS >\ND ! WORLD8 

,LIKE ,BRITA9 BE=E IT1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS T5D$ TO SUPPORT RADICAL ,ISLAM & TO OPPOSE SECUL> NATIONALISM1 :I* BO? IMP]IAL /ATES HAVE REG>D$ AS MORE ?REAT5+ TO !IR GOALS ( DOM9ATION & CONTROL4 ,:5 SECUL> OPTIONS >E CRU%$1 RELIGI\S EXTREMISM (T5 FILLS ! VACUUM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PRIM>Y ,U,S ALLY OV] ! YE>S1 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 IS ! MO/ RADICAL ,ISLAMI/ /ATE 9 ! WORLD & ALSO A MISSION>Y /ATE1 :I* USES ITS VA/ OIL RES\RCES TO PROMULGATE ITS EXTREMI/ ,WAHHABI_/,SALAFI DOCTR9ES BY E/ABLI%+ S*OOLS1 MOSQUES1 & 9 O!R WAYS1 & HAS ALSO BE5 ! PRIM>Y S\RCE = ! FUND+ ( RADICAL ,ISLAMI/ GR\PS1 ALONG ) ,GULF ,EMIRATES--ALL ,U,S ALLIES4 

,IT'S WOR? NOT+ ?AT RELIGI\S FANATICISM IS SPREAD+ 9 ! ,WE/ AS WELL1 AS DEMOCRACY ]ODES4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE4 ,!RE >E NOT MANY C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD :]E ! L>GE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION BELIEVES ?AT ,GOD'S H& GUIDES EVOLUTION1 & ALMO/ HALF ( !SE ?9K ?AT ! WORLD WAS CREAT$ A FEW ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,& AS ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY HAS BECOME SO EXTREME 9 S]V+ WEAL? & CORPORATE P[] ?AT IT CANNOT APPEAL TO ! PUBLIC ON ITS ACTUAL POLICIES1 IT HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO RELY ON !SE SECTORS AS A VOT+ BASE1 GIV+ !M SUB/ANTIAL 9FLU5CE ON POLICY4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES COMMITT$ MAJOR W> CRIMES 9 ,IRAQ1 BUT ! ACTS ( VIOL5CE COMMITT$ !SE DAYS AGA9/ CIVILIANS 9 ! C\NTRY1 P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ *ILDR5 & PEOPLE FROM V>I\S E?NIC & RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES1 IS ALSO SIMPLY APPALL+4 ,GIV5 ?AT ,IRAQ EXHIBIT$ ITS LONGE/ /RET* ( POLITICAL /ABILITY UND] ,SADDAM ,HUSSE91 :AT DIDACTIC LESSONS %\LD ONE DRAW FROM TODAY'S EXTREMELY MESSY SITUATION 9 ?AT P>T ( ! WORLD8 

,! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LESSON IS ?AT IT IS WISE TO ADH]E TO CIVILIZ$ NORMS & 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,! CRIM9AL VIOL5CE ( ROGUE /ATES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,U,K IS NOT GU>ANTE$ TO HAVE CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES1 BUT WE CAN H>DLY CLAIM TO BE SURPRIS$ :5 IT DOES4 

,U,S ATTACKS AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S'S BASES 9 ,SYRIA )\T ! APPROVAL & COLLABORATION ( ! ,SYRIAN REGIME ( ,BA%> AL-,ASSAD W\LD CON/ITUTE A VIOLATION ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 CLAIM$ ,DAMASCUS1 ,MOSC[1 & ,TEHRAN BE=E ! />T ( BOMB+4 ,H[EV]1 ISN'T IT ! CASE ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ,I,S,I,S'S =CES 9 ,SYRIA W\LD FUR!R /R5G!N ! ,SYRIAN REGIME8 ,OR IS IT ?AT ! ,ASSAD REGIME IS AFRAID IT WILL BE NEXT 9 L9E8 

,! ,ASSAD REGIME HAS BE5 RA!R QUIET4 ,IT HAS NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 APPEAL$ TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL TO ACT TO T]M9ATE ! ATTACK1 :I* IS1 UND\BT$LY1 9 VIOLATION ( ! ,U,N ,*>T]1 ! F\NDATION ( MOD]N 9T]NATIONAL LAW 7& IF ANYONE C>ES1 P>T ( ! 0SUPREME LAW ( ! L&0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION74 ,ASSAD'S MURD]\S REGIME D\BTLESS CAN SEE :AT ! RE/ ( ! WORLD DOES3 ! ,U,S ATTACK ON ,I,S,I,S WEAK5S ITS MA9 5EMY4 

,9 ADDITION TO SOME ,WE/]N NATIONS1 ,>AB /ATES HAVE ALSO (F]$ MILIT>Y SUPPORT TO ,U,S ATTACKS AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S 9 ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA4 ,IS ?IS A CASE ( ONE =M ( ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALISM 7,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 = EXAMPLE7 EXHIBIT+ FE> ( ANO!R =M ( ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALISM 7,I,S,I,S78 

,AS ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ACCURATELY REPORT$1 ! SUPPORT IS 0TEPID40 ,! REGIMES SURELY FE> ,I,S,I,S1 BUT IT APP>5TLY CONT9UES TO DRAW F9ANCIAL SUPPORT FROM WEAL?Y DONORS 9 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA & ! ,EMIRATES1 & ITS IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS1 AS ,I M5TION$1 >E 9 ,SAUDI RADICAL ,ISLAMIC EXTREMISM1 :I* HAS NOT ABAT$4 

,LIFE 9 ,GAZA HAS RETURN$ TO NORMALCY AFT] ,HAMAS & ,ISRAEL AGRE$ TO A CEASE-FIRE4 ,= H[ LONG8 

,I W\LD HESITATE TO USE ! T]M 0NORMALCY40 ,! LATE/ ONSLAU<T WAS EV5 MORE VICI\S ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS1 & ITS IMPACT IS HORR5D\S4 ,! ,EGYPTIAN MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 :I* IS BITT]LY ANTI-,HAMAS1 IS ALSO ADD+ TO ! TRAG$Y4 

,:AT WILL HAPP5 NEXT8 ,!RE HAS BE5 A REGUL> PATT]N S9CE ! FIR/ SU* AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ BETWE5 ,ISRAEL & ! ,PALE/9IAN ,AU?ORITY 9 ,NOVEMB] #b#e4 ,IT CALL$ = 0A CROSS+ BETWE5 ,GAZA & ,EGYPT AT ,RAFAH = ! EXPORT ( GOODS & ! TRANSIT ( PEOPLE1 CONT9U\S OP]ATION ( CROSS+S BETWE5 ,ISRAEL & ,GAZA = ! IMPORT_/EXPORT ( GOODS1 & ! TRANSIT ( PEOPLE1 R$UCTION ( OB/ACLES TO MOVEM5T )9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK1 BUS & TRUCK CONVOYS BETWE5 ! ,WE/ ,BANK & ,GAZA1 ! BUILD+ ( A SEAPORT 9 ,GAZA1 .<& !.> RE-OP5+ ( ! AIRPORT 9 ,GAZA0 ?AT ,ISRAELI BOMB+ HAD DEMOLI%$4 

,LAT] AGREEM5TS HAVE BE5 V>IANTS ON ! SAME !MES1 ! CURR5T ONE AS WELL4 ,EA* TIME1 ,ISRAEL HAS DISREG>D$ ! AGREEM5TS :ILE ,HAMAS HAS LIV$ UP TO !M 7AS ,ISRAEL CONC$ES7 UNTIL SOME ,ISRAELI ESCALATION ELICITS A ,HAMAS RESPONSE1 :I* GIVES ,ISRAEL ANO!R OPPORTUNITY TO 0M[ ! LAWN10 9 ITS ELEGANT PHRASE4 ,! 9T]IM P]IODS ( 0QUIET0 7MEAN+ ONE-WAY QUIET7 ALL[ ,ISRAEL TO C>RY =W>D ITS POLICIES ( TAK+ OV] :ATEV] IT VALUES 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK1 LEAV+ ,PALE/9IANS 9 DISMEMB]$ CANTONS4 ,ALL1 ( C\RSE1 ) CRUCIAL ,U,S SUPPORT3 MILIT>Y1 ECONOMIC1 DIPLOMATIC1 & IDEOLOGICAL1 9 FRAM+ ! ISSUES 9 ACCORD ) ,ISRAEL'S BASIC P]SPECTIVE4 

,?AT1 9DE$1 WAS ! PURPOSE ( ,ISRAEL'S 0DIS5GAGEM5T0 FROM ,GAZA 9 #b#e--:ILE REMA9+ ! OCCUPY+ P[]1 AS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! WORLD 7AP>T FROM ,ISRAEL71 EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! PURPOSE WAS \TL9$ C&IDLY BY ! >*ITECT & *IEF NEGOTIATOR ( ! 0DIS5GAGEM5T10 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,%>ON'S CLOSE ASSOCIATE1 ,DOV ,WEISSGLASS4 ,HE 9=M$ ! PRESS3 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DIS5GAGEM5T PLAN IS ! FREEZ+ ( ! PEACE PROCESS4 ,& :5 Y\ FREEZE ?AT PROCESS1 Y\ PREV5T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,PALE/9IAN /ATE1 & Y\ PREV5T A DISCUSSION ON ! REFUGEES1 ! BORD]S & ,J]USALEM4 ,EFFECTIVELY1 ?IS :OLE PACKAGE CALL$ ! ,PALE/9IAN /ATE1 ) ALL ?AT IT 5TAILS1 HAS BE5 REMOV$ 9DEF9ITELY FROM \R AG5DA4 ,& ALL ?IS ) AU?ORITY & P]MISSION4 ,ALL ) A .<,U,S.> PRESID5TIAL BLESS+ & ! RATIFICATION ( BO? H\SES ( ,CONGRESS4 

,?AT PATT]N HAS BE5 REIT]AT$ OV] & OV]1 & IT SEEMS ?AT IT IS BE+ RE5ACT$ TODAY4 ,H[EV]1 SOME KN[L$GEABLE ,ISRAELI COMM5TATORS HAVE SUGGE/$ ?AT ,ISRAEL MI<T F9ALLY RELAX ITS TORTURE ( ,GAZA4 ,ITS ILLEGAL TAKEOV] ( MU* ( ! ,WE/ ,BANK 79CLUD+ ,GREAT] ,J]USALEM7 HAS PROCE$$ SO F> ?AT ,ISRAELI AU?ORITIES MI<T ANTICIPATE ?AT IT IS IRREV]SIBLE4 ,& !Y N[ HAVE A COOP]ATIVE ALLY 9 ! BRUTAL MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP 9 ,EGYPT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! RISE ( ,I,S,I,S & ! G5]AL %ATT]+ ( ! REGION HAVE IMPROV$ ! TACIT ALLIANCE ) ! ,SAUDI DICTATOR%IP & POSSIBLY O!RS4 ,CONCEIVABLY1 ,ISRAEL MI<T DEP>T FROM ITS EXTREME REJECTIONISM1 ?\< = N[1 ! SIGNS DO NOT LOOK AUSPICI\S4 

,! LATE/ ,ISRAELI C>NAGE 9 ,GAZA /IRR$ PUBLIC S5TIM5T >\ND ! WORLD 9CREAS+LY AGA9/ ! /ATE ( ,ISRAEL4 ,TO :AT EXT5T IS ! UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT R5D]$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES T[>D ,ISRAEL ! \TPLAY ( DOME/IC POLITICAL FACTORS1 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS DO Y\ SEE A %IFT 9 ,WA%+TON'S POLICY T[>D ,TEL ,AVIV8 

,!RE >E V]Y P[]FUL DOME/IC FACTORS4 ,ONE ILLU/RATION WAS GIV5 RI<T 9 ! MID/ ( ! LATE/ ,ISRAELI ASSAULT4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 ,ISRAELI WEAPONS SEEM$ TO BE RUNN+ L[1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES K9DLY SUPPLI$ ,ISRAEL ) MORE ADVANC$ WEAPONS1 :I* 5ABL$ IT TO C>RY ! ONSLAU<T FUR!R4 ,!SE WEAPONS W]E TAK5 FROM ! /OCKS ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PRE-POSITIONS 9 ,ISRAEL1 = EV5TUAL USE BY ,U,S =CES1 ONE ( MANY 9DICATIONS ( ! V]Y CLOSE MILIT>Y CONNECTIONS ?AT GO BACK MANY YE>S4 ,9TELLIG5CE 9T]ACTIONS >E EV5 BETT] E/ABLI%$4 ,ISRAEL IS ALSO A FAVOR$ LOCATION = ,U,S 9VE/ORS1 NOT JU/ 9 ITS ADVANC$ MILIT>Y ECONOMY4 ,!RE IS A HUGE VOT+ BLOC ( EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANS ?AT IS FANATICALLY PRO-,ISRAEL4 ,!RE IS ALSO AN EFFECTIVE ,ISRAEL LOBBY1 :I* IS (T5 PU%+ AN OP5 DOOR--& :I* QUICKLY BACKS D[N :5 IT CONFRONTS ,U,S P[]1 NOT SURPRIS+LY4 

,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 %IFTS 9 POPUL> S5TIM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG Y\NG] PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITY4 ,I EXP]I5CE ?AT P]SONALLY1 AS DO O!RS4 ,NOT LONG AGO ,I LIT]ALLY HAD TO HAVE POLICE PROTECTION :5 ,I SPOKE ON !SE TOPICS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES1 EV5 MY [N UNIV]SITY4 ,?AT HAS GREATLY *ANG$4 ,BY N[ ,PALE/9E SOLID>ITY IS A MAJOR COMMITM5T ON MANY CAMPUSES4 ,OV] TIME1 !SE *ANGES C\LD COMB9E ) SOME O!R FACTORS TO LEAD TO A *ANGE ( ,U,S POLICY4 ,IT'S HAPP5$ BE=E4 ,BUT IT WILL TAKE H>D1 S]I\S1 D$ICAT$ WORK4 

,:AT >E ! AIMS & ! OBJECTIVES ( ,U,S POLICY 9 ,UKRA9E1 O!R ?AN /IRR+ UP TR\BLE & !N LETT+ O!R =CES DO ! DIRTY WORK8 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL & ! SUBSEQU5T COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BEGAN SEEK+ TO EXT5D ITS DOM9ANCE1 9CLUD+ ,N,A,T,O MEMB]%IP1 OV] ! REGIONS RELEAS$ FROM ,RUSSIAN CONTROL--9 VIOLATION ( V]BAL PROMISES TO ,GORBA*EV1 :OSE PROTE/S W]E DISMISS$4 ,UKRA9E IS SURELY ! NEXT RIPE FRUIT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HOPES TO PLUCK FROM ! TREE4 

,DOESN'T ,RUSSIA HAVE A LEGITIMATE CONC]N OV] ,UKRA9E'S POT5TIAL ALLIANCE ) ,N,A,T,O8 

,A V]Y LEGITIMATE CONC]N1 OV] ! EXPANSION ( ,N,A,T,O G5]ALLY4 ,?IS IS SO OBVI\S ?AT IT IS EV5 ! TOPIC ( ! LEAD >TICLE 9 ! CURR5T ISSUE ( ! MAJOR E/ABLI%M5T J\RNAL1 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 BY 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS S*OL> ,JOHN ,ME>%EIM]4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS AT ! ROOT ( ! CURR5T ,UKRA9E CRISIS4 

,LOOK+ AT ! CURR5T SITUATION 9 ,IRAQ1 ,SYRIA1 ,LIBYA1 ,NIG]IA1 ,UKRA9E1 ! ,*9A ,SEA1 & EV5 9 P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 ,ZBIGNIEW ,BRZEZ9SKI'S REC5T COMM5T ON ,M,S,N,B,C1 0,WE >E FAC+ A K9D ( DYNAMICALLY SPREAD+ *AOS 9 P>TS ( ! WORLD10 SEEMS RA!R APROPOS4 ,H[ MU* ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS RELAT$ TO ! DECL9E ( A GLOBAL HEGEMON & TO ! BALANCE ( P[] ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! ]A ( ! ,COLD ,W>8 

,U,S P[] REA*$ ITS PEAK 9 #aide & HAS BE5 RA!R /EADILY DECL9+ EV] S9CE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY *ANGES 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,ONE IS ! RISE ( ,*9A AS A MAJOR P[]4 ,ANO!R IS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA'S BREAK+ FREE ( IMP]IAL CONTROL 7= ! LA/ C5TURY1 ,U,S CONTROL7 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,RELAT$ TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS IS ! RISE ( ! ,B,R,I,C,S BLOC 7,BRAZIL1 ,RUSSIA1 ,9DIA1 ,*9A1 ,S\? ,AFRICA7 & ! ,%AN<AI ,COOP]ATION ,ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ 9 ,*9A & 9CLUD+ ,9DIA1 ,PAKI/AN1 ! ,C5TRAL ,ASIAN /ATES1 & O!RS4 

,BUT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9S ! DOM9ANT GLOBAL P[]1 BY A L>GE MEASURE4 

,LA/ MON? M>K$ ! SIXTY-N9? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,U,S ATOMIC BOMB+ ( ! CITIES ( ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI 9 ,JAPAN1 YET NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T REMA9S A *IM]A4 ,9 A REC5T >TICLE ( Y\RS1 Y\ UND]SCOR$ ! PO9T ?AT WE >E M]ELY LUCKY TO HAVE AVOID$ A NUCLE> W> SO F>4 ,DO Y\ ?9K1 !N1 ?AT IT'S A MATT] ( TIME BE=E NUCLE> WEAPONS FALL 9TO ! H&S ( T]RORI/ GR\PS8 

,NUCLE> WEAPONS >E ALREADY 9 ! H&S ( T]RORI/ GR\PS3 /ATE T]RORI/S1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PRIM>Y AMONG !M4 ,IT'S CONCEIVABLE ?AT WEAPONS ( MASS DE/RUCTION MI<T ALSO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( 0RETAIL T]RORI/S10 GREATLY 5HANC+ ! 5ORM\S DANG]S TO SURVIVAL4 

,S9CE ! LATE #a#i#gS1 MO/ ADVANC$ ECONOMIES HAVE RETURN$ TO PR$ATORY CAPITALISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 9COME & WEAL? 9EQUALITY HAVE REA*$ SPECTACUL> HEI<TS1 POV]TY IS BECOM+ 5TR5*$1 UNEMPLOYM5T IS SKYROCKET+ & /&>DS ( LIV+ >E DECL9+4 ,9 ADDITION1 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM0 IS CAUS+ MASS 5VIRONM5TAL DAMAGE & DE/RUCTION1 :I*1 ALONG ) ! POPULATION EXPLOSION1 IS LEAD+ US TO AN UNMITIGAT$ GLOBAL DISA/]4 ,CAN CIVILIZATION SURVIVE REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM8 

,FIR/1 LET ME SAY ?AT :AT ,I HAVE 9 M9D BY ! T]M 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM0 IS :AT REALLY EXI/S & :AT IS CALL$ 0CAPITALISM40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT CASE1 = OBVI\S REASONS4 ,! T]M 0CAPITALISM0 IS VAGUE 5\< TO COV] MANY POSSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS COMMONLY US$ TO REF] TO ! ,U,S ECONOMIC SY/EM1 :I* RECEIVES SUB/ANTIAL /ATE 9T]V5TION1 RANG+ FROM CREATIVE 9NOVATION TO ! 0TOO-BIG-TO-FAIL0 GOV]NM5T 9SURANCE POLICY = BANKS1 & :I* IS HI<LY MONOPOLIZ$1 FUR!R LIMIT+ M>KET RELIANCE4 

,IT'S WOR? BE>+ 9 M9D ! SCALE ( ! DEP>TURES ( 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM0 FROM (FICIAL 0FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM40 ,TO M5TION ONLY A FEW EXAMPLES1 9 ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S1 ! %>E ( PR(ITS ( ! TWO HUNDR$ L>GE/ 5T]PRISES HAS RIS5 %>PLY1 C>RY+ =W>D ! OLIGOPOLI/IC *>ACT] ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY4 ,?IS DIRECTLY UND]M9ES M>KETS1 AVOID+ PRICE W>S ?R\< EF=TS AT (T5 MEAN+LESS PRODUCT DIFF]5TIATION ?R\< MASSIVE ADV]TIS+1 :I* IS ITSELF D$ICAT$ TO UND]M9+ M>KETS 9 ! (FICIAL S5SE1 BAS$ ON 9=M$ CONSUM]S MAK+ RATIONAL *OICES4 ,COMPUT]S & ! ,9T]NET1 ALONG ) O!R BASIC COMPON5TS ( ! ,I,T REVOLUTION1 W]E L>GELY 9 ! /ATE SECTOR 7,R@&,D1 SUBSIDY1 PROCUREM5T1 & O!R DEVICES7 = DECADES BE=E !Y W]E H&$ OV] TO PRIVATE 5T]PRISE = ADAPTATION TO COMM]CIAL M>KETS & PR(IT4 ,! GOV]NM5T 9SURANCE POLICY1 :I* PROVIDES BIG BANKS ) 5ORM\S ADVANTAGES1 HAS BE5 R\<LY E/IMAT$ BY ECONOMI/S & ! BUS9ESS PRESS TO BE P]HAPS ON ! ORD] ( AS MU* AS @s#h BILLION A YE>4 ,H[EV]1 A REC5T /UDY BY ! ,I,M,F 9DICATES--TO QUOTE ! BUS9ESS PRESS--?AT P]HAPS 0! L>GE/ ,U,S BANKS >5'T REALLY PR(ITABLE AT ALL10 ADD+ ?AT 0! BILLIONS ( DOLL>S !Y ALLEG$LY E>N = !IR %>EHOLD]S W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY A GIFT FROM ,U,S TAXPAY]S40 

,9 A WAY1 ALL ( ?IS EXPLA9S ! ECONOMIC DEVA/ATION PRODUC$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM ?AT Y\ UND]SCORE 9 Y\R QUE/ION ABOVE4 ,REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY--,R,E,C,D = %ORT 7PRON\NC$ 0WRECK$07--IS RADICALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) DEMOCRACY4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME UNLIKELY ?AT CIVILIZATION CAN SURVIVE REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM & ! %>PLY ATT5UAT$ DEMOCRACY ?AT GOES ALONG ) IT4 ,C\LD FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY MAKE A DIFF]5CE8 ,CONSID]ATION ( NONEXI/5T SY/EMS CAN ONLY BE SPECULATIVE1 BUT ,I ?9K !RE'S SOME REASON TO ?9K SO4 ,REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM IS A HUMAN CREATION1 & CAN BE *ANG$ OR REPLAC$4 

,Y\R BOOK ,MA/]S ( ,MANK9D1 :I* CAME \T 9 ,SEPTEMB] #bad FROM ,HAYM>KET ,BOOKS1 IS A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS WRITT5 BETWE5 #aifi & #b#a#c4 ,! WORLD HAS *ANG$ A GREAT DEAL DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 SO MY QUE/ION IS ?IS3 ,HAS Y\R UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD *ANG$ OV] TIME1 &1 IF SO1 :AT HAVE BE5 ! MO/ CATALYTIC EV5TS 9 ALT]+ Y\R P]SPECTIVE AB\T POLITICS8 

,MY UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD HAS *ANG$ OV] TIME AS ,I'VE LE>N$ A LOT MORE AB\T ! PA/1 & ONGO+ EV5TS REGUL>LY ADD NEW CRITICAL MAT]IALS4 ,I CAN'T REALLY ID5TIFY S+LE EV5TS OR PEOPLE4 ,IT'S CUMULATIVE1 A CON/ANT PROCESS ( RE?9K+ 9 ! LI<T ( NEW 9=MATION & MORE CONSID]ATION ( :AT ,I HADN'T PROP]LY UND]/OOD4 ,H[EV]1 HI]>*ICAL & >BITR>Y P[] REMA9S AT ! CORE ( POLITICS 9 \R WORLD & ! S\RCE ( ALL EVILS4 

,9 A REC5T EX*ANGE WE HAD1 ,I EXPRESS$ MY PESSIMISM AB\T ! FUTURE ( \R SPECIES4 ,Y\ REPLI$ BY SAY+ 0,I %>E Y\R CONVICTION1 BUT KEEP REMEMB]+ ! L9E ,I'VE OCCASIONALLY QUOT$ FROM ! ,ANALECTS1 DEF9+ ! 'EXEMPL>Y P]SON'--PRESUMABLY ! MA/] HIMSELF3 '! ONE :O KEEPS TRY+1 ?\< HE KN[S !RE IS NO HOPE4'0 ,IS ! SITUATION AS DIRE AS ?AT8 

,WE CANNOT KN[ = SURE4 ,:AT WE DO KN[1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT IF WE SUCCUMB TO DESPAIR WE WILL HELP 5SURE ?AT ! WOR/ WILL HAPP54 ,& IF WE GRASP ! HOPES ?AT EXI/ & WORK TO MAKE ! BE/ USE ( !M1 !RE MI<T BE A BETT] WORLD4 

,NOT MU* ( A *OICE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,OCTOB] #a1 #bad 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,P>T ,I,I 

  

,AM]ICA 9 ! ,TRUMP ,]A 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ,I WANT TO />T BY ASK+ Y\ TO REFLECT ON ! FOLL[+3 ,TRUMP WON ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION EV5 ?\< HE LO/ ! POPUL> VOTE4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IF 0ONE P]SON1 ONE VOTE0 IS A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE BEH9D EV]Y LEGITIMATE MODEL ( DEMOCRACY1 :AT TYPE ( A DEMOCRACY PREVAILS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & :AT WILL IT TAKE TO UNDO ! ANA*RONISM ( ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE WAS ORIG9ALLY SUPPOS$ TO BE A DELIB]ATIVE BODY DRAWN FROM $UCAT$ & PRIVILEG$ ELITES4 ,IT W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY RESPOND TO PUBLIC OP9ION1 :I* WAS NOT HI<LY REG>D$ BY ! F\ND]S1 TO PUT IT MILDLY4 0,! MASS ( PEOPLE 444 SELDOM JUDGE OR DET]M9E RI<T10 AS ,ALEX&] ,HAMILTON PUT IT DUR+ ! FRAM+ ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 EXPRESS+ A COMMON ELITE VIEW4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! 9FAM\S ?REE-FIF?S CLAUSE 5SUR$ ! SLAVE /ATES AN EXTRA BOO/1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ISSUE CONSID]+ !IR PROM95T ROLE 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AS ! P>TY SY/EM TOOK %APE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE BECAME A MIRROR ( ! /ATE VOTES1 :I* CAN GIVE A RESULT QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! POPUL> VOTE BECAUSE ( ! FIR/-PA/-!-PO/ RULE--AS IT DID ONCE AGA9 9 ?IS ELECTION4 ,ELIM9AT+ ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE W\LD BE A GOOD IDEA1 BUT IT'S VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE AS ! POLITICAL SY/EM IS N[ CON/ITUT$4 ,IT IS ONLY ONE ( MANY FACTORS ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO ! REGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL SY/EM1 :I*1 AS ,SE? ,ACK]MAN OBS]VES 9 AN 9T]E/+ >TICLE 9 ,JACOB9 MAGAZ9E1 W\LD NOT PASS MU/] BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS4 

,ACK]MAN FOCUSES ON ONE SEV]E FLAW 9 ! ,U,S SY/EM3 ! DOM9ANCE ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E NOT G5U9E POLITICAL P>TIES ) PUBLIC P>TICIPATION BUT RA!R ELITE-RUN C&IDATE-SELECTION 9/ITUTIONS1 (T5 DESCRIB$ NOT UNREALI/ICALLY AS ! TWO FACTIONS ( ! S+LE BUS9ESS P>TY ?AT DOM9ATES ! POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,!Y HAVE PROTECT$ !MSELVES FROM COMPETITION BY MANY DEVICES ?AT B> G5U9E POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT GR[ \T ( FREE ASSOCIATION ( P>TICIPANTS1 AS W\LD BE ! CASE 9 A PROP]LY FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY4 ,BEYOND ?AT !RE IS ! OV]:ELM+ ROLE ( CONC5TRAT$ PRIVATE & CORPORATE WEAL?1 NOT JU/ 9 ! PRESID5TIAL CAMPAIGNS1 AS HAS BE5 WELL DOCUM5T$ P>TICUL>LY BY ,?OMAS ,F]GUSON1 BUT ALSO 9 ,CONGRESS4 ,A REC5T /UDY BY ,F]GUSON1 ,PAUL ,JORG5S51 & ,JIE ,*5 REVEALS A REM>KABLY CLOSE CORRELATION BETWE5 CAMPAIGN EXP5DITURES & ELECTORAL \TCOMES 9 ,CONGRESS OV] DECADES4 ,& EXT5SIVE WORK 9 ACADEMIC POLITICAL SCI5CE--P>TICUL>LY BY ,M>T9 ,GIL5S1 ,B5JAM9 ,PAGE1 & ,L>RY ,B>TLETT--REVEALS ?AT MO/ ( ! POPULATION IS EFFECTIVELY UNREPRES5T$ 9 ?AT !IR ATTITUDES & OP9IONS HAVE LITTLE OR NO EFFECT ON DECISIONS ( ! PEOPLE !Y VOTE =1 :I* >E PRETTY MU* DET]M9$ BY ! V]Y TOP ( ! 9COME-WEAL? SCALE4 ,9 LI<T ( SU* FACTORS AS !SE1 ! DEFECTS ( ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE1 :ILE REAL1 >E ( LESS] SIGNIFICANCE4 

,TO :AT EXT5T IS ?IS PRESID5TIAL ELECTION A WAT]%$ MOM5T = ,REPUBLICANS & ,DEMOCRATS ALIKE8 

,= ! EI<T YE>S ( ! ,OBAMA PRESID5CY1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATION HAS H>DLY QUALIFI$ AS A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,A MORE ACCURATE DESCRIPTION WAS GIV5 BY ! RESPECT$ POLITICAL ANALY/S ,?OMAS ,MANN & ,NORMAN ,ORN/E9 ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,AM]ICAN ,5T]PRISE ,9/ITUTE3 ! P>TY BECAME AN 09SURG5T \TLI]--IDEOLOGICALLY EXTREME2 CONTEMPTU\S ( ! 9H]IT$ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC POLICY REGIME2 SCORNFUL ( COMPROMISE2 UNP]SUAD$ BY CONV5TIONAL UND]/&+ ( FACTS1 EVID5CE & SCI5CE2 & DISMISSIVE ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ITS POLITICAL OPPOSITION40 ,ITS GUID+ PR9CIPLE WAS1 :ATEV] ,OBAMA TRIES TO DO1 WE HAVE TO BLOCK IT1 BUT )\T PROVID+ SOME S5SIBLE ALT]NATIVE4 ,! GOAL WAS TO MAKE ! C\NTRY UNGOV]NABLE1 SO ?AT ! 9SURG5CY C\LD TAKE P[]4 ,ITS 9FANTILE ANTICS ON ! ,AF=DABLE ,C>E ,ACT >E A GOOD ILLU/RATION3 5DLESS VOTES TO REPEAL IT 9 FAVOR (--NO?+4 ,MEAN:ILE ! P>TY HAS BECOME SPLIT BETWE5 ! WEAL?Y & PRIVILEG$ 0E/ABLI%M5T10 DEVOT$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( !IR CLASS1 & ! POPUL> BASE ?AT WAS MOBILIZ$ :5 ! E/ABLI%M5T COMMITM5TS TO WEAL? & PRIVILEGE BECAME SO EXTREME ?AT IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO G>N] VOTES BY PRES5T+ !M ACCURATELY4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO MOBILIZE SECTORS ?AT HAD ALWAYS EXI/$1 BUT NOT AS AN ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE3 A /RANGE AMALGAM ( ,*RI/IAN EVANGELICALS--A HUGE SECTOR ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION--NATIVI/S1 :ITE SUPREMACI/S1 :ITE WORK+- & L[]-MIDDLE-CLASS VICTIMS ( ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( ! PA/ G5]ATION1 & O!RS :O >E FE>FUL & ANGRY1 CA/ ASIDE 9 ! NEOLIB]AL ECONOMY :ILE !Y P]CEIVE !IR TRADITIONAL CULTURE AS BE+ UND] ATTACK4 ,9 PA/ PRIM>IES1 ! C&IDATES :O ROSE FROM ! BASE--,MI*ELE ,BA*MANN1 ,H]MAN ,CA91 ,RICK ,SANTORUM1 & ! RE/--W]E SO EXTREME ?AT !Y W]E ANA!MA TO ! E/ABLI%M5T1 :O W]E ABLE TO USE !IR AMPLE RES\RCES TO RID !MSELVES ( ! PLAGUE & *OOSE !IR FAVOR$ C&IDATE4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 #baf IS ?AT !Y W]E UNABLE TO DO IT4 

,N[ ! P>TY FACES ! TASK ( =MULAT+ POLICIES O!R ?AN 0,NO40 ,IT MU/ F9D A WAY TO CRAFT POLICIES ?AT WILL SOMEH[ PACIFY OR M>G9ALIZE ! POPUL> BASE :ILE S]V+ ! REAL CON/ITU5CY ( ! E/ABLI%M5T4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS SECTOR ?AT ,TRUMP IS PICK+ HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATES & CAB9ET MEMB]S3 NOT EXACTLY COAL M9]S1 IRON & /EEL WORK]S1 SMALL-BUS9ESS [N]S1 OR REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CONC]NS & DEM&S ( HIS VOT+ BASE4 

,DEMOCRATS HAVE TO FACE ! FACT ?AT = =TY YE>S !Y HAVE PRETTY MU* AB&ON$ :ATEV] COMMITM5T !Y HAD TO WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,IT'S QUITE %OCK+ ?AT ,DEMOCRATS HAVE DRIFT$ SO F> FROM !IR MOD]N ,NEW ,DEAL ORIG9S ?AT WORK]S >E N[ VOT+ = !IR CLASS 5EMY1 NOT = ! P>TY ( ,F,D,R4 ,A RETURN TO SOME =M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY %\LD NOT BE IMPOSSIBLE1 AS 9DICAT$ BY ! REM>KABLE SUCCESS ( ! ,S&]S CAMPAIGN1 :I* DEP>T$ RADICALLY FROM ! NORM ( ELECTIONS EFFECTIVELY B\<T BY WEAL? & CORPORATE P[]4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT HIS 0POLITICAL REVOLUTION10 :ILE QUITE APPROPRIATE = ! TIMES1 W\LD NOT HAVE MU* SURPRIS$ ,DWI<T ,EIS5H[]1 ANO!R 9DICATION ( ! %IFT TO ! RI<T DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL YE>S4 

,IF ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY IS GO+ TO BE A CON/RUCTIVE =CE1 IT WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP & COMMIT ITSELF CR$IBLY TO PROGRAMS ?AT ADDRESS ! VALID CONC]NS ( ! K9D ( PEOPLE :O VOT$ = ,OBAMA1 ATTRACT$ BY HIS MESSAGE ( 0HOPE & *ANGE10 &1 :5 DISILLUSION$ BY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( HOPE & ! LACK ( *ANGE1 SWIT*$ TO ! CON MAN :O DECL>$ ?AT HE WILL BR+ BACK :AT !Y HAVE LO/4 ,IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO FACE HONE/LY ! MALAISE ( MU* ( ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ PEOPLE LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,L\ISIANA BAY\S :OM ,>LIE ,HO*S*ILD /UDI$ ) SU* S5SITIVITY & 9SI<T1 & SURELY 9CLUD+ ! =M] WORK+-CLASS CON/ITU5CY ( ! ,DEMOCRATS4 ,! MALAISE IS REVEAL$ 9 MANY WAYS1 NOT LEA/ BY ! A/ONI%+ FACT ?AT MORTALITY HAS 9CREAS$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 SOME?+ UNKN[N 9 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES AP>T FROM CATA/ROPHIC EV5TS4 ,?AT'S P>TICUL>LY TRUE AMONG MIDDLE-AG$ :ITES1 MA9LY TRACEABLE IT SEEMS TO :AT >E SOMETIMES CALL$ 0DISEASES ( DESPAIR0 7OPIOIDS1 ALCOHOL1 SUICIDE1 & SO ON74 ,A /ATI/ICAL ANALYSIS REPORT$ BY ! ,ECONOMI/ F\ND ?AT !SE HEAL? METRICS CORRELATE ) A REM>KABLE #dc P]C5T ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY'S GA9S OV] ! ,DEMOCRATS 9 ! #baf ELECTION & REMA9 SIGNIFICANT & PR$ICTIVE EV5 :5 CONTROLL+ = RACE1 $UCATION1 AGE1 G5D]1 9COME1 M>ITAL /ATUS1 IMMIGRATION1 & EMPLOYM5T4 ,!SE >E ALL SIGNS ( SEV]E COLLAPSE ( MU* ( ! SOCIETY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 RURAL & WORK+-CLASS >EAS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SU* 9ITIATIVES HAVE TO BE UND]TAK5 ALONGSIDE ( FIRM D$ICATION TO ! RI<TS & NE$S ( ?OSE SECTORS ( ! POPULATION ?AT HAVE HI/ORICALLY BE5 D5I$ RI<TS & REPRESS$1 (T5 9 H>% & BRUTAL WAYS4 

,NO SMALL TASK1 BUT NOT BEYOND REA*1 IF NOT BY ! ,DEMOCRATS1 !N BY SOME POLITICAL P>TY REPLAC+ !M1 DRAW+ FROM POPUL> MOVEM5TS--& ?R\< ! CON/ANT ACTIVISM ( !SE MOVEM5TS1 QUITE AP>T FROM ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,BEYOND ?AT1 ?OSE :O P]CEIVE1 RI<TLY 9 MY VIEW1 ?AT ! :OLE SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM NE$S RADICAL *ANGE1 EV5 IF WE >E TO SURVIVE1 HAVE !IR WORK CUT \T = !M TOO4 

,TRUMP'S CAB9ET IS BE+ FILL$ BY F9ANCIAL & CORPORATE BIGWIGS & MILIT>Y LEAD]S4 ,SU* SELECTIONS H>DLY RECONCILE ) HIS PRE-ELECTION PROMISES TO 0DRA9 ! SWAMP10 SO :AT %\LD WE EXPECT FROM ?IS MEGALOMANIAC & PHONY POPULI/ 9S(> AS ! FUTURE ( ! ,WA%+TON E/ABLI%M5T IS CONC]N$ & ! FUTURE ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY ITSELF8 

,9 ?IS RESPECT--NOTE ! QUALIFICATION--,TIME MAGAZ9E PUT IT FAIRLY WELL 7,DECEMB] #b#f1 #b#a#f73 0,:ILE SOME SUPPORT]S MAY BALK1 ,TRUMP'S DECISION TO EMBRACE ?OSE :O HAVE WALL[$ 9 ! ,WA%+TON MUCK HAS SPREAD A S5SE ( RELIEF AMONG ! CAPITAL'S POLITICAL CLASS4 ',IT %[S1' SAYS ONE ,G,O,P CONSULTANT CLOSE TO ! PRESID5T-ELECT'S TRANSITION1 '?AT HE'S GO+ TO GOV]N LIKE A NORMAL ,REPUBLICAN4'0 

,!RE SURELY IS SOME TRU? TO ?IS4 ,BUS9ESS & 9VE/ORS PLA9LY ?9K SO4 ,! /OCK M>KET BOOM$ RI<T AFT] ! ELECTION1 L$ BY ! F9ANCIAL COMPANIES ?AT ,TRUMP D5\NC$ DUR+ HIS CAMPAIGN1 P>TICUL>LY ! LEAD+ DEMON ( HIS RHETORIC1 ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BLOOMB]G ,NEWS1 0,! FIRM'S SURG+ /OCK PRICE10 UP #c P]C5T 9 ! MON? AFT] ! ELECTION1 0HAS BE5 ! L>GE/ DRIV] BEH9D ! ,D[ ,JONES ,9DU/RIAL ,AV]AGE'S CLIMB T[>D #b140 ,! /ELL> M>KET P]=MANCE ( ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S IS BAS$ L>GELY ON ,TRUMP'S RELIANCE ON ! DEMON TO RUN ! ECONOMY1 BUTTRESS$ BY ! PROMIS$ ROLL-BACK 9 REGULATIONS1 SETT+ ! /AGE = ! NEXT F9ANCIAL CRISIS 7& TAXPAY] BAIL\T74 ,O!R BIG GA9]S >E 5]GY CORPORATIONS1 HEAL? 9SUR]S1 & CON/RUCTION FIRMS1 ALL EXPECT+ HUGE PR(ITS FROM ! ADM9I/RATION'S ANN\NC$ PLANS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE A ,PAUL ,RYAN-/YLE FISCAL PROGRAM ( TAX CUTS = ! RI* & CORPORATIONS1 9CREAS$ MILIT>Y SP5D+1 TURN+ ! HEAL? SY/EM OV] EV5 MORE TO 9SURANCE COMPANIES ) PR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES1 TAXPAY] L>GESSE = A PRIVATIZ$ =M ( CR$IT-BAS$ 9FRA/RUCTURE DEVELOPM5T1 & O!R 0NORMAL ,REPUBLICAN0 GIFTS TO WEAL? & PRIVILEGE AT TAXPAY] EXP5SE4 ,RA!R PLAUSIBLY1 ECONOMI/ ,L>RY ,SUMM]S DESCRIBES ! FISCAL PROGRAM AS 0! MO/ MISGUID$ SET ( TAX *ANGES 9 ,U,S HI/ORY .<:I*.> WILL MASSIVELY FAVOR ! TOP #a P]C5T ( 9COME E>N]S1 ?REAT5 AN EXPLOSIVE RISE 9 F$]AL DEBT1 COMPLICATE ! TAX CODE & DO LITTLE IF ANY?+ TO SPUR GR[?40 

,BUT GREAT NEWS = ?OSE :O MATT]4 

,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 SOME LOS]S 9 ! CORPORATE SY/EM4 ,S9CE ,NOVEMB] #h1 GUN SALES1 :I* MORE ?AN D\BL$ UND] ,OBAMA1 HAVE BE5 DROPP+ %>PLY1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( LESS5$ FE>S ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WILL TAKE AWAY ! ASSAULT RIFLES & O!R >MAM5TS WE NE$ TO PROTECT \RSELVES FROM ! F$S4 ,SALES ROSE ?R\< ! YE> AS POLLS %[$ ,CL9TON 9 ! LEAD1 BUT AFT] ! ELECTION1 ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES REPORT$1 0%>ES 9 GUNMAK]S SU* AS ,SMI? @& ,WESSON & ,/URM ,RUG] PLUNG$40 ,BY MID-,DECEMB]1 0! TWO COMPANIES HAD FALL5 #bd P] C5T & #ag P] C5T S9CE ! ELECTION1 RESPECTIVELY40 ,BUT ALL IS NOT LO/ = ! 9DU/RY4 ,AS A SPOKESMAN EXPLA9S1 0,TO PUT IT 9 P]SPECTIVE1 ,U,S CONSUM] SALES ( FIRE>MS >E GREAT] ?AN ! RE/ ( ! WORLD COMB9$4 ,IT'S A PRETTY BIG M>KET40 

,NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS *E] ,TRUMP'S *OICE = ,(FICE ( ,MANAGEM5T & ,BUDGET1 ,MICK ,MULVANEY1 ONE ( ! MO/ EXTREME FISCAL HAWKS1 ?\< A PROBLEM DOES >ISE3 ,H[ WILL A FISCAL HAWK MANAGE A BUDGET DESIGN$ TO MASSIVELY ESCALATE ! DEFICIT8 ,9 A PO/-FACT WORLD1 MAYBE ?AT DOESN'T MATT]4 

,ALSO *E]+ TO 0NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS0 IS ! *OICE ( ! RADICALLY ANTILABOR ,&Y ,PUZD] = SECRET>Y ( LABOR1 ?\< H]E1 TOO1 A CONTRADICTION MAY LURK 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,AS ! ULTRA-RI* ,C,E,O ( RE/AURANT *A9S1 HE RELIES ON ! MO/ EASILY EXPLOIT$ NONUNION LABOR = ! DIRTY WORK1 TYPICALLY IMMIGRANTS1 :I* DOESN'T COMPORT WELL ) ! PLANS TO DEPORT !M 5 MASSE4 ,! SAME PROBLEM >ISES = ! 9FRA/RUCTURE PROGRAMS2 ! PRIVATE FIRMS ?AT >E SET TO PR(IT FROM !SE 9ITIATIVES RELY HEAVILY ON ! SAME LABOR S\RCE1 ?\< P]HAPS ?AT PROBLEM CAN BE F9ESS$ BY R$ESIGN+ ! 0BEAUTIFUL WALL0 SO ?AT IT WILL ONLY KEEP \T ,MUSLIMS4 

,IS ?IS TO SAY !N ?AT ,TRUMP WILL BE A 0NORMAL0 ,REPUBLICAN AS ,AM]ICA'S =TY-FIF? PRESID5T8 

,9 SU* RESPECTS AS ! ONES M5TION$ ABOVE1 ,TRUMP PROV$ HIMSELF V]Y QUICKLY TO BE A NORMAL ,REPUBLICAN1 IF TO ! EXTREMI/ SIDE4 ,BUT 9 O!R RESPECTS HE MAY NOT BE A NORMAL ,REPUBLICAN1 IF ?AT MEANS SOME?+ LIKE A MA9/REAM E/ABLI%M5T ,REPUBLICAN--PEOPLE LIKE ,MITT ,ROMNEY1 :O ,TRUMP W5T \T ( HIS WAY TO HUMILIATE 9 HIS FAMILI> /YLE1 JU/ AS HE DID ,MC,CA9 & O!RS ( ?IS CATEGORY4 ,BUT IT'S NOT ONLY HIS /YLE ?AT CAUSES (F5SE & CONC]N4 ,HIS ACTIONS AS WELL4 

,TAKE JU/ ! TWO MO/ SIGNIFICANT ISSUES ?AT WE FACE1 ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ?AT HUMANS HAVE EV] FAC$ 9 !IR BRIEF HI/ORY ON E>?1 ISSUES ?AT BE> ON SPECIES SURVIVAL3 NUCLE> W> & GLOBAL W>M+4 ,%IV]S W5T UP ! SP9E ( MANY 0NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS10 AS ( O!RS :O C>E AB\T ! FATE ( ! SPECIES1 :5 ,TRUMP TWEET$ ?AT 0,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MU/ GREATLY /R5G!N & EXP& ITS NUCLE> CAPABILITY UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! WORLD COMES TO ITS S5SES REG>D+ NUKES40 ,EXP&+ NUCLE> CAPABILITY MEANS CA/+ TO ! W9DS ! TREATIES ?AT HAVE %>PLY R$UC$ NUCLE> >S5ALS & ?AT SANE ANALY/S HOPE MAY R$UCE !M MU* FUR!R1 9 FACT TO Z]O1 AS ADVOCAT$ BY SU* NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS AS ,H5RY ,KISS+] & ,REAGAN'S SECRET>Y ( /ATE1 ,GEORGE ,%ULTZ1 & BY ,REAGAN 9 SOME ( HIS MOM5TS4 ,CONC]NS DID NOT ABATE :5 ,TRUMP W5T ON TO TELL ! COHO/ ( ,T,V %[ ,MORN+ ,JOE1 0,LET IT BE AN >MS RACE4 ,WE WILL \TMAT* !M AT EV]Y PASS40 ,& IT WASN'T TOO COM=T+ EV5 :5 HIS ,:ITE ,H\SE TEAM TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ?AT ! ,DONALD DIDN'T SAY :AT HE SAID4 

,NOR DO CONC]NS ABATE BECAUSE ,TRUMP WAS PRESUMABLY REACT+ TO ,PUT9'S /ATEM5T3 0,WE NE$ TO /R5G!N ! MILIT>Y POT5TIAL ( /RATEGIC NUCLE> =CES1 ESPECIALLY ) MISSILE COMPLEXES ?AT CAN RELIABLY P5ETRATE ANY EXI/+ & PROSPECTIVE MISSILE DEF5SE SY/EMS4 ,WE MU/ C>EFULLY MONITOR ANY *ANGES 9 ! BALANCE ( P[] & 9 ! POLITICAL-MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ALONG ,RUSSIAN BORD]S1 & QUICKLY ADAPT PLANS = NEUTRALIZ+ ?REATS TO \R C\NTRY40 

,:ATEV] ONE ?9KS ( !SE WORDS1 !Y HAVE A DEF5SIVE CA/1 &1 AS ,PUT9 HAS /RESS$1 !Y >E 9 L>GE P>T A REACTION TO ! HI<LY PROVOCATIVE 9/ALLATION ( A MISSILE DEF5SE SY/EM ON ,RUSSIA'S BORD] ON ! PRETEXT ( DEF5SE AGA9/ NONEXI/5T ,IRANIAN WEAPONS4 ,TRUMP'S TWEET 9T5SIFIES FE>S AB\T H[ HE MI<T REACT :5 CROSS$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY UNWILL+NESS ( SOME ADV]S>Y TO B[ TO HIS VAUNT$ NEGOTIAT+ SKILLS4 ,IF ! PA/ IS ANY GUIDE1 HE MI<T1 AFT] ALL1 F9D HIMSELF 9 A SITUATION :]E HE MU/ DECIDE )9 A FEW M9UTES :E!R TO BL[ UP ! WORLD4 

,! O!R CRUCIAL ISSUE IS 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,IT CANNOT BE /RESS$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT ,TRUMP WON TWO VICTORIES ON ,NOVEMB] #h3 ! LESS] ONE 9 ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE1 & ! GREAT] ONE 9 ,M>RAKE*1 :]E SOME TWO HUNDR$ C\NTRIES W]E SEEK+ TO PUT TEE? 9 ! PROMISES ( ! ,P>IS NEGOTIATIONS ON CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,ON ,ELECTION ,DAY1 ! CONF]5CE HE>D A DIRE REPORT ON ! /ATE ( ! ,AN?ROPOC5E FROM ! ,WORLD ,METEOROLOGICAL ,ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ! RESULTS ( ! ELECTION CAME 91 ! /UNN$ P>TICIPANTS VIRTUALLY AB&ON$ ! PROCE$+S1 WOND]+ IF ANY?+ C\LD SURVIVE ! )DRAWAL ( ! MO/ P[]FUL /ATE 9 WORLD HI/ORY4 ,NOR CAN ONE /RESS TOO (T5 ! A/ONI%+ SPECTACLE ( ! WORLD PLAC+ ITS HOPES = SALVATION 9 ,*9A1 :ILE ! LEAD] ( ! FREE WORLD /&S ALONE AS A WRECK+ MA*9E4 

,AL?\<--AMAZ+LY--MO/ IGNOR$ !SE A/\ND+ EV5TS1 E/ABLI%M5T CIRCLES DID HAVE SOME RESPONSE4 ,9 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,V>UN ,SIV>AM & ,SAGATOM ,SAHA W>N$ ( ! CO/S TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( 0C$+ CLIMATE LEAD]%IP TO ,*9A10 & ! DANG]S TO ! WORLD BECAUSE ,*9A 0W\LD LEAD ON CLIMATE-*ANGE ISSUES ONLY 9S(> AS DO+ SO W\LD ADVANCE ITS NATIONAL 9T]E/S0--UNLIKE ! ALTRUI/IC ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* LABORS SELFLESSLY ONLY = ! B5EFIT ( MANK9D4 

,H[ 9T5T ,TRUMP IS ON DRIV+ ! WORLD TO ! PRECIPICE WAS REVEAL$ BY HIS APPO9TM5TS1 9CLUD+ TWO MILITANT CLIMATE *ANGE D5I]S1 ,MYRON ,EBELL & ,SCOTT ,PRUITT1 TO TAKE *>GE ( DISMANTL+ ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PROTECTION ,AG5CY ?AT WAS E/ABLI%$ UND] ,RI*>D ,NIXON1 ) ANO!R D5I] SLAT$ TO HEAD ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,9T]IOR4 

,BUT ?AT'S ONLY ! BEG9N+4 ,! CAB9ET APPO9TM5TS W\LD BE COMICAL IF ! IMPLICATIONS W]E NOT SO S]I\S4 ,= ,DEP>TM5T ( ,5]GY1 A MAN :O SAID IT %\LD BE ELIM9AT$ 7:5 HE C\LD REMEMB] ITS NAME7 & IS P]HAPS UNAW>E ?AT ITS MA9 CONC]N IS NUCLE> WEAPONS4 ,= ,DEP>TM5T ( ,$UCATION1 ANO!R BILLIONAIRE1 ,BETSY ,DE,VOS1 :O IS D$ICAT$ TO UND]M9+ & P]HAPS ELIM9AT+ ! PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EM & :O1 AS ,LAWR5CE ,KRAUSE REM9DS US 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK]1 IS A FUNDAM5TALI/ ,*RI/IAN MEMB] ( A ,PROTE/ANT D5OM9ATION HOLD+ ?AT 0ALL SCI5TIFIC !ORIES BE SUBJECT TO ,SCRIPTURE0 & ?AT 0,HUMANITY IS CREAT$ 9 ! IMAGE ( ,GOD2 ALL !ORIZ+ ?AT M9IMIZES ?IS FACT & ALL !ORIES ( EVOLUTION ?AT D5Y ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ,GOD >E REJECT$40 ,P]HAPS ! DEP>TM5T %\LD REQUE/ FUND+ FROM ,SAUDI SPONSORS ( ,WAHHABI MADRASSAS TO HELP ! PROCESS ALONG4 

,DE,VOS'S APPO9TM5T IS NO D\BT ATTRACTIVE TO ! EVANGELICALS :O FLOCK$ TO ,TRUMP'S /&>D & CON/ITUTE A L>GE P>T ( ! BASE ( TODAY'S ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,%E %\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO WORK AMICABLY ) VICE PRESID5T ,MIKE ,P5CE1 ONE ( ! 0PRIZ$ W>RIORS .<(.> A CABAL ( VICI\S ZEALOTS :O HAVE LONG CRAV$ AN EXTREMI/ ,*RI/IAN !OCRACY10 AS ,J]EMY ,SCAHILL DETAILS 9 ! ,9T]CEPT1 REVIEW+ HIS %OCK+ RECORD ON O!R MATT]S AS WELL4 

,& SO IT CONT9UES1 CASE BY CASE4 ,BUT NOT TO WORRY4 ,AS ,JAMES ,MADISON ASSUR$ HIS COLLEAGUES AS !Y W]E FRAM+ ! ,CON/ITUTION1 A NATIONAL REPUBLIC W\LD 0EXTRACT FROM ! MASS ( ! ,SOCIETY ! PURE/ & NOBLE/ *>ACT]S :I* IT CONTA9S40 

,:AT AB\T ! *OICE ( ,REX ,TILL]SON AS SECRET>Y ( /ATE8 

,ONE P>TIAL EXCEPTION TO ! ABOVE IS *OICE ( ,EXXON,MOBIL ,C,E,O ,REX ,TILL]SON = SECRET>Y ( /ATE1 :I* HAS >\S$ SOME HOPE AMONG ?OSE ACROSS ! SPECTRUM :O >E RI<TLY CONC]N$ ) ! RIS+ & EXTREMELY HAZ>D\S T5SIONS ) ,RUSSIA4 ,TILL]SON1 LIKE ,TRUMP 9 SOME ( HIS PRON\NCEM5TS1 HAS CALL$ = DIPLOMACY RA!R ?AN CONFRONTATION1 :I* IS ALL TO ! GOOD--UNTIL WE REMEMB] ! SABLE L9+ ( ! BEAM ( SUN%9E4 ,! MOTIVE IS TO ALL[ ,EXXON,MOBIL TO EXPLOIT VA/ ,SIB]IAN OIL FIELDS & SO TO ACCEL]ATE ! RACE TO DISA/] TO :I* ,TRUMP & ASSOCIATES1 & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY RA!R G5]ALLY1 >E COMMITT$4 

,& H[ AB\T ,TRUMP'S NATIONAL SECURITY /AFF--DO !Y FIT ! MOLD ( 0NORMAL0 ,REPUBLICANS1 OR >E !Y ALSO P>T ( ! EXTREME RI<T8 

,NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS MI<T BE SOME:AT AMBIVAL5T AB\T ,TRUMP'S NATIONAL SECURITY /AFF4 ,IT IS L$ BY NATIONAL SECURITY ADVIS] ,G5]AL ,MI*AEL ,FLYNN1 A RADICAL ,ISLAMOPHOBE :O DECL>ES ?AT ,ISLAM IS NOT A RELIGION BUT RA!R A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY1 LIKE FASCISM1 :I* IS AT W> ) US SO WE MU/ DEF5D \RSELVES1 PRESUMABLY AGA9/ ! :OLE ,MUSLIM WORLD--A F9E RECIPE = G5]AT+ T]RORI/S1 NOT TO SPEAK ( F> WORSE CONSEQU5CES4 ,LIKE ! ,R$ M5ACE ( E>LI] YE>S1 ?IS ,ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY IS P5ETRAT+ DEEP 9TO ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 ,FLYNN DECLAIMS4 ,!Y >E1 NATURALLY1 BE+ HELP$ BY ,DEMOCRATS1 :O HAVE VOT$ TO IMPOSE ,%>IA LAW 9 ,FLORIDA1 MU* AS !IR PR$ECESSORS S]V$ ! ,COMMIES1 AS ,JOE ,MC,C>?Y FAM\SLY DEMON/RAT$4 ,9DE$1 !RE >E 0OV] #a CASES >\ND ! C\NTRY10 9CLUD+ ,TEXAS1 ,FLYNN W>N$ 9 A SPEE* 9 ,SAN ,ANTONIO4 ,TO W>D (F ! IMM95T ?REAT1 ,FLYNN IS A BO>D MEMB] ( ,A,C,T61 :I* PU%ES /ATE LAWS BANN+ ,%>IA LAW1 PLA9LY AN IMM95T ?REAT 9 /ATES LIKE ,OKLAHOMA1 :]E #g P]C5T ( VOT]S APPROV$ LEGISLATION TO PREV5T ! C\RTS FROM APPLY+ ?IS GRIM M5ACE TO ! JUDICIAL SY/EM4 

,SECOND TO ,FLYNN 9 ! NATIONAL SECURITY APP>ATUS IS SECRET>Y ( DEF5SE ,G5]AL ,JAMES 0,MAD ,DOG0 ,MATTIS1 CONSID]$ A RELATIVE MOD]ATE4 ,MAD ,DOG HAS EXPLA9$ ?AT 0,IT'S FUN TO %OOT SOME PEOPLE40 ,HE A*IEV$ HIS FAME BY LEAD+ ! ASSAULT ON ,FALLUJAH 9 ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 ONE ( ! MO/ VICI\S CRIMES ( ! ,IRAQ 9VASION4 ,A MAN :O IS 0JU/ GREAT10 ACCORD+ TO ! PRESID5T-ELECT3 0! CLOSE/ ?+ WE HAVE TO ,G54 ,GEORGE ,PATTON40 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 IS ,TRUMP B5T ON A COLLISION C\RSE ) ,*9A8 

,IT'S H>D TO SAY4 ,CONC]NS W]E VOIC$ AB\T ,TRUMP'S ATTITUDES T[>D ,*9A1 AGA9 FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS1 P>TICUL>LY HIS PRON\NCEM5TS ON TRADE1 :I* >E ALMO/ MEAN+LESS 9 ! CURR5T SY/EM ( CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION & COMPLEX 9T]NATIONAL SUPPLY *A9S4 ,EYEBR[S W]E RAIS$ OV] HIS %>P DEP>TURE FROM LONG-/&+ POLICY 9 HIS PHONE CALL ) ,TAIWAN'S PRESID5T1 BUT EV5 MORE BY HIS IMPLY+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MI<T REJECT ,*9A'S CONC]NS OV] ,TAIWAN UNLESS ,*9A ACCEPTS HIS TRADE PROPOSALS1 ?US L9K+ TRADE POLICY 0TO AN ISSUE ( GREAT-P[] POLITICS OV] :I* ,*9A MAY BE WILL+ TO GO TO W>10 ! BUS9ESS PRESS W>N$4 

,& :AT ( ,TRUMP'S VIEWS & /ANCE ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/8 ,!Y SEEM TO BE 9 L9E ) ?OSE ( 0NORMAL0 ,REPUBLICANS1 RI<T8 

,UNLIKE ) ,*9A1 NORMAL ,REPUBLICANS DID NOT SEEM DISMAY$ BY ,TRUMP'S TWEET =AY 9TO ,MIDDLE ,EA/ DIPLOMACY1 AGA9 BREAK+ ) /&>D PROTOCOL1 DEM&+ ?AT ,OBAMA VETO ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ,RESOLUTION #b#c#c#d1 :I* REAFFIRM$ 

?AT ! POLICY & PRACTICES ( ,ISRAEL 9 E/ABLI%+ SETTLEM5TS 9 ! ,PALE/9IAN & O!R ,>AB T]RITORIES OCCUPI$ S9CE #aifg HAVE NO LEGAL VALIDITY & CON/ITUTE A S]I\S OB/RUCTION TO A*IEV+ A COMPREH5SIVE1 JU/ & LA/+ PEACE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ .<&.> ,CALLS ONCE MORE UPON ,ISRAEL1 AS ! OCCUPY+ ,P[]1 TO ABIDE SCRUPUL\SLY BY ! #aidi ,F\R? ,G5EVA ,CONV5TION1 TO RESC9D ITS PREVI\S MEASURES & TO DESI/ FROM TAK+ ANY ACTION :I* W\LD RESULT 9 *ANG+ ! LEGAL /ATUS & GEOGRAPHICAL NATURE & MAT]IALLY AFFECT+ ! DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION ( ! ,>AB T]RITORIES OCCUPI$ S9CE #a#i#f#g1 9CLUD+ ,J]USALEM1 &1 9 P>TICUL>1 NOT TO TRANSF] P>TS ( ITS [N CIVILIAN POPULATION 9TO ! OCCUPI$ ,>AB T]RITORIES4 .<,EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL.> 

,NOR DID !Y OBJECT :5 HE 9=M$ ,ISRAEL ?AT IT CAN IGNORE ! LAME DUCK ADM9I/RATION & JU/ WAIT UNTIL ,JANU>Y #b1 :5 ALL WILL BE 9 ORD]4 ,:AT K9D ( ORD]8 ,?AT REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,TRUMP'S UNPR$ICTABILITY S]VES AS A WORD ( CAUTION4 

,:AT WE KN[ SO F> IS ,TRUMP'S 5?USIASM = ! RELIGI\S ULTRA-RI<T 9 ,ISRAEL & ! SETTL] MOVEM5T G5]ALLY4 ,AMONG HIS L>GE/ *>ITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS >E GIFTS TO ! ,WE/ ,BANK SETTLEM5T ( ,BE? ,EL 9 HONOR ( ,DAVID ,FRI$MAN1 HIS *OICE AS AMBASSADOR TO ,ISRAEL4 ,FRI$MAN IS PRESID5T ( ,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ( ,BE? ,EL ,9/ITUTIONS4 ,! SETTLEM5T1 :I* IS AT ! RELIGI\S ULTRANATIONALI/ EXTREME ( ! SETTL] MOVEM5T1 IS ALSO A FAVORITE ( ! FAMILY ( ,J>$ ,KU%N]1 ,TRUMP'S SON-9-LAW1 REPORT$ TO BE ONE ( ,TRUMP'S CLOSE/ ADVIS]S4 ,A LEAD B5EFICI>Y ( ! ,KU%N] FAMILY'S CONTRIBUTIONS1 ! ,ISRAELI PRESS REPORTS1 0IS A YE%IVA HEAD$ BY A MILITANT RABBI :O HAS URG$ ,ISRAELI SOLDI]S TO DISOBEY ORD]S TO EVACUATE SETTLEM5TS & :O HAS >GU$ ?AT HOMOSEXUAL T5D5CIES >ISE FROM EAT+ C]TA9 FOODS40 ,O!R B5EFICI>IES 9CLUDE 0A RADICAL YE%IVA 9 ,YITZH> ?AT HAS S]V$ AS A BASE = VIOL5T ATTACKS AGA9/ ,PALE/9IANS' VILLAGES & ,ISRAELI SECURITY =CES40 

,9 ISOLATION FROM ! WORLD1 ,FRI$MAN DOES NOT REG>D ,ISRAELI SETTLEM5T ACTIVITY AS ILLEGAL & OPPOSES A BAN ON CON/RUCTION = ,JEWI% SETTL]S 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK & ,EA/ ,J]USALEM4 ,9 FACT1 HE APPE>S TO FAVOR ,ISRAEL'S ANNEXATION ( ! ,WE/ ,BANK4 ,?AT W\LD NOT POSE A PROBLEM = ! ,JEWI% /ATE1 ,FRI$MAN EXPLA9S1 S9CE ! NUMB] ( ,PALE/9IANS LIV+ 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK IS EXAGG]AT$1 & !RE=E A L>GE ,JEWI% MAJORITY W\LD REMA9 AFT] ANNEXATION4 ,9 A PO/-FACT WORLD1 SU* PRON\NCEM5TS >E LEGITIMATE1 ?\< !Y MI<T BECOME ACCURATE 9 ! BOR+ WORLD ( FACT AFT] ANO!R MASS EXPULSION4 ,JEWS :O SUPPORT ! 9T]NATIONAL CONS5SUS ON A TWO-/ATE SETTLEM5T >E NOT JU/ WRONG1 ,FRI$MAN EXPLA9S4 ,!Y >E 0WORSE ?AN KAPOS10 ! ,JEWS :O W]E CONTROLL+ O!R 9MATES 9 S]VICE TO !IR ,NAZI MA/]S 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 ! ULTIMATE 9SULT4 

,ON RECEIV+ ! REPORT ( HIS NOM9ATION1 ,FRI$MAN SAID HE LOOK$ =W>D TO MOV+ ! ,U,S EMBASSY TO 0,ISRAEL'S ET]NAL CAPITAL1 ,J]USALEM10 9 ACCORD ) ,TRUMP'S ANN\NC$ PLANS4 ,9 ! PA/1 SU* PROPOSALS W]E )DRAWN1 BUT TODAY !Y MI<T ACTUALLY BE FULFILL$1 P]HAPS ADVANC+ ! PROSPECTS ( A W> ) ! ,MUSLIM WORLD1 AS ,TRUMP'S NATIONAL SECURITY ADVIS] APPE>S TO RECOMM5D4 

,RETURN+ TO ,U,N,S,C #bccd & ITS 9T]E/+ AFT]MA?1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! RESOLUTION IS NO?+ NEW4 ,! QUOTE GIV5 ABOVE WAS NOT FROM ,U,N,S,C #bccd BUT FROM ,U,N,S,C #d#d#f1 ,M>* #a#b1 #a#i#g#i1 REIT]AT$ 9 ESS5CE 9 #b#c#c#d4 ,U,N,S,C #ddf PASS$ #a#b- ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AB/A9+1 JO9$ BY ! ,U,K & ,NORWAY4 ,SEV]AL RESOLUTIONS FOLL[$ REAFFIRM+ #d#d#f4 ,ONE RESOLUTION ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ WAS EV5 /RONG] ?AN #d#d#f_/#b#c#c#d1 CALL+ ON ,ISRAEL 0TO DISMANTLE ! EXI/+ SETTLEM5TS0 7,U,N,S,C ,RESOLUTION #d#f#e1 ,M>* #a#i#h74 ,?IS RESOLUTION PASS$ UNANIM\SLY1 NO AB/5TIONS4 

,! GOV]NM5T ( ,ISRAEL DID NOT HAVE TO WAIT = ! ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 7&1 MORE REC5TLY1 ! ,WORLD ,C\RT7 TO LE>N ?AT ITS SETTLEM5TS >E 9 GROSS VIOLATION ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#g1 ONLY WEEKS AFT] ,ISRAEL'S CONQUE/ ( ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES1 9 A TOP-SECRET DOCUM5T ! GOV]NM5T WAS 9=M$ BY ! LEGAL ADVIS] TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ! DI/+UI%$ 9T]NATIONAL LAWY] ,!ODOR ,M]ON1 ?AT 0CIVILIAN SETTLEM5T 9 ! ADM9I/]$ T]RITORIES .<,ISRAEL'S T]M = ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES.> CONTRAV5ES EXPLICIT PROVISIONS ( ! ,F\R? ,G5EVA ,CONV5TION40 ,M]ON EXPLA9$ FUR!R ?AT ! PROHIBITION AGA9/ TRANSF] ( SETTL]S TO ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES 0IS CATEGORICAL & NOT CONDITIONAL UPON ! MOTIVES = ! TRANSF] OR ITS OBJECTIVES4 ,ITS PURPOSE IS TO PREV5T SETTLEM5T 9 OCCUPI$ T]RITORY ( CITIZ5S ( ! OCCUPY+ /ATE40 ,M]ON !RE=E ADVIS$1 0,IF IT IS DECID$ TO GO AHEAD ) ,JEWI% SETTLEM5T 9 ! ADM9I/]$ T]RITORIES1 IT SEEMS TO ME VITAL1 !RE=E1 ?AT SETTLEM5T IS C>RI$ \T BY MILIT>Y & NOT CIVILIAN 5TITIES4 ,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT1 9 MY VIEW1 ?AT SU* SETTLEM5T IS 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAMPS & IS1 ON ! FACE ( IT1 ( A TEMPOR>Y RA!R ?AN P]MAN5T NATURE40 

,M]ON'S ADVICE WAS FOLL[$4 ,SETTLEM5T HAS (T5 BE5 DISGUIS$ BY ! SUBT]FUGE SUGGE/$1 ! 0TEMPOR>Y MILIT>Y 5TITIES0 TURN+ \T LAT] TO BE CIVILIAN SETTLEM5TS4 ,! DEVICE ( MILIT>Y SETTLEM5T ALSO HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( PROVID+ A MEANS TO EXPEL ,PALE/9IANS FROM !IR L&S ON ! PRETEXT ?AT A MILIT>Y ZONE IS BE+ E/ABLI%$4 ,DECEIT WAS SCRUPUL\SLY PLANN$1 BEG9N+ AS SOON AS ,M]ON'S AU?ORITATIVE REPORT WAS DELIV]$ TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AS DOCUM5T$ BY ,ISRAELI S*OL> ,AVI ,RAZ1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#g1 

ON ! DAY A SECOND CIVILIAN SETTLEM5T CAME 9TO BE+ 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK1 ! GOV]NM5T DECID$ ?AT 0AS A 'COV]' = ! PURPOSE ( .<,ISRAEL'S.> DIPLOMATIC CAMPAIGN0 ! NEW SETTLEM5TS %\LD BE PRES5T$ AS >MY SETTLEM5TS & ! SETTL]S %\LD BE GIV5 ! NECESS>Y 9/RUCTIONS 9 CASE !Y W]E ASK$ AB\T ! NATURE ( !IR SETTLEM5T4 ,! ,=EIGN ,M9I/RY DIRECT$ ,ISRAEL'S DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS TO PRES5T ! SETTLEM5TS 9 ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES AS MILIT>Y 0/RONGPO9TS0 & TO EMPHASIZE !IR ALLEG$ SECURITY IMPORTANCE4 

,SIMIL> PRACTICES CONT9UE TO ! PRES5T4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ORD]S ( #a#i#g#i-#h TO DISMANTLE EXI/+ SETTLEM5TS & TO E/ABLI% NO NEW ONES1 ,ISRAEL UND]TOOK A RAPID EXPANSION ( SETTLEM5TS ) ! COOP]ATION ( BO? ( ! MAJOR ,ISRAELI POLITICAL BLOCS1 ,LABOR & ,LIKUD1 ALWAYS ) LAVI% ,U,S MAT]IAL SUPPORT4 

,! PRIM>Y DIFF]5CES TODAY >E ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS N[ ALONE AGA9/ ! :OLE WORLD1 & ?AT IT IS A DIFF]5T WORLD4 ,ISRAEL'S FLAGRANT VIOLATIONS ( ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ORD]S1 & ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 >E BY N[ F> MORE EXTREME ?AN !Y W]E ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO & >E >\S+ F> GREAT] CONDEMNATION 9 MU* ( ! WORLD4 ,! CONT5TS ( ,RESOLUTIONS #ddf & #bccd >E !RE=E TAK5 MORE S]I\SLY4 ,H5CE ! REVEAL+ REACTIONS TO #b#c#c#d1 & TO SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JOHN ,K]RY'S EXPLANATION ( ! ,U,S VOTE4 ,9 ! ,>AB WORLD1 ! REACTIONS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 MUT$3 ,WE'VE BE5 H]E BE=E4 ,9 ,EUROPE !Y W]E G5]ALLY SUPPORTIVE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,ISRAEL1 9 CONTRA/1 COV]AGE & COMM5T>Y W]E EXT5SIVE1 & !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE HY/]IA4 ,!SE >E FUR!R 9DICATIONS ( ! 9CREAS+ ISOLATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ON ! WORLD /AGE4 ,UND] ,OBAMA1 ?AT IS4 ,UND] ,TRUMP ,U,S ISOLATION WILL LIKELY 9CREASE FUR!R1 & 9DE$ ALREADY DID1 EV5 BE=E HE TOOK (FICE1 AS WE HAVE SE54 

,:Y DID ,OBAMA *OOSE AB/5TION AT ?IS JUNCTURE1 ?AT IS1 ONLY A MON? OR SO BE=E ! 5D ( HIS PRESID5CY8 

,JU/ :Y ,OBAMA *OSE AB/5TION RA!R ?AN VETO IS AN OP5 QUE/ION3 WE DO NOT HAVE DIRECT EVID5CE4 ,BUT !RE >E SOME PLAUSIBLE GUESSES4 ,!RE HAD BE5 SOME RIPPLES ( SURPRISE 7& RIDICULE7 AFT] ,OBAMA'S ,FEBRU>Y #baa VETO ( A ,U,N,S,C RESOLUTION CALL+ = IMPLEM5TATION ( (FICIAL ,U,S POLICY1 & HE MAY HAVE FELT ?AT IT W\LD BE TOO MU* TO REPEAT IT IF HE IS TO SALVAGE ANY?+ ( HIS TATT]$ LEGACY AMONG SECTORS ( ! POPULATION ?AT HAVE SOME CONC]N = 9T]NATIONAL LAW & HUMAN RI<TS4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT AMONG LIB]AL ,DEMOCRATS1 IF NOT ,CONGRESS1 & P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! Y\NG1 OP9ION AB\T ,ISRAEL-,PALE/9E HAS BE5 MOV+ T[>D CRITICISM ( ,ISRAELI POLICIES 9 REC5T YE>S1 SO MU* SO ?AT 0#f.0 ( ,DEMOCRATS SUPPORT IMPOS+ SANCTIONS OR MORE S]I\S ACTION0 9 REACTION TO ,ISRAELI SETTLEM5TS1 ACCORD+ TO A ,DECEMB] #baf ,BROOK+S ,9/ITUTE POLL4 ,BY N[ ! CORE ( SUPPORT = ,ISRAELI POLICIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS %IFT$ TO ! F> RI<T1 9CLUD+ ! EVANGELICAL BASE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,P]HAPS !SE W]E FACTORS 9 ,OBAMA'S DECISION1 ) HIS LEGACY 9 M9D4 

,! #baf AB/5TION >\S$ FUROR 9 ,ISRAEL & 9 ! ,U,S ,CONGRESS AS WELL1 BO? ,REPUBLICANS & LEAD+ ,DEMOCRATS1 9CLUD+ PROPOSALS TO DEFUND ! ,U,N 9 RETALIATION = ! WORLD'S CRIME4 ,ISRAELI ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,NETANYAHU D5\NC$ ,OBAMA = HIS 0UND]H&$1 ANTI-,ISRAEL0 ACTIONS4 ,HIS (FICE ACCUS$ ,OBAMA ( 0COLLUD+0 BEH9D ! SC5ES ) ?IS 0GANG-UP0 BY ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL1 PRODUC+ P>TICLES ( 0EVID5CE0 ?AT H>DLY RISE TO ! LEVEL ( SICK HUMOR4 ,A S5IOR ,ISRAELI (FICIAL ADD$ ?AT ! AB/5TION 0REVEAL$ ! TRUE FACE ( ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION10 ADD+ ?AT 0N[ WE CAN UND]/& :AT WE HAVE BE5 DEAL+ ) = ! PA/ EI<T YE>S40 

,REALITY IS RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,OBAMA HAS 9 FACT BROK5 ALL RECORDS 9 SUPPORT = ,ISRAEL1 BO? DIPLOMATIC & F9ANCIAL4 ,! REALITY IS DESCRIB$ ACCURATELY BY ,MIDDLE ,EA/ SPECIALI/ ( ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES'S ,DAVID ,G>DN]3 

,MR ,OBAMA'S P]SONAL DEAL+S ) ,MR ,NETANYAHU MAY (T5 HAVE BE5 POISON\S1 BUT HE HAS BE5 ! MO/ PRO-,ISRAEL ( PRESID5TS3 ! MO/ PRODIGAL ) MILIT>Y AID & RELIABLE 9 WIELD+ ! ,U,S VETO AT ! ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL444 4 ,! ELECTION ( ,DONALD ,TRUMP HAS SO F> BR\<T LITTLE MORE ?AN TURBO-FRO!D TWEETS TO BE> ON ?IS & O!R GEOPOLITICAL KNOTS4 ,BUT ! AUGURIES >E OM9\S4 ,AN IRR$5TI/ GOV]NM5T 9 ,ISRAEL TILT$ T[>DS ! ULTRA-RI<T IS N[ JO9$ BY A NATIONAL POPULI/ ADM9I/RATION 9 ,WA%+TON FIRE-BREA?+ ,ISLAMOPHOBIA4 

,PUBLIC COMM5T>Y ON ,OBAMA'S DECISION & ,K]RY'S JU/IFICATION WAS SPLIT4 ,SUPPORT]S G5]ALLY AGRE$ ) ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN ?AT 0,ISRAEL IS CLE>LY N[ ON A PA? T[>D ABSORB+ ! ,WE/ ,BANK'S #b4#h MILLION ,PALE/9IANS 444 POS+ A DEMOGRAPHIC & DEMOCRATIC *ALL5GE40 ,9 A ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REVIEW ( ! /ATE ( ! TWO-/ATE SOLUTION DEF5D$ BY ,OBAMA-,K]RY & ?REAT5$ ) EXT9CTION BY ,ISRAELI POLICIES1 ,MAX ,FI%] ASKS1 0,>E !RE O!R SOLUTIONS80 ,HE !N TURNS TO ! POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES1 ALL ( !M 0MULTIPLE V]SIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ ONE-/ATE SOLUTION0 ?AT POSES A 0DEMOGRAPHIC & DEMOCRATIC *ALL5GE03 TOO MANY ,>ABS--P]HAPS SOON A MAJORITY--9 A 0,JEWI% & DEMOCRATIC /ATE40 

,9 ! CONV5TIONAL FA%ION1 COMM5TATORS ASSUME ?AT !RE >E TWO ALT]NATIVES3 ! TWO-/ATE SOLUTION ADVOCAT$ BY ! WORLD1 OR SOME V]SION ( ! 0ONE-/ATE SOLUTION40 ,IGNOR$ CONSI/5TLY IS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE1 ! ONE ?AT ,ISRAEL HAS BE5 IMPLEM5T+ QUITE SY/EMATICALLY S9CE %ORTLY AFT] ! #aifg W> & ?AT IS N[ V]Y CLE>LY TAK+ %APE BE=E \R EYES3 A ,GREAT] ,ISRAEL1 SOON] OR LAT] 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ,ISRAEL PROP]1 9CLUD+ A VA/LY EXP&$ ,J]USALEM 7ALREADY ANNEX$ 9 VIOLATION ( ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL ORD]S7 & ANY O!R T]RITORIES ?AT ,ISRAEL F9DS VALUABLE1 :ILE EXCLUD+ >EAS ( HEAVY ,PALE/9IAN POPULATION CONC5TRATION & SL[LY REMOV+ ,PALE/9IANS )9 ! >EAS S*$UL$ = 9CORPORATION )9 ,GREAT] ,ISRAEL4 ,AS 9 NEOCOLONIES G5]ALLY1 ,PALE/9IAN ELITES WILL BE ABLE TO 5JOY ,WE/]N /&>DS 9 ,RAMALLAH1 ) 0#i P] C5T ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,WE/ ,BANK LIV+ 9 #afe SEP>ATE 'ISL&S1' O/5SIBLY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! .<,PALE/9IAN ,AU?ORITY.>0 BUT ACTUAL ,ISRAELI CONTROL1 AS REPORT$ BY ,NA?AN ,?RALL1 S5IOR ANALY/ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CRISIS ,GR\P4 ,GAZA WILL REMA9 UND] CRU%+ SIEGE1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,WE/ ,BANK 9 VIOLATION ( ! ,OSLO ,ACCORDS4 

,! ?IRD ALT]NATIVE IS ANO!R PIECE ( ! 0REALITY0 DESCRIB$ BY ,DAVID ,G>DN]4 

,9 AN 9T]E/+ & REVEAL+ COMM5T1 ,NETANYAHU D5\NC$ ! 0GANG-UP0 ( ! WORLD AS PRO( ( 0OLD-WORLD BIAS AGA9/ ,ISRAEL10 A PHRASE REM9ISC5T ( ,DONALD ,RUMSFELD'S ,OLD ,EUROPE-,NEW ,EUROPE DI/9CTION 9 #b#c4 

,IT WILL BE RECALL$ ?AT ! /ATES ( ,OLD ,EUROPE W]E ! BAD GUYS1 ! MAJOR /ATES ( ,EUROPE1 :I* D>$ TO RESPECT ! OP9IONS ( ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( !IR POPULATIONS & ?US REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! CRIME ( ! C5TURY1 ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,! /ATES ( ,NEW ,EUROPE W]E ! GOOD GUYS1 :I* OV]RUL$ AN EV5 L>G] MAJORITY & OBEY$ ! MA/]4 ,! MO/ HONORABLE ( ! GOOD GUYS WAS ,SPA9'S ,JOSE ,M>IA ,AZN>1 :O REJECT$ VIRTUALLY UNANIM\S OPPOSITION TO ! W> 9 ,SPA9 & WAS REW>D$ BY BE+ 9VIT$ TO JO9 ,BU% & ,BLAIR 9 ANN\NC+ ! 9VASION4 

,?IS QUITE ILLUM9AT+ DISPLAY ( UTT] CONTEMPT = DEMOCRACY1 ALONG ) O!RS LIKE IT AT ! SAME TIME1 PASS$ VIRTUALLY UNNOTIC$1 UND]/&ABLY4 ,! TASK AT ! TIME WAS TO PRAISE ,WA%+TON = ITS PASSIONATE D$ICATION TO DEMOCRACY1 AS ILLU/RAT$ BY 0DEMOCRACY PROMOTION0 9 ,IRAQ1 :I* SUDD5LY BECAME ! P>TY L9E AFT] ! 0S+LE QUE/ION0 7WILL ,SADDAM GIVE UP HIS ,W,M,D87 WAS ANSW]$ ! WRONG WAY4 

,NETANYAHU IS ADOPT+ MU* ! SAME /ANCE4 ,! OLD WORLD ?AT IS BIAS$ AGA9/ ,ISRAEL IS ! 5TIRE ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL--MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ANYONE 9 ! WORLD :O HAS SOME L+]+ COMMITM5T TO 9T]NATIONAL LAW & HUMAN RI<TS4 ,LUCKILY = ! ,ISRAELI F> RI<T1 ?AT EXCLUDES ! ,U,S ,CONGRESS &--V]Y =CEFULLY--! PRESID5T-ELECT & HIS ASSOCIATES4 

,! ,ISRAELI GOV]NM5T IS ( C\RSE COGNIZANT ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,IT IS !RE=E SEEK+ TO %IFT ITS BASE ( SUPPORT TO AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES SU* AS ,S+APORE1 ,*9A1 & ,MODI'S RI<T-W+ ,H9DU NATIONALI/ ,9DIA1 N[ BECOM+ A V]Y NATURAL ALLY ) ITS DRIFT T[>D ULTRANATIONALISM1 REACTION>Y 9T]NAL POLICIES1 & HATR$ ( ,ISLAM4 ,! REASONS = ,ISRAEL'S LOOK+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION = SUPPORT >E \TL9$ BY ,M>K ,HELL]1 PR9CIPAL RESE>* ASSOCIATE AT ,TEL ,AVIV'S ,9/ITUTION = ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,/UDIES4 0,OV] ! LONG T]M10 HE EXPLA9S1 0!RE >E PROBLEMS = ,ISRAEL 9 ITS RELATIONS ) WE/]N ,EUROPE & ) ! ,U4,S410 :ILE 9 CONTRA/1 ! IMPORTANT ,ASIAN C\NTRIES 0DON'T SEEM TO 9DICATE MU* 9T]E/ AB\T H[ ,ISRAEL GETS ALONG ) ! ,PALE/9IANS1 ,>ABS1 OR ANYONE ELSE40 ,9 %ORT1 ,*9A1 ,9DIA1 ,S+APORE1 & O!R FAVOR$ ALLIES >E LESS 9FLU5C$ BY ! K9DS ( LIB]AL & HUMANE CONC]NS ?AT POSE 9CREAS+ ?REATS TO ,ISRAEL4 

,! T5D5CIES DEVELOP+ 9 WORLD ORD] M]IT SOME ATT5TION4 ,AS NOT$1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BECOM+ EV5 MORE ISOLAT$ ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 REC5T YE>S1 :5 ,U,S-RUN POLLS--UNREPORT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUT SURELY KN[N 9 ,WA%+TON--REVEAL$ ?AT WORLD OP9ION REG>D$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS BY F> ! LEAD+ ?REAT TO WORLD PEACE1 NO ONE ELSE EV5 CLOSE4 ,UND] ,OBAMA1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS N[ ALONE 9 AB/5TION ON ! ILLEGAL ,ISRAEL SETTLEM5TS1 AGA9/ AN O!RWISE UNANIM\S ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL4 ,) ,PRESID5T ,TRUMP JO9+ HIS BIP>TISAN CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT]S ON ?IS ISSUE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL BE EV5 MORE ISOLAT$ 9 ! WORLD 9 SUPPORT ( ,ISRAELI CRIMES4 ,S9CE ,NOVEMB] #h1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ISOLAT$ ON ! MU* MORE CRUCIAL MATT] ( GLOBAL W>M+1 A ?REAT TO ! SURVIVAL ( ORGANIZ$ HUMAN LIFE 9 ANY?+ LIKE ITS PRES5T =M4 ,IF ,TRUMP MAKES GOOD ON HIS PROMISE TO EXIT FROM ! ,IRAN DEAL1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! O!R P>TICIPANTS WILL P]SI/1 LEAV+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /ILL MORE ISOLAT$ FROM ,EUROPE4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ALSO MU* MORE ISOLAT$ FROM ITS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN 0BACKY>D0 ?AN 9 ! PA/ & WILL BE EV5 MORE ISOLAT$ IF ,TRUMP BACKS (F FROM ,OBAMA'S HALT+ /EPS TO NORMALIZE RELATIONS ) ,CUBA1 UND]TAK5 TO W>D (F ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD BE PRETTY MU* EXCLUD$ FROM HEMISPH]IC ORGANIZATIONS BECAUSE ( ITS CONT9U+ ASSAULT ON ,CUBA1 9 9T]NATIONAL ISOLATION4 

,MU* ! SAME IS HAPP5+ 9 ,ASIA1 AS EV5 CLOSE ,U,S ALLIES 7AP>T FROM ,JAPAN71 EV5 ! ,U,K1 FLOCK TO ! ,*9A-BAS$ ,ASIAN ,9FRA/RUCTURE ,DEVELOPM5T ,BANK & ! ,*9A-BAS$ ,REGIONAL ,COMPREH5SIVE ,ECONOMIC ,P>TN]%IP 79 ?IS CASE1 9CLUD+ ,JAPAN74 ,! ,*9A-BAS$ ,%AN<AI ,COOP]ATION ,ORGANIZATION 7,S,C,O7 9CORPORATES ! ,C5TRAL ,ASIAN /ATES3 ,SIB]IA1 ) ITS RI* RES\RCES2 ,9DIA2 ,PAKI/AN2 & SOON1 PROBABLY ,IRAN2 & P]HAPS ,TURKEY4 ,! ,S,C,O HAS REJECT$ ! ,U,S REQUE/ = OBS]V] /ATUS & DEM&$ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMOVE ALL MILIT>Y BASES FROM ! REGION4 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,TRUMP ELECTION1 WE WITNESS$ ! 9TRIGU+ SPECTACLE ( ,G]MAN *ANCELLOR ,ANGELA ,M]KEL TAK+ ! LEAD 9 LECTUR+ ,WA%+TON ON LIB]AL VALUES & HUMAN RI<TS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 S9CE ,NOVEMB] #h1 ! WORLD LOOKS TO ,*9A = LEAD]%IP 9 SAV+ ! WORLD FROM 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE1 :ILE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 SPL5DID ISOLATION ONCE AGA91 DEVOTES ITSELF TO UND]M9+ !SE EF=TS4 

,U,S ISOLATION IS NOT COMPLETE1 ( C\RSE4 ,AS WAS MADE V]Y CLE> 9 ! REACTION TO ,TRUMP'S ELECTORAL VICTORY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS ! 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT ( ! X5OPHOBIC ULTRA-RI<T 9 ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ITS NE(ASCI/ ELEM5TS4 ,! RETURN ( ! RI<T 9 P>TS ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA (F]S ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OPPORTUNITIES = ALLIANCES !RE AS WELL4 ,& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES RETA9S ITS CLOSE ALLIANCE ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,GULF & ,EGYPT1 & ) ,ISRAEL1 :I* IS ALSO SEP>AT+ ITSELF FROM MORE LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC SECTORS 9 ,EUROPE & L9K+ ) AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES ?AT >E NOT CONC]N$ ) ,ISRAEL'S VIOLATIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL LAW & H>% ATTACKS ON ELEM5T>Y HUMAN RI<TS4 

,! DEVELOP+ PICTURE SUGGE/S ! EM]G5CE ( A ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD]1 ONE ?AT IS RA!R DIFF]5T FROM ! USUAL PORTRAYALS )9 ! DOCTR9AL SY/EM4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JANU>Y #f1 #bag 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,REPUBLICAN ,BASE ,IS 0,\T ( ,CONTROL0 
,! ,REPUBLICAN ,BASE ,IS 0,\T ( ,CONTROL0 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 P]HAPS BECAUSE MORE \TRAGE\S POLITICAL *>ACT]S >E DRAWN 9TO ,U,S POLITICS ?AN AT ANY O!R TIME 9 ! REC5T PA/1 WE HAVE BECOME WITNESSES ( SOME /RANGE DEVELOPM5TS1 SU* AS ,G,O,P C&IDATES ATTACK+ 0FREE TRADE0 AGREEM5TS & EV5 SOMEONE LIKE ,DONALD ,TRUMP HAV+ TURN$ AGA9/ HIS FELL[ BILLIONAIRES4 ,>E WE WITNESS+ ! 5D ( ! OLD ECONOMIC E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,AM]ICAN POLITICS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,!RE IS SOME?+ NEW 9 ! #baf ELECTION1 BUT IT IS NOT ! APPE>ANCE ( C&IDATES :O FRI<T5 ! OLD E/ABLI%M5T4 ,?AT HAS BE5 HAPP5+ REGUL>LY4 ,IT TRACES BACK TO ! %IFT ( BO? P>TIES TO ! RI<T DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL YE>S1 ! ,REPUBLICANS SO F> TO ! RI<T ?AT !Y >E UNABLE TO GET VOTES ) !IR ACTUAL POLICIES3 D$ICATION TO ! WELF>E ( ! V]Y RI* & ! CORPORATE SECTOR4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN LEAD]%IP HAS ACCORD+LY BE5 COMPELL$ TO MOBILIZE A POPUL> BASE ON ISSUES ?AT >E P]IPH]AL TO !IR CORE CONC]NS3 ! ,SECOND ,COM+1 0OP5 C>RY0 9 S*OOLS1 ,OBAMA AS A ,MUSLIM1 LA%+ \T AT ! WEAK & VICTIMIZ$1 & ! RE/ ( ! FAMILI> F>E4 ,! BASE ?AT !Y'VE PUT TOGE!R HAS REGUL>LY PRODUC$ C&IDATES UNACCEPTABLE TO ! E/ABLI%M5T3 ,BA*MANN1 ,CA91 ,SANTORUM1 ,HUCKABEE4 ,BUT ! E/ABLI%M5T HAS ALWAYS BE5 ABLE TO BEAT !M D[N 9 ! USUAL WAYS & GET !IR [N MAN 7,MITT ,ROMNEY74 ,:AT IS DIFF]5T ?IS TIME IS ?AT ! BASE IS \T ( CONTROL1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T IS ALMO/ GO+ B]S]K4 

,ANALOGIES %\LD NOT BE PRESS$ TOO F>1 BUT ! PH5OM5ON IS NOT UNFAMILI>4 ,! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIALI/S & F9ANCI]S W]E HAPPY TO USE ! ,NAZIS AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS & ! LEFT1 ASSUM+ ?AT !Y C\LD BE KEPT UND] CONTROL4 ,DIDN'T QUITE WORK \T ?AT WAY4 

,ALL ( ?IS ASIDE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS NOT IMMUNE TO ! G5]AL DECL9E ( ! MA9/REAM POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! ,WE/1 & ! GR[? ( POLITICAL 9SURG5CIES ON ! RI<T & LEFT 7?\< 0LEFT0 MEANS MOD]ATE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 PRACTICE7--ONE ( ! PR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES ( ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ?AT HAVE UND]M9$ DEMOCRACY & CAUS$ SUB/ANTIAL H>M TO MO/ ( ! POPULATION1 ! LESS PRIVILEG$ SECTORS4 ,ALL FAMILI>4 

,IT APPE>S ?AT BIG-TICKET CONS]VATIVE DONORS1 LIKE ! ,KO* BRO!RS1 >E TURN+ !IR BACK ON ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,IF ?IS IS ACTUALLY TRUE1 :AT MI<T POSSIBLY BE ! EXPLANATION = ?IS DEVELOPM5T8 

,! REASON1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT !Y >E HAV+ A PROBLEM CONTROLL+ ! BASE !Y HAVE MOBILIZ$1 & >E SEEK+ SOME WAY TO AVOID A S]I\S BL[ TO !IR 9T]E/S4 ,IT W\LDN'T 5TIRELY SURPRISE ME IF !Y MANAGE SOMEH[ TO CONTROL ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION & POSSIBLY EV5 BR+ 9 SOMEONE LIKE ,PAUL ,RYAN4 ,NOT A PROSPECT TO WELCOME1 9 MY OP9ION4 

,/ORIES AB\T WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUALS F9ANC+ POLITICIANS >E AS OLD AS ! C\NTRY ITSELF4 ,SO1 9 :AT WAYS HAS MONEY RE%AP$ ,AM]ICAN POLITICS 9 \R [N ]A8 

,NO?+ ?AT IS COMPLETELY NEW4 ,! /&>D S*OL>LY WORK ON ?IS TOPIC--,?OMAS ,F]GUSON'S \T/&+ /UDIES 9 HIS BOOK ,GOLD5 ,RULE & MORE REC5T PUBLICATIONS--TRACES ! PRACTICES & ! CONSEQU5CES BACK TO ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ) P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ RESULTS ON ! ,NEW ,DEAL YE>S1 CONT9U+ TO ! PRES5T4 

,!RE >E ALWAYS NEW TWI/S4 ,ONE1 :I* ,F]GUSON HAS DISCUSS$1 DATES TO ,NEWT ,G+RI*'S MA*9ATIONS 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,PRE/IGI\S & 9FLU5TIAL POSITIONS 9 ,CONGRESS US$ TO BE GRANT$ ON ! BASIS ( S5IORITY & P]CEIV$ A*IEVEM5T4 ,N[1 !Y >E BASICALLY B\<T1 :I* DRIVES CONGRESSIONAL REPRES5TATIVES EV5 DEEP] 9TO ! POCKETS ( ! RI*4 ,& ,SUPREME ,C\RT DECISIONS HAVE ACCEL]AT$ ! PROCESS4 

,9 ! PA/1 ! C&IDATE ) ! MO/ MONEY WON ALMO/ ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT ,DONALD ,TRUMP SEEMS TO HAVE *ANG$ ! RULES AB\T POLITICS 9 MONEY AS HE HAS ACTUALLY SP5T LESS MONEY ?AN HIS RIVALS4 ,HAS ! P[] ( MONEY SUDD5LY %RUNK 9 AN ELECTION YE> DOM9AT$ BY EXTREME VOICES8 

,DON'T KN[ ! EXACT FIGURES1 BUT ,TRUMP SEEMS TO BE PUTT+ PL5TY ( MONEY 9TO ! CAMPAIGN4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS /RIK+ H[ HUGE MONEY *E/S HAVE FAIL$4 ,JEB ,BU% IS ! CLE>E/ CASE4 ,!RE IS A V]Y 9T]E/+ >TICLE BY ,&REW ,COCKBURN AB\T ?IS 9 ! ,APRIL #baf ISSUE ( ,H>P]'S1 REVIEW+ /UDIES ?AT %[ ?AT AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( ! MONEY P\R$ 9TO POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS ) ,T,V ADS1 & ! LIKE1 S]VES PRIM>ILY TO 5RI* ! NETWORKS & ! PR(ESSIONAL CONSULTANTS BUT ) LITTLE EFFECT ON VOT+4.<#e.> ,9 CONTRA/1 FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT & DIRECT CANVAS+1 :I* >E 9EXP5SIVE--BUT REQUIRE A LOT ( (T5 VOLUNTE] LABOR--DO HAVE A MEASURABLE IMPACT4 ,NOTE ?AT A SEP>ATE MATT] IS ! QUE/ION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CAMPAIGN SP5D+ BY WEAL? & P[] ON POLICY DECISIONS1 ! K9D ( QUE/ION ?AT ,F]GUSON HAS 9VE/IGAT$4 

,:AT SPECIFIC ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W\LD Y\ SAY >E BE/ REPRES5T$ BY ,G,O,P C&IDATES 9 ! #baf ELECTION8 

,! SUP]-RI* & ! CORPORATE SECTOR1 EV5 MORE SO ?AN USUAL4 

,ONE ( ! GREAT MY?S 9 ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL CULTURE REVOLVES >\ND 0FREE-M>KET0 CAPITALISM4 ,! ,U,S ECONOMY IS NOT A 0FREE-M>KET0 ECONOMY1 AS MO/ LIB]T>IANS W\LD PO9T \T1 BUT ! QUE/ION IS :E!R !RE CAN BE A SY/EM ( 0FREE-M>KET0 CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE :E!R IT W\LD BE DESIRABLE TO HAVE ONE4 

,!RE HAVE BE5 EXAMPLES ( SOME?+ LIKE FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM4 ,! DI/+UI%$ ECONOMIC HI/ORIAN ,PAUL ,BAIRO* PO9TS \T ?AT 0!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,?IRD ,WORLD'S COMPULSORY ECONOMIC LIB]ALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS A MAJOR ELEM5T 9 EXPLA9+ ! DELAY 9 ITS 9DU/RIALIZATION10 OR EV5 0DE9DU/RIALIZATION40 ,!RE >E MANY WELL-/UDI$ ILLU/RATIONS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,EUROPE & ! REGIONS ?AT MANAG$ TO /AY FREE ( ITS CONTROL DEVELOP$1 AS ,EUROPE ITSELF DID1 BY RADICAL VIOLATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES4 ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E PRIME EXAMPLES1 AS IS ! ONE >EA ( ! GLOBAL ,S\? ?AT RESI/$ COLONIZATION & DEVELOP$3 ,JAPAN4 

,LIKE MANY O!R ECONOMIC HI/ORIANS1 ,BAIRO* CONCLUDES FROM A BROAD SURVEY ?AT 0IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D ANO!R CASE :]E ! FACTS SO CONTRADICT A DOM9ANT !ORY0 AS ! DOCTR9E ?AT FREE M>KETS W]E ! 5G9E ( GR[?1 A H>% LESSON ?AT ! GLOBAL ,S\? HAS LE>N$ OV] ! YE>S1 AGA9 9 ! REC5T NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 ,!RE >E CLASSIC /UDIES ( SOME ( ! 9H]5T PROBLEMS 9 0FREE M>KET0 DEVELOPM5T1 LIKE ,K>L ,POLYANI'S ,! ,GREAT ,TRANS=MATION1 ,RAJANI ,KAN?'S ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ,LAISSEZ-,FAIRE1 & A SUB/ANTIAL LIT]ATURE 9 ECONOMIC HI/ORY & HI/ORY ( TE*NOLOGY4 

,!RE >E ALSO FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( UNREGULAT$ M>KETS1 SU* AS ! RE/RICTION ( *OICE ?AT !Y IMPOSE 7EXCLUD+ PUBLIC GOODS1 LIKE MASS TRANSPORTATION7 & !IR IGNOR+ ( EXT]NALITIES1 :I* BY N[ SPELLS VIRTUAL DOOM TO ! SPECIES4 

,A REC5T POLL %[$ ?AT MORE ?AN N9E 9 T5 ,AM]ICANS SAID !Y W\LD VOTE = A QUALIFI$ PRESID5TIAL C&IDATE :O IS ,CA?OLIC1 A WOMAN1 ,BLACK1 ,HISPANIC1 OR ,JEWI%1 BUT LESS ?AN HALF SAID !Y W\LD VOTE = A C&IDATE :O IS A SOCIALI/4 ,:Y IS SOCIALISM /ILL A TABOO 9 ?IS C\NTRY 7AL?\< ONE MU/ ADMIT ?AT SOCIALISM SEEMS TO BE DEAD VIRTUALLY EV]Y:]E ELSE TODAY 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD78 

,A DIFFICULT QUE/ION TO DISCUSS1 BECAUSE ! WORD 0SOCIALISM0 7LIKE MO/ T]MS ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE7 HAS BE5 SO VULG>IZ$ & POLITICIZ$ ?AT IT IS NOT V]Y USEFUL4 ,! ESS5CE ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM WAS WORK]S' CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION1 ALONG ) POPUL> DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( O!R COMPON5TS ( SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,!RE WAS H>DLY A SOCIETY 9 ! WORLD MORE REMOTE FROM SOCIALISM ?AN ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 :I* IS PRES5T$ AS ! LEAD+ 0SOCIALI/0 SOCIETY4 ,IF ?AT'S :AT 0SOCIALISM0 IS1 !N WE \<T TO OPPOSE IT4 ,9 O!R USES1 ! PO/ (FICE1 NATIONAL HEAL? PROGRAMS1 & O!RS >E CALL$ 0SOCIALI/10 BUT !Y >E NOT OPPOS$ BY ! PUBLIC--9CLUD+ NATIONAL HEAL?1 SUPPORT$1 (T5 BY L>GE MAJORITIES1 = MANY YE>S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & /ILL TODAY4 ,! T]M 0SOCIALI/0 BECAME TABOO = REASONS ( ,COLD ,W> IDEOLOGY1 :I* DIVORC$ ! T]M FROM ANY USEFUL MEAN+4 

,!RE >E SIGNIFICANT ELEM5TS ( SOME?+ LIKE AU!NTIC SOCIALISM 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 NOTABLY WORK]-[N$ 7& SOMETIMES MANAG$7 5T]PRISES1 COOP]ATIVES ) REAL P>TICIPATION1 & MU* ELSE4 ,I ?9K !Y CAN BE ?\<T ( 9 ,BAKUN9'S T]MS1 AS CREAT+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A MORE FREE & JU/ SOCIETY )9 ! PRES5T ONE4 

,!SE DAYS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SEEMS TO HAVE A COMP>ATIVE ADVANTAGE OV] O!R 0DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES >\ND ! WORLD ONLY 9 MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BEG9N+ TO RESEMBLE MORE & MORE A 0?IRD WORLD0 C\NTRY1 AT LEA/ ) REG>D TO ITS 9FRA/RUCTURE & ! EXT5T ( ! POV]TY & HOMELESSNESS AMONG A SIGNIFICANT & CON/ANTLY RIS+ PORTION ( ! POPULATION4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT FACTORS HAVE L$ TO ?IS DREADFUL /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 :AT /ILL REMA9S A V]Y RI* C\NTRY8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS1 TO AN UNUSUAL EXT5T1 A BUS9ESS-RUN SOCIETY1 )\T ROOTS 9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES 9 :I*1 ) ALL !IR SEV]E FLAWS1 PEOPLE HAD SOME K9D ( PLACE4 ,ITS HI/ORY AS A SETTL]-COLONIAL & SLAVE SOCIETY HAS LEFT ITS SOCIAL & CULTURAL LEGACY1 ALONG ) O!R FACTORS1 SU* AS ! UNUSUAL ROLE ( RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 L>GE-SCALE1 RADICAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 LIKE ! AGR>IAN POPULI/ & MILITANT LABOR MOVEM5TS1 BUT !Y W]E MO/LY CRU%$1 (T5 ) CONSID]ABLE VIOL5CE4 

,ONE CONSEQU5CE IS :AT ,WALT] ,DEAN ,BURNHAM CALLS A 0CRUCIAL COMP>ATIVE PECULI>ITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL SY/EM3 ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ OR LABORITE MASS P>TY AS AN ORGANIZ$ COMPETITOR 9 ! ELECTORAL M>KET40 ,HE %[$ ?AT ?IS ACC\NTS = MU* ( ! 0CLASS-SKEW$ AB/5TION RATES0 ?AT HE DEMON/RAT$ = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! D[NPLAY+ ( CLASS-RELAT$ ISSUES 9 ! L>GELY BUS9ESS-RUN POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,9 SOME WAYS ! SY/EM IS A LEGACY ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* HAS NEV] REALLY BE5 OV]COME4 ,TODAY'S 0R$ /ATES0 >E SOLIDLY BAS$ 9 ! ,CONF$]ACY1 :I* WAS SOLIDLY ,DEMOCRATIC BE=E ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T & ,NIXON'S 0,S\!RN /RATEGY0 %IFT$ P>TY LABELS4 

,9 MANY WAYS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS A V]Y FREE SOCIETY--ALSO 9 SOCIAL PRACTICES1 SU* AS LACK ( ! K9D ( RELATIONS ( DEF]5CE ?AT ONE (T5 F9DS ELSE:]E4 ,BUT ONE CONSEQU5CE ( ! COMPLEX AMALGAM IS ! SAD /ATE ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,AL?\< AN EXTREMELY RI* SOCIETY1 ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES RANKS V]Y L[ 9 MEASURES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE AMONG ! RI*] ,ORGANIZATION = ,ECONOMIC ,COOP]ATION & ,DEVELOPM5T 7,O,E,C,D7 SOCIETIES1 ALONGSIDE ( ,TURKEY1 ,MEXICO1 & ,GREECE4 ,9FRA/RUCTURE IS A DISA/]4 ,ONE CAN TAKE A HI<-SPE$ TRA9 9 O!R DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES1 OR FROM ,*9A TO ,KAZAKH/AN1 BUT NOT FROM ,BO/ON TO ,WA%+TON--MAYBE ! MO/ TRAVEL$ CORRIDOR--:]E !RE HASN'T BE5 MU* ( AN IMPROVEM5T S9CE ,I TOOK ! TRA9 SIXTY-FIVE YE>S AGO4 

,TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S SPEAK ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS CONSI/+ ( TWO P>TS3 BASE & SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,W\LD Y\ SAY ?AT ! BASE DICTATES ! SUP]/RUCTURE 9 ,U,S SOCIETY8 

,DON'T HAVE MU* TO SAY4 ,I DON'T F9D ! FRAMEWORK P>TICUL>LY USEFUL4 ,:O HOLDS DOM9ANT DECISION-MAK+ P[] 9 ,U,S SOCIETY IS NOT V]Y OBSCURE AT A G5]AL LEVEL3 CONC5TRAT$ ECONOMIC P[]1 MO/LY 9 ! CORPORATE SY/EM4 ,:5 WE LOOK MORE CLOSELY1 IT IS ( C\RSE MORE COMPLEX1 & ! POPULATION IS BY NO MEANS P[]LESS :5 IT IS ORGANIZ$ & D$ICAT$ & LIB]AT$ FROM ILLUSIONS4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,M>* #b#i1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 3 #baf ,ELECTION ,PUTS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ,RISK ( 0,UTT] ,DISA/]0 
#baf ,ELECTION ,PUTS ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ,RISK ( 0,UTT] ,DISA/]0 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 LET'S />T ) A REFLECTIVE LOOK AT H[ ! ,U,S #baf PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS %APE UP 9 T]MS ( ! /ATE ( ! C\NTRY & ITS ROLE 9 GLOBAL AFFAIRS & ! IDEOLOGICAL VIEWPO9TS EXPRESS$ BY SOME ( ! LEAD+ C&IDATES ( BO? P>TIES4 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,IT CANNOT BE OV]LOOK$ ?AT WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A UNIQUE MOM5T 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 DECISIONS HAVE TO BE MADE RI<T N[ ?AT WILL LIT]ALLY DET]M9E ! PROSPECTS = DEC5T HUMAN SURVIVAL1 & NOT 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY MADE ?AT DECISION = A HUGE NUMB] ( SPECIES4 ,SPECIES DE/RUCTION IS AT ! LEVEL ( #fe MILLION YE>S AGO1 ! FIF? EXT9CTION1 5D+ ! AGE ( ! D9OSAURS4 ,?AT ALSO OP5$ ! WAY = SMALL MAMMALS1 ULTIMATELY US1 A SPECIES ) UNIQUE CAPACITIES1 9CLUD+ UN=TUNATELY ! CAPACITY = COLD & SAVAGE DE/RUCTION4 

,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY REACTION>Y OPPON5T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE1 CRITICIZ$ ,?OMAS ,HOBBES = ADOPT+ ! ,ROMAN PHRASE1 0,MAN IS A WOLF TO MAN10 OBS]V+ ?AT IT IS UNFAIR TO WOLVES1 :O DO NOT KILL = PLEASURE4 ,! CAPACITY EXT5DS TO SELF-DE/RUCTION1 AS WE >E N[ WITNESS+4 ,IT IS PRESUM$ ?AT ! FIF? EXT9CTION WAS CAUS$ BY A HUGE A/]OID ?AT HIT ! E>?4 ,N[ WE >E ! A/]OID4 ,! IMPACT ON HUMANS IS ALREADY SIGNIFICANT & WILL SOON BECOME 9COMP>ABLY WORSE UNLESS DECISIVE ACTION IS TAK5 RI<T N[4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! RISK ( NUCLE> W>1 ALWAYS A GRIM %AD[1 IS 9CREAS+4 ,?AT W\LD 5D ANY FUR!R DISCUSSION4 ,WE MAY RECALL ,E9/E9'S RESPONSE TO A QUE/ION AB\T ! WEAPONS ?AT W\LD BE US$ 9 ! NEXT W>4 ,HE SAID ?AT HE DIDN'T KN[1 BUT ! W> AFT] ?AT W\LD BE F\<T ) /ONE AXES4 ,9SPECTION ( ! %OCK+ RECORD REVEALS ?AT IT'S A NE> MIRACLE ?AT DISA/] HAS BE5 AVOID$ ?IS F>1 & MIRACLES DO NOT GO ON =EV]4 ,& ?AT ! RISK IS 9CREAS+ IS UN=TUNATELY ALL TOO EVID5T4 

,=TUNATELY1 !SE DE/RUCTIVE & SUICIDAL CAPACITIES ( HUMAN NATURE >E BALANC$ BY O!RS4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* ,5LI<T5M5T FIGURES AS ,DAVID ,HUME & ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/-?9K] ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 W]E CORRECT 9 REG>D+ SYMPA?Y & MUTUAL AID AS CORE PROP]TIES ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,WE'LL SOON F9D \T :I* *>ACT]I/ICS >E 9 ! ASC5DANT4 

,TURN+ TO Y\R QUE/ION1 WE CAN ASK H[ !SE AWESOME PROBLEMS >E BE+ ADDRESS$ 9 ! QUADR5NIAL ELECTORAL EXTRAVAGANZA4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ FACT IS ?AT !Y >E B>ELY BE+ ADDRESS$ AT ALL1 BY EI!R P>TY4 

,!RE'S NO NE$ TO REVIEW ! SPECTACLE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN PRIM>IES4 ,COMM5TATORS CAN B>ELY CONCEAL !IR DISGU/ & CONC]N = :AT IT TELLS US AB\T ! C\NTRY & CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION4 ,! C&IDATES HAVE1 H[EV]1 ANSW]$ ! CRUCIAL QUE/IONS4 ,!Y EI!R D5Y GLOBAL W>M+ OR 9SI/ ?AT NO?+ %\LD BE DONE AB\T IT1 DEM&+1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT WE RACE EV5 MORE RAPIDLY TO ! PRECIPICE4 ,9S(> AS !Y HAVE DETECTABLE POLICIES1 !Y SEEM TO BE 9T5T TO ESCALATE MILIT>Y CONFRONTATION & ?REATS4 ,= !SE REASONS ALONE1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ORGANIZATION--ONE HESITATES TO CALL IT A POLITICAL P>TY 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE--POSES A ?REAT ( A NOVEL & TRULY HORRIFY+ K9D TO ! HUMAN SPECIES & TO ! O!RS :O >E 0COLLAT]AL DAMAGE0 AS HI<] 9TELLIG5CE PROCE$S ON ITS SUICIDAL C\RSE4 

,ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC SIDE1 !RE IS AT LEA/ SOME RECOGNITION ( ! DANG] ( 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE1 BUT PRECI\S LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( SUB/ANTIVE POLICY PROPOSALS4 ,ON ,OBAMA'S PROGRAMS ( UPGRAD+ ! NUCLE> >S5AL1 OR SU* CRITICAL MATT]S AS ! RAPID 7& MUTUAL7 MILIT>Y BUILDUP ON ,RUSSIA'S BORD]S1 ,I HAV5'T BE5 ABLE TO F9D ANY CLE> POSITIONS4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS ( ! ,REPUBLICAN C&IDATES SEEM TO BE MORE ( ! USUAL3 /UFF ! POCKETS ( ! RI* & KICK ! RE/ 9 ! FACE4 ,! TWO ,DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES RANGE FROM ! ,NEW ,DEAL /YLE ( ,S&]S'S PROGRAMS TO ! 0,NEW ,DEMOCRAT_/MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICAN0 ,CL9TON V]SION1 DRIV5 A BIT TO ! LEFT UND] ! IMPACT ( ! ,S&]S *ALL5GE4 ,ON 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS1 & ! AWESOME TASKS WE FACE1 IT SEEMS AT BE/ 0MORE ( ! SAME40 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT HAS L$ TO ,DONALD ,TRUMP'S RISE1 & IS HE SIMPLY ANO!R CASE ( ?OSE TYPICAL RI<T-W+1 POPULI/ *>ACT]S :O FREQU5TLY SURFACE 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY :5EV] NATIONS FACE SEV]E ECONOMIC CRISES OR >E ON A NATIONAL DECL9E8 

,9S(> AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS FAC+ 0NATIONAL DECL9E10 IT'S L>GELY SELF-9FLICT$4 ,TRUE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C\LD NOT POSSIBLY MA9TA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y HEGEMONIC P[] ( ! E>LY PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD1 BUT IT REMA9S ! POT5TIALLY RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES & SECURITY1 & 9 ! MILIT>Y DIM5SION1 VIRTUALLY MAT*ES ! RE/ ( ! WORLD COMB9$ & IS TE*NOLOGICALLY F> MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ANY COLLECTION ( RIVALS4 

,TRUMP'S APPEAL SEEMS BAS$ L>GELY ON P]CEPTIONS ( LOSS & FE>4 ,! NEOLIB]AL ASSAULT ON ! WORLD'S POPULATIONS1 ALMO/ ALWAYS H>MFUL TO !M1 & (T5 SEV]ELY SO1 HAS NOT LEFT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UNT\*$1 EV5 ?\< IT HAS BE5 SOME:AT MORE RESILI5T ?AN O!RS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION HAS 5DUR$ /AGNATION OR DECL9E :ILE EXTRAORD9>Y & O/5TATI\S WEAL? HAS ACCUMULAT$ 9 V]Y FEW POCKETS4 ,! =MAL DEMOCRATIC SY/EM HAS SUFF]$ ! USUAL CONSEQU5CES ( NEOLIB]AL SOCIOECONOMIC POLICIES1 DRIFT+ T[>D PLUTOCRACY4 

,NO NE$ TO REVIEW AGA9 ! GRIM DETAILS--= EXAMPLE1 ! /AGNATION ( REAL MALE WAGES = =TY YE>S & ! FACT ?AT S9CE ! LA/ CRA% SOME #i P]C5T ( WEAL? CREAT$ HAS F\ND ITS WAY TO #a P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,OR ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION--?OSE L[] ON ! 9COME SCALE-->E EFFECTIVELY DIS5FRAN*IZ$ 9 ?AT !IR REPRES5TATIVES IGNORE !IR OP9IONS & PREF]5CES1 HE$+ ! SUP]-RI* FUND]S & P[] BROK]S4 

,9 P>T1 ,TRUMP SUPPORT]S--PR$OM9ANTLY1 IT SEEMS1 L[]-MIDDLE CLASS1 WORK+ CLASS1 LESS $UCAT$-->E REACT+ TO ! P]CEPTION1 L>GELY ACCURATE1 ?AT !Y HAVE SIMPLY BE5 LEFT BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,IT'S 9/RUCTIVE TO COMP>E ! CURR5T SC5E ) ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION4 ,OBJECTIVELY1 CONDITIONS 9 ! '#cS W]E F> WORSE1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A MU* POOR] C\NTRY !N4 ,SUBJECTIVELY1 H[EV]1 CONDITIONS !N W]E F> BETT]4 ,AMONG WORK+-CLASS ,AM]ICANS1 DESPITE V]Y HI< UNEMPLOYM5T & SUFF]+1 !RE WAS A S5SE ( HOPEFULNESS1 A BELIEF ?AT WE WILL SOMEH[ COME \T ( ?IS WORK+ TOGE!R4 ,IT WAS FO/]$ BY ! SUCCESSES ( MILITANT LABOR ACTIVISM1 (T5 9T]ACT+ ) LIVELY LEFT POLITICAL P>TIES & O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,A FAIRLY SYMPA!TIC ADM9I/RATION RESPOND$ ) CON/RUCTIVE MEASURES1 ?\< ALWAYS CON/RA9$ BY ! 5ORM\S P[] ( ,S\!RN ,DEMOCRATS1 :O W]E WILL+ TO TOL]ATE WELF>E /ATE MEASURES AS LONG AS ! DESPIS$ ,BLACK POPULATION WAS M>G9ALIZ$4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 !RE WAS A FEEL+ ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS ON ! ROAD TO A BETT] FUTURE4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS LACK+ TODAY1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ( ! SUCCESSES ( ! BITT] ATTACKS ON LABOR ORGANIZATION ?AT TOOK (F AS SOON AS ! W> 5D$4 

,9 ADDITION1 ,TRUMP DRAWS SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT FROM NATIVI/S & RACI/S--IT'S WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BE5 AT ! EXTREME1 EV5 BEYOND ,S\? ,AFRICA1 9 ! /R5G? ( :ITE SUPREMACY1 AS COMP>ATIVE /UDIES BY ,GEORGE ,FR$]ICKSON CONV9C+LY %[$4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS NEV] REALLY TRANSC5D$ ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ! HORR5D\S LEGACY ( OPPRESSION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,!RE IS ALSO A LONG HI/ORY ( ILLUSIONS AB\T ,ANGLO-,SAXON PURITY1 ?REAT5$ BY WAVES ( IMMIGRANTS 7& FRE$OM = ,BLACKS1 & 9DE$ = WOM51 NO SMALL MATT] AMONG PATRI>*AL SECTORS74 ,TRUMP'S PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE SUPPORT]S CAN SEE ?AT !IR IMAGE ( A :ITE-RUN 7&1 = MANY1 MALE-RUN7 SOCIETY IS DISSOLV+ BE=E !IR EYES4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT AL?\< ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS UNUSUALLY SAFE & SECURE1 IT IS ALSO P]HAPS ! MO/ FRI<T5$ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 ANO!R FEATURE ( ! CULTURE ) A LONG HI/ORY4 

,SU* FACTORS SU* AS !SE MIX 9 A DANG]\S BREW4 ,JU/ ?9K+ BACK OV] REC5T YE>S1 9 A BOOK OV] A DECADE AGO ,I QUOT$ ! DI/+UI%$ S*OL> ( ,G]MAN HI/ORY ,FRITZ ,/]N1 WRIT+ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T J\RNAL ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ON 0! DESC5T 9 ,G]MANY FROM DEC5CY TO ,NAZI B>B>ISM40 ,HE ADD$1 PO9T$LY1 0,TODAY1 ,I WORRY AB\T ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! C\NTRY ?AT GAVE HAV5 TO ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ REFUGEES 9 ! #a#i#cS10 HIMSELF 9CLUD$4 ,) IMPLICATIONS = H]E & N[ ?AT NO C>EFUL READ] C\LD MISS1 ,/]N REVIEW$ ,HITL]'S DEMONIC APPEAL TO HIS 0DIV9E MISSION0 AS 0,G]MANY'S SAVIOR0 9 A 0PSEUDORELIGI\S TRANSFIGURATION ( POLITICS0 ADAPT$ TO 0TRADITIONAL ,*RI/IAN =MS10 RUL+ A GOV]NM5T D$ICAT$ TO 0! BASIC PR9CIPLES0 ( ! NATION1 ) 0,*RI/IANITY AS ! F\NDATION ( \R NATIONAL MORALITY & ! FAMILY AS ! BASIS ( NATIONAL LIFE40 ,FUR!R1 ,HITL]'S HO/ILITY T[>D ! 0LIB]AL SECUL> /ATE10 %>$ BY MU* ( ! ,PROTE/ANT CL]GY1 DROVE =W>D 0A HI/ORIC PROCESS 9 :I* RES5TM5T AGA9/ A DIS5*ANT$ SECUL> WORLD F\ND DELIV]ANCE 9 ! EC/ATIC ESCAPE ( UNREASON40 

,! CONTEMPOR>Y RESONANCE IS UNMI/AKABLE4 

,SU* REASONS TO 0WORRY AB\T ! FUTURE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 HAVE NOT BE5 LACK+ S9CE4 ,WE MI<T RECALL1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ELOQU5T & POIGNANT MANIFE/O LEFT BY ,JOSEPH ,/ACK :5 HE CRA%$ HIS SMALL PLANE 9TO AN (FICE BUILD+ 9 ,AU/91 ,TEXAS1 HITT+ AN ,I,R,S (FICE1 COMMITT+ SUICIDE4 ,9 IT HE TRAC$ HIS BITT] LIFE /ORY AS A WORK] :O WAS DO+ EV]Y?+ ACCORD+ TO ! RULES1 & BE+ CRU%$1 /EP BY /EP1 BY ! CORRUPTION & BRUTALITY ( ! CORPORATE SY/EM & ! /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,HE WAS SPEAK+ = MANY PEOPLE LIKE HIM4 ,HIS MANIFE/O WAS MO/LY RIDICUL$ OR IGNOR$1 BUT IT %\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY1 ALONG ) MANY O!R CLE> SIGNS ( :AT HAS BE5 TAK+ PLACE4 

,NONE!LESS1 ,CRUZ & ,RUBIO APPE> TO ME TO BE BO? F> MORE DANG]\S ?AN ,TRUMP4 ,I SEE !M AS ! REAL MON/]S1 :ILE ,TRUMP REM9DS ME A BIT ( ,SILVIO ,B]LUSCONI4 ,DO Y\ AGREE ) ANY ( !SE VIEWS8 

,I AGREE--&1 AS Y\ KN[1 ! ,TRUMP-,B]LUSCONI COMP>ISON IS CURR5T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,I W\LD ALSO ADD ,PAUL ,RYAN TO ! LI/4 ,HE IS PORTRAY$ AS ! DEEP ?9K] ( ! ,REPUBLICANS1 ! S]I\S POLICY WONK1 ) SPREAD%EETS & ! O!R APP>ATUS ( ! ?\<TFUL ANALY/4 ,! FEW ATTEMPTS TO ANALYZE HIS PROGRAMS1 AFT] DISP5S+ ) ! MAGIC ?AT IS REGUL>LY 9TRODUC$1 CONCLUDE ?AT HIS ACTUAL POLICIES >E TO VIRTUALLY DE/ROY EV]Y P>T ( ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T ?AT S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( ! G5]AL POPULATION1 :ILE EXP&+ ! MILIT>Y & 5SUR+ ?AT ! RI* & ! CORPORATE SECTOR WILL BE WELL ATT5D$ TO--! CORE ,REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY :5 ! RHETORICAL TRAPP+S >E DRAWN ASIDE4 

,AM]ICA'S Y\? SEEMS TO BE CAPTIVAT$ BY ,B]NIE ,S&]S'S MESSAGE4 ,>E Y\ SURPRIS$ BY H[ WELL HE IS HOLD+ UP8 

,I AM SURPRIS$4 ,I DIDN'T ANTICIPATE ! SUCCESS ( HIS CAMPAIGN4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT HIS POLICY PROPOSALS W\LD NOT HAVE SURPRIS$ ,PRESID5T ,EIS5H[]1 & ?AT !Y >E PRETTY MU* 9 TUNE ) POPUL> S5TIM5TS OV] A LONG P]IOD1 (T5 CONSID]ABLE MAJORITIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HIS MU*-MALIGN$ CALL = A NATIONAL HEAL? C>E SY/EM ( ! K9D FAMILI> 9 SIMIL> SOCIETIES IS SUPPORT$ RI<T N[ BY AB\T #f P]C5T ( ! POPULATION1 A V]Y HI< FIGURE CONSID]+ ! FACT ?AT IT IS SUBJECT TO CON/ANT CONDEMNATION & HAS V]Y LIMIT$ >TICULATE ADVOCACY4 ,& ?AT POPUL> SUPPORT GOES F> BACK4 ,9 ! LATE ,REAGAN YE>S1 AB\T #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION ?\<T ?AT !RE %\LD BE A CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEE ( HEAL? C>E1 & #d P]C5T ?\<T !RE ALREADY WAS SU* A GU>ANTEE--MEAN+ ?AT IT IS SU* AN OBVI\S DESID]ATUM ?AT IT MU/ BE 9 ?IS SACR$ DOCUM5T4 

,:5 ,OBAMA AB&ON$ A PUBLIC OPTION )\T CONSID]ATION1 IT WAS SUPPORT$ BY ALMO/ TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION4 ,& !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !RE W\LD BE 5ORM\S SAV+S IF ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ADOPT$ ! F> MORE EFFICI5T NATIONAL HEAL? C>E PROGRAMS ( O!R C\NTRIES1 :I* HAVE AB\T HALF ! HEAL? C>E EXP5DITURES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & G5]ALLY BETT] \TCOMES4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( HIS PROPOSALS = HI<] TAXES ON ! RI*1 FREE HI<] $UCATION1 & O!R P>TS ( HIS DOME/IC PROGRAMS1 MO/LY REFLECT+ ,NEW ,DEAL COMMITM5TS & SIMIL> TO POLICY *OICES DUR+ ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL GR[? P]IODS ( ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD4 

,UND] :AT SC5>IO CAN ,S&]S POSSIBLY W9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC NOM9ATION8 

,EVID5TLY1 IT W\LD REQUIRE V]Y SUB/ANTIAL $UCATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT MY [N FEEL+1 FRANKLY1 IS ?AT !SE %\LD BE DIRECT$ SUB/ANTIALLY T[>D DEVELOP+ A POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT WILL NOT FADE AWAY AFT] ! ELECTION1 BUT WILL JO9 ) O!RS TO =M ! K9D ( ACTIVI/ =CE ?AT HAS BE5 9/RUM5TAL 9 9ITIAT+ & C>RY+ =W>D NE$$ *ANGES & RE=MS 9 ! PA/4 

,IS ,AM]ICA /ILL A DEMOCRACY &1 IF NOT1 DO ELECTIONS REALLY MATT]8 

,) ALL ITS FLAWS1 ,AM]ICA IS /ILL A V]Y FREE & OP5 SOCIETY1 BY COMP>ATIVE /&>DS4 ,ELECTIONS SURELY MATT]4 ,IT W\LD1 9 MY OP9ION1 BE AN UTT] DISA/] = ! C\NTRY1 ! WORLD1 & FUTURE G5]ATIONS IF ANY ( ! VIABLE ,REPUBLICAN C&IDATES W]E TO REA* ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 & IF !Y CONT9UE TO CONTROL ,CONGRESS4 ,CONSID]ATION ( ! OV]:ELM+LY IMPORTANT QUE/IONS WE DISCUSS$ E>LI] SUFFICES TO REA* ?AT CONCLUSION1 & IT'S NOT ALL4 ,= SU* REASONS AS ?OSE ,I ALLUD$ TO E>LI]1 ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY1 ALWAYS LIMIT$1 HAS BE5 DRIFT+ SUB/ANTIALLY T[>D PLUTOCRACY4 ,BUT !SE T5D5CIES >E NOT GRAV5 9 /ONE4 ,WE 5JOY AN UNUSUAL LEGACY ( FRE$OM & RI<TS LEFT TO US BY PR$ECESSORS :O DID NOT GIVE UP1 (T5 UND] F> H>%] CONDITIONS ?AN WE FACE N[4 ,& IT PROVIDES AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES = WORK ?AT IS BADLY NE$$1 9 MANY WAYS1 9 DIRECT ACTIVISM & PRESSURES 9 SUPPORT ( SIGNIFICANT POLICY *OICES1 9 BUILD+ VIABLE & EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS1 REVITALIZ+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & ALSO 9 ! POLITICAL >5A1 FROM S*OOL BO>DS TO /ATE LEGISLATURES & MU* MORE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,M>* #i1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d 3 ,TRUMP 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE 
,TRUMP 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! UN?9KABLE HAS HAPP5$4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ALL =ECA/S1 ,DONALD ,TRUMP SCOR$ A DECISIVE VICTORY OV] ,HILL>Y ,CL9TON1 & ! MAN ?AT ,MI*AEL ,MOORE DESCRIB$ AS A 0WRET*$1 IGNORANT1 DANG]\S P>T-TIME CL[N & FULL-TIME SOCIOPA?0 WILL BE ! NEXT PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT W]E ! DECID+ FACTORS ?AT L$ ,AM]ICAN VOT]S TO PRODUCE ! BIGGE/ UPSET 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,U,S POLITICS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,BE=E TURN+ TO ?IS QUE/ION1 ,I ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT TO SP5D A FEW MOM5TS POND]+ JU/ :AT HAPP5$ ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 A DATE ?AT MI<T TURN \T TO BE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 DEP5D+ ON H[ WE REACT4 

,NO EXAGG]ATION4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT NEWS ( ,NOVEMB] #h WAS B>ELY NOT$1 A FACT ( SOME SIGNIFICANCE 9 ITSELF4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 ! ,WORLD ,METEOROLOGICAL ,ORGANIZATION 7,W,M,O7 DELIV]$ A REPORT AT ! 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CE ON CLIMATE *ANGE 9 ,MOROCCO 7,C,O,P#b#b71 :I* WAS CALL$ 9 ORD] TO C>RY =W>D ! ,P>IS AGREEM5T ( ,C,O,P#b#a4 ,! ,W,M,O REPORT$ ?AT ! PA/ FIVE YE>S W]E ! HOTTE/ ON RECORD4 ,IT REPORT$ RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 SOON TO 9CREASE AS A RESULT ( ! UNEXPECT$LY RAPID MELT+ ( POL> ICE1 MO/ OM9\SLY ! HUGE ,ANT>CTIC GLACI]S4 ,ALREADY1 ,>CTIC SEA ICE OV] ! PA/ FIVE YE>S IS #bh P]C5T BEL[ ! AV]AGE ( ! PREVI\S TW5TY-N9E YE>S1 NOT ONLY RAIS+ SEA LEVELS BUT ALSO R$UC+ ! COOL+ EFFECT ( POL> ICE REFLECTION ( SOL> RAYS1 !REBY ACCEL]AT+ ! GRIM EFFECTS ( GLOBAL W>M+4 ,! ,W,M,O REPORT$ FUR!R ?AT TEMP]ATURES >E APPROA*+ DANG]\SLY CLOSE TO ! GOAL E/ABLI%$ BY ,C,O,P#b#a1 ALONG ) O!R DIRE REPORTS & =ECA/S4 

,ANO!R EV5T TOOK PLACE ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 :I* ALSO MAY TURN \T TO BE ( UNUSUAL HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE = REASONS ?AT1 ONCE AGA91 W]E B>ELY NOT$4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 ! MO/ P[]FUL C\NTRY 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 :I* WILL SET ITS /AMP ON :AT COMES NEXT1 HAD AN ELECTION4 ,! \TCOME PLAC$ TOTAL CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T--EXECUTIVE1 ,CONGRESS1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT--9 ! H&S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 :I* HAS BECOME ! MO/ DANG]\S ORGANIZATION 9 WORLD HI/ORY4 

,AP>T FROM ! LA/ PHRASE1 ALL ( ?IS IS UNCONTROV]SIAL4 ,! LA/ PHRASE MAY SEEM \TL&I%1 EV5 \TRAGE\S4 ,BUT IS IT8 ,! FACTS SUGGE/ O!RWISE4 ,! P>TY IS D$ICAT$ TO RAC+ AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE TO DE/RUCTION ( ORGANIZ$ HUMAN LIFE4 ,!RE IS NO HI/ORICAL PREC$5T = SU* A /&4 

,IS ?IS AN EXAGG]ATION8 ,CONSID] :AT WE HAVE JU/ BE5 WITNESS+4 

,DUR+ ! ,REPUBLICAN PRIM>IES1 EV]Y C&IDATE D5I$ ?AT :AT IS HAPP5+ IS HAPP5+--) ! EXCEPTION ( ! S5SIBLE MOD]ATES1 LIKE ,JEB ,BU%1 :O SAID IT'S ALL UNC]TA91 BUT WE DON'T HAVE TO DO ANY?+ BECAUSE WE'RE PRODUC+ MORE NATURAL GAS1 ?ANKS TO FRACK+4 ,OR ,JOHN ,KASI*1 :O AGRE$ ?AT GLOBAL W>M+ IS TAK+ PLACE1 BUT ADD$ ?AT 0WE >E GO+ TO BURN .<COAL.> 9 ,OHIO & WE >E NOT GO+ TO APOLOGIZE = IT40 

,! W9N+ C&IDATE1 N[ ! PRESID5T-ELECT1 CALLS = RAPID 9CREASE 9 USE ( FOSSIL FUELS1 9CLUD+ COAL2 DISMANTL+ ( REGULATIONS2 REJECTION ( HELP TO DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES ?AT >E SEEK+ TO MOVE TO SU/A9ABLE 5]GY2 &1 9 G5]AL1 RAC+ TO ! CLIFF AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE4 

,TRUMP HAS ALREADY TAK5 /EPS TO DISMANTLE ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PROTECTION ,AG5CY 7,E,P,A7 BY PLAC+ 9 *>GE ( ! ,E,P,A TRANSITION A NOTORI\S 7& PR\D7 CLIMATE *ANGE D5I]1 ,MYRON ,EBELL4 ,TRUMP'S TOP ADVIS] ON 5]GY1 BILLIONAIRE OIL EXECUTIVE ,H>OLD ,HAMM1 ANN\NC$ HIS EXPECTATIONS1 :I* W]E PR$ICTABLE3 DISMANTL+ REGULATIONS1 TAX CUTS = ! 9DU/RY 7& ! WEAL?Y & CORPORATE SECTOR G5]ALLY71 MORE FOSSIL FUEL PRODUCTION1 LIFT+ ,OBAMA'S TEMPOR>Y BLOCK ON ! ,DAKOTA ,ACCESS ,PIPEL9E4 ,! M>KET REACT$ QUICKLY4 ,%>ES 9 5]GY CORPORATIONS BOOM$1 9CLUD+ ! WORLD'S L>GE/ COAL M9]1 ,PEABODY ,5]GY1 :I* HAD FIL$ = BANKRUPTCY1 BUT AFT] ,TRUMP'S VICTORY REGI/]$ A #e P]C5T GA94 

,! EFFECTS ( ,REPUBLICAN D5IALISM HAD ALREADY BE5 FELT4 ,!RE HAD BE5 HOPES ?AT ! ,C,O,P#b#a ,P>IS AGREEM5T W\LD LEAD TO A V]IFIABLE TREATY1 BUT ANY SU* ?\<TS W]E AB&ON$ BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLICAN ,CONGRESS W\LD NOT ACCEPT ANY B9D+ COMMITM5TS1 SO :AT EM]G$ WAS A VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T1 EVID5TLY MU* WEAK]4 

,EFFECTS MAY SOON BECOME EV5 MORE VIVIDLY APP>5T ?AN !Y ALREADY >E4 ,9 ,BANGLADE% ALONE1 T5S ( MILLIONS >E EXPECT$ TO HAVE TO FLEE FROM L[-LY+ PLA9S 9 COM+ YE>S BECAUSE ( SEA LEVEL RISE & MORE SEV]E WEA!R1 CREAT+ A MIGRANT CRISIS ?AT WILL MAKE TODAY'S PALE 9 SIGNIFICANCE4 ,) CONSID]ABLE JU/ICE1 ,BANGLADE%'S LEAD+ CLIMATE SCI5TI/ SAYS ?AT 0,!SE MIGRANTS %\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO MOVE TO ! C\NTRIES FROM :I* ALL !SE GRE5H\SE GASES >E COM+4 ,MILLIONS %\LD BE ABLE TO GO TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,& TO ! O!R RI* C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE GR[N WEAL?Y :ILE BR++ AB\T A NEW GEOLOGICAL ]A1 ! ,AN?ROPOC5E1 M>K$ BY RADICAL HUMAN TRANS=MATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,!SE CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES CAN ONLY 9CREASE1 NOT JU/ 9 ,BANGLADE%1 BUT 9 ALL ( ,S\? ,ASIA AS TEMP]ATURES1 ALREADY 9TOL]ABLE = ! POOR1 9EXORABLY RISE & ! ,HIMALAYAN GLACI]S MELT1 ?REAT5+ ! 5TIRE WAT] SUPPLY4 ,ALREADY 9 ,9DIA1 SOME #c MILLION PEOPLE >E REPORT$ TO LACK ADEQUATE DR9K+ WAT]4 ,& ! EFFECTS WILL REA* F> BEYOND4 

,IT IS H>D TO F9D WORDS TO CAPTURE ! FACT ?AT HUMANS >E FAC+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION 9 !IR HI/ORY--:E!R ORGANIZ$ HUMAN LIFE WILL SURVIVE 9 ANY?+ LIKE ! =M WE KN[--& >E ANSW]+ IT BY ACCEL]AT+ ! RACE TO DISA/]4 

,SIMIL> OBS]VATIONS HOLD = ! O!R HUGE ISSUE CONC]N+ HUMAN SURVIVAL3 ! ?REAT ( NUCLE> DE/RUCTION1 :I* HAS BE5 LOOM+ OV] \R HEADS = SEV5TY YE>S & IS N[ 9CREAS+4 

,IT IS NO LESS DIFFICULT TO F9D WORDS TO CAPTURE ! UTT]LY A/ONI%+ FACT ?AT 9 ALL ( ! MASSIVE COV]AGE ( ! ELECTORAL EXTRAVAGANZA1 NONE ( ?IS RECEIVES MORE ?AN PASS+ M5TION4 ,AT LEA/ ,I AM AT A LOSS TO F9D APPROPRIATE WORDS4 

,TURN+ F9ALLY TO ! QUE/ION RAIS$1 TO BE PRECISE1 IT APPE>S ?AT ,CL9TON RECEIV$ A SLI<T MAJORITY ( ! VOTE4 ,! APP>5T DECISIVE VICTORY HAS TO DO ) CURI\S FEATURES ( ,AM]ICAN POLITICS3 AMONG O!R FACTORS1 ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE RESIDUE ( ! F\ND+ ( ! C\NTRY AS AN ALLIANCE ( SEP>ATE /ATES2 ! W9N]-TAKE-ALL SY/EM 9 EA* /ATE2 ! >RANGEM5T ( CONGRESSIONAL DI/RICTS 7SOMETIMES BY G]RYM&]+7 TO PROVIDE GREAT] WEI<T TO RURAL VOTES 79 PA/ ELECTIONS1 & PROBABLY ?IS ONE TOO1 ,DEMOCRATS HAVE HAD A COM=TABLE M>G9 ( VICTORY 9 ! POPUL> VOTE = ! ,H\SE BUT HOLD A M9ORITY ( SEATS72 ! V]Y HI< RATE ( AB/5TION 7USUALLY CLOSE TO HALF 9 PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS1 ?IS ONE 9CLUD$74 ,( SOME SIGNIFICANCE = ! FUTURE IS ! FACT ?AT 9 ! AGE EI<TE5-TO-TW5TY-FIVE RANGE1 ,CL9TON WON H&ILY1 & ,S&]S HAD AN EV5 HI<] LEVEL ( SUPPORT4 ,H[ MU* ?IS MATT]S DEP5DS ON :AT K9D ( FUTURE HUMANITY WILL FACE4 

,ACCORD+ TO CURR5T 9=MATION1 ,TRUMP BROKE ALL RECORDS 9 ! SUPPORT HE RECEIV$ FROM :ITE VOT]S1 WORK+ CLASS & L[] MIDDLE CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! @s#e1 TO @s#i1 9COME RANGE1 RURAL & SUBURBAN1 PRIM>ILY ?OSE )\T COLLEGE $UCATION4 ,!SE GR\PS %>E ! ANG] ?R\<\T ! ,WE/ AT ! C5TRI/ E/ABLI%M5T1 REVEAL$ AS WELL 9 ! UNANTICIPAT$ ,BREXIT VOTE & ! COLLAPSE ( C5TRI/ P>TIES 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE4 ,MANY ( ! ANGRY & DISAFFECT$ >E VICTIMS ( ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( ! PA/ G5]ATION1 ! POLICIES DESCRIB$ 9 CONGRESSIONAL TE/IMONY BY ,F$]AL ,RES]VE *AIR ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN--0,/4 ,ALAN10 AS HE WAS CALL$ REV]5TIALLY BY ! ECONOMICS PR(ESSION & O!R ADMIR]S UNTIL ! MIRACUL\S ECONOMY HE WAS SUP]VIS+ CRA%$ 9 #b#g-#b#h1 ?REAT5+ TO BR+ ! :OLE WORLD ECONOMY D[N ) IT4 ,AS ,GRE5SPAN EXPLA9$ DUR+ HIS GLORY DAYS1 HIS SUCCESSES 9 ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T W]E BAS$ SUB/ANTIALLY ON 0GR[+ WORK] 9SECURITY40 ,9TIMIDAT$ WORK+ PEOPLE W\LD NOT ASK = HI<] WAGES1 B5EFITS1 & SECURITY BUT W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) ! /AGNAT+ WAGES & R$UC$ B5EFITS ?AT SIGNAL A HEAL?Y ECONOMY BY NEOLIB]AL /&>DS4 

,WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O HAVE BE5 ! SUBJECTS ( !SE EXP]IM5TS 9 ECONOMIC !ORY1 >E NOT P>TICUL>LY HAPPY AB\T ! \TCOME4 ,!Y >E NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 OV]JOY$ AT ! FACT ?AT 9 #b#g1 AT ! PEAK ( ! NEOLIB]AL MIRACLE1 REAL WAGES = NONSUP]VISORY WORK]S W]E L[] ?AN !Y HAD BE5 YE>S E>LI]1 OR ?AT REAL WAGES = MALE WORK]S >E AB\T AT #a#i#fS LEVELS :ILE SPECTACUL> GA9S HAVE GONE TO ! POCKETS ( A V]Y FEW AT ! TOP1 DISPROPORTIONATELY A FRACTION ( #a P]C5T4 ,NOT ! RESULT ( M>KET =CES1 A*IEVEM5T1 OR M]IT1 BUT RA!R ( DEF9ITE POLICY DECISIONS1 MATT]S REVIEW$ C>EFULLY BY ECONOMI/ ,DEAN ,BAK] 9 REC5TLY PUBLI%$ WORK4.<#f.> 

,! FATE ( ! M9IMUM WAGE ILLU/RATES :AT HAS BE5 HAPP5+4 ,?R\< ! P]IODS ( HI< & EGALIT>IAN GR[? 9 ! '#eS & '#fS1 ! M9IMUM WAGE--:I* SETS A FLOOR = O!R WAGES--TRACK$ PRODUCTIVITY4 ,?AT 5D$ ) ! ONSET ( NEOLIB]AL DOCTR9E4 ,S9CE !N1 ! M9IMUM WAGE HAS /AGNAT$ 79 REAL VALUE74 ,HAD IT CONT9U$ AS BE=E1 IT W\LD PROBABLY BE CLOSE TO @s#b P] H\R4 ,TODAY1 IT IS CONSID]$ A POLITICAL REVOLUTION TO RAISE IT TO @s#a#e4 

,) ALL ! TALK ( NE>-FULL EMPLOYM5T TODAY1 LABOR =CE P>TICIPATION REMA9S BEL[ ! E>LI] NORM4 ,& = WORK+ PEOPLE1 !RE IS A GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A /EADY JOB 9 MANUFACTUR+ ) UNION WAGES & B5EFITS1 AS 9 E>LI] YE>S1 & A TEMPOR>Y JOB ) LITTLE SECURITY 9 SOME S]VICE PR(ESSION4 ,AP>T FROM WAGES1 B5EFITS1 & SECURITY1 !RE IS A LOSS ( DIGNITY1 ( HOPE = ! FUTURE1 ( A S5SE ?AT ?IS IS A WORLD 9 :I* ,I BELONG & PLAY A WOR?:ILE ROLE4 

,! IMPACT IS CAPTUR$ WELL 9 ,>LIE ,HO*S*ILD'S S5SITIVE & ILLUM9AT+ PORTRAYAL ( A ,TRUMP /RON<OLD 9 ,L\ISIANA1 :]E %E LIV$ & WORK$ = MANY YE>S4.<#g.> ,%E USES ! IMAGE ( A L9E 9 :I* RESID5TS >E /&+1 EXPECT+ TO MOVE =W>D /EADILY AS !Y WORK H>D & KEEP TO ALL ! CONV5TIONAL VALUES4 ,BUT !IR POSITION 9 ! L9E HAS /ALL$4 ,AHEAD ( !M1 !Y SEE PEOPLE LEAP+ =W>D1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT CAUSE MU* DI/RESS1 BECAUSE IT IS 0! ,AM]ICAN WAY0 = 7ALLEG$7 M]IT TO BE REW>D$4 ,:AT DOES CAUSE REAL DI/RESS IS :AT IS HAPP5+ BEH9D !M4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT 0UNDES]V+ PEOPLE0 :O DO NOT 0FOLL[ ! RULES0 >E BE+ MOV$ 9 FRONT ( !M BY F$]AL GOV]NM5T PROGRAMS !Y ]RONE\SLY SEE AS DESIGN$ TO B5EFIT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 IMMIGRANTS1 & O!RS !Y (T5 REG>D ) CONTEMPT4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS EXAC]BAT$ BY ,RONALD ,REAGAN'S RACI/ FABRICATIONS AB\T 0WELF>E QUE5S0 7BY IMPLICATION ,BLACK7 /EAL+ :ITE PEOPLE'S H>D-E>N$ MONEY & O!R FANTASIES4 

,SOMETIMES FAILURE TO EXPLA91 ITSELF A =M ( CONTEMPT1 PLAYS A ROLE 9 FO/]+ HATR$ ( GOV]NM5T4 ,I ONCE MET A H\SE PA9T] 9 ,BO/ON :O HAD TURN$ BITT]LY AGA9/ ! 0EVIL0 GOV]NM5T AFT] A ,WA%+TON BUREAUCRAT :O KNEW NO?+ AB\T PA9T+ ORGANIZ$ A MEET+ ( PA9T+ CONTRACTORS TO 9=M !M ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] USE LEAD PA9T--0! ONLY K9D ?AT WORKS10 AS !Y ALL KNEW1 BUT ! SUIT DIDN'T UND]/&4 ,?AT DE/ROY$ HIS SMALL BUS9ESS1 COMPELL+ HIM TO PA9T H\SES ON HIS [N ) SUB/&>D /UFF =C$ ON HIM BY GOV]NM5T ELITES4 

,SOMETIMES !RE >E ALSO SOME REAL REASONS = !SE ATTITUDES T[>D GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES4 ,HO*S*ILD DESCRIBES A MAN :OSE FAMILY & FRI5DS >E SUFF]+ BITT]LY FROM ! LE?AL EFFECTS ( *EMICAL POLLUTION BUT :O DESPISES ! GOV]NM5T & ! 0LIB]AL ELITES10 BECAUSE = HIM1 ! ,E,P,A MEANS SOME IGNORANT GUY :O TELLS HIM HE CAN'T FI% BUT DOES NO?+ AB\T ! *EMICAL PLANTS4 

,!SE >E JU/ SAMPLES ( ! REAL LIVES ( ,TRUMP SUPPORT]S1 :O >E L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ,TRUMP WILL DO SOME?+ TO REM$Y !IR PLI<T1 ?\< ! M]E/ LOOK AT HIS FISCAL & O!R PROPOSALS DEMON/RATES ! OPPOSITE--POS+ A TASK = ACTIVI/S :O HOPE TO F5D (F ! WOR/ & TO ADVANCE DESP]ATELY NE$$ *ANGES4 

,EXIT POLLS REVEAL ?AT ! PASSIONATE SUPPORT = ,TRUMP WAS 9SPIR$ PRIM>ILY BY ! BELIEF ?AT HE REPRES5T$ *ANGE1 :ILE ,CL9TON WAS P]CEIV$ AS ! C&IDATE :O W\LD P]PETUATE !IR DI/RESS4 ,! 0*ANGE0 ?AT ,TRUMP IS LIKELY TO BR+ WILL BE H>MFUL OR WORSE1 BUT IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! CONSEQU5CES >E NOT CLE> TO ISOLAT$ PEOPLE 9 AN ATOMIZ$ SOCIETY LACK+ ! K9DS ( ASSOCIATIONS 7LIKE UNIONS7 ?AT CAN $UCATE & ORGANIZE4 ,?AT IS A CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TODAY'S DESPAIR & ! G5]ALLY HOPEFUL ATTITUDES ( MANY WORK+ PEOPLE UND] MU* GREAT] ECONOMIC DURESS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS4 

,!RE >E O!R FACTORS 9 ,TRUMP'S SUCCESS4 ,COMP>ATIVE /UDIES %[ ?AT DOCTR9ES ( :ITE SUPREMACY HAVE HAD AN EV5 MORE P[]FUL GRIP ON ,AM]ICAN CULTURE ?AN 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & IT'S NO SECRET ?AT ! :ITE POPULATION IS DECL9+4 ,9 A DECADE OR TWO1 :ITES >E PROJECT$ TO BE A M9ORITY ( ! WORK =CE1 & NOT TOO MU* LAT]1 A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,! TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE CULTURE IS ALSO P]CEIV$ AS UND] ATTACK BY ! SUCCESSES ( ID5TITY POLITICS1 REG>D$ AS ! PROV9CE ( ELITES :O HAVE ONLY CONTEMPT = ! 0H>D-WORK+1 PATRIOTIC1 *UR*-GO+ .<:ITE.> ,AM]ICANS ) REAL FAMILY VALUES'0 :O SEE !IR FAMILI> C\NTRY AS DISAPPE>+ BE=E !IR EYES4 

,ONE ( ! DIFFICULTIES 9 RAIS+ PUBLIC CONC]N OV] ! V]Y SEV]E ?REATS ( GLOBAL W>M+ IS ?AT #d P]C5T ( ! ,U,S POPULATION DOES NOT SEE :Y IT IS A PROBLEM1 S9CE ,*RI/ IS RETURN+ 9 A FEW DECADES4 ,AB\T ! SAME P]C5TAGE BELIEVE ?AT ! WORLD WAS CREAT$ A FEW ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,IF SCI5CE CONFLICTS ) ! ,BIBLE1 SO MU* ! WORSE = SCI5CE4 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO F9D AN ANALOG 9 O!R SOCIETIES4 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AB&ON$ ANY REAL CONC]N = WORK+ PEOPLE BY ! #a#i#gS1 & !Y HAVE !RE=E BE5 DRAWN TO ! RANKS ( !IR BITT] CLASS 5EMIES1 :O AT LEA/ PRET5D TO SPEAK !IR LANGUAGE--,REAGAN'S FOLKSY /YLE ( MAK+ LITTLE JOKES :ILE EAT+ JELLY BEANS1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%'S C>EFULLY CULTIVAT$ IMAGE ( A REGUL> GUY Y\ C\LD MEET 9 A B> :O LOV$ TO CUT BRU% ON ! RAN* 9 #a-DEGREE HEAT & HIS PROBABLY FAK$ MISPRONUNCIATIONS 7IT'S UNLIKELY ?AT HE TALK$ LIKE ?AT AT ,YALE71 & N[ ,TRUMP1 :O GIVES VOICE TO PEOPLE ) LEGITIMATE GRIEVANCES--PEOPLE :O HAVE LO/ NOT JU/ JOBS BUT ALSO A S5SE ( P]SONAL SELF-WOR?--& :O RAILS AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ?AT !Y P]CEIVE AS HAV+ UND]M9$ !IR LIVES 7NOT )\T REASON74 

,ONE ( ! GREAT A*IEVEM5TS ( ! DOCTR9AL SY/EM HAS BE5 TO DIV]T ANG] FROM ! CORPORATE SECTOR TO ! GOV]NM5T ?AT IMPLEM5TS ! PROGRAMS ?AT ! CORPORATE SECTOR DESIGNS1 SU* AS ! HI<LY PROTECTIONI/ CORPORATE_/9VE/OR RI<TS AGREEM5TS ?AT >E UNI=MLY MISDESCRIB$ AS 0FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS0 9 ! M$IA & COMM5T>Y4 ,) ALL ITS FLAWS1 ! GOV]NM5T IS1 TO SOME EXT5T1 UND] POPUL> 9FLU5CE & CONTROL1 UNLIKE ! CORPORATE SECTOR4 ,IT IS HI<LY ADVANTAGE\S = ! BUS9ESS WORLD TO FO/] HATR$ = PO9TY-HEAD$ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRATS & TO DRIVE \T ( PEOPLE'S M9DS ! SUBV]SIVE IDEA ?AT ! GOV]NM5T MI<T BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( POPUL> WILL1 A GOV]NM5T (1 BY1 & = ! PEOPLE4 

,IS ,TRUMP REPRES5T+ A NEW MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICAN POLITICS1 OR WAS ! \TCOME ( ?IS ELECTION PRIM>ILY A REJECTION ( ,HILL>Y ,CL9TON BY VOT]S :O HATE ! ,CL9TONS & >E F$ UP ) 0POLITICS AS USUAL08 

,IT'S BY NO MEANS NEW4 ,BO? POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE MOV$ TO ! RI<T DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 ,TODAY'S ,NEW ,DEMOCRATS >E PRETTY MU* :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS40 ,! ,REPUBLICANS HAVE MOV$ SO F> T[>D A D$ICATION TO ! WEAL?Y & ! CORPORATE SECTOR ?AT !Y CANNOT HOPE TO GET VOTES ON !IR ACTUAL PROGRAMS1 & HAVE TURN$ TO MOBILIZ+ SECTORS ( ! POPULATION ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 !RE1 BUT NOT AS AN ORGANIZ$ COALITIONAL POLITICAL =CE3 EVANGELICALS1 NATIVI/S1 RACI/S1 & ! VICTIMS ( ! CURR5T =MS ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,?IS V]SION ( GLOBALIZATION IS DESIGN$ TO SET WORK+ PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD 9 COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R :ILE PROTECT+ ! PRIVILEG$4 ,IT IS FUR!RMORE DESIGN$ TO UND]M9E ! LEGAL & O!R MEASURES ?AT PROVID$ WORK+ PEOPLE ) SOME PROTECTION & ) WAYS TO 9FLU5CE DECISION-MAK+ 9 ! CLOSELY L9K$ PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTORS1 NOTABLY ) EFFECTIVE LABOR UNIONS4 ,NONE ( ?IS IS 9TR9SIC TO GLOBALIZATION2 RA!R1 IT IS A SPECIFIC =M ( 9VE/OR-FRI5DLY GLOBALIZATION1 A MIXTURE ( PROTECTIONISM1 9VE/OR RI<TS1 & SOME LIMIT$ PROVISIONS AB\T AU!NTIC TRADE4 

,! CONSEQU5CES HAVE BE5 EVID5T 9 REC5T ,REPUBLICAN PRIM>IES4 ,EV]Y C&IDATE ?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM ! BASE HAS BE5 SO EXTREME ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN E/ABLI%M5T HAD TO USE ITS AMPLE RES\RCES TO BEAT !M D[N4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 #baf IS ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T FAIL$1 MU* TO ITS *AGR91 AS WE HAVE SE54 

,DES]V$LY OR NOT1 ,CL9TON REPRES5T$ ! POLICIES ?AT W]E FE>$ & HAT$1 :ILE ,TRUMP WAS SE5 AS ! SYMBOL ( 0*ANGE0--*ANGE ( :AT K9D REQUIRES A C>EFUL LOOK AT HIS ACTUAL PROPOSALS1 SOME?+ L>GELY MISS+ 9 :AT REA*$ ! PUBLIC4 ,! CAMPAIGN ITSELF WAS REM>KABLE 9 ITS AVOIDANCE ( ISSUES1 & M$IA COMM5T>Y G5]ALLY COMPLI$1 KEEP+ TO ! CONCEPT ?AT TRUE 0OBJECTIVITY0 MEANS REPORT+ ACCURATELY :AT IS 0)9 ! BELTWAY0 BUT NOT V5TUR+ BEYOND4 

,TRUMP SAID1 FOLL[+ ! \TCOME ( ! ELECTION1 ?AT HE 0WILL REPRES5T ALL ,AM]ICANS40 ,H[ IS HE GO+ TO DO ?AT :5 ! NATION IS SO DIVID$ & HE HAS ALREADY EXPRESS$ DEEP HATR$ = MANY GR\PS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & M9ORITIES8 ,DO Y\ SEE ANY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ,BREXIT & ,DONALD ,TRUMP'S VICTORY8 

,!RE >E DEF9ITE SIMIL>ITIES TO ,BREXIT1 & ALSO TO ! RISE ( ! ULTRANATIONALI/ F>-RI<T P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE--:OSE LEAD]S W]E QUICK TO CONGRATULATE ,TRUMP ON HIS VICTORY1 P]CEIV+ HIM AS ONE ( !IR [N3 ,NIGEL ,F>AGE1 ,M>9E ,LE ,P51 ,VIKTOR ,ORBAN1 & O!RS LIKE !M4 ,& !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E QUITE FRI<T5+4 ,A LOOK AT ! POLLS 9 ,AU/RIA & ,G]MANY--,AU/RIA & ,G]MANY--CANNOT FAIL TO EVOKE UNPLEASANT MEMORIES = ?OSE FAMILI> ) ! #a#i#cS1 EV5 MORE SO = ?OSE :O WAT*$ DIRECTLY1 AS ,I DID AS A *ILD4 ,I CAN /ILL RECALL LI/5+ TO ,HITL]'S SPEE*ES1 NOT UND]/&+ ! WORDS1 ?\< ! TONE & AUDI5CE REACTION W]E *ILL+ 5\<4 ,! FIR/ >TICLE ?AT ,I REMEMB] WRIT+ WAS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#i1 AFT] ! FALL ( ,B>CELONA1 ON ! SEEM+LY 9EXORABLE SPREAD ( ! FASCI/ PLAGUE4 ,& BY /RANGE CO9CID5CE1 IT WAS FROM ,B>CELONA ?AT MY WIFE & ,I WAT*$ ! RESULTS ( ! #baf ,U,S PRESID5TIAL ELECTION UNFOLD4 

,AS TO H[ ,TRUMP WILL H&LE :AT HE HAS BR\<T =?--NOT CREAT$1 BUT BR\<T =?--WE CANNOT SAY4 ,P]HAPS HIS MO/ /RIK+ *>ACT]I/IC IS UNPR$ICTABILITY4 ,A LOT WILL DEP5D ON ! REACTIONS ( ?OSE APPALL$ BY HIS P]=MANCE & ! VISIONS HE HAS PROJECT$1 SU* AS !Y >E4 

,TRUMP HAS NO ID5TIFIABLE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY GUID+ HIS /ANCE ON ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL ISSUES1 YET !RE >E CLE> AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES 9 HIS BEHAVIOR4 ,!RE=E1 DO Y\ F9D ANY VALIDITY BEH9D ! CLAIMS ?AT ,TRUMP MAY REPRES5T ! EM]G5CE ( 0FASCISM ) A FRI5DLY FACE0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES8 

,= MANY YE>S1 ,I HAVE BE5 WRIT+ & SPEAK+ AB\T ! DANG] ( ! RISE ( AN HONE/ & *>ISMATIC IDEOLOGUE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SOMEONE :O C\LD EXPLOIT ! FE> & ANG] ?AT HAS LONG BE5 BOIL+ 9 MU* ( ! SOCIETY1 & :O C\LD DIRECT IT AWAY FROM ! ACTUAL AG5TS ( MALAISE TO VULN]ABLE T>GETS4 ,?AT C\LD 9DE$ LEAD TO :AT SOCIOLOGI/ ,B]TRAM ,GROSS CALL$ 0FRI5DLY FASCISM0 9 A P]CEPTIVE /UDY ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO4 ,BUT ?AT REQUIRES AN HONE/ IDEOLOGUE1 A ,HITL] TYPE1 NOT SOMEONE :OSE ONLY DETECTABLE IDEOLOGY IS ,ME4 ,! DANG]S1 H[EV]1 HAVE BE5 REAL = MANY YE>S1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE SO 9 ! LI<T ( ! =CES ?AT ,TRUMP HAS UNLEA%$4 

,) ! ,REPUBLICANS 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE1 BUT ALSO CONTROLL+ BO? H\SES & ! FUTURE %APE ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 :AT WILL ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LOOK LIKE = AT LEA/ ! NEXT F\R YE>S8 

,A GOOD DEAL DEP5DS ON HIS APPO9TM5TS & CIRCLE ( ADVIS]S4 ,E>LY 9DICATIONS >E UNATTRACTIVE1 TO PUT IT MILDLY4 

,! ,SUPREME ,C\RT WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( REACTION>IES = MANY YE>S1 ) PR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES4 ,IF ,TRUMP FOLL[S ?R\< ON HIS ,PAUL ,RYAN-/YLE FISCAL PROGRAMS1 !RE WILL BE HUGE B5EFITS = ! V]Y RI*--E/IMAT$ BY ! ,TAX ,POLICY ,C5T] AS A TAX CUT ( OV] #ad P]C5T = ! TOP 4#a P]C5T & A SUB/ANTIAL CUT MORE G5]ALLY AT ! UPP] 5D ( ! 9COME SCALE1 BUT ) VIRTUALLY NO TAX RELIEF = O!RS1 :O WILL ALSO FACE MAJOR NEW BURD5S4 ,! RESPECT$ ECONOMICS CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,F9ANCIAL ,TIMES1 ,M>T9 ,WOLF1 WRITES3 0,! TAX PROPOSALS W\LD %[] HUGE B5EFITS ON ALREADY RI* ,AM]ICANS SU* AS ,MR4 ,TRUMP10 :ILE LEAV+ O!RS 9 ! LUR*1 9CLUD+1 ( C\RSE1 HIS CON/ITU5CY4 ,! IMM$IATE REACTION ( ! BUS9ESS WORLD REVEALS ?AT ,BIG ,PH>MA1 ,WALL ,/REET1 ! MILIT>Y 9DU/RY1 5]GY 9DU/RIES1 & O!R SU* WOND]FUL 9/ITUTIONS EXPECT A V]Y BRI<T FUTURE4 

,ONE POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T MI<T BE ! 9FRA/RUCTURE PROGRAM ?AT ,TRUMP HAS PROMIS$ :ILE 7ALONG ) MU* REPORT+ & COMM5T>Y7 CONCEAL+ ! FACT ?AT IT IS ESS5TIALLY ! ,OBAMA /IMULUS PROGRAM ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ( GREAT B5EFIT TO ! ECONOMY1 & TO ! SOCIETY G5]ALLY1 BUT WAS KILL$ BY ! ,REPUBLICAN ,CONGRESS ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT W\LD EXPLODE ! DEFICIT4 ,:ILE ?AT *>GE WAS SPURI\S AT ! TIME1 GIV5 ! V]Y L[ 9T]E/ RATES1 IT HOLDS 9 SPADES = ,TRUMP'S PROGRAM1 N[ ACCOMPANI$ BY RADICAL TAX CUTS = ! RI* & CORPORATE SECTOR & 9CREAS$ ,P5TAGON SP5D+4 

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 AN ESCAPE1 PROVID$ BY ,DICK ,*5EY :5 HE EXPLA9$ TO ,BU%'S TREASURY SECRET>Y ,PAUL ,O',NEILL ?AT 0,REAGAN PROV$ ?AT DEFICITS DON'T MATT]0--MEAN+ DEFICITS ?AT WE ,REPUBLICANS CREATE 9 ORD] TO GA9 POPUL> SUPPORT1 LEAV+ IT TO SOMEONE ELSE1 PREF]ABLY ,DEMOCRATS1 TO SOMEH[ CLEAN UP ! MESS4 ,! TE*NIQUE MI<T WORK1 = A :ILE AT LEA/4 

,!RE >E ALSO MANY QUE/IONS AB\T =EIGN POLICY CONSEQU5CES1 MO/LY UNANSW]$4 

,!RE IS MUTUAL ADMIRATION BETWE5 ,TRUMP & ,PUT94 ,H[ LIKELY IS IT !RE=E ?AT WE MAY SEE A NEW ]A 9 ,U,S-,RUSSIA RELATIONS8 

,ONE HOPEFUL PROSPECT IS ?AT !RE MI<T BE R$UCTION ( ! V]Y DANG]\S & M\NT+ T5SIONS AT ! ,RUSSIAN BORD]3 NOTE 0! ,RUSSIAN BORD]10 NOT ! ,MEXICAN BORD]4 ,!REBY LIES A TALE ?AT WE CANNOT GO 9TO H]E4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT ,EUROPE MI<T DI/ANCE ITSELF FROM ,TRUMP'S ,AM]ICA1 AS ALREADY SUGGE/$ BY ,G]MAN *ANCELLOR ,ANGELA ,M]KEL & O!R ,EUROPEAN LEAD]S--& FROM ! ,BRITI% VOICE ( ,AM]ICAN P[]1 AFT] ,BREXIT4 ,?AT MI<T POSSIBLY LEAD TO ,EUROPEAN EF=TS TO DEFUZE ! T5SIONS1 & P]HAPS EV5 EF=TS TO MOVE T[>D SOME?+ LIKE ,MIKHAIL ,GORBA*EV'S VISION ( AN 9TEGRAT$ ,EURASIAN SECURITY SY/EM )\T MILIT>Y ALLIANCES1 REJECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 FAVOR ( ,N,A,T,O EXPANSION1 A VISION REVIV$ REC5TLY BY ,PUT91 :E!R S]I\SLY OR NOT1 WE DO NOT KN[1 S9CE ! GE/URE WAS DISMISS$4 

,IS ,U,S =EIGN POLICY UND] A ,TRUMP ADM9I/RATION LIKELY TO BE MORE OR LESS MILIT>I/IC ?AN :AT WE HAVE SE5 UND] ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION OR EV5 ! ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU% ADM9I/RATION8 

,I DON'T ?9K ONE CAN ANSW] ) ANY CONFID5CE4 ,TRUMP IS TOO UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,!RE >E TOO MANY OP5 QUE/IONS4 ,:AT WE CAN SAY IS ?AT POPUL> MOBILIZATION & ACTIVISM1 PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ & CONDUCT$1 CAN MAKE A L>GE DIFF]5CE4 

,& WE %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! /AKES >E V]Y L>GE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 3 ,GLOBAL ,W>M+ & ! ,FUTURE ( ,HUMANITY 
,GLOBAL ,W>M+ & ! ,FUTURE ( ,HUMANITY 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,A CONS5SUS SEEMS TO BE EM]G+ AMONG SCI5TI/S & EV5 POLITICAL & SOCIAL ANALY/S ?AT GLOBAL W>M+ & CLIMATE *ANGE REPRES5T ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO ! PLANET4 ,DO Y\ CONCUR ) ?IS VIEW1 & :Y8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I AGREE ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! EXP]TS :O SET ! ,DOOMSDAY ,CLOCK = ! ,BULLET9 ( ,ATOMIC ,SCI5TI/S4 ,!Y HAVE MOV$ ! CLOCK TWO M9UTES CLOS] TO MIDNI<T--?REE M9UTES TO MIDNI<T--BECAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+ ?REATS ( NUCLE> W> & GLOBAL W>M+4 ,?AT SEEMS TO ME A CR$IBLE JUDGM5T4 ,REVIEW ( ! RECORD %[S ?AT IT'S A NE> MIRACLE ?AT WE HAVE SURVIV$ ! NUCLE> AGE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ CASES :5 NUCLE> W> CAME OM9\SLY CLOSE1 (T5 A RESULT ( MALFUNCTION+ ( E>LY-W>N+ SY/EMS & O!R ACCID5TS1 SOMETIMES AS A RESULT ( HI<LY ADV5TURI/ ACTS ( POLITICAL LEAD]S4 ,IT HAS BE5 KN[N = SOME TIME ?AT A MAJOR NUCLE> W> MI<T LEAD TO NUCLE> W9T] ?AT W\LD DE/ROY ! ATTACK] AS WELL AS ! T>GET4 ,& ?REATS >E N[ M\NT+1 P>TICUL>LY AT ! ,RUSSIAN BORD]1 CONFIRM+ ! PR$ICTION ( ,GEORGE ,K5NAN & O!R PROM95T FIGURES ?AT ,N,A,T,O EXPANSION1 P>TICUL>LY ! WAY IT WAS UND]TAK51 W\LD PROVE TO BE A 0TRAGIC MI/AKE10 A 0POLICY ]ROR ( HI/ORIC PROPORTIONS40 

,AS = CLIMATE *ANGE1 IT'S BY N[ WIDELY ACCEPT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY ?AT WE HAVE 5T]$ A NEW GEOLOGICAL ]A1 ! ,AN?ROPOC5E1 9 :I* ! ,E>?'S CLIMATE IS BE+ RADICALLY MODIFI$ BY HUMAN ACTION1 CREAT+ A V]Y DIFF]5T PLANET1 ONE ?AT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SU/A9 ORGANIZ$ HUMAN LIFE 9 ANY?+ LIKE A =M WE W\LD WANT TO TOL]ATE4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE ALREADY 5T]$ ! ,SIX? ,EXT9CTION1 A P]IOD ( DE/RUCTION ( SPECIES ON A MASSIVE SCALE1 COMP>ABLE TO ! ,FIF? ,EXT9CTION #fe MILLION YE>S AGO1 :5 ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! SPECIES ON E>? W]E DE/ROY$1 APP>5TLY BY A HUGE A/]OID4 ,ATMOSPH]IC C>BON DIOXIDE IS RIS+ AT A RATE UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD S9CE #ee MILLION YE>S AGO4 ,!RE IS CONC]N--TO QUOTE A /ATEM5T BY #ae DI/+UI%$ SCI5TI/S--?AT 0GLOBAL W>M+1 AMPLIFI$ BY FE$BACKS FROM POL> ICE MELT1 ME?ANE RELEASE FROM P]MAFRO/1 & EXT5SIVE FIRES1 MAY BECOME IRREV]SIBLE10 ) CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES = LIFE ON ,E>?1 HUMANS 9CLUD$--& NOT 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,SEA LEVEL RISE--& DE/RUCTION ( WAT] RES\RCES AS GLACI]S MELT--ALONE MAY HAVE HORR5D\S HUMAN CONSEQU5CES4 

,VIRTUALLY ALL SCI5TIFIC /UDIES PO9T TO 9CREAS$ TEMP]ATURES S9CE #a#i#g#e1 & A REC5T /ORY 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES CONFIRMS ?AT DECADES-LONG W>N+S BY SCI5TI/S ON GLOBAL W>M+ >E NO LONG] !ORETICAL1 AS L& ICE MELTS & SEA LEVELS RISE4.<#h.> ,YET1 !RE >E /ILL PEOPLE \T !RE :O NOT ONLY QUE/ION ! WIDELY ACCEPT$ SCI5TIFIC VIEW ?AT CURR5T CLIMATE *ANGE IS MO/LY CAUS$ BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES BUT ALSO CA/ A D\BT ON ! RELIABILITY ( SURFACE TEMP]ATURES4 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?IS IS ALL POLITICALLY DRIV51 OR ALSO CAUS$ BY IGNORANCE & P]HAPS EV5 FE> ( *ANGE8 

,IT IS AN A/ONI%+ FACT AB\T ! CURR5T ]A ?AT 9 ! MO/ P[]FUL C\NTRY 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 ) A HI< LEVEL ( $UCATION & PRIVILEGE1 ONE ( ! TWO POLITICAL P>TIES VIRTUALLY D5IES ! WELL-E/ABLI%$ FACTS AB\T AN?ROPOG5IC CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,9 ! PRIM>Y DEBATES = ! #baf ELECTION1 EV]Y S+LE ,REPUBLICAN C&IDATE WAS A CLIMATE *ANGE D5I]1 ) ONE EXCEPTION1 ,JOHN ,KASI*--! 0RATIONAL MOD]ATE0--:O SAID IT MAY BE HAPP5+ BUT WE %\LDN'T DO ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,= A LONG TIME1 ! M$IA HAVE D[NPLAY$ ! ISSUE4 ,! EUPHORIC REPORTS ON ,U,S FOSSIL FUEL PRODUCTION1 5]GY 9DEP5D5CE1 & SO ON1 R>ELY EV5 M5TION ! FACT ?AT !SE TRIUMPHS ACCEL]ATE ! RACE TO DISA/]4 ,!RE >E O!R FACTORS TOO1 BUT UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT H>DLY SEEMS SURPRIS+ ?AT A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! POPULATION EI!R JO9S ! D5I]S OR REG>DS ! PROBLEM AS NOT V]Y SIGNIFICANT4 

,9 GLOBAL SURVEYS1 ,AM]ICANS >E MORE SKEPTICAL ?AN O!R PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD OV] CLIMATE *ANGE4.<#i.> ,:Y IS ?AT8 ,& :AT DOES IT TELL US AB\T ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL CULTURE8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS TO AN UNUSUAL EXT5T A BUS9ESS-RUN SOCIETY1 :]E %ORT-T]M CONC]NS ( PR(IT & M>KET %>E DISPLACE RATIONAL PLANN+4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ALSO UNUSUAL 9 ! 5ORM\S SCALE ( RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM4 ,! IMPACT ON UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD IS EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,9 NATIONAL POLLS ALMO/ HALF ( ?OSE SURVEY$ HAVE REPORT$ ?AT !Y BELIEVE ?AT ,GOD CREAT$ HUMANS 9 !IR PRES5T =M T5 ?\S& YE>S AGO 7OR LESS7 & ?AT MAN %>ES NO COMMON ANCE/OR ) ! APE4 ,!RE >E SIMIL> BELIEFS AB\T ! ,SECOND ,COM+4 ,S5ATOR ,JAMES ,9H(E1 :O HEAD$ ! ,S5ATE ,COMMITTEE ON ! ,5VIRONM5T1 SPEAKS = MANY :5 HE ASSURES US ?AT 0,GOD'S /ILL UP !RE & !RE'S A REASON = ?IS TO HAPP510 SO IT IS SACRILEGI\S = M]E HUMANS TO 9T]F]E4 

,REC5T DATA RELAT$ TO GLOBAL EMISSIONS ( HEAT-TREAT+ GASES SUGGE/ ?AT WE MAY HAVE LEFT BEH9D US ! P]IOD ( CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$ EMISSIONS4.<#a.> ,IS !RE ROOM H]E = OPTIMISM AB\T ! FUTURE ( ! 5VIRONM5T8 

,!RE IS ALWAYS ROOM = ,GRAMSCI'S 0OPTIMISM ( ! WILL40 ,!RE >E /ILL MANY OPTIONS1 BUT !Y >E DIM9I%+4 ,OPTIONS RANGE FROM SIMPLE 9ITIATIVES ?AT >E EASILY UND]TAK5 LIKE WEA!RIZ+ HOMES 7:I* C\LD ALSO CREATE MANY JOBS71 TO 5TIRELY NEW =MS ( 5]GY1 P]HAPS FUSION1 P]HAPS NEW MEANS ( EXPLOIT+ SOL> 5]GY \TSIDE ! ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E 7:I* HAS BE5 S]I\SLY SUGGE/$71 TO ME?ODS ( DEC>BONIZATION ?AT MI<T1 CONCEIVABLY1 EV5 REV]SE SOME ( ! 5ORM\S DAMAGE ALREADY 9FLICT$ ON ! PLANET4 ,& MU* ELSE4 

,GIV5 ?AT *ANGE 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR HAPP5S SL[LY & ?AT IT WILL TAKE MANY DECADES BE=E ! WORLD ECONOMY MAKES A %IFT TO NEW1 CLEAN7]7 =MS ( 5]GY1 %\LD WE LOOK T[>D A TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO CLIMATE *ANGE8 

,ANY?+ FEASIBLE & POT5TIALLY EFFECTIVE %\LD BE EXPLOR$4 ,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ANY S]I\S SOLUTION WILL REQUIRE ADVANCES ( TE*NOLOGY1 BUT ?AT CAN ONLY BE P>T ( ! SOLUTION4 ,O!R MAJOR *ANGES >E NECESS>Y4 ,9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( MEAT MAKES A HUGE CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL W>M+4 ,! 5TIRE SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM IS BAS$ ON PRODUCTION = PR(IT & A GR[? IMP]ATIVE ?AT CANNOT BE SU/A9$4 

,!RE >E ALSO FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES ( VALUE3 ,:AT IS A DEC5T LIFE8 ,%\LD ! MA/]-S]VANT RELATION BE TOL]AT$8 ,%\LD ONE'S GOALS REALLY BE MAXIMIZATION ( COMMODITIES--,VEBL5'S 0CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION08 ,SURELY !RE >E HI<] & MORE FULFILL+ ASPIRATIONS4 

,MANY 9 ! PROGRESSIVE & RADICAL COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ ! ,UNION ( ,CONC]N$ ,SCI5TI/S 7,U,C,S71 >E QUITE SKEPTICAL & EV5 OPPOS$ TO SO-CALL$ GEO5G9E]+ SOLUTIONS4 ,IS ?IS ! FLIP SIDE ( ! CO9 TO CLIMATE *ANGE D5I]S8 

,?AT DOES NOT SEEM TO ME A FAIR ASSESSM5T4 ,U,C,S & O!RS LIKE !M MAY BE RI<T OR WRONG1 BUT !Y (F] S]I\S REASONS4 ,?AT IS ALSO TRUE ( ! V]Y SMALL GR\P ( S]I\S SCI5TI/S :O QUE/ION ! OV]:ELM+ CONS5SUS1 BUT ! MASS CLIMATE D5I] MOVEM5TS--LIKE ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY & ?OSE !Y REPRES5T-->E A DIFF]5T PH5OM5ON ALTOGE!R4 ,AS = GEO5G9E]+1 !RE HAVE BE5 S]I\S G5]AL CRITIQUES ?AT ,I ?9K CANNOT BE IGNOR$1 LIKE ,CLIVE ,HAMILTON'S1 ALONG ) MANY POSITIVE ASSESSM5TS4 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] = SUBJECTIVE JUDGM5T BAS$ ON GUESSWORK & 9TUITION4 ,RA!R1 !SE >E MATT]S ?AT HAVE TO BE CONSID]$ S]I\SLY1 RELY+ ON ! BE/ SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ AVAILABLE1 )\T AB&ON+ S5SIBLE PRECAUTION>Y PR9CIPLES4 

,:AT IMM$IATE BUT REALI/IC & 5=CEABLE ACTIONS C\LD OR %\LD BE TAK5 TO TACKLE ! CLIMATE *ANGE ?REAT8 

,RAPID 5D+ ( USE ( FOSSIL FUELS1 %>P 9CREASE 9 R5EWABLE 5]GY1 RESE>* 9TO NEW OPTIONS = SU/A9ABLE 5]GY1 SIGNIFICANT /EPS T[>D CONS]VATION1 &1 NOT LEA/1 A F>-REA*+ CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODEL ( HUMAN & RES\RCE EXPLOITATION2 EV5 AP>T FROM ITS IGNOR+ ( EXT]NALITIES1 ! LATT] IS A VIRTUAL DEA? KNELL = ! SPECIES4 

,IS !RE A WAY TO PR$ICT H[ ! WORLD WILL LOOK LIKE FIFTY YE>S FROM N[ IF HUMANS FAIL TO TACKLE & REV]SE GLOBAL W>M+ & CLIMATE *ANGE8 

,IF CURR5T T5D5CIES P]SI/1 ! \TCOME WILL BE DISA/R\S BE=E TOO LONG4 ,L>GE P>TS ( ! WORLD WILL BECOME B>ELY HABITABLE1 AFFECT+ HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 ALONG ) O!R DISA/]S ?AT WE CAN B>ELY CONTEMPLATE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,LONG ,HI/ORY ( ,U,S ,M$DL+ 9 ,=EIGN ,ELECTIONS 
,! ,LONG ,HI/ORY ( ,U,S ,M$DL+ 9 ,=EIGN ,ELECTIONS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! ,U,S 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES HAVE ACCUS$ ,RUSSIA ( 9T]F]5CE 9 ! ,U,S PRESID5TIAL ELECTION 9 ORD] TO BOO/ ,TRUMP'S *ANCES1 & SOME LEAD+ ,DEMOCRATS HAVE ACTUALLY GONE ON RECORD SAY+ ?AT ! ,KREML9'S CANNY OP]ATIVES *ANG$ ! ELECTION \TCOME4 ,:AT'S Y\R REACTION TO ALL ?IS TALK 9 ,WA%+TON & AMONG M$IA PUNDITS AB\T ,RUSSIAN CYB]- & PROPAG&A EF=TS TO 9FLU5CE ! \TCOME ( ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION 9 ,DONALD ,TRUMP'S FAVOR8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,MU* ( ! WORLD MU/ BE A/ONI%$--IF !Y >E NOT COLLAPS+ 9 LAU<T]--:ILE WAT*+ ! P]=MANCES 9 HI< PLACES & 9 M$IA CONC]N+ ,RUSSIAN EF=TS TO 9FLU5CE AN ,AM]ICAN ELECTION1 A FAMILI> ,U,S GOV]NM5T SPECIALTY AS F> BACK AS WE *OOSE TO TRACE ! PRACTICE4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 M]IT 9 ! CLAIM ?AT ?IS CASE IS DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT]3 BY ,U,S /&>DS1 ! ,RUSSIAN EF=TS >E SO MEAG] AS TO B>ELY ELICIT NOTICE4 

,LET'S TALK AB\T ! LONG HI/ORY ( ,U,S M$DL+ 9 =EIGN POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 MORALLY & POLITICALLY JU/IFI$ AS ! SPREAD ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,U,S =EIGN POLICY1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 IS PRETTY MU* DEF9$ BY ! SUBV]SION & OV]?R[ ( =EIGN REGIMES1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>Y REGIMES1 & ! RESORT TO VIOL5CE TO DE/ROY POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MI<T (F] ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION AN OPPORTUNITY TO 5T] ! POLITICAL >5A4 

,FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS COMMITT$ TO RE/OR+ ! TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE ORD]4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS AIM1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE1 (T5 9 FAVOR ( ,NAZI & FASCI/ COLLABORATORS1 TO WEAK5 UNIONS & O!R POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO BLOCK ! ?REAT ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL RE=M1 :I* W]E LIVE OPTIONS UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME4 ,!SE POLICIES W]E PURSU$ WORLDWIDE3 9 ,ASIA1 9CLUD+ ,S\? ,KOREA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 ,?AIL&1 ,9DO*9A1 &1 CRUCIALLY1 ,JAPAN2 9 ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ,GREECE1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & CRUCIALLY1 ,G]MANY2 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 9CLUD+ :AT ! ,C,I,A TOOK TO BE ! MO/ SEV]E ?REATS AT ! TIME1 0RADICAL NATIONALISM0 9 ,GUATEMALA & ,BOLIVIA4 

,SOMETIMES ! TASK REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE BRUTALITY4 ,9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 AB\T #a1 PEOPLE W]E KILL$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS BY SECURITY =CES 9/ALL$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS WAS BE=E ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 :I* ,JON ,HALLIDAY & ,BRUCE ,CUM+S DESCRIBE AS 09 ESS5CE0 A PHASE--M>K$ BY MASSIVE \TSIDE 9T]V5TION--9 0A CIVIL W> F\<T BETWE5 TWO DOME/IC =CES3 A REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD ITS ROOTS 9 T\< ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE1 & A CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5T TI$ TO ! /ATUS QUO1 ESPECIALLY TO AN UNEQUAL L& SY/EM10 RE/OR$ TO P[] UND] ! ,U,S OCCUPATION4 ,9 ,GREECE 9 ! SAME YE>S1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W]E KILL$1 TORTUR$1 IMPRISON$1 OR EXPELL$ 9 ! C\RSE ( A C\NT]-9SURG5CY OP]ATION1 ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* RE/OR$ TRADITIONAL ELITES TO P[]1 9CLUD+ ,NAZI COLLABORATORS1 & SUPPRESS$ ! PEASANT- & WORK]-BAS$ COMMUNI/-L$ =CES ?AT HAD F\<T ! ,NAZIS4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 ! SAME ESS5TIAL GOALS W]E REALIZ$1 BUT BY LESS VIOL5T MEANS4 

,YET IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 CASES :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZ+ C\PS EV5 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES1 SU* AS 9 ,AU/RALIA & ,ITALY 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,CORRECT8 

,YES1 !RE IS EVID5CE ( ,C,I,A 9VOLVEM5T 9 A VIRTUAL C\P ?AT OV]TURN$ ! ,:ITLAM ,LABOR GOV]NM5T 9 ,AU/RALIA 9 #a#i#g#e1 :5 IT WAS FE>$ ?AT ,:ITLAM MI<T 9T]F]E ) ,WA%+TON'S MILIT>Y & 9TELLIG5CE BASES 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,L>GE-SCALE ,C,I,A 9T]F]5CE 9 ,ITALIAN POLITICS HAS BE5 PUBLIC KN[L$GE S9CE ! CONGRESSIONAL ,PIKE ,REPORT WAS LEAK$ 9 #a#i#g#f1 CIT+ A FIGURE ( OV] @s#f#e MILLION TO APPROV$ POLITICAL P>TIES & AFFILIATES FROM #aidh ?R\< ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,9 #a#i#g#f1 ! ,ALDO ,MORO GOV]NM5T FELL 9 ,ITALY AFT] REVELATIONS ?AT ! ,C,I,A HAD SP5T @s#f MILLION TO SUPPORT ANTI-COMMUNI/ C&IDATES4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! ,EUROPEAN COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E MOV+ T[>D 9DEP5D5CE ( ACTION ) PLURALI/IC & DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES 7,EUROCOMMUNISM71 A DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9 FACT PLEAS$ NEI!R ,WA%+TON NOR ,MOSC[4 ,= SU* REASONS1 BO? SUP]P[]S OPPOS$ ! LEGALIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 & ! RIS+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,ITALY1 & BO? PREF]R$ C5T]-RI<T GOV]NM5TS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,H5RY ,KISS+] DESCRIB$ ! 0MAJOR PROBLEM0 9 ! ,WE/]N ALLIANCE AS 0! DOME/IC EVOLUTION 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES10 :I* MI<T MAKE ,WE/]N COMMUNI/ P>TIES MORE ATTRACTIVE TO ! PUBLIC1 NURTUR+ MOVES T[>D 9DEP5D5CE & ?REAT5+ ! ,N,A,T,O ALLIANCE4 

,U,S 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! POLITICAL AFFAIRS ( O!R NATIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MORALLY & POLITICALLY JU/IFI$ AS P>T ( ! FAI? 9 ! DOCTR9E ( SPREAD+ ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY1 BUT ! ACTUAL REASON WAS ( C\RSE ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM & ! DOM9ANCE ( BUS9ESS RULE4 ,WAS FAI? 9 ! SPREAD ( DEMOCRACY EV] T5ABLE8 

,NO BELIEF CONC]N+ ,U,S =EIGN POLICY IS MORE DEEPLY 5TR5*$ ?AN ! ONE REG>D+ ! SPREAD ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY4 ,! !SIS IS COMMONLY NOT EV5 EXPRESS$1 M]ELY PRESUPPOS$ AS ! BASIS = REASONABLE DISC\RSE ON ! ,U,S ROLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,! FAI? 9 ?IS DOCTR9E MAY SEEM SURPRIS+4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! CONV5TIONAL DOCTR9E IS T5ABLE4 ,IF BY 0,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY10 WE MEAN A POLITICAL SY/EM ) REGUL> ELECTIONS BUT NO S]I\S *ALL5GE TO BUS9ESS RULE1 !N ,U,S POLICY-MAK]S D\BTLESS YE>N TO SEE IT E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! DOCTR9E IS !RE=E NOT UND]M9$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS CONSI/5TLY VIOLAT$ UND] A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY3 AS A SY/EM 9 :I* CITIZ5S MAY PLAY SOME MEAN+FUL P>T 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,SO1 :AT LESSONS CAN BE DRAWN FROM ALL ?IS AB\T ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY AS UND]/OOD BY ,U,S POLICY PLANN]S 9 !IR EF=T TO CREATE A NEW WORLD ORD]8 

,ONE PROBLEM ?AT >OSE AS >EAS W]E LIB]AT$ FROM FASCISM AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS ?AT TRADITIONAL ELITES HAD BE5 DISCR$IT$1 :ILE PRE/IGE & 9FLU5CE HAD BE5 GA9$ BY ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T1 BAS$ L>GELY ON GR\PS RESPONSIVE TO ! WORK+ CLASS & POOR1 & (T5 COMMITT$ TO SOME V]SION ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! BASIC QU&>Y WAS >TICULAT$ BY ,*UR*ILL'S TRU/$ ADVIS]1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRIME M9I/] ,JAN ,*RI/IAAN ,SMUTS1 9 #a#i#d#c1 ) REG>D TO ,S\!RN ,EUROPE3 0,) POLITICS LET LOOSE AMONG ?OSE PEOPLES10 HE SAID1 0WE MI<T HAVE A WAVE ( DISORD] & :OLESALE COMMUNISM40 ,H]E ! T]M 0DISORD]0 IS UND]/OOD AS ?REAT TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$1 & 0COMMUNISM10 9 ACCORDANCE ) USUAL CONV5TION1 REF]S TO FAILURE TO 9T]PRET 0DEMOCRACY0 AS ELITE DOM9ANCE1 :ATEV] ! O!R COMMITM5TS ( ! 0COMMUNI/S0 MAY BE4 ,) POLITICS LET LOOSE1 WE FACE A 0CRISIS ( DEMOCRACY10 AS PRIVILEG$ SECTORS HAVE ALWAYS UND]/OOD4 

,9 BRIEF1 AT ?AT MOM5T 9 HI/ORY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FAC$ ! CLASSIC DILEMMA ( ?IRD-WORLD 9T]V5TION 9 L>GE P>TS ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD AS WELL4 ,! ,U,S POSITION WAS 0POLITICALLY WEAK0 ?\< MILIT>ILY & ECONOMICALLY /RONG4 ,TACTICAL *OICES >E DET]M9$ BY AN ASSESSM5T ( /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES4 ,! PREF]5CE HAS1 QUITE NATURALLY1 BE5 = ! >5A ( =CE & = MEASURES ( ECONOMIC W>F>E & /RANGULATION1 :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS RUL$ SUPREME4 

,WASN'T ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN A TOOL = CONSOLIDAT+ CAPITALISM & SPREAD+ BUS9ESS RULE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I8 

,V]Y MU* SO4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! EXT5SION ( ,M>%ALL ,PLAN AID 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,FRANCE & ,ITALY WAS /RICTLY CONT+5T ON EXCLUSION ( COMMUNI/S--9CLUD+ MAJOR ELEM5TS ( ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE & LABOR--FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 0DEMOCRACY10 9 ! USUAL S5SE4 ,U,S AID WAS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT 9 E>LY YE>S = SUFF]+ PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE & WAS !RE=E A P[]FUL LEV] ( CONTROL1 A MATT] ( MU* SIGNIFICANCE = ,U,S BUS9ESS 9T]E/S & LONG]-T]M PLANN+4 ,! FE> 9 ,WA%+TON WAS ?AT ! COMMUNI/ LEFT W\LD EM]GE VICTORI\S 9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE )\T MASSIVE F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE4 

,ON ! EVE ( ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN1 AMBASSADOR TO ,FRANCE ,JEFF]SON ,CAFF]Y W>N$ ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,M>%ALL ( GRIM CONSEQU5CES IF ! COMMUNI/S WON ! ELECTIONS 9 ,FRANCE3 0,SOVIET P5ETRATION ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ W\LD BE GREATLY FACILITAT$0 7,MAY #a#b1 #a#i#d#g74 ,! DOM9OES W]E READY TO FALL4 ,DUR+ ,MAY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PRESSUR$ POLITICAL LEAD]S 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY TO =M COALITION GOV]NM5TS EXCLUD+ ! COMMUNI/S4 ,IT WAS MADE CLE> & EXPLICIT ?AT AID WAS CONT+5T ON PREV5T+ AN OP5 POLITICAL COMPETITION1 9 :I* LEFT & LABOR MI<T DOM9ATE4 ,?R\< #a#i#d#h1 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,M>%ALL & O!RS PUBLICLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IF COMMUNI/S W]E VOT$ 9TO P[]1 ,U,S AID W\LD BE T]M9AT$2 NO SMALL ?REAT1 GIV5 ! /ATE ( ,EUROPE AT ! TIME4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! PO/W> DE/ITUTION WAS EXPLOIT$ TO UND]M9E ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T1 ALONG ) DIRECT VIOL5CE4 ,DESP]ATELY NE$$ FOOD SUPPLIES W]E )HELD TO CO]CE OB$I5CE1 & GANG/]S W]E ORGANIZ$ TO PROVIDE GOON SQUADS & /RIKE BREAK]S1 A MATT] ?AT IS DESCRIB$ ) SOME PRIDE 9 SEMI(FICIAL ,U,S LABOR HI/ORIES1 :I* PRAISE ! ,A,F,L 7,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 = ITS A*IEVEM5TS 9 HELP+ TO SAVE ,EUROPE BY SPLITT+ & WEAK5+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 7?US FRU/RAT+ ALLEG$ ,SOVIET DESIGNS7 & SAFEGU>D+ ! FL[ ( >MS TO ,9DO*9A = ! ,FR5* W> ( RE-CONQUE/1 ANO!R PRIME GOAL ( ! ,U,S LABOR BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,C,I,A RECON/ITUT$ ! ,MAFIA = !SE PURPOSES1 9 ONE ( ITS E>LY OP]ATIONS4 ,! QUID PRO QUO WAS RE/ORATION ( ! H]O9 TRADE4 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T CONNECTION TO ! DRUG BOOM CONT9U$ = MANY DECADES4 

,U,S POLICIES T[>D ,ITALY BASICALLY PICK$ UP :]E !Y HAD BE5 BROK5 (F BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD SUPPORT$ ,MUSSOL9I'S FASCISM FROM ! #aibb TAKEOV] ?R\< ! #a#i#cS4 ,MUSSOL9I'S W>TIME ALLIANCE ) ,HITL] T]M9AT$ !SE FRI5DLY RELATIONS1 BUT !Y W]E RECON/ITUT$ AS ,U,S =CES LIB]AT$ S\!RN ,ITALY 9 #a#i#d#c1 E/ABLI%+ ! RULE ( FIELD M>%ALL ,PIETRO ,BADOGLIO & ! ROYAL FAMILY ?AT HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,FASCI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,AS ,ALLI$ =CES DROVE T[>D ! NOR?1 !Y DISP]S$ ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE ALONG ) LOCAL GOV]N+ BODIES IT HAD =M$ 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A NEW DEMOCRATIC /ATE 9 ! ZONES IT HAD LIB]AT$ FROM ,G]MANY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 A C5T]-RI<T GOV]NM5T WAS E/ABLI%$ ) NE(ASCI/ P>TICIPATION & ! LEFT SOON EXCLUD$4 

,H]E TOO1 ! PLAN WAS = ! WORK+ CLASSES & ! POOR TO BE> ! BURD5 ( RECON/RUCTION1 ) L[]$ WAGES & EXT5SIVE FIR+4 ,AID WAS CONT+5T ON REMOV+ COMMUNI/S & LEFT SOCIALI/S FROM (FICE1 BECAUSE !Y DEF5D$ WORK]S' 9T]E/S & ?US POS$ A B>RI] TO ! 9T5D$ /YLE ( RECOV]Y1 9 ! VIEW ( ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS COLLABORATIONI/2 ITS POSITION 0FUNDAM5TALLY MEANT ! SUBORD9ATION ( ALL RE=MS TO ! LIB]ATION ( ,ITALY & EFFECTIVELY DISC\RAG$ ANY ATTEMPT 9 NOR!RN >EAS TO 9TRODUCE IRREV]SIBLE POLITICAL *ANGES AS WELL AS *ANGES 9 ! [N]%IP ( ! 9DU/RIAL COMPANIES 444 DISAV[+ & DISC\RAG+ ?OSE WORK]S' GR\PS ?AT WANT$ TO EXPROPRIATE SOME FACTORIES10 AS ,GIANFRANCO ,PASQU9O PUT IT4 ,BUT ! P>TY DID TRY TO DEF5D JOBS1 WAGES1 & LIV+ /&>DS = ! POOR & ?US 0CON/ITUT$ A POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL B>RI] TO A POT5TIAL ,EUROPEAN RECOV]Y PROGRAM10 HI/ORIAN ,JOHN ,H>P] COMM5TS1 REVIEW+ ! 9SI/5CE ( ,K5NAN & O!RS ?AT COMMUNI/S BE EXCLUD$ FROM GOV]NM5T ?\< AGREE+ ?AT IT W\LD BE 0DESIRABLE0 TO 9CLUDE REPRES5TATIVES ( :AT ,H>P] CALLS 0! DEMOCRATIC WORK+ CLASS40 ,! RECOV]Y1 IT WAS UND]/OOD1 WAS TO BE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! POOR4 

,BECAUSE ( ITS RESPONSIV5ESS TO ! NE$S ( !SE SOCIAL SECTORS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS LABEL$ 0EXTREMI/0 & 0UNDEMOCRATIC0 BY ,U,S PROPAG&A1 :I* ALSO SKILLFULLY MANIPULAT$ ! ALLEG$ ,SOVIET ?REAT4 ,UND] ,U,S PRESSURE1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS AB&ON$ W>TIME PROMISES AB\T WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY1 & ! POLICE1 SOMETIMES UND] ! CONTROL ( EXFASCI/S1 W]E 5C\RAG$ TO SUPPRESS LABOR ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,VATICAN ANN\NC$ ?AT ANYONE :O VOT$ = ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! #aidh ELECTION W\LD BE D5I$ SACRAM5TS1 & BACK$ ! CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS UND] ! SLOGAN ,O CON ,CRI/O O CONTRO ,CRI/O 7,EI!R ) ,*RI/ OR AGA9/ ,*RI/74 ,A YE> LAT]1 ,POPE ,PIUS EXCOMMUNICAT$ ALL ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/S4 

,A COMB9ATION ( VIOL5CE1 MANIPULATION ( AID & O!R ?REATS1 & A HUGE PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN SUFFIC$ TO DET]M9E ! \TCOME ( ! CRITICAL #aidh ELECTION1 ESS5TIALLY B\<T BY ,U,S 9T]V5TION & PRESSURES4 

,! ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS TO CONTROL ! ,ITALIAN ELECTIONS1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#g1 W]E ! FIR/ MAJOR CL&E/9E OP]ATION ( ! NEWLY =M$ AG5CY4 ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS TO SUBV]T ,ITALIAN DEMOCRACY CONT9U$ 9TO ! #a#i#gS AT A SUB/ANTIAL SCALE4 

,9 ,ITALY1 AS WELL AS ELSE:]E1 ,U,S LABOR LEAD]S1 PRIM>ILY FROM ! ,A,F,L1 PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 SPLITT+ & WEAK5+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 9DUC+ WORK]S TO ACCEPT AU/]ITY MEASURES :ILE EMPLOY]S REAP$ RI* PR(ITS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,A,F,L HAD BROK5 DOCK /RIKES BY IMPORT+ ,ITALIAN SCAB LABOR PAID BY ,U,S BUS9ESSES4 ,! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T CALL$ ON ! F$]ATION'S LEAD]%IP TO EX]CISE !IR TAL5TS 9 UNION-BU/+ 9 ,ITALY AS WELL1 & !Y W]E HAPPY TO OBLIGE4 ,! BUS9ESS SECTOR1 =M]LY DISCR$IT$ BY ITS ASSOCIATION ) ,ITALIAN FASCISM1 UND]TOOK A VIGOR\S CLASS W> ) R5EW$ CONFID5CE4 ,! 5D RESULT WAS ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! POOR TO ! TRADITIONAL RUL]S4 

,LAT] COMM5TATORS T5D TO SEE ! ,U,S SUBV]SION ( DEMOCRACY 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY AS A DEF5SE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,9 A HI<LY REG>D$ /UDY ( ! ,C,I,A & ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY1 ,RHODRI ,JEFFREYS-,JONES DESCRIBES 0! ,C,I,A'S ,ITALIAN V5TURE10 ALONG ) ITS SIMIL> EF=TS 9 ,FRANCE1 AS 0A DEMOCRACY-PROPP+ OP]ATION10 ?\< HE CONC$ES ?AT 0! SELECTION ( ,ITALY = SPECIAL ATT5TION 444 WAS BY NO MEANS A MATT] ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE ALONE02 \R PASSION = DEMOCRACY WAS RE9=C$ BY ! /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT IT WAS A COMMITM5T TO 0DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE0 ?AT 9SPIR$ ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T TO IMPOSE ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL REGIMES ( ITS *OICE1 US+ ! 5ORM\S P[] AT ITS COMM& & EXPLOIT+ ! PRIVATION & DI/RESS ( ! VICTIMS ( ! W>1 :O MU/ BE TAU<T NOT TO RAISE !IR HEADS IF WE >E TO HAVE TRUE DEMOCRACY4 

,A MORE NUANC$ POSITION IS TAK5 BY ,JAMES ,MILL] 9 HIS MONOGRAPH ON ,U,S POLICIES T[>D ,ITALY4 ,SUMM>IZ+ ! RECORD1 HE CONCLUDES3 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ,AM]ICAN 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! /ABILIZATION ( ,ITALY WAS A SIGNIFICANT1 IF TR\BL+1 A*IEVEM5T4 ,AM]ICAN P[] ASSUR$ ,ITALIANS ! RI<T TO *OOSE !IR FUTURE =M ( GOV]NM5T & ALSO WAS EMPLOY$ TO 5SURE ?AT !Y *OSE DEMOCRACY4 ,9 DEF5SE ( ?AT DEMOCRACY AGA9/ REAL BUT PROBABLY OV]E/IMAT$ =EIGN & DOME/IC ?REATS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES US$ UNDEMOCRATIC TACTICS ?AT T5D$ TO UND]M9E ! LEGITIMACY ( ! ,ITALIAN /ATE4 

,! 0=EIGN ?REATS10 AS HE HAD ALREADY DISCUSS$1 W]E H>DLY REAL2 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAT*$ FROM A DI/ANCE AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SUBV]T$ ! #aidh ELECTION & RE/OR$ ! TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE ORD]1 KEEP+ TO ITS W>TIME AGREEM5T ) ,*UR*ILL ?AT LEFT ,ITALY 9 ! ,WE/]N ZONE4 ,! 0DOME/IC ?REAT0 WAS ! ?REAT ( DEMOCRACY4 

,! IDEA ?AT ,U,S 9T]V5TION PROVID$ ,ITALIANS ) FRE$OM ( *OICE :ILE 5SUR+ ?AT !Y *OSE 0DEMOCRACY0 79 \R SPECIAL S5SE ( ! T]M7 IS REM9ISC5T ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! EXTREME DOVES T[>D ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA3 ?AT ITS PEOPLE %\LD *OOSE FREELY & 9DEP5D5TLY--AS LONG AS DO+ SO DID NOT IMPACT ,U,S 9T]E/S ADV]SELY4 

,! DEMOCRATIC IDEAL1 AT HOME & ABROAD1 IS SIMPLE & /RAI<T=W>D3 Y\ >E FREE TO DO :AT Y\ WANT1 AS LONG AS IT IS :AT WE WANT Y\ TO DO4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JANU>Y #a#i1 #b#a#g4 ,SOME ( ! MAT]IAL = ?IS 9T]VIEW WAS ADAPT$ FROM EXC]PTS FROM ,DET]R+ ,DEMOCRACY 7,V]SO ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#a74 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,LEGACY ( ! ,OBAMA ,ADM9I/RATION 
,! ,LEGACY ( ! ,OBAMA ,ADM9I/RATION 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,B>ACK ,OBAMA WAS ELECT$ 9 #bh AS PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 A WAVE ( OPTIMISM1 BUT AT A TIME :5 ! C\NTRY WAS 9 ! FULL GRIP ( ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS BR\<T AB\T1 ACCORD+ TO ,OBAMA HIMSELF1 BY 0! RECKLESS BEHAVIOR ( A LOT ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS >\ND ! WORLD0 & 0! FOLKS ON ,WALL ,/REET40 ,OBAMA'S RISE TO P[] HAS BE5 WELL DOCUM5T$1 9CLUD+ ! FUND+ ( HIS ,ILL9OIS POLITICAL C>E] BY ! WELL-KN[N ,*ICAGO REAL E/ATE DEVELOP] & P[] P$DL] ,TONY ,REZKO1 BUT ! LEGACY ( HIS PRESID5CY HAS YET TO BE WRITT54 ,FIR/1 9 Y\R VIEW1 DID ,OBAMA RESCUE ! ,U,S ECONOMY FROM A MELTD[N1 &1 SECOND1 DID HE 9ITIATE POLICIES TO 5SURE ?AT 0RECKLESS F9ANCIAL BEHAVIOR0 W\LD BE KEPT AT BAY8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,ON ! FIR/ QUE/ION1 ! MATT] IS DEBAT$4 ,SOME ECONOMI/S >GUE ?AT ! BANK RESCUES W]E NOT NECESS>Y TO AVOID A S]I\S DEPRESSION1 & ?AT ! SY/EM W\LD HAVE RECOV]$1 PROBABLY ) SOME ( ! BIG BANKS BROK5 UP4 ,DEAN ,BAK] = ONE4 ,I DON'T TRU/ MY [N JUDGM5T 5\< TO TAKE A /RONG POSITION4 

,ON ! SECOND QUE/ION1 ,DODD-,FRANK TAKES SOME /EPS =W>D--MAK+ ! SY/EM MORE TRANSP>5T1 GREAT] RES]VE REQUIREM5TS1 & SO ON--BUT CONGRESSIONAL 9T]V5TION HAS CUT BACK SOME ( ! REGULATION1 = EXAMPLE1 ( D]IVATIVE TRANSACTIONS1 LEAD+ TO /RONG PROTE/S ( ,DODD-,FRANK4 ,SOME COMM5TATORS1 ,MATT ,TAIBBI = ONE1 HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,WALL ,/REET-,CONGRESS CONNIV+ UND]M9$ MU* ( ! =CE ( ! RE=M FROM ! />T4 

,:AT DO Y\ ?9K W]E ! REAL FACTORS BEH9D ! #bh F9ANCIAL CRISIS8 

,! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ! CRISIS WAS ! H\S+ BUBBLE1 BAS$ SUB/ANTIALLY ON V]Y RISKY SUBPRIME MORTGAGE LOANS ALONG ) EXOTIC F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS DEVIS$ TO DI/RIBUTE RISK1 REA*+ SU* COMPLEXITY ?AT FEW UND]/& :O [ES :AT TO :OM4 ,! MORE FUNDAM5TAL REASONS HAVE TO DO ) BASIC M>KET 9EFFICI5CIES4 ,IF Y\ & ,I AGREE ON SOME TRANSACTION 7SAY1 Y\ SELL ME A C>71 WE MAY MAKE A GOOD B>GA9 = \RSELVES1 BUT WE DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! EFFECT ON O!RS 7POLLUTION1 TRAFFIC CONGE/ION1 9CREASE 9 PRICE ( GAS1 & MORE74 ,!SE EXT]NALITIES1 SO CALL$1 CAN BE V]Y L>GE4 ,9 ! CASE ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! EFFECT IS TO UND]PRICE RISK BY IGNOR+ 0SY/EMIC RISK40 ,?US IF ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S L5DS MONEY1 IT WILL1 IF WELL MANAG$1 TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! POT5TIAL RISK TO ITSELF IF ! BORR[] CANNOT PAY1 BUT NOT ! RISK TO ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT RISK IS UND]PRIC$4 ,!RE IS TOO MU* RISK = A S\ND ECONOMY4 ,?AT CAN1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BE CONTROLL$ BY S\ND REGULATION1 BUT F9ANCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY D]EGULATION MANIA1 BAS$ ON !OLOGICAL NOTIONS ( 0EFFICI5T M>KETS0 & 0RATIONAL *OICE40 ,9T]E/+LY 5\<1 SEV]AL ( ! PEOPLE :O HAD PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITY = !SE DE/RUCTIVE POLICIES W]E *OS5 AS ,OBAMA'S LEAD+ ECONOMIC POLICY ADVIS]S 7,ROB]T ,RUB91 ,L>RY ,SUMM]S1 ,TIM ,GEI?N]1 & O!RS7 DUR+ HIS FIR/ T]M 9 ! ,:ITE ,H\SE4 ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN1 ! GREAT H]O ( A FEW YE>S AGO1 EV5TUALLY CONC$$ QUIETLY ?AT HE DID NOT UND]/& H[ M>KETS WORK--:I* IS QUITE REM>KABLE4 

,!RE >E ALSO O!R DEVICES ?AT LEAD TO UND]PRIC+ RISK4 ,GOV]NM5T RULES ON CORPORATE GOV]NANCE PROVIDE P]V]SE 9C5TIVES3 ,C,E,OS >E HI<LY REW>D$ = TAK+ %ORT-T]M RISKS1 & CAN LEAVE ! RU9S TO SOMEONE ELSE1 FLOAT+ AWAY ON !IR 0GOLD5 P>A*UTES10 :5 COLLAPSE COMES4 ,& !RE IS MU* MORE4 

,DIDN'T ! #bh F9ANCIAL CRISIS REVEAL ONCE AGA9 ?AT CAPITALISM IS A P>ASITIC SY/EM8 

,IT IS WOR? BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT 0REALLY EXI/+ CAPITALISM0 IS REMOTE FROM CAPITALISM--AT LEA/ 9 ! RI* & P[]FUL C\NTRIES4 ,?US 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ADVANC$ ECONOMY RELIES CRUCIALLY ON ! DYNAMIC /ATE SECTOR TO SOCIALIZE CO/ & RISK :ILE PRIVATIZ+ EV5TUAL PR(IT--& 0EV5TUAL0 CAN BE A LONG TIME3 9 ! CASE ( ! CORE ( ! MOD]N HI<-TE* ECONOMY1 COMPUT]S & ! ,9T]NET1 IT WAS DECADES4 ,!RE IS MU* MORE MY?OLOGY ?AT HAS TO BE DISMANTL$ IF ! QUE/IONS >E TO BE S]I\SLY POS$4 

,EXI/+ /ATE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES >E 9DE$ 0P>ASITIC0 ON ! PUBLIC1 9 ! MANN] 9DICAT$1 & O!RS3 BAIL\TS 7:I* >E V]Y COMMON1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM AS WELL71 HI<LY PROTECTIONI/ 0TRADE0 MEASURES ?AT GU>ANTEE MONOPOLY PRIC+ RI<TS TO /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ CORPORATIONS1 & MANY O!R DEVICES4 

,DUR+ HIS FIR/ T]M AS PRESID5T1 Y\ ADMITT$ ?AT ,OBAMA FAC$ AN EXCEPTIONALLY HO/ILE CR[D ON ,CAPITOL ,HILL1 :I* ( C\RSE REMA9$ HO/ILE ?R\<\T HIS TWO T]MS4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 WAS ,OBAMA EV] A REAL RE=M] OR WAS HE MORE ( A PUBLIC MANIPULATOR :O US$ POPUL> POLITICAL RHETORIC TO SIDEL9E ! PROGRESSIVE MOOD ( ! C\NTRY 9 AN ]A ( GREAT 9EQUALITY & MASS DISCONT5T OV] ! FUTURE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES8 

,OBAMA HAD CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT = HIS FIR/ TWO YE>S 9 (FICE1 ! TIME :5 MO/ PRESID5TIAL 9ITIATIVES >E 9TRODUC$4 ,I NEV] SAW ANY 9DICATION ?AT HE 9T5D$ SUB/ANTIVE PROGRESSIVE /EPS4 ,I WROTE AB\T HIM BE=E ! #bh PRIM>IES1 RELY+ ON ! ,WEB PAGE 9 :I* HE PRES5T$ HIMSELF AS A C&IDATE4 ,I WAS S+UL>LY UNIMPRESS$1 TO PUT IT V]Y MILDLY4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I WAS %OCK$1 = ! REASONS ,I DISCUSS$4 

,CONSID] :AT ,OBAMA & HIS SUPPORT]S REG>D AS HIS SIGNATURE A*IEVEM5T1 ! ,AF=DABLE ,C>E ,ACT4 ,AT FIR/1 A PUBLIC OPTION 7EFFECTIVELY1 NATIONAL HEAL? C>E7 WAS DANGL$4 ,IT HAD ALMO/ TWO-?IRDS POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,IT WAS DROPP$ )\T APP>5T CONSID]ATION4 ,! \TL&I% LEGISLATION B>R+ ! GOV]NM5T FROM NEGOTIAT+ DRUG PRICES WAS OPPOS$ BY SOME #he P]C5T ( ! POPULATION1 BUT WAS KEPT ) LITTLE DISCUSSION4 ,! ACT IS AN IMPROVEM5T ON ! EXI/+ 9T]NATIONAL SC&AL1 BUT NOT BY MU*1 & ) FUNDAM5TAL FLAWS4 

,CONSID] NUCLE> WEAPONS4 ,OBAMA HAD SOME NICE ?+S TO SAY--NICE 5\< TO W9 ! ,NOBEL ,PEACE ,PRIZE4 ,!RE HAS BE5 SOME PROGRESS1 BUT IT HAS BE5 SLI<T1 & CURR5T MOVES >E 9 ! WRONG DIRECTION4 

,9 G5]AL3 MU* SMOO? RHETORIC1 SOME POSITIVE /EPS1 SOME REGRESSION1 OV]ALL NOT A V]Y IMPRESSIVE RECORD4 ,?AT SEEMS TO ME A FAIR ASSESSM5T1 EV5 PUTT+ ASIDE ! QUITE EXTRAORD9>Y /ANCE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 :I* MADE IT CLE> RI<T AFT] ,OBAMA'S ELECTION ?AT !Y W]E1 SUB/ANTIALLY1 A ONE-ISSUE P>TY3 PREV5T ! PRESID5T FROM DO+ ANY?+1 NO MATT] :AT HAPP5S TO ! C\NTRY & ! WORLD4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO F9D ANALOGS AMONG 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT ! MO/ RESPECT$ CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL ANALY/S 7SU* AS ,?OMAS ,MANN OR ,NORMAN ,ORN/E9 ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,AM]ICAN ,5T]PRISE ,9/ITUTE7 REF] TO ! P>TY AS A 0RADICAL 9SURG5CY0 ?AT HAS AB&ON$ NORMAL P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 

,9 ! =EIGN POLICY REALM1 ,OBAMA CLAIM$ TO /RIVE = A NEW ]A 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AWAY FROM ! MILIT>ISM ( HIS PR$ECESSOR & T[>D RESPECT = 9T]NATIONAL LAW & ACTIVE DIPLOMACY4 ,H[ W\LD Y\ JUDGE ,U,S =EIGN & MILIT>Y /RATEGY UND] ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION8 

,HE HAS BE5 MORE RELUCTANT TO 5GAGE TROOPS ON ! GR\ND ?AN SOME ( HIS PR$ECESSORS & ADVIS]S1 & 9/EAD HAS RAPIDLY ESCALAT$ SPECIAL OP]ATIONS & HIS GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION 7DRONE7 CAMPAIGN1 A MORAL DISA/] & >GUABLY ILLEGAL AS WELL4.<#a#a.> ,ON O!R FRONTS1 IT IS A MIX$ /ORY4 ,OBAMA HAS CONT9U$ TO B> A NUCLE> WEAPONS-FREE 7TE*NICALLY1 ,W,M,D-FREE7 ZONE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 EVID5TLY MOTIVAT$ BY ! NE$ TO PROTECT ,ISRAELI NUCLE> WEAPONS FROM SCRUT9Y4 ,BY SO DO+1 HE IS 5DANG]+ ! ,NONPROLIF]ATION ,TREATY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIS>MAM5T TREATY1 :I* IS CONT+5T ON E/ABLI%+ SU* A ZONE4 ,HE IS DANG]\SLY ESCALAT+ T5SIONS ALONG ! ,RUSSIAN BORD]1 EXT5D+ E>LI] POLICIES4 ,HIS TRILLION-DOLL> PROGRAM = MOD]NIZ+ ! NUCLE> WEAPONS SY/EM IS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT %\LD BE DONE4 ,! 9VE/OR-RI<TS AGREEM5TS 7CALL$ 0FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS07 >E LIKELY TO BE G5]ALLY H>MFUL TO POPULATIONS & B5EFICIAL TO ! CORPORATE SECTOR4 ,S5SIBLY1 HE B[$ TO /RONG HEMISPH]IC PRESSURES & TOOK /EPS T[>D NORMALIZATION ( RELATIONS ) ,CUBA4 ,!SE & O!R MOVES AM\NT TO A MIX$ /ORY1 RANG+ FROM CRIM9AL TO MOD]ATE IMPROVEM5T4 

,LOOK+ AT ! /ATE ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY1 ONE CAN EASILY >GUE ?AT ! EFFECTS ( ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( #b#g-#b#h >E NOT ONLY /ILL >\ND BUT ?AT WE HAVE 9 PLACE A SET ( POLICIES ?AT CONT9UE TO SUPPRESS ! /&>D ( LIV+ = ! WORK+ POPULATION & PRODUCE IMM5SE ECONOMIC 9SECURITY4 ,IS ?IS BECAUSE ( NEOLIB]ALISM & ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! NATURE ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY1 OR >E !RE GLOBAL & SY/EMIC =CES AT PLAY SU* AS ! FREE MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL1 AUTOMATION1 & ! 5D ( 9DU/RIALIZATION8 

,! NEOLIB]AL ASSAULT ON ! POPULATION REMA9S 9TACT1 ?\< LESS SO 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AN 9 ,EUROPE4 ,AUTOMATION IS NOT A MAJOR FACTOR1 & 9DU/RIALIZATION ISN'T 5D+1 JU/ BE+ (F%OR$4 ,F9ANCIALIZATION HAS ( C\RSE EXPLOD$ DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD1 & ! G5]AL POLICIES1 PRETTY MU* GLOBAL 9 *>ACT]1 >E DESIGN$ TO 5HANCE PRIVATE & CORPORATE P[]4 ,?AT SETS (F A VICI\S CYCLE 9 :I* CONC5TRATION ( WEAL? LEADS TO CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL P[]1 :I* 9 TURN YIELDS LEGISLATION & ADM9I/RATIVE PRACTICES ?AT C>RY ! PROCESS =W>D4 ,!RE >E C\NT]VAIL+ =CES1 & !Y MI<T BECOME MORE P[]FUL4 ,! POT5TIAL IS !RE1 AS WE CAN SEE FROM ! ,S&]S CAMPAIGN & EV5 ! ,TRUMP CAMPAIGN1 IF ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS TO :I* ,TRUMP APPEALS CAN BECOME ORGANIZ$ TO FOCUS ON !IR REAL 9T]E/S 9/EAD ( BE+ 9 ?RALL TO !IR CLASS 5EMY4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,TRUMP'S PROGRAMS >E COH]5T1 !Y FALL 9TO ! SAME G5]AL CATEGORY ( ?OSE ( ,PAUL ,RYAN1 :O HAS GRANT$ US ! K9DNESS ( SPELL+ !M \T3 9CREASE SP5D+ ON ! MILIT>Y 7ALREADY MORE ?AN HALF ( DISCRETION>Y SP5D+ & ALMO/ AS MU* AS ! RE/ ( ! WORLD COMB9$71 & CUT BACK TAXES1 MA9LY ON ! RI*1 ) NO NEW REV5UE S\RCES4 ,9 BRIEF1 NO?+ MU* IS LEFT = ANY GOV]NM5T PROGRAM ?AT MI<T BE ( B5EFIT TO ! G5]AL POPULATION & ! WORLD4 ,TRUMP PRODUCES SO MANY >BITR>Y & (T5 SELF-CONTRADICTORY PRON\NCEM5TS ?AT IT ISN'T EASY TO ATTRIBUTE TO HIM A PROGRAM1 BUT HE REGUL>LY KEEPS )9 ?IS RANGE--:I*1 9CID5TALLY1 MEANS ?AT HIS CLAIMS AB\T SUPPORT+ ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY & ,M$IC>E >E WOR?LESS4 

,S9CE ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS CANNOT BE MOBILIZ$ TO SUPPORT ! CLASS 5EMY ON ! BASIS ( !IR ACTUAL PROGRAMS1 ! 0RADICAL 9SURG5CY0 CALL$ 0! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY0 APPEALS TO ITS CON/ITU5CY ON :AT >E CALL$ 0SOCIAL-CULTURAL ISSUES03 RELIGION1 FE>1 RACISM1 NATIONALISM4 ,! APPEALS >E FACILITAT$ BY ! AB&ONM5T ( ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* (F]S !M V]Y LITTLE BUT 0MORE ( ! SAME40 ,IT IS !N FACILE = ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES TO ACCUSE ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS ( RACISM & O!R SU* S9S1 ?\< A CLOS] LOOK (T5 REVEALS ?AT ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS DEEP-ROOT$ SICKNESS ( ! SOCIETY >E SIMPLY TAK+ DIFF]5T =MS AMONG V>I\S SECTORS4 

,OBAMA'S *>ISMA & UND\BT$LY UNIQUE RHETORICAL SKILLS W]E CRITICAL ELEM5TS 9 HIS /RUGGLE TO RISE TO P[]1 :ILE ,DONALD ,TRUMP IS AN EXTROV]T :O SEEKS TO PROJECT ! IMAGE ( A P[]FUL P]SONALITY :O KN[S H[ TO GET ?+S DONE EV5 IF HE RELIES ON ! USE ( BANALITIES TO CREATE ! IMAGE HE WANTS TO CREATE AB\T HIMSELF AS A FUTURE LEAD] ( A C\NTRY4 ,DO P]SONALITIES REALLY MATT] 9 POLITICS1 ESPECIALLY 9 \R [N ]A8 

,I AM V]Y MU* D[N ON *>ISMATIC LEAD]S1 & AS = /RONG ONES1 IT DEP5DS ON :AT !Y >E WORK+ =4 ,! BE/1 9 \R [N K9D ( SOCIETIES1 ,I ?9K1 >E ! ,F,D,R TYPES1 :O REACT TO1 >E SYMPA!TIC TO1 & 5C\RAGE POPUL> MOVEM5TS = SIGNIFICANT RE=M4 ,SOMETIMES1 AT LEA/4 

,& POLITICIANS TO BE ELECT$ TO A NATIONAL (FICE HAVE TO BE PRETTY GOOD ACTORS1 RI<T8 

,ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 >E BE+ RUN BY ! ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY4 ,! #bh POLITICAL CAMPAIGN ( ,B>ACK ,OBAMA WAS VOT$ BY ! ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY AS ! BE/ M>KET+ CAMPAIGN ( ! YE>4 

,OBAMA'S LA/ ,/ATE ( ! ,UNION ADDRESS HAD ALL ! RHETORIC ( SOMEONE RUNN+ = PRESID5T1 NOT SOMEONE :O HAS BE5 9 (FICE = MORE ?AN SEV5 YE>S4 ,:AT DO Y\ MAKE ( ?IS--,OBAMA'S VISION ( H[ ! C\NTRY %\LD BE & FUNCTION EI<T TO T5 YE>S FROM N[8 

,HE SPOKE AS IF HE HAD NOT BE5 ELECT$ EI<T YE>S AGO4 ,OBAMA HAD PL5TY ( OPPORTUNITIES TO *ANGE ! C\RSE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5 HIS 0SIGNATURE0 A*IEVEM5T1 ! RE=M ( ! HEAL? C>E SY/EM1 IS A WAT]$-D[N V]SION1 AS ,I PO9T$ \T E>LI]4 ,DESPITE ! HUGE PROPAG&A ASSAULT D5\NC+ GOV]NM5T 9VOLVEM5T 9 HEAL? C>E1 & ! EXTREMELY LIMIT$ >TICULATE RESPONSE1 A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 7& A HUGE MAJORITY ( ,DEMOCRATS7 /ILL FAVOR NATIONAL HEAL? C>E1 ,OBAMA DIDN'T EV5 TRY1 EV5 :5 HE HAD CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT4 

,Y\ HAVE >GU$ ?AT NUCLE> WEAPONS & CLIMATE *ANGE REPRES5T ! TWO BIGGE/ ?REATS FAC+ HUMANK9D4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 IS CLIMATE *ANGE A DIRECT EFFECT ( CAPITALISM1 ! VIEW TAK5 BY SOMEONE LIKE ,NAOMI ,KLE91 OR RELAT$ TO HUMANITY & PROGRESS 9 G5]AL1 A VIEW EMBRAC$ BY ! ,BRITI% PHILOSOPH] ,JOHN ,GRAY8 

,GEOLOGI/S DIVIDE PLANET>Y HI/ORY 9TO ]AS4 ,! ,PLEI/OC5E LA/$ MILLIONS ( YE>S1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,HOLOC5E1 :I* BEGAN AT AB\T ! TIME ( ! AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION T5 ?\S& YE>S AGO1 & REC5TLY ! ,AN?ROPOC5E1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! ]A ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,:AT WE CALL 0CAPITALISM0--9 PRACTICE1 V>I\S V>IETIES ( /ATE-CAPITALISM--T5DS 9 P>T TO KEEP TO M>KET PR9CIPLES ?AT IGNORE NONM>KET FACTORS 9 TRANSACTIONS3 SO-CALL$ EXT]NALITIES1 ! CO/ TO ,TOM IF ,BILL & ,H>RY MAKE A TRANSACTION4 ,?AT IS ALWAYS A S]I\S PROBLEM1 LIKE SY/EMIC RISK 9 ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM1 9 :I* CASE ! TAXPAY] IS CALL$ UPON TO PAT* UP ! 0M>KET FAILURES40 ,ANO!R EXT]NALITY IS DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T--BUT 9 ?IS CASE ! TAXPAY] CANNOT /EP 9 TO RE/ORE ! SY/EM4 ,IT'S NOT A MATT] ( 0HUMANITY & PROGRESS10 BUT RA!R ( A P>TICUL> =M ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 :I* NE$ NOT BE SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/2 ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,RUSSIAN /ATI/ 7NOT SOCIALI/7 SY/EM WAS EV5 WORSE4 ,!RE >E IMPORTANT /EPS ?AT CAN BE TAK5 )9 EXI/+ SY/EMS 7C>BON TAX1 ALT]NATIVE 5]GY1 CONS]VATION1 & SO ON71 & !Y %\LD BE PURSU$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ALONG ) EF=TS TO RECON/RUCT SOCIETY & CULTURE TO S]VE HUMAN NE$S RA!R ?AN P[] & PR(IT4 

,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( C]TA9 GEO5G9E]+ UND]TAK+S TO CLEAN UP ! 5VIRONM5T1 SU* AS ! USE ( C>BON NEGATIVE TE*NOLOGIES TO SUCK C>BON FROM ! AIR8 

,!SE UND]TAK+S HAVE TO BE EVALUAT$ ) GREAT C>E1 PAY+ ATT5TION TO ISSUES RANG+ FROM N>R[LY TE*NICAL ONES TO L>GE-SCALE SOCIETAL & 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACTS ?AT C\LD BE QUITE COMPLEX & POORLY UND]/OOD4 ,SUCK+ C>BON FROM ! AIR IS DONE ALL ! TIME--PLANT+ =E/S--& CAN PRESUMABLY BE C>RI$ CONSID]ABLY FUR!R TO GOOD EFFECT1 BUT ,I DON'T HAVE ! SPECIAL KN[L$GE REQUIR$ TO PROVIDE DEF9ITE ANSW]S4 ,O!R MORE EXOTIC PROPOSALS HAVE TO BE CONSID]$ ON !IR [N M]ITS--& ) DUE CAUTION4 

,SOME MAJOR OIL-PRODUC+ C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 >E 9 ! PROCESS ( DIV]SIFY+ !IR ECONOMIES1 APP>5TLY FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! FOSSIL FUEL ]A WILL SOON BE OV]4 ,9 ! LI<T ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 W\LDN'T ,U,S =EIGN POLICY T[>D ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ TAKE A RADICALLY NEW TURN ONCE OIL HAS CEAS$ BE+ ! PRECI\S COMMODITY ?AT IT HAS BE5 UP TO N[8 

,SAUDI ,>ABIAN LEAD]S >E TALK+ AB\T ?IS MU* TOO LATE4 ,!SE PLANS %\LD HAVE BE5 UND]TAK5 S]I\SLY DECADES AGO4 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA & ! ,GULF /ATES MAY BECOME UN9HABITABLE 9 ! NOT V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE IF CURR5T T5D5CIES P]SI/4 ,9 ! BITT]E/ ( IRONIES1 !Y HAVE BE5 SURVIV+ ON ! POISON !Y PRODUCE ?AT WILL DE/ROY !M--A COMM5T ?AT HOLDS = ALL ( US1 EV5 IF LESS DIRECTLY4 ,H[ S]I\S ! PLANS >E IS NOT V]Y CLE>4 ,!RE >E MANY SKEPTICS4 ,ONE ,TWITT] COMM5T IS ?AT !Y SPLIT ! ELECTRICITY M9I/RY & ! WAT] M9I/RIES = FE> ( ELECTROCUTION4 ,?AT CAPTURES MU* ( ! G5]AL S5TIM5T4 ,IT W\LD BE GOOD TO BE SURPRIS$4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JUNE #b1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #h 3 ,SOCIALISM = ! ,RI*1 ,CAPITALISM = ! ,POOR 
,SOCIALISM = ! ,RI*1 ,CAPITALISM = ! ,POOR 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 9 SEV]AL ( Y\R WRIT+S Y\ QUE/ION ! USUAL VIEW ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS AN >*ETYPICAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,PLEASE EXPLA94 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,CONSID] ?IS3 ,EV]Y TIME !RE IS A CRISIS1 ! TAXPAY] IS CALL$ ON TO BAIL \T ! BANKS & ! MAJOR F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IF Y\ HAD A REAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 9 PLACE1 ?AT W\LD NOT BE HAPP5+4 ,CAPITALI/S :O MADE RISKY 9VE/M5TS & FAIL$ W\LD BE WIP$ \T4 ,BUT ! RI* & P[]FUL DO NOT WANT A CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,!Y WANT TO BE ABLE TO RUN ! NANNY /ATE SO :5 !Y >E 9 TR\BLE ! TAXPAY] WILL BAIL !M \T4 ,! CONV5TIONAL PHRASE IS 0TOO BIG TO FAIL40 

,! ,I,M,F DID AN 9T]E/+ /UDY A FEW YE>S AGO ON PR(ITS ( ! BIG ,U,S BANKS4 ,IT ATTRIBUT$ MO/ ( !M TO ! MANY ADVANTAGES ?AT COME FROM ! IMPLICIT GOV]NM5T 9SURANCE POLICY--NOT JU/ ! FEATUR$ BAIL\TS1 BUT ACCESS TO *EAP CR$IT & MU* ELSE--9CLUD+ ?+S ! ,I,M,F RESE>*]S DIDN'T CONSID]1 LIKE ! 9C5TIVE TO UND]TAKE RISKY TRANSACTIONS1 H5CE HI<LY PR(ITABLE 9 ! %ORT T]M1 & IF ANY?+ GOES WRONG1 !RE'S ALWAYS ! TAXPAY]4 ,BLOOMB]G ,BUS9ESSWEEK E/IMAT$ ! IMPLICIT TAXPAY] SUBSIDY AT OV] @s#h BILLION P] YE>4 

,MU* HAS BE5 SAID & WRITT5 AB\T ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY4 ,IS ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ ]A V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT IT WAS 9 O!R PO/-SLAV]Y P]IODS ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY8 

,! 9EQUALITY 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y P]IOD IS ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$4 ,IF Y\ LOOK AT TOTAL 9EQUALITY1 IT RANKS AMONG ! WORSE P]IODS ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,H[EV]1 IF Y\ LOOK AT 9EQUALITY MORE CLOSELY1 Y\ SEE ?AT IT COMES FROM WEAL? ?AT IS 9 ! H&S ( A T9Y SECTOR ( ! POPULATION4 ,!RE W]E P]IODS ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 SU* AS DUR+ ! ,GILD$ ,AGE 9 ! #a#i#bS & ! RO>+ #a#i#iS1 :5 SOME?+ SIMIL> WAS GO+ ON4 ,BUT ! CURR5T P]IOD IS EXTREME BECAUSE 9EQUALITY COMES FROM SUP]-WEAL?4 ,LIT]ALLY1 ! TOP ONE-T5? ( A P]C5T >E JU/ SUP] WEAL?Y4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY EXTREMELY UNJU/ 9 ITSELF BUT REPRES5TS A DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS CORROSIVE EFFECTS ON DEMOCRACY & ON ! VISION ( A DEC5T SOCIETY4 

,:AT DOES ALL ?IS MEAN 9 T]MS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM8 ,IS IT DEAD8 

,! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 WAS ALL AB\T CLASS MOBILITY4 ,Y\ W]E BORN POOR BUT C\LD GET \T ( POV]TY ?R\< H>D WORK & PROVIDE A BETT] FUTURE = Y\R *ILDR54 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE = SOME WORK]S TO F9D A DEC5T-PAY+ JOB1 BUY A HOME1 A C>1 & PAY = A KID'S $UCATION4 ,IT'S ALL COLLAPS$--& WE %\LDN'T HAVE TOO MANY ILLUSIONS AB\T :5 IT WAS P>TIALLY REAL4 ,TODAY SOCIAL MOBILITY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS BEL[ O!R RI* SOCIETIES4 

,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !N A DEMOCRACY 9 NAME ONLY8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PR(ESSES TO BE A DEMOCRACY1 BUT IT HAS CLE>LY BECOME SOME?+ ( A PLUTOCRACY1 AL?\< IT IS /ILL AN OP5 & FREE SOCIETY BY COMP>ATIVE /&>DS4 ,BUT LET'S BE CLE> AB\T :AT DEMOCRACY MEANS4 ,9 A DEMOCRACY1 ! PUBLIC 9FLU5CES POLICY & !N ! GOV]NM5T C>RIES \T ACTIONS DET]M9$ BY ! PUBLIC4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T C>RIES \T ACTIONS ?AT B5EFIT CORPORATE & F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT PRIVILEG$ & P[]FUL SECTORS 9 SOCIETY HAVE NEV] LIK$ DEMOCRACY1 = GOOD REASONS4 ,DEMOCRACY PLACES P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! POPULATION & TAKES IT AWAY FROM !M4 ,9 FACT1 ! PRIVILEG$ & P[]FUL CLASSES ( ?IS C\NTRY HAVE ALWAYS S\<T TO F9D WAYS TO LIMIT P[] FROM BE+ PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! G5]AL POPULATION--& !Y >E BREAK+ NO NEW GR\ND 9 ?IS REG>D4 

,CONC5TRATION ( WEAL? YIELDS TO CONC5TRATION ( P[]4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS AN UND5IABLE FACT4 ,& S9CE CAPITALISM ALWAYS LEADS 9 ! 5D TO CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?1 DOESN'T IT FOLL[ ?AT CAPITALISM IS ANTI!TICAL TO DEMOCRACY8 

,CONC5TRATION ( WEAL? LEADS NATURALLY TO CONC5TRATION ( P[]1 :I* 9 TURN TRANSLATES TO LEGISLATION FAVOR+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! RI* & P[]FUL & !REBY 9CREAS+ EV5 FUR!R ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] & WEAL?4 ,V>I\S POLITICAL MEASURES1 SU* AS FISCAL POLICY1 D]EGULATION1 & RULES = CORPORATE GOV]NANCE1 >E DESIGN$ TO 9CREASE ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL? & P[]4 ,& ?AT'S :AT WE'VE BE5 SEE+ DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL ]A4 ,IT IS A VICI\S CYCLE 9 CON/ANT PROGRESS4 ,! /ATE IS !RE TO PROVIDE SECURITY & SUPPORT TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ & P[]FUL SECTORS 9 SOCIETY1 :ILE ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION IS LEFT TO EXP]I5CE ! BRUTAL REALITY ( CAPITALISM4 ,SOCIALISM = ! RI*1 CAPITALISM = ! POOR4 

,SO1 YES1 9 ?AT S5SE CAPITALISM ACTUALLY WORKS TO UND]M9E DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT :AT HAS JU/ BE5 DESCRIB$--?AT IS1 ! VICI\S CYCLE ( CONC5TRATION ( P[] & WEAL?--IS SO TRADITIONAL ?AT IT IS EV5 DESCRIB$ BY ,ADAM ,SMI? 9 #a#g#g#f4 ,HE SAYS 9 HIS FAM\S ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS ?AT1 9 ,5GL&1 ! PEOPLE :O [N SOCIETY1 9 HIS DAYS ! M]*ANTS & ! MANUFACTUR]S1 >E 0! PR9CIPAL >*ITECTS ( POLICY40 ,& !Y MAKE SURE ?AT !IR 9T]E/S >E V]Y WELL C>$ =1 H[EV] GRIEV\S ! IMPACT ( ! POLICIES !Y ADVOCATE & IMPLEM5T ?R\< GOV]NM5T IS ON ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& OR O!RS4 

,N[1 IT'S NOT M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S :O [N SOCIETY & DICTATE POLICY4 ,IT IS F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 ,TODAY !Y >E ! GR\PS ?AT ,ADAM ,SMI? CALL$ ! MA/]S ( MANK9D4 ,& !Y >E FOLL[+ ! SAME VILE MAXIM ?AT HE =MULAT$3 ,ALL = \RSELVES & NO?+ = ANYONE ELSE4 ,!Y WILL PURSUE POLICIES ?AT B5EFIT !M & H>M EV]YONE ELSE BECAUSE CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S DICTATE ?AT !Y DO SO4 ,IT'S 9 ! NATURE ( ! SY/EM4 ,& 9 ! ABS5CE ( A G5]AL1 POPUL> REACTION1 ?AT'S PRETTY MU* ALL Y\ WILL GET4 

,LET'S RETURN TO ! IDEA ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM & TALK AB\T ! ORIG9S ( ! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,I MEAN1 IT WAS NEV] 9T5D$ TO BE A DEMOCRACY 7ACTUALLY ! T]M ALWAYS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! >*ITECTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN POLITICAL SY/EM WAS 0REPUBLIC10 :I* IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM A DEMOCRACY1 AS ! ANCI5T ,ROMANS WELL UND]/OOD71 & !RE HAD ALWAYS BE5 A /RUGGLE = FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[1 :I* CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 WASN'T ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM BUILT AT LEA/ P>TLY ON A MY?8 

,SURE4 ,RI<T ?R\< ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 !RE'S BE5 AN ONGO+ CLA% BETWE5 PRESSURE = MORE FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY COM+ FROM BEL[ & EF=TS AT ELITE CONTROL & DOM9ATION FROM ABOVE4 ,IT GOES BACK TO ! F\ND+ ( ! C\NTRY1 AS Y\ PO9T$ \T4 ,! 0F\ND+ FA!RS10 EV5 ,JAMES ,MADISON1 ! MA9 FRAM]1 :O WAS AS MU* A BELIEV] 9 DEMOCRACY AS ANY O!R LEAD+ POLITICAL FIGURE 9 ?OSE DAYS1 FELT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' POLITICAL SY/EM %\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( ! WEAL?Y BECAUSE ! WEAL?Y >E ! 0MORE RESPONSIBLE SET ( M540 ,&1 ?US1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! =MAL CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM PLAC$ MORE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ,S5ATE1 :I* WAS NOT ELECT$ 9 ?OSE DAYS4 ,IT WAS SELECT$ FROM ! WEAL?Y M5 :O1 AS ,MADISON PUT IT1 HAD SYMPA?Y = ! [N]S ( WEAL? & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,?IS IS CLE> :5 Y\ READ ! DEBATES ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION4 ,AS ,MADISON SAID1 A MAJOR CONC]N ( ! POLITICAL ORD] HAS TO BE 0TO PROTECT ! M9ORITY ( ! OPUL5T AGA9/ ! MAJORITY40 ,& HE HAD >GUM5TS4 ,IF EV]YONE HAD A VOTE FREELY1 HE SAID1 ! MAJORITY ( ! POOR W\LD GET TOGE!R & !Y W\LD ORGANIZE TO TAKE AWAY ! PROP]TY ( ! RI*4 ,?AT1 HE ADD$1 W\LD BE OBVI\SLY UNJU/1 SO ! CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM HAD TO BE SET UP TO PREV5T DEMOCRACY4 

,RECALL ?AT ,>I/OTLE HAD SAID SOME?+ SIMIL> 9 HIS ,POLITICS4 ,( ALL POLITICAL SY/EMS1 HE FELT ?AT DEMOCRACY WAS ! BE/4 ,BUT HE SAW ! SAME PROBLEM ?AT ,MADISON SAW 9 A TRUE DEMOCRACY1 :I* IS ?AT ! POOR MI<T ORGANIZE TO TAKE AWAY ! PROP]TY ( ! RI*4 ,! SOLUTION ?AT HE PROPOS$1 H[EV]1 WAS SOME?+ LIKE A WELF>E /ATE ) ! AIM ( R$UC+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY4 ,! O!R ALT]NATIVE1 PURSU$ BY ! 0F\ND+ FA!RS10 IS TO R$UCE DEMOCRACY4 

,N[1 ! SO-CALL$ ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM WAS ALWAYS BAS$ P>TLY 9 MY? & P>TLY 9 REALITY4 ,FROM ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY ONW>D & UP UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ IMMIGRANTS1 HAD EXPECTATIONS ?AT !IR LIVES W\LD IMPROVE 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY ?R\< H>D WORK4 ,& ?AT WAS P>TLY TRUE1 AL?\< IT DID NOT APPLY = ! MO/ P>T TO ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS & WOM5 UNTIL MU* LAT]4 ,?IS NO LONG] SEEMS TO BE ! CASE4 ,/AGNAT+ 9COMES1 DECL9+ LIV+ /&>DS1 \TRAGE\S /UD5T DEBT LEVELS1 & H>D-TO-COME-BY DEC5T-PAY+ JOBS HAVE CREAT$ A S5SE ( HOPELESSNESS AMONG MANY ,AM]ICANS1 :O >E BEG9N+ TO LOOK ) C]TA9 NO/ALGIA T[>D ! PA/4 ,?IS EXPLA9S1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! RISE ( ! LIKES ( ,DONALD ,TRUMP & ! APPEAL AMONG ! Y\? ( ! POLITICAL MESSAGE ( SOMEONE LIKE ,B]NIE ,S&]S4 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 & PRETTY MU* UP UNTIL ! MID-#a#i#gS1 !RE WAS A MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! DIRECTION ( A MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY & T[>D GREAT] FRE$OM1 9 SPITE ( GREAT RESI/ANCE & OPPRESSION FROM ! ELITE & V>I\S GOV]NM5T AG5CIES4 ,:AT HAPP5$ AFT]W>DS ?AT ROLL$ BACK ! ECONOMIC PROGRESS ( ! PO/W> ]A1 CREAT+ 9 ! PROCESS A NEW SOCIOECONOMIC ORD] ?AT HAS COME TO BE ID5TIFI$ AS ?AT ( NEOLIB]ALISM8 

,BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT ]UPT$ 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ?AT DECADE & ! DECL9E 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT1 BUT ALSO P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! VIEW ?AT DEMOCRACY HAD BECOME TOO WIDESPREAD1 AN 5ORM\S1 CONC5TRAT$1 COORD9AT$ BUS9ESS (F5SIVE WAS BEGUN TO TRY TO BEAT BACK ! EGALIT>IAN EF=TS ( ! PO/W> ]A1 :I* ONLY 9T5SIFI$ AS TIME W5T ON4 ,! ECONOMY ITSELF %IFT$ TO F9ANCIALIZATION4 ,F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS EXP&$ 5ORM\SLY4 ,BY #b#g1 RI<T BE=E ! CRA% = :I* !Y HAD CONSID]ABLE RESPONSIBILITY1 F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ACC\NT$ = A /UNN+ #d P]C5T ( CORPORATE PR(IT4 ,A VICI\S CYCLE BETWE5 CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL & POLITICS ACCEL]AT$1 :ILE 9CREAS+LY WEAL? CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR4 ,POLITICIANS1 FAC$ ) ! RIS+ CO/ ( CAMPAIGNS1 W]E DRIV5 EV] DEEP] 9TO ! POCKETS ( WEAL?Y BACK]S4 ,& POLITICIANS REW>D$ !M BY PU%+ POLICIES FAVORABLE TO ,WALL ,/REET & O!R P[]FUL BUS9ESS 9T]E/S4 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD1 WE HAVE A R5EW$ =M ( CLASS W>F>E DIRECT$ BY ! BUS9ESS CLASS AGA9/ ! WORK+ PEOPLE & ! POOR1 ALONG ) A CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO ROLL BACK ! GA9S ( ! PREVI\S DECADES4 

,N[ ?AT ,TRUMP IS ! PRESID5T-ELECT1 IS ! ,B]NIE ,S&]S POLITICAL REVOLUTION OV]8 

,?AT'S UP TO US & O!RS TO DET]M9E4 ,! ,S&]S 0POLITICAL REVOLUTION0 WAS QUITE A REM>KABLE PH5OM5ON4 ,I WAS C]TA9LY SURPRIS$1 & PLEAS$4 ,BUT WE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ! T]M 0REVOLUTION0 IS SOME:AT MISLEAD+4 ,S&]S IS AN HONE/ & COMMITT$ ,NEW ,DEAL]4 ,! FACT ?AT HE'S CONSID]$ 0RADICAL0 TELLS US H[ F> ! ELITE POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAS %IFT$ TO ! RI<T DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 SOME PROMIS+ (F%OOTS ( ! ,S&]S MOBILIZATION1 LIKE ! ,BR& ,NEW ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T & SEV]AL O!RS4 

,!RE C\LD1 & %\LD1 ALSO BE EF=TS TO DEVELOP A G5U9E 9DEP5D5T LEFT P>TY1 ONE ?AT DOESN'T JU/ %[ UP EV]Y F\R YE>S BUT IS WORK+ CON/ANTLY AT ! GRASSROOTS1 BO? AT ! ELECTORAL LEVEL 7EV]Y?+ FROM S*OOL BO>DS TO T[N MEET+S TO /ATE LEGISLATURES & ON UP7 & 9 ALL ! O!R WAYS ?AT CAN BE PURSU$4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( OPPORTUNITIES--& ! /AKES >E SUB/ANTIAL1 P>TICUL>LY :5 WE TURN ATT5TION TO ! TWO 5ORM\S %AD[S ?AT HOV] OV] EV]Y?+3 NUCLE> W> & 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE1 BO? OM9\S1 DEM&+ URG5T ACTION4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,DECEMB] #a1 #baf 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,U,S ,HEAL? ,SY/EM ,IS AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,SC&AL--& ,A,C,A ,REPEAL ,WILL ,MAKE ,IT ,WORSE 
,! ,U,S ,HEAL? ,SY/EM ,IS AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,SC&AL--& ,A,C,A ,REPEAL ,WILL ,MAKE ,IT ,WORSE 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,TRUMP & ! ,REPUBLICANS >E B5T ON DO+ AWAY ) ,OBAMAC>E4 ,DOESN'T ! #ba ,PATI5T ,PROTECTION & ,AF=DABLE ,C>E ,ACT 7,A,C,A7 REPRES5T AN IMPROVEM5T OV] :AT EXI/$ BE=E8 ,&1 :AT W\LD ! ,REPUBLICANS REPLACE IT )8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I P]HAPS %\LD SAY1 TO BEG91 ?AT ,I HAVE ALWAYS FELT A LITTLE UNCOM=TABLE AB\T ! T]M 0,OBAMAC>E40 ,DID ANYONE CALL ,M$IC>E 0,JOHNSONC>E80 ,MAYBE WRONGLY1 BUT IT HAS SEEM$ TO ME TO HAVE A T+E ( ,REPUBLICAN-/YLE VULG> DISP>AGEM5T1 MAYBE EV5 ( RACISM4 ,BUT PUT ?AT ASIDE4 ,YES1 ! ,A,C,A IS A DEF9ITE IMPROVEM5T OV] :AT CAME BE=E--:I* IS NOT A GREAT COMPLIM5T4 ,! ,U,S HEAL? C>E SY/EM HAS LONG BE5 AN 9T]NATIONAL SC&AL1 ) AB\T TWICE ! P] CAPITA EXP5SES ( O!R WEAL?Y 7,O,E,C,D7 C\NTRIES & RELATIVELY POOR \TCOMES4 ,! ,A,C,A DID1 H[EV]1 BR+ IMPROVEM5TS1 9CLUD+ 9SURANCE = T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :O LACK$ IT1 BANN+ ( REFUSAL ( 9SURANCE = PEOPLE ) PRIOR DISABILITIES1 & O!R GA9S--& ALSO1 IT APPE>S TO HAVE L$ TO A R$UCTION 9 ! 9CREASE ( HEAL? C>E CO/S1 ?\< ?AT IS H>D TO DET]M9E PRECISELY4 

,! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 DOM9AT$ BY ,REPUBLICANS 7) A M9ORITY ( VOT]S71 HAS VOT$ OV] FIFTY TIMES 9 ! PA/ SIX YE>S TO REPEAL OR WEAK5 ,OBAMAC>E1 BUT !Y HAVE YET TO COME UP ) ANY?+ LIKE A COH]5T ALT]NATIVE4 ,?AT IS NOT TOO SURPRIS+4 ,S9CE ,OBAMA'S ELECTION1 ! ,REPUBLICANS HAVE BE5 PRETTY MU* ! P>TY ( ,N,O4 ,*ANCES >E ?AT !Y WILL N[ ADOPT A CYNICAL1 ,PAUL ,RYAN-/YLE EVASION1 REPEAL & DELAY1 TO PRET5D TO BE HONOR+ !IR F]V5T PL$GES :ILE AVOID+ AT LEA/ = A TIME ! CONSEQU5CES ( A POSSIBLE MAJOR COLLAPSE ( ! HEAL? SY/EM & BALLOON+ CO/S4 ,IT'S F> FROM C]TA94 ,IT'S CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y MI<T PAT* TOGE!R SOME K9D ( PLAN1 OR ?AT ! ULTRA-RI<T & QUITE PASSIONATE 0,FRE$OM ,CAUCUS0 MAY 9SI/ ON 9/ANT REPEAL )\T A PLAN1 DAMN ! CONSEQU5CE = ! BUDGET1 OR1 ( C\RSE1 = PEOPLE4 

,ONE P>T ( ! HEAL? SY/EM ?AT IS LIKELY TO SUFF] IS ,M$ICAID1 PROBABLY ?R\< BLOCK GRANTS TO /ATES1 :I* GIVES ! ,REPUBLICAN-RUN /ATES OPPORTUNITIES TO GUT IT4 ,M$ICAID ONLY HELPS POOR PEOPLE :O 0DON'T MATT]0 & DON'T VOTE ,REPUBLICAN ANYWAY4 ,SO1 ACCORD+ TO ,REPUBLICAN LOGIC1 :Y %\LD ! RI* PAY TAXES TO MA9TA9 IT8 

,>TICLE #be ( ! ,U,N ,UNIV]SAL ,DECL>ATION ON ,HUMAN ,RI<TS 7,U,D,H,R7 /ATES ?AT ! RI<T TO HEAL? C>E IS 9DE$ A HUMAN RI<T4 ,YET1 IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT CLOSE TO #c MILLION ,AM]ICANS REMA9 UN9SUR$ EV5 ) ! ,A,C,A 9 PLACE4 ,:AT >E SOME ( ! KEY CULTURAL1 ECONOMIC1 & POLITICAL FACTORS ?AT MAKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN \TLI] 9 ! PROVISION ( FREE HEAL? C>E8 

,FIR/1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DOES NOT ACCEPT ! ,UNIV]SAL ,DECL>ATION ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS--?\< 9 FACT ! ,U,D,H,R WAS L>GELY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,ELEANOR ,ROOSEVELT1 :O *AIR$ ! COMMISSION ?AT DRAFT$ ITS >TICLES1 ) QUITE BROAD 9T]NATIONAL P>TICIPATION4 

,! ,U,D,H,R HAS ?REE COMPON5TS1 :I* >E ( EQUAL /ATUS3 CIVIL-POLITICAL1 SOCIOECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL RI<TS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES =MALLY ACCEPTS ! FIR/ ( ! ?REE1 ?\< IT HAS (T5 VIOLAT$ ITS PROVISIONS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PRETTY MU* DISREG>DS ! ?IRD4 ,& TO ! PO9T H]E1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS (FICIALLY & /RONGLY CONDEMN$ ! SECOND COMPON5T1 SOCIOECONOMIC RI<TS1 9CLUD+ ,>TICLE #b#e4 

,OPPOSITION TO ,>TICLE #be WAS P>TICUL>LY VEHEM5T 9 ! ,REAGAN & ,BU% ,I YE>S4 ,PAULA ,DOBRIANSKY1 DEPUTY ASSI/ANT SECRET>Y ( /ATE = HUMAN RI<TS & HUMANIT>IAN AFFAIRS 9 !SE ADM9I/RATIONS1 DISMISS$ ! 0MY?0 ?AT 0ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RI<TS CON/ITUTE HUMAN RI<TS10 AS ! ,U,D,H,R DECL>ES4 ,%E WAS FOLL[+ ! LEAD ( ,REAGAN'S ,U,N AMBASSADOR ,JEANE ,KIRKPATRICK1 :O RIDICUL$ ! MY? AS 0LITTLE MORE ?AN AN EMPTY VESSEL 9TO :I* VAGUE HOPES & 9*OATE EXPECTATIONS CAN BE P\R$40 ,KIRKPATRICK ?US JO9$ ,SOVIET ,AMBASSADOR ,&REI ,VY%9SKY1 :O AGRE$ ?AT IT WAS A M]E 0COLLECTION ( PI\S PHRASES40 ,! CONCEPTS ( ,>TICLE #be >E 0PREPO/]\S0 & EV5 A 0DANG]\S 9CITEM5T10 ACCORD+ TO AMBASSADOR ,MORRIS ,ABRAM1 ! DI/+UI%$ CIVIL RI<TS ATTORNEY :O WAS ,U,S ,REPRES5TATIVE TO ! ,U,N ,COMMISSION ON ,HUMAN ,RI<TS UND] ,BU% ,I1 CA/+ ! SOLE VETO ( ! ,U,N ,RI<T TO ,DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CLOSELY P>APHRAS$ ,>TICLE #be ( ! ,U,D,H,R4 ,! ,BU% ,I,I ADM9I/RATION MA9TA9$ ! TRADITION BY VOT+ ALONE TO REJECT A ,U,N RESOLUTION ON ! RI<T TO FOOD & ! RI<T TO ! HI<E/ ATTA9ABLE /&>D ( PHYSICAL & M5TAL HEAL? 7! RESOLUTION PASS$ #e#b-#a74 

,REJECTION ( ,>TICLE #b#e1 !N1 IS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE4 ,& ALSO A MATT] ( PRACTICE4 ,9 ! ,O,E,C,D RANK+ ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 TW5TY-SEV5? PLACE \T ( ?IRTY-ONE1 RI<T ABOVE ,GREECE1 ,*ILI1 ,MEXICO1 & ,TURKEY4.<#a#b.> ,?IS IS HAPP5+ 9 ! RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES4 ,IT WAS QUITE POSSIBLY ALREADY ! RI*E/ REGION 9 ! WORLD 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 

,9 EXT5UATION ( ! ,REAGAN-,BU%-,VY%9SKY ALLIANCE ON ?IS MATT]1 WE %\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT =MAL SUPPORT = ! ,U,D,H,R IS ALL TOO (T5 DIVORC$ FROM PRACTICE4 

,U,S DISMISSAL ( ! ,U,D,H,R 9 PR9CIPLE & PRACTICE EXT5DS TO O!R >EAS4 ,TAKE LABOR RI<TS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS FAIL$ TO RATIFY ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION ,CONV5TION1 :I* 5DORSES 0,FRE$OM ( ,ASSOCIATION & ,PROTECTION ( ! ,RI<T TO ,ORGANIZE40 ,AN $ITORIAL COMM5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW REF]S TO ?IS PROVISION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION ,CONV5TION AS 0! UNT\*ABLE TREATY 9 ,AM]ICAN POLITICS40 ,U,S REJECTION IS GU>D$ ) SU* F]VOR1 ! REPORT CONT9UES1 ?AT !RE HAS NEV] EV5 BE5 ANY DEBATE AB\T ! MATT]4 ,! REJECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION ,CONV5TION CONTRA/S DRAMATICALLY ) ! F]VOR ( ,WA%+TON'S D$ICATION TO ! HI<LY PROTECTIONI/ ELEM5TS ( ! MISNAM$ 0FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS10 DESIGN$ TO GU>ANTEE MONOPOLY PRIC+ RI<TS = CORPORATIONS 709TELLECTUAL PROP]TY RI<TS071 ON SPURI\S GR\NDS4 ,9 G5]AL1 IT W\LD BE MORE ACCURATE TO CALL !SE 09VE/OR RI<TS AGREEM5TS40 

,COMP>ISON ( ! ATTITUDE T[>D ELEM5T>Y RI<TS ( LABOR & EXTRAORD9>Y RI<TS ( PRIVATE P[] TELLS US A GOOD DEAL AB\T ! NATURE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,U,S LABOR HI/ORY IS UNUSUALLY VIOL5T4 ,HUNDR$S ( ,U,S WORK]S W]E BE+ KILL$ BY PRIVATE & /ATE SECURITY =CES 9 /RIKE ACTIONS1 PRACTICES UNKN[N 9 SIMIL> C\NTRIES4 ,9 H] HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR1 ,PATRICIA ,SEXTON--NOT+ ?AT !RE >E NO S]I\S /UDIES--REPORTS AN E/IMATE ( SEV5 HUNDR$ /RIK]S KILL$ & ?\S&S 9JUR$ FROM #ahgg TO #a#i#f#h1 A FIGURE :I*1 %E CONCLUDES1 MAY 0GROSSLY UND]/ATE ! TOTAL CASUALTIES40 ,9 COMP>ISON1 ONE ,BRITI% /RIK] WAS KILL$ S9CE #a#i#a#a4 

,AS /RUGGLES = FRE$OM GA9$ VICTORIES & VIOL5T MEANS BECAME LESS AVAILABLE1 BUS9ESS TURN$ TO S(T] MEASURES1 SU* AS ! 0SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS ( /RIKE BREAK+0 ?AT HAVE BECOME A LEAD+ 9DU/RY4 ,9 MU* ! SAME WAY1 ! OV]?R[ ( RE=MI/ GOV]NM5TS BY VIOL5CE1 ONCE R\T9E1 HAS BE5 DISPLAC$ BY 0S(T C\PS0 SU* AS ! REC5T C\P 9 ,BRAZIL1 ?\< ! =M] OPTIONS >E /ILL PURSU$ :5 POSSIBLE1 AS 9 ,OBAMA'S SUPPORT = ! ,HONDURAN MILIT>Y C\P 9 #b#i1 9 NE> ISOLATION4 ,LABOR REMA9S RELATIVELY WEAK 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 COMP>ISON TO SIMIL> SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS CON/ANTLY BATTL+ EV5 = SURVIVAL AS A SIGNIFICANT ORGANIZ$ =CE 9 ! SOCIETY1 UND] P>TICUL>LY H>% ATTACK S9CE ! ,REAGAN YE>S4 

,ALL ( ?IS IS P>T ( ! BACKGR\ND = ! ,U,S DEP>TURE 9 HEAL? C>E FROM ! NORM ( ! ,O,E,C,D1 & EV5 LESS PRIVILEG$ SOCIETIES4 ,BUT !RE >E DEEP] REASONS :Y ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS AN 0\TLI]0 9 HEAL? C>E & SOCIAL JU/ICE G5]ALLY4 ,!SE TRACE BACK TO UNUSUAL FEATURES ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,UNLIKE O!R DEVELOP$ /ATE CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES1 ! POLITICAL ECONOMY & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DEVELOP$ 9 A K9D ( TABULA RASA4 ,! EXPULSION OR MASS KILL+ ( ,9DIG5\S NATIONS CLE>$ ! GR\ND = ! 9VAD+ SETTL]S1 :O HAD 5ORM\S RES\RCES & AMPLE F]TILE L&S AT !IR DISPOSAL1 & EXTRAORD9>Y SECURITY = REASONS ( GEOGRAPHY & P[]4 ,?AT L$ TO ! RISE ( A SOCIETY ( 9DIVIDUAL F>M]S1 & ALSO1 ?ANKS TO SLAV]Y1 SUB/ANTIAL CONTROL ( ! PRODUCT ?AT FUEL$ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION3 COTTON1 ! F\NDATION ( MANUFACTUR+1 BANK+1 COMM]CE1 RETAIL = BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,BRITA9 &1 LESS DIRECTLY1 = O!R ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES4 ,ALSO RELEVANT IS ! FACT ?AT ! C\NTRY HAS ACTUALLY BE5 AT W> = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S ) LITTLE RESPITE1 A HI/ORY ?AT HAS CREAT$ 0! RI*E/1 MO/ P[]FUL & ULTIMATELY MO/ MILIT>IZ$ NATION 9 WORLD HI/ORY10 AS S*OL> ,WALT] ,HIXSON HAS DOCUM5T$4.<#a#c.> 

,= SIMIL> REASONS1 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY LACK$ ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL /RATIFICATION & AUTOCRATIC POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ,EUROPE1 & ! V>I\S MEASURES ( SOCIAL SUPPORT ?AT DEVELOP$ UNEV5LY & ]RATICALLY4 ,!RE HAS BE5 AMPLE /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ! ECONOMY FROM ! \TSET--DRAMATICALLY 9 REC5T YE>S--BUT )\T G5]AL SUPPORT SY/EMS4 

,AS A RESULT1 ,U,S SOCIETY IS1 TO AN UNUSUAL EXT5T1 BUS9ESS-RUN1 ) A HI<LY CLASS-CONSCI\S BUS9ESS COMMUNITY D$ICAT$ TO 0! EV]LA/+ BATTLE = ! M9DS ( M540 ,! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY IS ALSO SET ON CONTA9+ OR DEMOLI%+ ! 0POLITICAL P[] ( ! MASSES10 :I* IT DEEMS AS A S]I\S 0HAZ>D TO 9DU/RIALI/S0 7TO SAMPLE SOME ( ! RHETORIC ( ! BUS9ESS PRESS DUR+ ! ,NEW ,DEAL YE>S1 :5 ! ?REAT TO ! OV]:ELM+ DOM9ANCE ( BUS9ESS P[] SEEM$ REAL74 

,H]E IS YET ANO!R ANOMALY AB\T ,U,S HEAL? C>E3 ACCORD+ TO DATA BY ! ,ORGANIZATION = ,ECONOMIC ,COOP]ATION & ,DEVELOPM5T 7,O,E,C,D71 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SP5DS F> MORE ON HEAL? C>E ?AN MO/ O!R ADVANC$ NATIONS1 YET ,AM]ICANS HAVE POOR HEAL? \TCOMES & >E PLAGU$ BY *RONIC ILLNESSES AT HI<] RATES ?AN ! CITIZ5S ( O!R ADVANC$ NATIONS4 ,:Y IS ?AT8 

,U,S HEAL? C>E CO/S >E E/IMAT$ TO BE AB\T TWICE ! ,O,E,C,D AV]AGE1 ) RA!R POOR \TCOMES BY COMP>ATIVE /&>DS4 ,9FANT MORTALITY1 = EXAMPLE1 IS HI<] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AN 9 ,CUBA1 ,GREECE1 & ! ,E,U G5]ALLY1 ACCORD+ TO ,C,I,A FIGURES4 

,AS = REASONS1 WE CAN RETURN TO ! MORE G5]AL QUE/ION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE COMP>ISONS1 BUT !RE >E SPECIAL REASONS 9 ! HEAL? C>E DOMA94 ,TO AN UNUSUAL EXT5T1 ! ,U,S HEAL? C>E SY/EM IS PRIVATIZ$ & UNREGULAT$4 ,9SURANCE COMPANIES >E 9 ! BUS9ESS ( MAK+ MONEY1 NOT PROVID+ HEAL? C>E1 & :5 !Y UND]TAKE ! LATT]1 IT IS LIKELY NOT TO BE 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( PATI5TS OR TO BE EFFICI5T4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE CO/S >E F> GREAT] 9 ! PRIVATE COMPON5T ( ! HEAL? C>E SY/EM ?AN 9 ,M$IC>E1 :I* ITSELF SUFF]S BY HAV+ TO WORK ?R\< ! PRIVATE SY/EM4 

,COMP>ISONS ) O!R C\NTRIES REVEAL MU* MORE BUREAUCRACY & HI<] ADM9I/RATIVE CO/S 9 ! ,U,S PRIVATIZ$ SY/EM ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,ONE /UDY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA A DECADE AGO1 BY M$ICAL RESE>*] ,/EFFIE ,WOOLH&L] & ASSOCIATES1 F\ND 5ORM\S DISP>ITIES & CONCLUD$3 0,R$UC+ ,U4,S4 ADM9I/RATIVE CO/S TO ,CANADIAN LEVELS W\LD SAVE AT LEA/ @s#b#i BILLION ANNUALLY1 5\< TO FUND UNIV]SAL COV]AGE40 ,ANO!R ANOMAL\S FEATURE ( ! ,U,S SY/EM IS ! LAW BANN+ ! GOV]NM5T FROM NEGOTIAT+ DRUG PRICES1 :I* LEADS TO HI<LY 9FLAT$ PRICES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS COMP>$ ) O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?AT EFFECT IS MAGNIFI$ CONSID]ABLY BY ! EXTREME PAT5T RI<TS ACCORD$ TO ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY 9 0TRADE AGREEM5TS10 5ABL+ MONOPOLY PR(ITS4 ,9 A PR(IT-DRIV5 SY/EM1 !RE >E ALSO 9C5TIVES = EXP5SIVE TREATM5TS RA!R ?AN PREV5TIVE C>E1 AS /RIK+LY 9 ,CUBA1 ) REM>KABLY EFFICI5T & EFFECTIVE HEAL? C>E4 

,:Y >5'T ,AM]ICANS DEM&+--NOT SIMPLY EXPRESS+ A PREF]5CE = 9 SURVEY POLLS--ACCESS TO A UNIV]SAL HEAL? C>E SY/EM8 

,!Y >E 9DE$ EXPRESS+ A PREF]5CE1 OV] A LONG P]IOD4 ,JU/ TO GIVE ONE TELL+ ILLU/RATION1 9 ! LATE ,REAGAN YE>S #g P]C5T ( ! ADULT POPULATION ?\<T ?AT HEAL? C>E %\LD BE A CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEE1 & #d P]C5T ?\<T IT ALREADY WAS 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION S9CE IT IS SU* AN OBVI\SLY LEGITIMATE RI<T4 ,POLL RESULTS DEP5D ON WORD+ & NUANCE1 BUT !Y HAVE QUITE CONSI/5TLY1 OV] ! YE>S1 %[N /RONG & (T5 L>GE MAJORITY SUPPORT = UNIV]SAL HEAL? C>E--(T5 CALL$ 0,CANADIAN-/YLE10 NOT BECAUSE ,CANADA NECESS>ILY HAS ! BE/ SY/EM1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS CLOSE BY & OBS]VABLE4 ,! E>LY ,A,C,A PROPOSALS CALL$ = A 0PUBLIC OPTION40 ,IT WAS SUPPORT$ BY ALMO/ TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION1 BUT WAS DROPP$ )\T S]I\S CONSID]ATION1 PRESUMABLY AS P>T ( A COMPACT ) F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! LEGISLATIVE B> TO GOV]NM5T NEGOTIATION ( DRUG PRICES WAS OPPOS$ BY #he P]C5T1 ALSO DISREG>D$--AGA91 PRESUMABLY1 TO PREV5T OPPOSITION BY ! PH>MACEUTICAL GIANTS4 ,! PREF]5CE = UNIV]SAL HEAL? C>E IS P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE 9 LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT !RE IS ALMO/ NO SUPPORT OR ADVOCACY 9 S\RCES ?AT REA* ! G5]AL PUBLIC & VIRTUALLY NO DISCUSSION 9 ! PUBLIC DOMA94 

,! FACTS AB\T PUBLIC SUPPORT = UNIV]SAL HEAL? C>E RECEIVE OCCASIONAL COMM5T1 9 AN 9T]E/+ WAY4 ,:5 RUNN+ = PRESID5T 9 #b#d1 ,DEMOCRAT ,JOHN ,K]RY1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REPORT$1 0TOOK PA9S 444 TO SAY ?AT HIS PLAN = EXP&+ ACCESS TO HEAL? 9SURANCE W\LD NOT CREATE A NEW GOV]NM5T PROGRAM10 BECAUSE 0!RE IS SO LITTLE POLITICAL SUPPORT = GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 ! HEAL? C>E M>KET 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 POLLS 9 ! ,WALL ,/REET ,J\RNAL1 ,BUS9ESSWEEK1 ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/1 & O!R M$IA F\ND OV]:ELM+ PUBLIC SUPPORT = GOV]NM5T GU>ANTEES TO EV]YONE ( 0! BE/ & MO/ ADVANC$ HEAL? C>E ?AT TE*NOLOGY CAN SUPPLY40 

,BUT ?AT IS ONLY PUBLIC SUPPORT4 ,! PRESS REPORT$ CORRECTLY ?AT !RE WAS LITTLE 0POLITICAL SUPPORT0 & ?AT :AT ! PUBLIC WANTS IS 0POLITICALLY IMPOSSIBLE0--A POLITE WAY ( SAY+ ?AT ! F9ANCIAL & PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RIES WILL NOT TOL]ATE IT1 & 9 ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY1 ?AT'S :AT C\NTS4 

,RETURN+ TO Y\R QUE/ION1 IT RAISES A CRUCIAL QUE/ION AB\T ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY3 ,:Y ISN'T ! POPULATION 0DEM&+0 :AT IT /RONGLY PREF]S8 ,:Y IS IT ALL[+ CONC5TRAT$ PRIVATE CAPITAL TO UND]M9E NECESSITIES ( LIFE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( PR(IT & P[]8 ,! 0DEM&S0 >E H>DLY UTOPIAN4 ,!Y >E COMMONLY SATISFI$ ELSE:]E1 EV5 9 SECTORS ( ! ,U,S SY/EM4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DEM&S C\LD READILY BE IMPLEM5T$ EV5 )\T SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATIVE BREAK?R\<S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 BY /EADILY R$UC+ ! AGE = 5TRY TO ,M$IC>E4 

,! QUE/ION DIRECTS \R ATT5TION TO A PR(\ND DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT 9 AN ATOMIZ$ SOCIETY1 LACK+ ! K9D ( POPUL> ASSOCIATIONS & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT 5ABLE ! PUBLIC TO P>TICIPATE 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY 9 DET]M9+ ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 ,!SE W\LD CRUCIALLY 9CLUDE A /RONG & P>TICIPATORY LABOR MOVEM5T & ACTUAL POLITICAL P>TIES GR[+ FROM PUBLIC DELIB]ATION & P>TICIPATION 9/EAD ( ! ELITE-RUN C&IDATE-PRODUC+ GR\PS ?AT PASS = POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,:AT REMA9S IS A DEPOLITICIZ$ SOCIETY 9 :I* A MAJORITY ( VOT]S 7B>ELY HALF ! POPULATION EV5 9 ! SUP]-HYP$ PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS1 MU* LESS 9 O!RS7 >E LIT]ALLY DIS5FRAN*IZ$1 9 ?AT !IR REPRES5TATIVES DISREG>D !IR PREF]5CES :ILE EFFECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ LIES L>GELY 9 ! H&S ( T9Y CONC5TRATIONS ( WEAL? & CORPORATE P[]1 AS /UDY AFT] /UDY REVEALS4 

,! PREVAIL+ SITUATION REM9DS US ( ! WORDS ( ,AM]ICA'S LEAD+ TW5TIE?-C5TURY SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]1 ,JOHN ,DEWEY1 MU* ( :OSE WORK FOCUS$ ON DEMOCRACY & ITS FAILURES & PROMISE4 ,DEWEY DEPLOR$ ! DOM9ATION BY 0BUS9ESS = PRIVATE PR(IT ?R\< PRIVATE CONTROL ( BANK+1 L&1 9DU/RY1 RE9=C$ BY COMM& ( ! PRESS1 PRESS AG5TS & O!R MEANS ( PUBLICITY & PROPAG&A0 & RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 0P[] TODAY RESIDES 9 CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 PUBLICITY1 TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION4 ,:OEV] [NS !M RULES ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY10 EV5 IF DEMOCRATIC =MS REMA94 ,UNTIL ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS >E 9 ! H&S ( ! PUBLIC1 HE CONT9U$1 POLITICS WILL REMA9 0! %AD[ CA/ ON SOCIETY BY BIG BUS9ESS40 

,?IS WAS NOT A VOICE FROM ! M>G9ALIZ$ F> LEFT1 BUT FROM ! MA9/REAM ( LIB]AL ?\<T4 

,TURN+ F9ALLY TO Y\R QUE/ION AGA91 A RA!R G5]AL ANSW]1 :I* APPLIES 9 ITS SPECIFIC WAY TO CONTEMPOR>Y WE/]N DEMOCRACIES1 WAS PROVID$ BY ,DAVID ,HUME OV] #be YE>S AGO1 9 HIS CLASSIC /UDY ,( ! ,FIR/ ,PR9CIPLES ( ,GOV]NM5T4 ,HUME F\ND 

NO?+ MORE SURPRIS+ ?AN TO SEE ! EAS9ESS ) :I* ! MANY >E GOV]N$ BY ! FEW2 & TO OBS]VE ! IMPLICIT SUBMISSION ) :I* M5 RESIGN !IR [N S5TIM5TS & PASSIONS TO ?OSE ( !IR RUL]S4 ,:5 WE 9QUIRE BY :AT MEANS ?IS WOND] IS BR\<T AB\T1 WE %ALL F9D1 ?AT AS ,=CE IS ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( ! GOV]N$1 ! GOV]NORS HAVE NO?+ TO SUPPORT !M BUT OP9ION4 ',TIS !RE=E1 ON OP9ION ONLY ?AT GOV]NM5T IS F\ND$2 & ?IS MAXIM EXT5DS TO ! MO/ DESPOTIC & MO/ MILIT>Y GOV]NM5TS1 AS WELL AS TO ! MO/ FREE & MO/ POPUL>4 

,IMPLICIT SUBMISSION IS NOT IMPOS$ BY LAWS ( NATURE OR POLITICAL !ORY4 ,IT IS A *OICE1 AT LEA/ 9 SOCIETIES SU* AS \RS1 :I* 5JOYS ! LEGACY PROVID$ BY ! /RUGGLES ( ?OSE :O CAME BE=E US4 ,H]E P[] IS 9DE$ 0ON ! SIDE ( ! GOV]N$10 IF !Y ORGANIZE & ACT TO GA9 & EX]CISE IT4 ,?AT HOLDS = HEAL? C>E & = MU* ELSE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #bag 

O ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,P]ILS ( ,M>KET-,DRIV5 ,$UCATION 
,! ,P]ILS ( ,M>KET-,DRIV5 ,$UCATION 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,AT LEA/ S9CE ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 $UCATION HAS BE5 SE5 AS ONE ( ! FEW OPPORTUNITIES = HUMANITY TO LIFT ! VEIL ( IGNORANCE & CREATE A BETT] WORLD4 ,:AT >E ! ACTUAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & $UCATION1 OR >E ?OSE L9KS BAS$ MA9LY ON A MY?1 AS ,NEIL ,PO/MAN >GU$ 9 ,! ,5D ( ,$UCATION8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I DON'T ?9K !RE IS A SIMPLE ANSW]4 ,! ACTUAL /ATE ( $UCATION HAS BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ELEM5TS1 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,AN $UCAT$ PUBLIC IS SURELY A PR]EQUISITE = A FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY--:]E 0$UCAT$0 MEANS NOT JU/ 9=M$ BUT 5ABL$ TO 9QUIRE FREELY & PRODUCTIVELY1 ! PRIM>Y 5D ( $UCATION4 ,?AT GOAL IS SOMETIMES ADVANC$1 SOMETIMES IMP$$1 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 & TO %IFT ! BALANCE 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION IS A MAJOR TASK--A TASK ( UNUSUAL IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 P>T BECAUSE ( ITS UNIQUE P[]1 9 P>T BECAUSE ( WAYS 9 :I* IT DIFF]S FROM O!R DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT AL?\< ! RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD = A LONG TIME1 UNTIL ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS SOME?+ ( A CULTURAL BACKWAT]4 ,IF ONE WANT$ TO /UDY ADVANC$ SCI5CE OR MA?1 OR TO BECOME A WRIT] & >TI/1 ONE W\LD (T5 BE ATTRACT$ TO ,EUROPE4 ,?AT *ANG$ ) ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I = OBVI\S REASONS1 BUT ONLY = P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,TO TAKE :AT IS >GUABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 H[ TO DEAL ) CLIMATE *ANGE1 ONE IMP$IM5T IS ?AT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 #d P]C5T ( ! POPULATION SEES IT AS NO PROBLEM BECAUSE ,*RI/ WILL RETURN )9 ! NEXT FEW DECADES--SYMPTOMATIC ( MANY O!R PRE-MOD]N FEATURES ( ! SOCIETY & CULTURE4 

,MU* ( :AT PREVAILS 9 TODAY'S WORLD IS M>KET-DRIV5 $UCATION1 :I* IS ACTUALLY DE/ROY+ PUBLIC VALUES & UND]M9+ ! CULTURE ( DEMOCRACY ) ITS EMPHASIS ON COMPETITION1 PRIVATIZATION1 & PR(IT-MAK+4 ,AS SU*1 :AT MODEL ( $UCATION DO Y\ ?9K HOLDS ! BE/ PROMISE = A BETT] & PEACEFUL WORLD8 

,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! MOD]N $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 TWO MODELS W]E SOMETIMES C\NT]POS$4 ,$UCATION C\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS A VESSEL 9TO :I* ONE P\RS WAT]--& A V]Y LEAKY VESSEL1 AS WE ALL KN[4 ,OR IT C\LD BE ?\<T ( AS A ?READ1 LAID \T BY ! 9/RUCTOR1 ALONG :I* /UD5TS PROCE$ 9 !IR [N WAYS1 DEVELOP+ !IR CAPACITIES TO 09QUIRE & CREATE0--! MODEL ADVOCAT$ BY ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT1 ! F\ND] ( ! MOD]N UNIV]SITY SY/EM4 

,! $UCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES ( ,JOHN ,DEWEY1 ,PAULO ,FREIRE1 & O!R ADVOCATES ( PROGRESSIVE & CRITICAL P$AGOGY CAN1 ,I ?9K1 BE REG>D$ AS FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,HUMBOLDTIAN CONCEPTION--:I* IS (T5 IMPLEM5T$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE 9 RESE>* UNIV]SITIES1 BECAUSE IT IS SO ESS5TIAL TO ADVANC$ TEA*+ & RESE>*1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! SCI5CES4 ,A FAM\S ,M,I,T PHYSICI/ WAS KN[N = TELL+ HIS FRE%MAN C\RSES ?AT IT DOESN'T MATT] :AT WE COV]1 IT MATT]S :AT Y\ DISCOV]4 

,! SAME IDEAS HAVE BE5 QUITE IMAG9ATIVELY DEVELOP$ D[N TO ! K9D]G>T5 LEVEL1 & !Y >E QUITE APPROPRIATE EV]Y:]E 9 ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 & ( C\RSE NOT JU/ 9 ! SCI5CES4 ,I WAS P]SONALLY LUCKY TO HAVE BE5 9 AN EXP]IM5TAL ,DEWEYITE S*OOL UNTIL ,I WAS TWELVE1 A HI<LY REW>D+ EXP]I5CE1 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ACADEMIC HI< S*OOL ,I ATT5D$1 :I* T5D$ T[>D ! WAT]-9-A-VESSEL MODEL1 AS DO CURR5TLY FA%IONABLE PROGRAMS ( TEA*-TO-TE/4 ,! ALT]NATIVE ONES >E ! K9DS ( MODELS ?AT %\LD BE PURSU$ IF !RE IS TO BE SOME HOPE ?AT A TRULY $UCAT$ POPULATION1 9 ALL ( ! DIM5SIONS ( ! T]M1 CAN FACE ! V]Y CRITICAL QUE/IONS ?AT >E RI<T N[ ON ! AG5DA4 

,! M>KET-DRIV5 $UCATION T5D5CIES ?AT Y\ M5TION >E UN=TUNATELY V]Y REAL1 & H>MFUL4 ,!Y %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE REG>D$ AS P>T ( ! G5]AL NEOLIB]AL ASSAULT ON ! PUBLIC4 ,! BUS9ESS MODEL SEEKS 0EFFICI5CY10 :I* MEANS IMPOS+ 0FLEXIBILITY ( LABOR0 & :AT ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN HAIL$ AS 0GR[+ WORK] 9SECURITY0 :5 HE WAS PRAIS+ ! GREAT ECONOMY HE WAS RUNN+ 7BE=E IT CRA%$74 ,?AT TRANSLATES 9TO SU* MEASURES AS UND]M9+ LONG]-T]M COMMITM5TS TO FACULTY & RELY+ ON *EAP & EASILY EXPLOITABLE TEMPOR>Y LABOR 7ADJUNCTS1 GRADUATE /UD5TS74 ,! CONSEQU5CES >E H>MFUL TO ! WORK =CE1 ! /UD5TS1 RESE>* & 9QUIRY1 9 FACT ALL ! GOALS ?AT HI<] $UCATION %\LD SEEK TO A*IEVE4 

,SOMETIMES SU* ATTEMPTS TO DRIVE ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM T[>D S]VICE TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR TAKE =MS ?AT >E ALMO/ COMICAL4 ,9 ! /ATE ( ,WISCONS91 = EXAMPLE1 GOV]NOR ,SCOTT ,WALK] & O!R REACTION>IES HAVE BE5 ATTEMPT+ TO UND]M9E :AT WAS ONCE ! GREAT ,UNIV]SITY ( ,WISCONS91 *ANG+ IT TO AN 9/ITUTION ?AT WILL S]VE ! NE$S ( ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY ( ,WISCONS91 :ILE ALSO CUTT+ ! BUDGET & 9CREAS+ RELIANCE ON TEMPOR>Y /AFF 70FLEXIBILITY074 ,AT ONE PO9T ! /ATE GOV]NM5T EV5 WANT$ TO *ANGE ! TRADITIONAL MISSION ( ! UNIV]SITY1 DELET+ ! COMMITM5T TO 0SEEK+ TRU?0--A WA/E ( TIME = AN 9/ITUTION PRODUC+ PEOPLE :O WILL BE USEFUL = ,WISCONS9 BUS9ESSES4 ,?AT WAS SO \TRAGE\S ?AT IT HIT ! NEWSPAP]S1 & !Y HAD TO CLAIM IT WAS A CL]ICAL ]ROR & )DRAW IT4 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 ILLU/RATIVE ( :AT IS HAPP5+1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUT ALSO 9 MANY O!R PLACES4 ,COMM5T+ ON !SE DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ,U,K1 ,/EFAN ,COLL9I CONCLUD$ ALL TOO PLAUSIBLY ?AT ! ,TORY GOV]NM5T IS ATTEMPT+ TO TURN FIR/-CLASS UNIV]SITIES 9TO ?IRD-CLASS COMM]CIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CLASSICS DEP>TM5T AT ,OX=D WILL HAVE TO PROVE ?AT IT CAN SELL ITSELF ON ! M>KET4 ,IF !RE IS NO M>KET DEM&1 :Y %\LD PEOPLE /UDY & 9VE/IGATE CLASSICAL ,GREEK LIT]ATURE8 ,?AT'S ! ULTIMATE VULG>IZATION ?AT CAN RESULT FROM IMPOS+ ! /ATE CAPITALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! BUS9ESS CLASSES ON ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 

,:AT NE$S TO BE DONE 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE A SY/EM ( FREE HI<] $UCATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES &1 BY EXT5SION1 DIV]T FUND+ FROM ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX & ! PRISON-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9TO $UCATION8 ,W\LD ?IS REQUIRE A NATIONAL ID5TITY CRISIS ON ! P>T ( A HI/ORICALLY EXPANSIONI/1 9T]V5TIONI/1 & RACI/ NATION8 

,I DON'T FEEL ?AT ! ISSUE RUNS ?AT DEEP4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS NO LESS EXPANSIONI/1 9T]V5TIONI/1 RACI/ 9 E>LI] YE>S1 BUT IT NEV]!LESS WAS 9 ! =EFRONT ( DEVELOP+ MASS PUBLIC $UCATION4 ,& ?\< ! MOTIVES W]E SOMETIMES CYNICAL--TURN+ 9DEP5D5T F>M]S 9TO COGS 9 MASS PRODUCTION 9DU/RY1 SOME?+ !Y BITT]LY RES5T$--NEV]!LESS !RE W]E MANY POSITIVE ASPECTS TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,9 MORE REC5T YE>S1 HI<] $UCATION WAS VIRTUALLY FREE4 ,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,G,I ,BILL PROVID$ TUITION & EV5 SUBSIDIES TO MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :O W\LD PROBABLY NEV] HAVE GONE TO COLLEGE1 :I* WAS HI<LY B5EFICIAL TO !M & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! GREAT PO/W> GR[? P]IOD4 ,EV5 PRIVATE COLLEGES HAD V]Y L[ FEES BY CONTEMPOR>Y /&>DS4 ,& ! C\NTRY !N WAS F> POOR] ?AN IT IS TODAY4 ,ELSE:]E HI<] $UCATION IS FREE OR CLOSE TO IT 9 RI* C\NTRIES LIKE ,G]MANY 7! MO/ RESPECT$ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 ACCORD+ TO POLLS7 & ,F9L& 7:I* CONSI/5TLY RANKS HI< 9 A*IEVEM5T7 & MU* POOR] C\NTRIES LIKE ,MEXICO1 :I* HAS A HI<-QUALITY HI<] $UCATION SY/EM4 ,FREE HI<] $UCATION C\LD BE 9/ITUT$ )\T MAJOR ECONOMIC OR CULTURAL DIFFICULTIES1 IT SEEMS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( A RATIONAL PUBLIC HEAL? SY/EM LIKE ?AT ( COMP>ABLE C\NTRIES4 

,DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL ]A1 MANY WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! CAPITALI/ WORLD IMM]S$ !MSELVES 9 ! /UDY ( POLITICS1 HI/ORY1 & POLITICAL ECONOMY ?R\< A PROCESS ( 9=MAL $UCATION AS P>T ( !IR EF=T TO UND]/& & *ANGE ! WORLD ?R\< ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,TODAY1 ! SITUATION LOOKS VA/LY DIFF]5T1 ) MU* ( ! WORK+-CLASS POPULATION HAV+ EMBRAC$ EMPTY CONSUM]ISM & POLITICAL 9DIFF]5CE1 OR1 WORSE1 (T5 5\< SUPPORT+ POLITICAL P>TIES & C&IDATES :O >E 9 FACT /AUN* SUPPORT]S ( CORPORATE & F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM & ADVANCE AN ANTI-WORK+ CLASS AG5DA4 ,H[ DO WE EXPLA9 ?IS RADICAL %IFT 9 WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS8 

,! *ANGE IS AS CLE> AS IT IS UN=TUNATE4 ,QUITE COMMONLY !SE EF=TS W]E BAS$ 9 UNIONS & O!R WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ) P>TICIPATION ( 9TELLECTUALS 9 LEFT P>TIES--ALL VICTIMS ( ,COLD ,W> REPRESSION & PROPAG&A & ! BITT] CLASS CONFLICT WAG$ BY ! BUS9ESS CLASSES AGA9/ LABOR & POPUL> ORGANIZATION1 M\NT+ P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 

,IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK+-CLASS CULTURE ( ! TIME WAS ALIVE & FL\RI%+4 ,!RE'S A GREAT BOOK AB\T ! TOPIC BY ,JONA?AN ,ROSE1 CALL$ ,! ,9TELLECTUAL ,LIFE ( ! ,BRITI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS4 ,IT'S A MONUM5TAL /UDY ( ! READ+ HABITS ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! DAY4 ,HE CONTRA/S 0! PASSIONATE PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE BY PROLET>IAN AUTODIDACTS0 ) ! 0P]VASIVE PHILI/9ISM ( ! ,BRITI% >I/OCRACY40 ,PRETTY MU* ! SAME WAS TRUE 9 ! NEW WORK+-CLASS T[NS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LIKE EA/]N ,MASSA*USETTS1 :]E AN ,IRI% BLACKSMI? MI<T HIRE A Y\NG BOY TO READ ! CLASSICS TO HIM :ILE HE WAS WORK+4 ,FACTORY GIRLS W]E READ+ ! BE/ CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE ( ! DAY1 :AT WE /UDY AS CLASSICS4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM = DEPRIV+ !M ( !IR FRE$OM & CULTURE4 ,?IS W5T ON = A LONG TIME4 

,I AM OLD 5\< TO REMEMB] ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,A L>GE P>T ( MY FAMILY CAME FROM ! UNEMPLOY$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,MANY HAD B>ELY GONE TO S*OOL4 ,BUT !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! HI< CULTURE ( ! DAY4 ,!Y W\LD DISCUSS ! LATE/ PLAYS1 CONC]TS ( ! ,BUDAPE/ ,/R+ ,QU>TET1 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( PSY*OANALYSIS1 & EV]Y CONCEIVABLE POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A V]Y LIVELY WORK]S' $UCATION SY/EM ) :I* LEAD+ SCI5TI/S & MA!MATICIANS W]E DIRECTLY 9VOLV$4 ,A LOT ( ?IS HAS BE5 LO/ 444 BUT IT CAN BE RECOV]$ & IT IS NOT LO/ =EV]4 

,COAU?OR$ ) ,LILY ,SAGE2 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #baf 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,REVOLUTIONS 
,P>T ,I,I,I 

  
,AN>*ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,REVOLUTIONS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 FROM ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY TO ! MID- OR EV5 LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM REPRES5T$ LIVE & VITAL MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! ,WE/]N WORLD BUT ALSO 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & C]TA9 P>TS ( ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 ,H[EV]1 ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL L&SCAPE SEEMS TO HAVE %IFT$ RADICALLY BY ! E>LY TO LATE #a#i#hS TO ! PO9T ?AT1 :ILE RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM REMA9S EV] PRES5T1 IT IS L>GELY LOCALIZ$ & DEVOID ( A VISION AB\T /RATEGIES = ! F\ND+ ( A NEW SOCIOECONOMIC ORD]4 ,:Y DID AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM FL\RI% AT ! TIME !Y DID1 & :AT >E ! KEY FACTORS = !IR TRANS=MATION FROM MAJOR IDEOLOGIES TO M>G9ALIZ$ BELIEF SY/EMS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,IF WE LOOK MORE CLOSELY1 ,I ?9K WE F9D ?AT !RE >E LIVE & VITAL MOVEM5TS ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 (T5 ) ELEM5TS ( AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ IDEAS & P>TICIPATION1 DUR+ P]IODS ( UPHEAVAL & TURBUL5CE1 :5--TO P>APHRASE ,GRAMSCI--! OLD IS TOTT]+ & ! NEW IS UNBORN BUT IS (F]+ TANTALIZ+ PROSPECTS4 ,?US1 9 LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA1 :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM WAS DRIV+ 9DEP5D5T F>M]S & >TISANS TO BECOME AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 EVOK+ PL5TY ( BITT] RESI/ANCE1 A P[]FUL & MILITANT LABOR MOVEM5T >OSE D$ICAT$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 0?OSE :O WORK 9 ! MILLS %\LD [N !M0 ALONGSIDE A MASS RADICAL F>M]S' MOVEM5T ?AT S\<T TO FREE F>M]S FROM ! CLUT*ES ( BANKS & M]*ANTS4 ,! DRAMATIC ]A ( DECOLONIZATION ALSO GAVE RISE TO RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( MANY K9DS1 & !RE >E MANY O!R CASES1 9CLUD+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD S9CE ! '#hS HAS BE5 ONE ( REGRESSION & M>G9ALIZATION = MU* ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 BUT ,K>L ,M>X'S OLD MOLE IS NEV] F> FROM ! SURFACE & APPE>S 9 UNEXPECT$ PLACES4 ,! SPREAD ( WORK]-[N$ 5T]PRISES & COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :ILE NOT LIT]ALLY AN>*I/ OR COMMUNI/1 C>RIES SE$S ( F>-REA*+ RADICAL TRANS=MATION1 & IT IS NOT ALONE4 

,AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM %>E CLOSE AFF9ITIES BUT HAVE ALSO BE5 MORTAL 5EMIES S9CE ! TIME ( ,M>X & ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,>E !IR DIFF]5CES PURELY /RATEGIC AB\T ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 OR DO !Y ALSO REFLECT DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES AB\T HUMAN NATURE & ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS8 

,MY FEEL+ IS ?AT ! PICTURE IS MORE NUANC$4 ,?US LEFT ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,M>XISM (T5 WAS QUITE CLOSE TO AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,PROM95T LEFT ,M>XI/S1 LIKE ,K>L ,KORS*1 W]E QUITE SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S BOOK ,AN>*ISM V]GES ON LEFT ,M>XISM4 ,DUR+ HIS LEFT P]IOD 9 MID-#a#i#a#g1 ,L59'S WRIT+S1 NOTABLY ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 HAD A K9D ( AN>*I/ T+E4 ,!RE SURELY W]E CONFLICTS OV] TACTICS & MU* MORE FUNDAM5TAL MATT]S4 ,5GELS'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM IS A FAM\S ILLU/RATION4 ,M>X HAD V]Y LITTLE TO SAY AB\T PO/CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ! BASIC ?RU/ ( HIS ?9K+ AB\T LONG-T]M GOALS SEEMS QUITE COMPATIBLE ) MAJOR /RA9S ( AN>*I/ ?9K+ & PRACTICE4 

,C]TA9 AN>*I/ TRADITIONS1 9FLU5C$ BY ,BAKUN91 ADVOCATE VIOL5CE AS A MEANS ( BR++ AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE1 :ILE O!RS1 9FLU5C$ BY ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 SEEM TO REG>D VIOL5CE NOT ONLY POLITICALLY 9EFFECTIVE 9 SECUR+ A JU/ SOCIAL ORD] BUT MORALLY 9DEF5SIBLE4 ,! COMMUNI/ TRADITION HAS ALSO BE5 DIVID$ OV] ! USE ( VIOL5CE EV5 9 SITUATIONS :]E ! CONDITIONS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 RIPE = REVOLUTIONS4 ,CAN SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS TAKE PLACE )\T VIOL5CE8 

,I DON'T SEE H[ !RE CAN BE A G5]AL ANSW]4 ,/RUGGLES TO OV]COME CLASS P[] & PRIVILEGE >E SURE TO BE RESI/$1 SOMETIMES BY =CE4 ,P]HAPS A PO9T WILL COME :]E VIOL5CE 9 DEF5SE AGA9/ =CEFUL EF=TS TO MA9TA9 P[] IS W>RANT$4 ,SURELY IT IS A LA/ RESORT4 

,9 Y\R WRIT+S1 Y\ HAVE MA9TA9$ ! VIEW ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS NEV] A SOCIALI/ /ATE4 ,DO Y\ ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT IT WAS A 0DE=M$ WORK]S /ATE0 OR DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT IT WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM8 

,! T]MS ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE >E NOT MODELS ( PRECISION4 ,BY ! TIME ! SOVIETS & FACTORY C\NCILS W]E ELIM9AT$--QUITE E>LY ON--!RE WAS H>DLY A TRACE ( A 0WORK]S /ATE40 .<,FACTORY C\NCILS W]E =MS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! PLACE ( WORK IS CONTROLL$ COLLECTIVELY BY ! WORK]S4.> ,! SY/EM HAD WAGE LABOR & O!R FEATURES ( CAPITALISM1 SO ,I SUPPOSE ONE C\LD CALL IT A K9D ( TYRANNICAL /ATE CAPITALISM 9 SOME RESPECTS4 

,9 C]TA9 COMMUNI/ CIRCLES1 A DI/9CTION HAS BE5 DRAWN BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM1 :ILE ! MORE OR?ODOX COMMUNI/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BEGAN A GRADUAL AB&ONM5T ( SOCIALISM ) ! RISE ( ,NIKITA ,KHRU%*EV TO P[]4 ,CAN Y\ COMM5T ON !SE TWO PO9TS ( CONT5TION1 ) SPECIAL EMPHASIS 9 ! ALLEG$ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM8 

,I W\LD PLACE ! AB&ONM5T ( SOCIALISM MU* E>LI]1 UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AT LEA/ IF SOCIALISM IS UND]/OOD TO MEAN AT A M9IMUM CONTROL BY WORK+ PEOPLE OV] PRODUCTION4 ,! SE$S ( ,/AL9ISM W]E PRES5T 9 ! E>LY ,BOL%EVIK YE>S1 P>TLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! EXIG5CIES ( ! CIVIL W> & =EIGN 9VASION1 P>TLY TO ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,UND] ,/AL9 IT BECAME A MON/ROSITY4 

,FAC$ ) ! *ALL5GES & ?REATS 7BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL7 ?AT IT DID FACE FOLL[+ ! TAKEOV] ( P[]1 DID ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE ANY O!R OPTION ?AN C5TRALIZ+ P[]1 CREAT+ AN >MY1 & DEF5D+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y8 

,IT IS MORE APPROPRIATE1 ,I ?9K1 TO ASK :E!R ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ANY O!R OPTION = DEF5D+ !IR P[]4 ,BY ADOPT+ ! MEANS !Y *OSE1 !Y DE/ROY$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,W]E !RE ALT]NATIVES8 ,I ?9K SO1 BUT ! QUE/ION TAKES US 9TO DIFFICULT & CONTE/$ T]RITORY4 ,IT'S POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9/EAD ( IGNOR+ ,M>X'S IDEAS 9 HIS LAT] YE>S AB\T ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY1 !Y MI<T HAVE PURSU$ !M & (F]$ SUPPORT = PEASANT ORGANIZ+ & ACTIVISM 9/EAD ( M>G9ALIZ+ IT 7OR WORSE74 ,& !Y C\LD HAVE 5]GIZ$ RA!R ?AN UND]M9$ ! SOVIETS & FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,BUT ALL ?AT RAISES MANY QUE/IONS1 BO? ( FACT & ( SPECULATION AB\T POSSIBILITIES--= EXAMPLE1 AB\T CREAT+ A DISCIPL9$ & EFFECTIVE ,R$ ,>MY1 *OICE ( GU]RILLA V]SUS CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y TACTICS1 POLITICAL V]SUS MILIT>Y W>F>E1 & MU* ELSE4 

,W\LD Y\ ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT ! LABOR CONC5TRATION CAMPS & ! O!R HORRIBLE CRIMES ?AT TOOK PLACE UND] ,/AL9'S REIGN >E UNLIKELY TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE IF EI!R ,L59 OR ,TROTSKY W]E 9 P[] 9/EAD8 

,I /RONGLY D\BT ?AT ,L59 OR ,TROTSKY W\LD HAVE C>RI$ \T CRIMES ANY?+ LIKE !SE4 

,& H[ DO Y\ SEE ! ,MAOI/ REVOLUTION8 ,WAS ,*9A AT ANY PO9T A SOCIALI/ /ATE8 

,! 0,MAOI/ REVOLUTION0 WAS A COMPLEX AFFAIR4 ,!RE WAS A /RONG POPUL> ELEM5T 9 E>LY ,*9ESE ,M>XISM1 DISCUSS$ 9 ILLUM9AT+ WORK BY ,MAURICE ,MEISN]4 ,WILLIAM ,H9TON'S REM>KABLE /UDY ,FAN%5 CAPTURES VIVIDLY A MOM5T ( PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 NOT JU/ 9 SOCIAL PRACTICES BUT 9 ! M5TALITY & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEASANTS1 ) P>TY CADRES (T5 SUBMITT+ TO POPUL> CONTROL1 ACCORD+ TO HIS ACC\NT4 ,LAT] ! TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM WAS RESPONSIBLE = HORR5D\S CRIMES1 NOTABLY ! 0,GREAT ,LEAP ,=W>D10 ) ITS HUGE DEA? TOLL 9 ! T5S ( MILLIONS4 ,DESPITE !SE CRIMES1 AS ECONOMI/S ,AM>TYA ,S5 & ,JEAN ,DREZE DEMON/RATE1 FROM 9DEP5D5CE UNTIL #a#i#g#i1 :5 ! ,D5G RE=MS BEGAN1 ,*9ESE PROGRAMS ( RURAL HEAL? & DEVELOPM5T SAV$ ! LIVES ( #a MILLION PEOPLE 9 COMP>ISON TO ,9DIA 9 ! SAME YE>S4 ,:AT ANY ( ?IS HAS TO DO ) SOCIALISM DEP5DS ON H[ ONE 9T]PRETS ?AT BATT]$ T]M4 

,CUBA UND] ,CA/RO8 

,9 ASSESS+ DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,CUBA S9CE IT A*IEV$ 9DEP5D5CE UND] ,CA/RO 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e#i1 ONE CANNOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT FROM ALMO/ ! FIR/ MOM5T1 ,CUBA WAS SUBJECT$ TO VICI\S ATTACK BY ! GLOBAL SUP]P[]4 ,BY LATE #a#i#e#i1 PLANES BAS$ 9 ,FLORIDA W]E BOMB+ ,CUBA4 ,BY ,M>*1 A SECRET DECISION WAS MADE TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! 9COM+ ,K5N$Y ADM9I/RATION C>RI$ \T ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9VASION4 ,ITS FAILURE L$ TO NE> HY/]IA 9 ,WA%+TON1 & ,K5N$Y LAUN*$ A W> TO BR+ 0! T]RORS ( ! E>?0 TO ,CUBA1 9 ! WORDS ( HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATE1 HI/ORIAN ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 9 HIS SEMI(FICIAL BIOGRAPHY ( ,ROB]T ,K5N$Y1 :O WAS PLAC$ 9 *>GE ( ! OP]ATION AS HIS HI<E/ PRIORITY4 ,IT WAS NO SMALL AFFAIR1 & WAS ONE ( ! FACTORS ?AT L$ TO ! MISSILE CRISIS1 :I* ,S*LES+] RI<TLY DESCRIB$ AS ! MO/ DANG]\S MOM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,AFT] ! CRISIS1 ! T]RORI/ W> RESUM$4 ,MEAN:ILE1 A CRU%+ EMB>GO WAS IMPOS$1 :I* TOOK A HUGE TOLL ON ,CUBA4 ,IT CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY1 OPPOS$ BY VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE WORLD4 

,:5 ,RUSSIAN AID 5D$1 ,CL9TON MADE ! EMB>GO H>%]1 & A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ! ,HELMS-,BURTON ,ACT MADE IT H>%] /ILL4 ,! EFFECTS HAVE ( C\RSE BE5 V]Y SEV]E4 ,!Y >E REVIEW$ 9 A COMPREH5SIVE /UDY BY ,SALIM ,LAMRANI4 ,P>TICUL>LY ON]\S HAS BE5 ! IMPACT ON ! HEAL? SY/EM1 DEPRIV$ ( ESS5TIAL M$ICAL SUPPLIES4 ,DESPITE ! ATTACK1 ,CUBA HAS DEVELOP$ A REM>KABLE HEAL? SY/EM1 & HAS AN UNMAT*$ RECORD ( M$ICAL 9T]NATIONALISM--AS WELL AS PLAY+ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,BLACK ,AFRICA & 5D+ ! AP>!ID REGIME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,!RE HAVE ALSO BE5 SEV]E HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS1 ?\< NO?+ LIKE :AT HAS BE5 /&>D 9 ! ,U,S-DOM9AT$ C\NTRIES ( ! REGION OR ! ,U,S-BACK$ NATIONAL SECURITY /ATES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! WOR/ HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS 9 ,CUBA 9 REC5T YE>S HAVE BE5 9 ,GUANTANAMO1 :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TOOK FROM ,CUBA AT GUNPO9T 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY & REFUSES TO RETURN4 ,OV]ALL1 A MIX$ /ORY1 & NOT EASY TO EVALUATE1 GIV5 ! COMPLEX CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,OV]ALL1 DO Y\ REG>D ! COLLAPSE ( SO-CALL$ ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM AS A POSITIVE \TCOME1 &1 IF SO1 :Y8 ,9 :AT WAYS HAS ?IS DEVELOPM5T BE5 B5EFICIAL TO ! SOCIALI/ VISION8 

,:5 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ ,I WROTE AN >TICLE DESCRIB+ ! EV5TS AS A SMALL VICTORY = SOCIALISM1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! FALL ( ONE ( ! MO/ ANTISOCIALI/ /ATES 9 ! WORLD1 :]E WORK+ PEOPLE HAD FEW] RI<TS ?AN 9 ! ,WE/1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT FRE$ ! T]M 0SOCIALISM0 FROM ! BURD5 ( BE+ ASSOCIAT$ 9 ! PROPAG&A SY/EMS ( ,EA/ & ,WE/ ) ,SOVIET TYRANNY--= ! ,EA/1 9 ORD] TO B5EFIT FROM ! AURA ( AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 = ! ,WE/1 9 ORD] TO DEMONIZE ! CONCEPT4 

,MY >GUM5T ON :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS 0ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM0 HAS BE5 ?AT ! ,SOVIET /ATE ATTEMPT$ S9CE ITS ORIG9S TO H>NESS ! 5]GIES ( ITS [N POPULATION & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ELSE:]E 9 ! S]VICE ( ! M5 :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! POPUL> F]M5T 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag TO SEIZE /ATE P[]4 

,S9CE ITS ORIG9S1 SOCIALISM HAS MEANT ! LIB]ATION ( WORK+ PEOPLE FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ! ,M>XI/ !ORETICIAN ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK OBS]V$1 0,?IS GOAL IS NOT REA*$ & CANNOT BE REA*$ BY A NEW DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ CLASS SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! B\RGEOISIE10 BUT CAN ONLY BE 0REALIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES BE+ MA/] OV] PRODUCTION40 ,MA/]Y OV] PRODUCTION BY ! PRODUC]S IS ! ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM1 & MEANS TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D HAVE REGUL>LY BE5 DEVIS$ 9 P]IODS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 AGA9/ ! BITT] OPPOSITION ( ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES & ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS0 GUID$ BY ! COMMON PR9CIPLES ( ,L59ISM & ,WE/]N MANAG]IALISM1 AS ADAPT$ TO *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL REMA9S3 TO CONV]T ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! PROP]TY ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S & ?US ! SOCIAL PROP]TY ( PEOPLE :O HAVE LIB]AT$ !MSELVES FROM EXPLOITATION BY !IR MA/]1 AS A FUNDAM5TAL /EP T[>D A BROAD] REALM ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,! ,L59I/ 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD A DIFF]5T AG5DA4 ,!Y FIT ,M>X'S DESCRIPTION ( ! 0CONSPIRATORS0 :O 0PREEMPT ! DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS0 & DI/ORT IT TO !IR 5DS ( DOM9ATION4 0,H5CE !IR DEEPE/ DISDA9 = ! MORE !ORETICAL 5LI<T5M5T ( ! WORK]S AB\T !IR CLASS 9T]E/S10 :I* 9CLUD$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY ( :I* ,BAKUN9 W>N$1 & ! CREATION ( ME*ANISMS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,= ! ,L59I/1 ! MASSES MU/ BE /RICTLY DISCIPL9$1 :ILE ! SOCIALI/ WILL /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* DISCIPL9E 0WILL BECOME SUP]FLU\S0 AS ! FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S 0WORK = !IR [N ACCORD0 7,M>X74 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 FUR!RMORE1 DOES NOT LIMIT ITS AIMS TO DEMOCRATIC CONTROL BY PRODUC]S OV] PRODUCTION1 BUT SEEKS TO ABOLI% ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION & HI]>*Y 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE--AN UN5D+ /RUGGLE1 S9CE PROGRESS 9 A*IEV+ A MORE JU/ SOCIETY WILL LEAD TO NEW 9SI<T & UND]/&+ ( =MS ( OPPRESSION ?AT MAY BE CONCEAL$ 9 TRADITIONAL PRACTICE & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! ,L59I/ ANTAGONISM TO ! MO/ ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( SOCIALISM WAS EVID5T FROM ! V]Y />T4 ,9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 SOVIETS & FACTORY COMMITTEES DEVELOP$ AS 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE & LIB]ATION1 ) MANY FLAWS BUT ) A RI* POT5TIAL4 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 UPON ASSUM+ P[]1 IMM$IATELY DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO DE/ROY+ ! LIB]ATORY POT5TIAL ( !SE 9/RUM5TS1 E/ABLI%+ ! RULE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--9 PRACTICE1 ITS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ITS ,MAXIMAL ,LEAD]S--EXACTLY AS ,TROTSKY HAD PR$ICT$ YE>S E>LI]1 AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & O!R LEFT ,M>XI/S W>N$ AT ! TIME1 & AS ! AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS UND]/OOD4 ,NOT ONLY ! MASSES BUT EV5 ! P>TY MU/ BE SUBJECT TO 0VIGILANT CONTROL FROM ABOVE10 SO ,TROTSKY HELD AS HE MADE ! TRANSITION FROM REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL TO /ATE PRIE/4 ,BE=E SEIZ+ /ATE P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ADOPT$ MU* ( ! RHETORIC ( PEOPLE :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE FROM BEL[1 BUT !IR TRUE COMMITM5TS W]E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T BE=E & BECAME CRY/AL CLE> AS !Y ASSUM$ /ATE P[] 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 

,A HI/ORIAN SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 WRITES ?AT 0! SPONTANE\S 9CL9ATION ( ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE FACTORY COMMITTEES & TO 9T]V5E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES WAS 9EVITABLY 5C\RAG$ BY A REVOLUTION :I* L$ ! WORK]S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE MA*9]Y ( ! C\NTRY BELONG$ TO !M & C\LD BE OP]AT$ BY !M AT !IR [N DISCRETION & TO !IR [N ADVANTAGE0 .<MY EMPHASIS.>4 ,= ! WORK]S1 AS ONE AN>*I/ DELEGATE SAID1 0,! FACTORY COMMITTEES W]E CELLS ( ! FUTURE444 4 ,!Y1 NOT ! /ATE1 %\LD N[ ADM9I/]40 

,BUT ! /ATE PRIE/S KNEW BETT]1 & MOV$ AT ONCE TO DE/ROY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES & TO R$UCE ! SOVIETS TO ORGANS ( !IR RULE4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #c1 ,L59 ANN\NC$ 9 A 0,DRAFT ,DECREE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL0 ?AT DELEGATES ELECT$ TO EX]CISE SU* CONTROL W]E TO BE 0ANSW]ABLE TO ! /ATE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /RICTE/ ORD] & DISCIPL9E & = ! PROTECTION ( PROP]TY40 ,AS ! YE> 5D$1 ,L59 NOT$ ?AT 0WE PASS$ FROM WORK]S' CONTROL TO ! CREATION ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY10 :I* WAS TO 0REPLACE1 ABSORB & SUP]S$E ! MA*9]Y ( WORK]S' CONTROL0 7,C>R74 0,! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM IS EMBODI$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL10 ONE ,M5%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/ LAM5T$4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP EXPRESS$ ! SAME LAM5T 9 ACTION1 BY DEMOLI%+ ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JULY #a#g1 #baf 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #b 3 ,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,READY = ,SOCIALISM8 
,IS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,READY = ,SOCIALISM8 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! RISE ( ! LIKES ( ,DONALD ,TRUMP & ,B]NIE ,S&]S SEEMS TO 9DICATE ?AT ,U,S SOCIETY IS AT ! PRES5T MOM5T 9 ! MID/ ( A MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL READJU/M5T BR\<T AB\T BY ! DET]IORAT+ /ATE ( ! /&>D ( LIV+1 ! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( 9COME 9EQUALITY1 & MYRIAD O!R ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ILLS FAC+ ! C\NTRY 9 ! ,NEW ,GILD$ ,]A4 ,9 Y\R VIEW1 & GIV5 ! PECULI>ITIES ( ,U,S POLITICAL CULTURE1 H[ SIGNIFICANT >E ! #baf PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! ELECTIONS >E QUITE SIGNIFICANT1 :ATEV] ! \TCOME1 9 REVEAL+ ! GR[+ DISCONT5T & ANG] AB\T ! IMPACT ( ! NEOLIB]AL PROGRAMS ( ! PA/ G5]ATION1 :I*1 AS ELSE:]E QUITE G5]ALLY1 HAVE HAD A H>% IMPACT ON ! MASS ( ! POPULATION :ILE UND]M9+ FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY & 5RI*+ & EMP[]+ A T9Y M9ORITY1 L>GELY 9 F9ANCIAL 9DU/RIES ?AT HAVE A DUBI\S1 IF NOT H>MFUL1 ROLE 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS >E TAK+ PLACE1 = SIMIL> REASONS1 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! T5D5CIES HAVE BE5 CLE> = SOME TIME1 BUT1 9 ?IS ELECTION1 ! P>TY E/ABLI%M5TS HAVE LO/ CONTROL = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,ON ! ,REPUBLICAN SIDE1 9 PREVI\S PRIM>IES !Y W]E ABLE TO ELIM9ATE C&IDATES ?AT >OSE FROM ! BASE & TO NOM9ATE !IR [N MAN4 ,BUT NOT ?IS TIME1 & !Y >E DESP]ATE AB\T ! FAILURE4 ,ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC SIDE1 ! ,S&]S *ALL5GE & ITS SUCCESS >E NO LESS UNANTICIPAT$ ?AN ! ,TRUMP TRIUMPH & REFLECT SIMIL> DISILLUSIONM5T & CONC]NS1 V]Y DIFF]5TLY EXPRESS$ BUT ) SOME COMMON ELEM5TS4 ,TRUMP SUPPORT]S 9CLUDE MU* ( ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS4 ,ONE CAN UND]/& !IR ANG] & FRU/RATION1 & :Y ,TRUMP'S RHETORIC MI<T APPEAL TO !M4 ,BUT !Y >E BETT+ ON ! WRONG HORSE4 ,HIS POLICY PROPOSALS--TO ! LIMIT$ EXT5T ?AT !Y >E COH]5T--NOT ONLY DO NOT S]I\SLY ADDRESS !IR LEGITIMATE CONC]NS BUT W\LD BE QUITE H>MFUL TO !M4 ,& NOT JU/ TO !M4 

,FOLL[+ SOME:AT ON ! FOOT/EPS ( ! ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET MOVEM5T1 ,B]NIE ,S&]S HAS MADE ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY & SOCIAL RI<TS !MES ( HIS CAMPAIGN4 ,IS ?IS TR5D LIKELY TO CONT9UE AFT] ! ELECTION1 OR WILL ! MOM5TUM = RE=M FADE AWAY8 

,?AT'S UP TO US1 &1 SPECIFICALLY1 UP TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 MOBILIZ$ BY ! CAMPAIGN1 & TO ,S&]S HIMSELF4 ,! 5]GY & COMMITM5T C\LD FADE AWAY1 LIKE ! ,RA9B[ ,COALITION4 ,OR IT C\LD BECOME A CONT9U+ & GR[+ =CE ?AT IS NOT FOCUS$ ON ELECTORAL EXTRAVAGANZAS EV5 ?\< IT MAY USE !M TO C>RY ITS CONC]NS =W>D4 ,?AT WILL BE A CRITICAL *OICE 9 ! COM+ MON?S4 

,IS ,B]NIE ,S&]S M]ELY A ,NEW ,DEAL]1 OR P]HAPS A ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 OR SOME?+ FUR!R TO ! LEFT8 

,HE SEEMS TO ME A DEC5T & HONE/ ,NEW ,DEAL]--:I* IS NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7ACTUALLY1 BO? T]MS COV] A PRETTY BROAD RANGE74 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 >E ,KEYNESIANISM & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY /ILL RELEVANT & APPLICABLE 9 TODAY'S GLOBAL ECONOMIC 5VIRONM5T1 OR SIMPLY DEFUNCT8 

,I ?9K !Y >E QUITE RELEVANT1 TO RE/ORE SOME DEGREE ( SANITY & DEC5CY TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE--BUT NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,WE %\LD AIM WELL BEYOND4 

,%\LD ! LEFT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FI<T = RE=MS ALONG ! L9ES ( ?OSE >TICULAT$ BY ,B]NIE ,S&]S1 OR %\LD IT DEVOTE ITSELF TO PROMOT+ A MORE RADICAL V]SION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC *ANGE8 

,I DON'T ?9K ?IS HAS TO BE A *OICE1 ?\< ( C\RSE ! DEGREE ( EMPHASIS ON ONE OR ! O!R IS A *OICE4 ,BO? CAN BE PURSU$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 & CAN BE MUTUALLY RE9=C+4 ,TAKE A V5]ABLE AN>*I/ J\RNAL LIKE ,FRE$OM1 F\ND$ BY ,RUSSIAN ACTIVI/ & PHILOSOPH] ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,ITS PAGES >E (T5 DEVOT$ TO ONGO+ SOCIAL /RUGGLES ) RE=MI/ AIMS1 :I* W\LD IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES & CREATE ! BASIS = MOV+ ON4 ,!SE CONC]NS >E GUID$ BY F> MORE RADICAL LONG-T]M OBJECTIVES4 

,:ILE SUPPORT+ VALUABLE RE=MS & EF=TS TO PROTECT & EXT5D RI<TS1 !RE IS NO REASON NOT TO FOLL[ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9'S ADVICE TO CREATE ! G]MS ( A FUTURE SOCIETY )9 ! PRES5T ONE1 AT ! V]Y SAME TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE CAN SUPPORT HEAL? & SAFETY /&>DS 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE :ILE AT ! SAME TIME E/ABLI%+ 5T]PRISES [N$ & MANAG$ BY ! WORK=CE4 ,& EV5 SUPPORT = ! RE=MI/ MEASURES CAN 7& %\LD BE7 DESIGN$ SO AS TO HI<LI<T ! ROOTS ( ! PROBLEMS 9 ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 5C\RAG+ ! RECOGNITION ?AT DEF5D+ & EXP&+ RI<TS IS JU/ A /EP T[>D ELIM9AT+ ?OSE ROOTS4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ONE ( ! MAJOR *ALL5GES FAC+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ! ABS5CE ( A NATIONAL CLASS-BAS$ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,DO Y\ SEE ?IS *ANG+ ANY TIME SOON ON ACC\NT ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIALISM BEG9N+ TO E/ABLI% ROOTS AMONG C]TA9 SEGM5TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! Y\?8 

,U,S POLITICAL HI/ORY IS RA!R UNUSUAL AMONG ! DEVELOP$ /ATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,! POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE NOT BE5 CLASS-BAS$ TO ! SAME EXT5T AS ELSE:]E4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 REGIONAL 9 L>GE P>T1 A RESIDUE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* HAS /ILL NOT 5D$4 ,9 ! LA/ ELECTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ! R$ 7,REPUBLICAN7 /ATES LOOK$ REM>KABLY LIKE ! ,CONF$]ACY--P>TY NAMES SWIT*$ AFT] ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T OP5$ ! WAY = ,NIXON'S RACI/ 0,S\!RN /RATEGY40 ,! P>TIES HAVE ALSO BE5 BAS$ ON RA!R AD HOC COALITIONS1 :I* BLUR ANY POSSIBLE CLASS L9ES FUR!R1 LEAV+ ! TWO P>TIES AS BASICALLY FACTIONS ( ! RUL+ BUS9ESS P>TY1 9 ! FAMILI> PHRASE4 

,!RE IS NO 9DICATION ( ?AT *ANG+1 & 9 ! ,U,S SY/EM ( 0FIR/ PA/ ! PO/0 & MASSIVE CAMPAIGN EXP5DITURES1 IT IS V]Y H>D TO BREAK ! LOCK ( ! TWO POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* >E NOT MEMB]%IP OR P>TICIPATORY P>TIES1 BUT MORE C&IDATE-PRODUC+ & FUNDRAIS+ ORGANIZATIONS1 ) SOME:AT DIFF]5T POLICY ORI5TATIONS 7)9 A FAIRLY N>R[ RANGE74 ,IT IS RA!R /RIK+1 = EXAMPLE1 TO SEE H[ EASILY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ALMO/ OP5LY AB&ONS ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS1 :I* DRIFTS TO ! H&S ( !IR MO/ BITT] CLASS 5EMY1 ! LEAD]%IP & P[] BASE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 

,ON SOCIALISM E/ABLI%+ ROOTS AMONG ! Y\NG1 ONE HAS TO BE CAUTI\S4 ,IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT 0SOCIALISM0 9 ! CURR5T CONTEXT MEANS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM ,NEW ,DEAL-/YLE WELF>E-/ATE CAPITALISM--:I* W\LD1 9 FACT1 BE A V]Y HEAL?Y DEVELOPM5T 9 TODAY'S UGLY CONTEXT4 

,H[ %\LD WE DEF9E SOCIALISM 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY8 

,LIKE O!R T]MS ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE1 0SOCIALISM0 IS QUITE VAGUE & BROAD 9 APPLICATION4 ,H[ WE %\LD DEF9E IT DEP5DS ON \R VALUES & GOALS4 ,A GOOD />T1 FITT+ WELL 9TO ! ,AM]ICAN CONTEXT1 W\LD BE ! RECOMM5DATIONS ( ,AM]ICA'S LEAD+ TW5TIE?-C5TURY SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]1 ,JOHN ,DEWEY1 :O CALL$ = DEMOCRATIZATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,HE HELD ?AT WORK]S %\LD BE 0! MA/]S ( !IR [N 9DU/RIAL FATE10 & ?AT 0! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 PUBLICITY1 TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION0 %\LD BE UND] PUBLIC CONTROL4 ,O!RWISE1 POLITICS WILL REMA9 0! %AD[ CA/ ON SOCIETY BY BIG BUS9ESS0 & SOCIAL POLICY WILL BE GE>$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! MA/]S4 ,?AT'S A GOOD />T4 ,& IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 SIGNIFICANT /R&S ( ! SOCIETY & ITS COMPLEX HI/ORY4 

,A PROBLEM FAC+ TODAY'S LEFT IS ?AT1 :5EV] IT CAME TO P[]1 IT CAPITULAT$ 9 NO TIME TO CAPITALI/ =CES & BECAME IMM]S$ ITSELF 9 ! PRACTICES ( CORRUPTION & ! PURSUIT ( P[] = ! SAKE ( P[] & MAT]IAL GA9S4 ,WE HAVE SE5 IT 9 ,BRAZIL1 9 ,GREECE1 9 ,V5EZUELA1 & ELSE:]E4 ,H[ DO Y\ EXPLA9 ?IS8 

,?AT'S BE5 A V]Y SAD DEVELOPM5T4 ,! CAUSES V>Y1 BUT ! RESULTS >E HI<LY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,9 ,BRAZIL1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,P,T 7,WORK]S' ,P>TY7 HAD 5ORM\S OPPORTUNITIES & C\LD HAVE BE5 A =CE = TRANS=M+ ,BRAZIL & LEAD+ ! WAY = ! :OLE CONT95T1 GIV5 ,BRAZIL'S UNIQUE POSITION4 ,?\< !RE W]E SOME A*IEVEM5TS1 ! OPPORTUNITIES W]E SQU&]$ AS ! P>TY LEAD]%IP JO9$ ! RE/ ( ! ELITE 9 S9K+ 9TO ! ABYSS ( CORRUPTION4 

,AL?\< IT WAS CLE> ?AT ,B]NIE ,S&]S C\LD NOT W9 ! ,DEMOCRATIC NOM9ATION1 HE S\<T TO /ICK >\ND AS A C&IDATE UNTIL ! CONV5TION4 ,:AT WAS HIS AIM 9 DO+ SO8 

,! 9T5TION1 ,I PRESUME1 WAS PRETTY MU* :AT HE HAS BE5 SAY+3 TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 =MULAT+ ! P>TY PLAT=M AT ! CONV5TION4 ,?AT DOESN'T SEEM TO ME TO MATT] MU*2 PLAT=MS >E MO/LY RHETORIC4 ,:AT C\LD BE QUITE SIGNIFICANT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T3 US+ ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! ELECTORAL 5?USIASM1 L>GELY FO/]$ BY PROPAG&A1 TO ORGANIZE AN ONGO+ & GR[+ POPUL> MOVEM5T1 NOT GE>$ TO ! ELECTORAL CYCLE1 :I* WILL BE DEVOT$ TO BR++ AB\T BADLY NE$$ *ANGES BY DIRECT ACTION & O!R APPROPRIATE MEANS4 

,IF ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM IS DEAD1 AS ,DONALD ,TRUMP SAYS IT IS1 :Y DO SURVEYS CONT9UE TO %[ ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE 9T]VIEW$ SAY !Y /ILL BELIEVE & EV5 LIVE ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM8 ,WAS ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM EV] REALITY1 OR JU/ A MY?8 

,! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 WAS A V]Y MIX$ /ORY4 ,IT TRACES BACK TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 FREE PEOPLE C\LD OBTA9 L& & PURSUE O!R OPPORTUNITIES 9 AN EXP&+ ECONOMY--?ANKS TO ANNIHILATION ( ! ,9DIG5\S NATIONS :O POPULAT$ ! C\NTRY & ! HUGE CONTRIBUTION TO ! ECONOMY ( ! MO/ VICI\S =M ( SLAV]Y ?AT HAS YET EXI/$4 

,9 LAT] YE>S ! 0DREAM0 TOOK O!R =MS1 = SOME1 & SOMETIMES4 ,UNTIL ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION WAS %>PLY CUT 9 #aibd 9 ORD] TO BLOCK UNDESIRABLES 7MA9LY ,ITALIANS & ,JEWS71 IMMIGRANTS C\LD HOPE TO WORK !IR WAY 9TO A RI* SOCIETY1 ) 9COMP>ABLE ADVANTAGES4 ,9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 ! GREAT GR[? YE>S ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 WORK+ PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS = A R>E MOM5T 9 ! PA/ HALF-MILL5NIUM ( BITT] REPRESSION1 C\LD HOPE TO GET A DEC5TLY PAY+ UNION JOB ) B5EFITS1 BUY A H\SE & A C>1 S5D !IR KIDS TO COLLEGE4 ,?AT DREAM PRETTY MU* 5D$ ) ! %IFT ( ! ECONOMY T[>D F9ANCIALIZATION & NEOLIB]ALISM FROM ! #a#i#gS1 ACCEL]AT+ UND] ,REAGAN & S9CE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! TRADITIONAL 0DREAM10 SU* AS IT WAS1 IS OV]1 OR ?AT SOME?+ MU* BETT]1 MU* MORE HUMANE & JU/1 IS BEYOND \R REA*4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,MAY #a#h1 #baf 

O ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #c 3 ,:Y ,I ,*OOSE ,OPTIMISM OV] ,DESPAIR 
,:Y ,I ,*OOSE ,OPTIMISM OV] ,DESPAIR 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 Y\R BOOK ,:AT ,K9D ( ,CREATURES ,>E ,WE8 7,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#a#e7 BR+S TOGE!R Y\R 9VE/IGATION 9TO LANGUAGE & ! M9D & LONG-HELD VIEWS ( Y\RS ON SOCIETY & POLITICS4 ,LET ME />T BY ASK+ Y\ AS TO :E!R Y\ FEEL ?AT ! BIOL+UI/IC APPROA* TO LANGUAGE ?AT Y\ HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S OR SO IS /ILL OP5 TO FUR!R EXPLORATION &1 IF SO1 :AT SORT ( QUE/IONS REMA9 UNANSW]$ AB\T ! ACQUISITION ( LANGUAGE4 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,NOT JU/ ME1 BY ANY MEANS4 ,QUITE A FEW PEOPLE4 ,ONE ( ! REAL PIONE]S WAS ! LATE ,]IC ,L5NEB]G1 A CLOSE FRI5D FROM ! E>LY #a#i#eS :5 !SE IDEAS W]E BREW+4 ,HIS BOOK ,BIOLOGICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ,LANGUAGE IS AN 5DUR+ CLASSIC4 

,! PROGRAM IS V]Y MU* OP5 TO FUR!R EXPLORATION4 ,!RE >E UNANSW]$ QUE/IONS RI<T AT ! BORD]S ( 9QUIRY1 ! K9DS ?AT >E CRUCIAL = ADVANC+ :AT ,TOM ,KUHN CALL$ 0NORMAL SCI5CE40 ,& QUE/IONS ?AT LIE BEYOND >E TRADITIONAL & TANTALIZ+4 

,ONE TOPIC ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO BE OP5 TO S]I\S 9VE/IGATION IS ! REALIZATION ( ! CAPACITY = LANGUAGE & ITS USE 9 ! BRA94 ,?AT'S V]Y H>D TO /UDY4 ,SIMIL> QUE/IONS >E EXTREMELY DIFFICULT EV5 9 ! CASE ( 9SECTS1 & = HUMANS1 !Y >E 9COMP>ABLY H>D]1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! VA/LY GREAT] COMPLEXITY ( ! BRA94 ,WE KN[ A GOOD DEAL AB\T ! HUMAN VISUAL SY/EM1 BUT ?AT IS BECAUSE IT IS MU* ! SAME AS ! VISUAL SY/EMS ( CATS & MONKEYS1 & 7RI<TLY OR NOT7 WE P]MIT 9VASIVE EXP]IM5TATION ) !SE ANIMALS4 ,?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE = HUMANS BECAUSE ! HUMAN LANGUAGE CAPACITY IS SO ISOLAT$ BIOLOGICALLY4 ,!RE >E NO RELEVANT ANALOGS ELSE:]E 9 ! BIOLOGICAL WORLD--A FASC9AT+ TOPIC 9 ITSELF4 

,NEV]!LESS1 NEW NON9VASIVE TE*NOLOGIES >E BEG9N+ TO PROVIDE IMPORTANT EVID5CE1 :I* SOMETIMES EV5 IS BEG9N+ TO BE> ON OP5 QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( LANGUAGE 9 9T]E/+ WAYS4 ,!SE >E AMONG ! TOPICS AT ! BORD]S ( 9QUIRY1 ALONG ) A HUGE & *ALL5G+ MASS ( PROBLEMS AB\T ! PROP]TIES ( LANGUAGE & ! PR9CIPLES ?AT EXPLA9 !M4 ,LY+ F>1 F> BEYOND--MAYBE EV5 BEYOND HUMAN REA*-->E ! K9DS ( QUE/IONS ?AT ANIMAT$ TRADITIONAL ?\<T 7& WOND]7 AB\T ! NATURE ( LANGUAGE1 9CLUD+ SU* GREAT FIGURES AS ,GALILEO1 ,DESC>TES1 VON ,HUMBOLDT1 & O!RS3 PRIM>Y AMONG !M1 :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ 0! CREATIVE ASPECT ( LANGUAGE USE10 ! ABILITY ( EV]Y HUMAN TO CON/RUCT 9 ! M9D & COMPREH5D AN UNB\ND$ NUMB] ( NEW EXPRESSIONS EXPRESS+ !IR ?\<TS1 & TO USE !M 9 WAYS APPROPRIATE TO BUT NOT CAUS$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 A CRUCIAL DI/9CTION4 

,WE >E 09CIT$ & 9CL9$0 BUT NOT 0COMPELL$10 9 ,C>TESIAN T]M9OLOGY4 ,!SE >E NOT MATT]S RE/RICT$ TO LANGUAGE1 BY ANY MEANS4 ,! ISSUE IS PUT GRAPHICALLY BY TWO LEAD+ NEUROSCI5TI/S :O /UDY VOLUNT>Y MOTION1 ,EMILIO ,BIZZI & ,ROB]T ,AJEMIAN4 ,REVIEW+ ! CURR5T /ATE ( ! >T1 !Y OBS]VE ?AT WE >E BEG9N+ TO UND]/& SOME?+ AB\T ! PUPPET & ! /R+S1 BUT ! PUPPETE] REMA9S A TOTAL MY/]Y4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS C5TRALITY TO \R LIVES1 & ITS CRITICAL ROLE 9 CON/RUCT+1 EXPRESS+1 & 9T]PRET+ ?\<T1 ! NORMAL USE ( LANGUAGE ILLU/RATES !SE MY/]I\S CAPACITIES 9 A P>TICUL>LY DRAMATIC & COMPELL+ WAY4 ,?AT IS :Y NORMAL LANGUAGE USE1 = ,DESC>TES1 WAS A PRIM>Y DI/9CTION BETWE5 HUMANS & ANY ANIMAL OR MA*9E1 & A BASIS = HIS M9D-BODY DUALISM--:I*1 CONTR>Y TO :AT IS (T5 BELIEV$1 WAS A LEGITIMATE & S5SIBLE SCI5TIFIC HYPO!SIS 9 HIS DAY1 ) AN 9T]E/+ FATE4 

,:AT W\LD Y\ SAY IS ! PHILOSOPHICAL RELEVANCE ( LANGUAGE8 

,! COMM5TS ABOVE BEG9 TO DEAL ) ?AT QUE/ION4 ,IT HAS BE5 TRADITIONALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HUMAN LANGUAGE IS A SPECIES PROP]TY1 COMMON TO HUMANS AP>T FROM SEV]E PA?OLOGY1 & UNIQUE TO HUMANS 9 ESS5TIALS4 ,ONE ( ,L5NEB]G'S CONTRIBUTIONS WAS TO BEG9 TO GR\ND ?IS RADICAL DISCONT9UITY 9 S\ND MOD]N BIOLOGY1 & ! CONCLUSION HAS ONLY BE5 /R5G!N$ BY SUBSEQU5T WORK 7A MATT] ?AT IS HOTLY CONTE/$1 BUT MI/AK5LY SO1 ,I BELIEVE74 ,FUR!RMORE1 WORK ?AT ,L5NEB]G ALSO 9ITIAT$ REVEALS ?AT ! HUMAN LANGUAGE CAPACITY APPE>S TO BE DISSOCIAT$ QUITE %>PLY FROM O!R COGNITIVE CAPACITIES4 ,IT IS1 FUR!RMORE1 NOT ONLY ! VEHICLE ( ?\<T1 BUT ALSO PROBABLY ! G5]ATIVE S\RCE ( SUB/ANTIAL P>TS ( \R ?9K+4 

,! CLOSE /UDY ( LANGUAGE ALSO PROVIDES MU* 9SI<T 9TO CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS AB\T ! NATURE ( CONCEPTS & !IR RELATION TO M9D-EXT]NAL 5TITIES1 A MATT] MU* MORE 9TRICATE ?AN (T5 ASSUM$4 ,& MORE G5]ALLY1 IT SUGGE/S WAYS TO 9VE/IGATE ! NATURE ( HUMAN KN[L$GE & JUDGM5T4 ,9 ANO!R DOMA91 IMPORTANT REC5T WORK BY ,JOHN ,MIKHAIL & O!RS HAS PROVID$ SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT = SOME NEGLECT$ IDEAS ( ,JOHN ,RAWLS ON RELATIONS ( \R 9TUITIVE MORAL !ORIES TO LANGUAGE /RUCTURE4 ,& MU* MORE4 ,!RE IS GOOD REASON :Y /UDY ( LANGUAGE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A C5TRAL P>T ( PHILOSOPHICAL DISC\RSE & ANALYSIS1 & NEW DISCOV]IES & 9SI<TS1 ,I ?9K1 BE> DIRECTLY ON MANY ( ! TRADITIONAL CONC]NS4 

,! WELL-KN[N ,UNIV]SITY ,COLLEGE ,LONDON L+UI/ ,NEIL ,SMI? >GU$ 9 HIS BOOK ,*OMSKY3 ,IDEAS & ,IDEALS 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i7 ?AT Y\ PUT TO RE/ ! M9D-BODY PROBLEMATIC NOT BY %[+ ?AT WE HAVE A LIMIT$ UND]/&+ ( ! M9D BUT ?AT WE CANNOT DEF9E :AT ! BODY IS4 ,:AT CAN HE POSSIBLY MEAN BY ?IS8 

,I WASN'T ! P]SON :O PUT IT TO RE/4 ,F> FROM IT4 ,ISAAC ,NEWTON DID4 ,E>LY MOD]N SCI5CE1 FROM ,GALILEO & HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 WAS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! WORLD IS A MA*9E1 A MU* MORE COMPLEX V]SION ( ! REM>KABLE AUTOMATA !N BE+ CON/RUCT$ BY SKILL$ CRAFTSM51 :I* EXCIT$ ! SCI5TIFIC IMAG9ATION ( ! DAY1 MU* AS COMPUT]S & 9=MATION PROCESS+ DO TODAY4 ,! GREAT SCI5TI/S ( ! TIME1 9CLUD+ ,NEWTON1 ACCEPT$ ?IS 0ME*ANICAL PHILOSOPHY0 7MEAN+ ! SCI5CE ( ME*ANICS7 AS ! F\NDATION ( !IR 5T]PRISE4 ,DESC>TES BELIEV$ HE HAD PRETTY MU* E/ABLI%$ ! ME*ANICAL PHILOSOPHY1 9CLUD+ ALL ! PH5OM5A ( BODY1 ?\< HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SOME PH5OM5A LAY BEYOND ITS REA*1 9CLUD+1 CRUCIALLY1 ! 0CREATIVE ASPECT ( LANGUAGE USE0 DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,HE !RE=E1 PLAUSIBLY1 PO/ULAT$ A NEW PR9CIPLE--9 ! METAPHYSICS ( ! DAY1 A NEW SUB/ANCE1 RES COGITANS1 0?9K+ SUB/ANCE1 M9D40 ,HIS FOLL[]S DEVIS$ EXP]IM5TAL TE*NIQUES TO TRY TO DET]M9E :E!R O!R CREATURES HAD ?IS PROP]TY1 &1 LIKE ,DESC>TES1 W]E CONC]N$ TO DISCOV] H[ ! TWO SUB/ANCES 9T]ACT$4 

,NEWTON DEMOLI%$ ! PICTURE4 ,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! ,C>TESIAN ACC\NT ( BODY WAS 9CORRECT &1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO ME*ANICAL ACC\NT ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD3 ! WORLD IS NOT A MA*9E4 ,NEWTON REG>D$ ?IS CONCLUSION AS SO 0ABSURD0 ?AT NO ONE ( S\ND SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ C\LD POSSIBLY 5T]TA9 IT--?\< IT WAS TRUE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,NEWTON DEMOLI%$ ! CONCEPT ( BODY 7MAT]IAL1 PHYSICAL1 & SO ON71 9 ! =M ?AT IT WAS !N UND]/OOD1 & !RE REALLY IS NO?+ TO REPLACE IT1 BEYOND 0:ATEV] WE MORE OR LESS UND]/&40 ,! ,C>TESIAN CONCEPT ( M9D REMA9$ UNAFFECT$4 ,IT HAS BECOME CONV5TIONAL TO SAY ?AT WE HAVE RID \RSELVES ( ! MY/ICISM ( 0! <O/ 9 ! MA*9E40 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ,NEWTON EXORCIZ$ ! MA*9E :ILE LEAV+ ! <O/ 9TACT1 A CONSEQU5CE UND]/OOD V]Y WELL BY ! GREAT PHILOSOPH]S ( ! P]IOD1 LIKE ,JOHN ,LOCKE4 

,LOCKE W5T ON TO SPECULATE 79 ! ACCEPT$ !OLOGICAL IDIOM7 ?AT JU/ AS ,GOD HAD ADD$ TO MATT] PROP]TIES ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION ?AT >E 9CONCEIVABLE TO US 7AS DEMON/RAT$ BY 0! JUDICI\S ,MR4 ,NEWTON071 SO HE MI<T HAVE 0SUP]ADD$0 TO MATT] ! CAPACITY ( ?\<T4 ,! SUGGE/ION 7KN[N AS 0,LOCKE'S SUGGE/ION0 9 ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY7 WAS PURSU$ EXT5SIVELY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY BY PHILOSOPH] & *EMI/ ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LEY1 ADOPT$ BY ,D>W91 & R$ISCOV]$ 7APP>5TLY )\T AW>5ESS ( ! E>LI] ORIG9S7 9 CONTEMPOR>Y NEUROSCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY4 

,!RE IS MU* MORE TO SAY AB\T !SE MATT]S1 BUT ?AT1 9 ESS5CE1 IS :AT ,SMI? WAS REF]R+ TO4 ,NEWTON ELIM9AT$ ! M9D-BODY PROBLEM 9 ITS CLASSIC ,C>TESIAN =M 7IT IS NOT CLE> ?AT !RE IS ANY O!R COH]5T V]SION71 BY ELIM9AT+ BODY1 LEAV+ M9D 9TACT4 ,& 9 DO+ SO1 AS ,DAVID ,HUME CONCLUD$1 0,:ILE ,NEWTON SEEM$ TO DRAW ! VEIL FROM SOME ( ! MY/]IES ( NATURE1 HE %[$ AT ! SAME TIME ! IMP]FECTIONS ( ! ME*ANICAL PHILOSOPHY 444 & !REBY RE/OR$ .<NATURE'S.> ULTIMATE SECRETS TO ?AT OBSCURITY1 9 :I* !Y EV] DID & EV] WILL REMA940 

,:5 Y\ MADE Y\R BREAK?R\< 9TO ! /UDY ( L+UI/ICS1 ,B4 ,F4 ,SK9N]'S V]BAL BEHAVIOR APPROA* DOM9AT$ ! FIELD & WAS WIDELY EMPLOY$ 9 ! FIELD ( M>KET+ & PROMOTIONS4 ,Y\R CRITIQUE ( ,SK9N]'S APPROA* NOT ONLY OV]?REW ! PREVAIL+ P>ADIGM AT ! TIME BUT ALSO E/ABLI%$ A NEW APPROA* TO L+UI/ICS4 ,YET1 IT SEEMS ?AT BEHAVIORALISM /ILL DOM9ATES ! PUBLIC REALM :5 IT COMES TO M>KET+ & CONSUM] BEHAVIOR4 ,Y\R EXPLANATION = ?IS APP>5T ANT9OMY8 

,BEHAVIORAL ME?ODS 7?\< NOT EXACTLY ,SK9N]'S7 MAY WORK REASONABLY WELL 9 %AP+ & CONTROLL+ ?\<T & ATTITUDES1 H5CE SOME BEHAVIOR1 AT LEA/ AT ! SUP]FICIAL LEVEL ( M>KET+ & 9DUC+ CONSUM]ISM4 ,! NE$ TO CONTROL ?\<T IS A LEAD+ DOCTR9E ( ! HUGE ,P,R 9DU/RY1 :I* DEVELOP$ 9 ! FREE/ C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD1 ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MOTIVAT$ BY ! RECOGNITION ?AT PEOPLE HAD WON TOO MANY RI<TS TO BE CONTROLL$ BY =CE1 SO IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TURN TO O!R MEANS3 :AT ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! 9DU/RY1 ,$W>D ,B]NAYS1 CALL$ 0! 5G9E]+ ( CONS5T40 

,9 HIS BOOK ,PROPAG&A1 A F\ND+ DOCUM5T ( ! 9DU/RY1 ,B]NAYS EXPLA9$ ?AT 5G9E]+ CONS5T & 0REGIM5TATION0 W]E NECESS>Y 9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES SO AS TO 5SURE ?AT ! 09TELLIG5T M9ORITY0 WILL BE ABLE TO ACT 7( C\RSE1 = ! B5EFIT ( ALL7 )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ANNOY+ PUBLIC1 :O MU/ BE KEPT PASSIVE1 OB$I5T1 & DIV]T$2 PASSIONATE CONSUM]ISM IS ! OBVI\S DEVICE1 BAS$ ON 0CREAT+ WANTS0 BY V>I\S MEANS4 

,AS EXPLA9$ BY HIS CONTEMPOR>Y & FELL[ LIB]AL 9TELLECTUAL ,WALT] ,LIPPMANN1 ! LEAD+ PUBLIC 9TELLECTUAL ( ! DAY1 ! 0IGNORANT M$DLESOME \TSID]S0--! G5]AL PUBLIC--MU/ BE 0PUT 9 !IR PLACE0 AS 0SPECTATORS10 NOT 0P>TICIPANTS10 :ILE 0! RESPONSIBLE M50 MU/ BE PROTECT$ FROM 0! TRAMPL+ & ! RO> ( A BEWILD]$ H]D40 ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE ( PREVAIL+ DEMOCRATIC !ORY4 ,M>KET+ TO 5G9E] CONS5T BY CONTROL ( ?\<T1 ATTITUDES1 & BEHAVIOR IS A CRUCIAL LEV] TO A*IEVE !SE 5DS--& 79CID5TALLY7 TO KEEP PR(ITS FL[+4 

,MANY MA9TA9 ! VIEW ?AT1 AS HUMANS1 WE HAVE A PROP5SITY = AGGRESSION & VIOL5CE1 :I* 9 ACTUALITY EXPLA9S ! RISE ( OPPRESSIVE & REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE DEF9$ MU* ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,H[ DO Y\ RESPOND TO ?IS D>K VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE8 

,S9CE OPPRESSION & REPRESSION EXI/1 !Y >E REFLECTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( SYMPA?Y1 SOLID>ITY1 K9DNESS1 & CONC]N = O!RS--& = SOME GREAT FIGURES1 LIKE ,ADAM ,SMI?1 !SE W]E ! ESS5TIAL PROP]TIES ( HUMANS4 ,! TASK = SOCIAL POLICY IS TO DESIGN ! WAYS WE LIVE & ! 9/ITUTIONAL & CULTURAL /RUCTURE ( \R LIVES SO AS TO FAVOR ! B5IGN & TO SUPPRESS ! H>% & DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( \R FUNDAM5TAL NATURE4 

,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT HUMANS >E SOCIAL BE+S & ?US \R BEHAVIOR DEP5DS ON ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS 9 \R LIVES1 IS !RE SU* A ?+ AS A COMMON GOOD = ALL HUMAN BE+S ?AT GOES BEYOND BASIC ASPIRATIONS LIKE ! NE$ = FOOD1 %ELT]1 & PROTECTION FROM EXT]NAL ?REATS8 

,!SE >E :AT ,M>X ONCE CALL$ \R 0ANIMAL NE$S10 :I*1 HE HOP$1 W\LD BE PROVID$ BY REALIZATION ( COMMUNISM1 FREE+ US TO TURN PRODUCTIVELY TO \R 0HUMAN NE$S10 :I* F> TRANSC5D !SE 9 SIGNIFICANCE--?\< WE CANNOT =GET ,BRE*T'S ADMONITION3 0,FIR/1 FE$ ! FACE40 

,ALL 9 ALL1 H[ W\LD Y\ DEF9E HUMAN NATURE--OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 :AT K9D ( CREATURES >E WE8 

,I OP5 ! BOOK BY SAY+ ?AT 0,I AM NOT DELUD$ 5\< TO ?9K ,I CAN PROVIDE A SATISFACTORY ANSW]0 TO ?IS QUE/ION--GO+ ON TO SAY ?AT 0IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 SOME DOMA9S AT LEA/1 P>TICUL>LY ) REG>D TO \R COGNITIVE NATURE1 !RE >E 9SI<TS ( SOME 9T]E/ & SIGNIFICANCE1 SOME NEW1 & ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO CLE> AWAY SOME ( ! OB/ACLES ?AT HAMP] FUR!R 9QUIRY1 9CLUD+ SOME WIDELY ACCEPT$ DOCTR9ES ) F\NDATIONS ?AT >E MU* LESS /ABLE ?AN (T5 ASSUM$40 ,I HAV5'T BECOME LESS DELUD$ S9CE4 

,Y\ HAVE DEF9$ Y\R POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM_/AN>*ISM1 BUT REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT AN>*ISM AS A VISION ( SOCIAL ORD] FL[S NATURALLY FROM Y\R VIEWS ON LANGUAGE4 ,IS ! L9K !N PURELY CO9CID5TAL8 

,IT'S MORE ?AN CO9CID5TAL BUT MU* LESS ?AN D$UCTIVE4 ,AT A SUFFICI5T LEVEL ( AB/RACTION1 !RE IS A COMMON ELEM5T--:I* WAS SOMETIMES RECOGNIZ$1 OR AT LEA/ GLIMPS$1 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ,ROMANTIC ]AS4 ,9 BO? DOMA9S1 WE CAN P]CEIVE1 OR AT LEA/ HOPE1 ?AT AT ! CORE ( HUMAN NATURE IS :AT ,BAKUN9 CALL$ 0AN 9/9CT = FRE$OM10 :I* REVEALS ITSELF BO? 9 ! CREATIVE ASPECT ( NORMAL LANGUAGE USE & 9 ! RECOGNITION ?AT NO =M ( DOM9ATION1 AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y IS SELF-JU/IFY+3 EA* MU/ JU/IFY ITSELF1 & IF IT CANNOT1 :I* IS USUALLY ! CASE1 !N IT %\LD BE DISMANTL$ 9 FAVOR ( GREAT] FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,?AT SEEMS TO ME ! CORE IDEA ( AN>*ISM1 D]IV+ FROM ITS CLASSICAL LIB]AL ROOTS & DEEP] P]CEPTIONS--OR BELIEFS1 OR HOPES--AB\T ESS5TIAL HUMAN NATURE4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM MOVES FUR!R TO BR+ 9 IDEAS AB\T SYMPA?Y1 SOLID>ITY1 MUTUAL AID1 ALSO ) ,5LI<T5M5T ROOTS & CONCEPTIONS ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,BO? ! AN>*I/ & ! ,M>XI/ VISIONS HAVE FAIL$ TO GA9 GR\ND 9 \R [N TIME1 & 9 FACT IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT ! PROSPECTS = ! HI/ORICAL OV]COM+ ( CAPITALISM APPE> TO HAVE BE5 BRI<T] 9 ! PA/ ?AN !Y DO TODAY4 ,IF Y\ DO AGREE ) ?IS ASSESSM5T1 :AT FACTORS CAN EXPLA9 ! FRU/RAT+ SETBACK = ! REALIZATION ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL ORD]1 ?AT IS1 ONE BEYOND CAPITALISM & EXPLOITATION8 

,PREVAIL+ SY/EMS >E P>TICUL> =MS ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! PA/ G5]ATION1 !SE HAVE BE5 DI/ORT$ BY NEOLIB]AL DOCTR9ES 9TO AN ASSAULT ON HUMAN DIGNITY & EV5 ! 0ANIMAL NE$S0 ( ORD9>Y HUMAN LIFE4 ,MORE OM9\SLY1 UNLESS REV]S$1 IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE DOCTR9ES WILL DE/ROY ! POSSIBILITY ( DEC5T HUMAN EXI/5CE1 & NOT 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT !SE DANG]\S T5D5CIES >E GRAV5 9 /ONE4 ,!Y >E ! PRODUCT ( P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES & SPECIFIC HUMAN DECISIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 WELL /UDI$ ELSE:]E & ?AT ,I CANNOT REVIEW H]E4 ,!SE CAN BE REV]S$1 & !RE IS AMPLE EVID5CE ( RESI/ANCE TO !M1 :I* CAN GR[1 & 9DE$ MU/ GR[ TO A P[]FUL =CE IF !RE IS TO BE HOPE = \R SPECIES & ! WORLD ?AT IT L>GELY RULES4 

,:ILE ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 LACK ( GR[? & NEW JOBS1 & DECL9+ /&>DS ( LIV+ HAVE BECOME KEY FEATURES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ADVANC$ SOCIETIES1 ! CLIMATE *ANGE *ALL5GE APPE>S TO POSE A REAL ?REAT TO ! PLANET ON ! :OLE4 ,>E Y\ OPTIMI/IC ?AT WE CAN F9D ! RI<T =MULA TO ADDRESS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS :ILE AV]T+ AN 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE8 

,!RE >E TWO GRIM %AD[S ?AT LOOM OV] EV]Y?+ ?AT WE CONSID]3 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE & NUCLE> W>1 ! LATT] ?REAT MU* UND]E/IMAT$1 9 MY VIEW4 ,9 ! CASE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS1 WE AT LEA/ KN[ ! ANSW]3 GET RID ( !M1 LIKE SMALLPOX1 ) ADEQUATE MEASURES1 :I* >E TE*NICALLY FEASIBLE1 TO 5SURE ?AT ?IS CURSE DOES NOT >ISE AGA94 ,9 ! CASE ( 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE1 !RE /ILL APPE>S TO BE TIME TO AV]T ! WOR/ CONSEQU5CES1 BUT ?AT WILL REQUIRE MEASURES WELL BEYOND ?OSE BE+ UND]TAK5 N[1 & !RE >E S]I\S IMP$IM5TS TO OV]COME1 NOT LEA/ 9 ! MO/ P[]FUL /ATE 9 ! WORLD1 ! ONE P[] ) A CLAIM TO BE HEGEMONIC4 

,9 ! EXT5SIVE REPORT+ ( ! REC5T ,P>IS CONF]5CE ON ! CLIMATE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT S5T5CES W]E ?OSE PO9T+ \T ?AT ! B9D+ TREATY ?AT NEGOTIATORS HOP$ TO A*IEVE WAS (F ! AG5DA1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE 0DEAD ON >RIVAL0 :5 IT REA*$ ! ,REPUBLICAN-CONTROLL$ ,U,S ,CONGRESS4 ,IT IS A %OCK+ FACT ?AT EV]Y ,REPUBLICAN PRESID5TIAL CONT5D] IS EI!R AN \TRI<T CLIMATE D5I] OR A SKEPTIC :O OPPOSES GOV]NM5T ACTION4 ,CONGRESS CELEBRAT$ ! ,P>IS CONF]5CE BY CUTT+ BACK ,PRESID5T ,OBAMA'S LIMIT$ EF=TS TO AV]T DISA/]4 

,! ,REPUBLICAN MAJORITY 7) A M9ORITY ( ! POPUL> VOTE7 PR\DLY ANN\NC$ FUND+ CUTS = ! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,PROTECTION ,AG5CY 9 ORD] TO RE9 9 :AT ,H\SE ,APPROPRIATIONS ,COMMITTEE ,*AIRMAN ,HAL ,ROG]S CALL$ AN 0UNNECESS>Y1 JOB-KILL+ REGULATORY AG5DA0--OR1 9 PLA9 ,5GLI%1 ONE ( ! FEW BRAKES ON DE/RUCTION4 ,IT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT 9 CONTEMPOR>Y NEWSPEAK1 ! WORD 0JOBS0 IS A EUPHEMISM = ! UNPRON\NCEABLE SEV5-LETT] WORD 0PR---TS40 

,>E Y\ OV]ALL OPTIMI/IC AB\T ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY1 GIV5 ! K9D ( CREATURES WE >E8 

,WE HAVE TWO *OICES4 ,WE CAN BE PESSIMI/IC1 GIVE UP1 & HELP 5SURE ?AT ! WOR/ WILL HAPP54 ,OR WE CAN BE OPTIMI/IC1 GRASP ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT SURELY EXI/1 & MAYBE HELP MAKE ! WORLD A BETT] PLACE4 ,NOT MU* ( A *OICE4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #baf 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,KATIE ,PISA & ,TIME ,HUME1 0,BOKO ,H>AM ,OV]TAKES ,I,S,I,S AS ,WORLD'S ,DEADLIE/ ,T]ROR ,GR\P1 ,REPORT ,SAYS10 ,C,N,N1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #b#a#e1 WWW4CNN4COM_/#b#a#e_/#a#a_/#a#g_/WORLD_/GLOBAL-T]ROR-REPORT4 

.<#b.> ,WILLIAM ,POLK1 0,FALL+ 9TO ! ,I,S,I,S ,TRAP10 ,CONSORTIUM ,NEWS1 ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #b#a#e1 HTTPS3_/_/CONSORTIUMNEWS4COM_/#b#a#e_/#a#a_/#a#g_/FALL+-9TO-!-ISIS-TRAP4 

.<#c.> ,NICK ,TURSE1 0,TOMGRAM3 ,NICK ,TURSE1 ,SUCCESS1 ,FAILURE1 & ! ',F9E/ ,W>RIORS ,:O ,EV] ,W5T 9TO ,COMBAT1'0 ,TOM,DISPAT*1 ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #b#a#e1 WWW4TOMDISPAT*4COM_/BLOG_/#a#g#f#f4 

.<#d.> ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,:O ,RULES ! ,WORLD 7,HAMI% ,HAMILTON ,LTD1 #b#a#f74 

.<#e.> ,&REW ,COCKBURN1 0,D[N ! ,TUBE10 ,H>P]'S1 ,APRIL #b#a#f1 HTTPS3_/_/H>P]S4ORG_/>*IVE_/#b#a#f_/#d_/D[N-!-TUBE4 

.<#f.> ,DEAN ,BAK]1 ,RIGG$3 ,H[ ,GLOBALIZATION & ! ,RULES ( ! ,MOD]N ,ECONOMY ,W]E ,/RUCTUR$ TO ,MAKE ! ,RI* ,RI*] 7,C5T] = ,ECONOMIC & ,POLICY ,RESE>*1 #b#a#f71 DEANBAK]4NET_/BOOKS_/RIGG$4HTM4 

.<#g.> ,KRI/IAN ,HAUG1 0,A ,DIVID$ ,U,S3 ,SOCIOLOGI/ ,>LIE ,HO*S*ILD ON ! #baf ,PRESID5TIAL ,ELECTION10 ,TRU?\T1 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #b#a#f1 WWW4TRU?-\T-ORG_/OP9ION_/ITEM_/#c#h#b#a#g-A-DIVID$-US-SOCIOLOGI/->LIE-HO*S*ILD-ON-!-#b#a#f-PRESID5TIAL-ELECTION4 

.<#h.> ,JU/9 ,GILLIS1 0,FLOOD+ ( ,COA/1 ,CAUS$ BY ,GLOBAL ,W>M+1 ,HAS ,ALREADY ,BEGUN10 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #b#a#f1 WWW4NYTIMES4COM_/#b#a#f_/#i_/#d_/SCI5CE_/FLOOD+-(-COA/-CAUS$-BY-GLOBAL-W>M+-HAS-ALREADY-BEGUN4HTML4 

.<#i.> ,JOBY ,W>RICK1 0,:Y ,>E ,SO ,MANY ,AM]ICANS ,SKEPTICAL ,AB\T ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE8 ,A ,/UDY ,(F]S A ,SURPRIS+ ,ANSW]10 ,WA%+TON ,PO/1 ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 #b#a#e1 WWW4WA%+TONPO/4COM_/NEWS_/5]GY-5VIRONM5T_/WP_/#b#a#e_/#a#a#a_/#b#c_/:Y->E-SO-MANY-AM]ICANS-SKEPTICAL-AB\T-CLIMATE-*ANGE-A-/UDY-(F]S-A-SURPRIS+-ANSW]_/8UTM.-T]M"74B#iBD#f#h#fDFE#b2 ,MI*AEL ,ROPPOLO1 0,AM]ICANS ,MORE ,SKEPTICAL ( ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE ,?AN ,O!RS 9 ,GLOBAL ,SURVEY10 ,C,B,S ,NEWS1 ,JULY #b#c1 #b#a#d1 WWW4CBSNEWS4COM_/NEWS_/AM]ICANS-MORE-SKEPTICAL-(-CLIMATE-*ANGE-?AN-O!RS-9-GLOBAL-SURVEY4 

.<#a.> ,JU/9 ,GILLIS & ,*RIS ,BUCKLEY1 0,P]IOD ( ,SO>+ ,EMISSIONS ,MAY ,BE ,5D+1 ,NEW ,DATA ,SUGGE/10 ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,DECEMB] #g1 #b#a#e1 HTTPS3_/_/MOBILE4NYTIMES4COM_/#b#a#e_/#a#b_/#h_/SCI5CE_/C>BON-EMISSIONS-DECL9E-PEAK-CLIMATE-*ANGE4HTML4 

.<#a#a.> ,ON ! LATT] MATT]1 SEE ,M>Y ,ELL5 ,O',CONNELL1 0,GAME ( ,DRONES10 ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW #a#i1 NO4 #d 7#b#a#e73 #h#h#iF4 

.<#a#b.> ,DANIEL ,S*RAAD-,TIS*L]1 ,SOCIAL ,JU/ICE 9 ! ,O,E,C,D--,H[ ,DO ! ,MEMB] ,/ATES ,COMP>E8 ,SU/A9ABLE ,GOV]NANCE ,9DICATORS #baa 7,GUT]SLOH1 ,G]MANY3 ,B]TELSMANN1 #b#a#a71 NEWS4SGI-NETWORK4ORG_/UPLOADS_/TX.-AMSGI/UDIES_/,S,G,I#a#a.-,SOCIAL.-,JU/ICE.-,O,E,C,D4PDF4 

.<#a#c.> ,WALT] ,L4 ,HIXSON1 ,AM]ICAN ,SETTL] ,COLONIALISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY 7,PALGRAVE ,MACMILLAN1 #b#a#c71 #b4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,OPTIMISM ,OV] ,DESPAIR -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,OPTIMISM ,OV] ,DESPAIR -- ,UPDAT$4 

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