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,! ,LONG ,HI/ORY ( ,U,S ,M$DL+ 9 ,=EIGN ,ELECTIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,LONG ,HI/ORY ( ,U,S ,M$DL+ 9 ,=EIGN ,ELECTIONS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! ,U,S 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES HAVE ACCUS$ ,RUSSIA ( 9T]F]5CE 9 ! ,U,S PRESID5TIAL ELECTION 9 ORD] TO BOO/ ,TRUMP'S *ANCES1 & SOME LEAD+ ,DEMOCRATS HAVE ACTUALLY GONE ON RECORD SAY+ ?AT ! ,KREML9'S CANNY OP]ATIVES *ANG$ ! ELECTION \TCOME4 ,:AT'S Y\R REACTION TO ALL ?IS TALK 9 ,WA%+TON & AMONG M$IA PUNDITS AB\T ,RUSSIAN CYB]- & PROPAG&A EF=TS TO 9FLU5CE ! \TCOME ( ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION 9 ,DONALD ,TRUMP'S FAVOR8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,MU* ( ! WORLD MU/ BE A/ONI%$--IF !Y >E NOT COLLAPS+ 9 LAU<T]--:ILE WAT*+ ! P]=MANCES 9 HI< PLACES & 9 M$IA CONC]N+ ,RUSSIAN EF=TS TO 9FLU5CE AN ,AM]ICAN ELECTION1 A FAMILI> ,U,S GOV]NM5T SPECIALTY AS F> BACK AS WE *OOSE TO TRACE ! PRACTICE4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 M]IT 9 ! CLAIM ?AT ?IS CASE IS DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT]3 BY ,U,S /&>DS1 ! ,RUSSIAN EF=TS >E SO MEAG] AS TO B>ELY ELICIT NOTICE4 

,LET'S TALK AB\T ! LONG HI/ORY ( ,U,S M$DL+ 9 =EIGN POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 MORALLY & POLITICALLY JU/IFI$ AS ! SPREAD ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,U,S =EIGN POLICY1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 IS PRETTY MU* DEF9$ BY ! SUBV]SION & OV]?R[ ( =EIGN REGIMES1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>Y REGIMES1 & ! RESORT TO VIOL5CE TO DE/ROY POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MI<T (F] ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION AN OPPORTUNITY TO 5T] ! POLITICAL >5A4 

,FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS COMMITT$ TO RE/OR+ ! TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE ORD]4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS AIM1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE1 (T5 9 FAVOR ( ,NAZI & FASCI/ COLLABORATORS1 TO WEAK5 UNIONS & O!R POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO BLOCK ! ?REAT ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL RE=M1 :I* W]E LIVE OPTIONS UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME4 ,!SE POLICIES W]E PURSU$ WORLDWIDE3 9 ,ASIA1 9CLUD+ ,S\? ,KOREA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 ,?AIL&1 ,9DO*9A1 &1 CRUCIALLY1 ,JAPAN2 9 ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ,GREECE1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & CRUCIALLY1 ,G]MANY2 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 9CLUD+ :AT ! ,C,I,A TOOK TO BE ! MO/ SEV]E ?REATS AT ! TIME1 0RADICAL NATIONALISM0 9 ,GUATEMALA & ,BOLIVIA4 

,SOMETIMES ! TASK REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE BRUTALITY4 ,9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 AB\T #a1 PEOPLE W]E KILL$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS BY SECURITY =CES 9/ALL$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS WAS BE=E ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 :I* ,JON ,HALLIDAY & ,BRUCE ,CUM+S DESCRIBE AS 09 ESS5CE0 A PHASE--M>K$ BY MASSIVE \TSIDE 9T]V5TION--9 0A CIVIL W> F\<T BETWE5 TWO DOME/IC =CES3 A REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD ITS ROOTS 9 T\< ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE1 & A CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5T TI$ TO ! /ATUS QUO1 ESPECIALLY TO AN UNEQUAL L& SY/EM10 RE/OR$ TO P[] UND] ! ,U,S OCCUPATION4 ,9 ,GREECE 9 ! SAME YE>S1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W]E KILL$1 TORTUR$1 IMPRISON$1 OR EXPELL$ 9 ! C\RSE ( A C\NT]-9SURG5CY OP]ATION1 ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* RE/OR$ TRADITIONAL ELITES TO P[]1 9CLUD+ ,NAZI COLLABORATORS1 & SUPPRESS$ ! PEASANT- & WORK]-BAS$ COMMUNI/-L$ =CES ?AT HAD F\<T ! ,NAZIS4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 ! SAME ESS5TIAL GOALS W]E REALIZ$1 BUT BY LESS VIOL5T MEANS4 

,YET IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 CASES :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZ+ C\PS EV5 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES1 SU* AS 9 ,AU/RALIA & ,ITALY 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS4 ,CORRECT8 

,YES1 !RE IS EVID5CE ( ,C,I,A 9VOLVEM5T 9 A VIRTUAL C\P ?AT OV]TURN$ ! ,:ITLAM ,LABOR GOV]NM5T 9 ,AU/RALIA 9 #a#i#g#e1 :5 IT WAS FE>$ ?AT ,:ITLAM MI<T 9T]F]E ) ,WA%+TON'S MILIT>Y & 9TELLIG5CE BASES 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,L>GE-SCALE ,C,I,A 9T]F]5CE 9 ,ITALIAN POLITICS HAS BE5 PUBLIC KN[L$GE S9CE ! CONGRESSIONAL ,PIKE ,REPORT WAS LEAK$ 9 #a#i#g#f1 CIT+ A FIGURE ( OV] @s#f#e MILLION TO APPROV$ POLITICAL P>TIES & AFFILIATES FROM #aidh ?R\< ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,9 #a#i#g#f1 ! ,ALDO ,MORO GOV]NM5T FELL 9 ,ITALY AFT] REVELATIONS ?AT ! ,C,I,A HAD SP5T @s#f MILLION TO SUPPORT ANTI-COMMUNI/ C&IDATES4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! ,EUROPEAN COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E MOV+ T[>D 9DEP5D5CE ( ACTION ) PLURALI/IC & DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES 7,EUROCOMMUNISM71 A DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9 FACT PLEAS$ NEI!R ,WA%+TON NOR ,MOSC[4 ,= SU* REASONS1 BO? SUP]P[]S OPPOS$ ! LEGALIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 & ! RIS+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,ITALY1 & BO? PREF]R$ C5T]-RI<T GOV]NM5TS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,H5RY ,KISS+] DESCRIB$ ! 0MAJOR PROBLEM0 9 ! ,WE/]N ALLIANCE AS 0! DOME/IC EVOLUTION 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES10 :I* MI<T MAKE ,WE/]N COMMUNI/ P>TIES MORE ATTRACTIVE TO ! PUBLIC1 NURTUR+ MOVES T[>D 9DEP5D5CE & ?REAT5+ ! ,N,A,T,O ALLIANCE4 

,U,S 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! POLITICAL AFFAIRS ( O!R NATIONS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MORALLY & POLITICALLY JU/IFI$ AS P>T ( ! FAI? 9 ! DOCTR9E ( SPREAD+ ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY1 BUT ! ACTUAL REASON WAS ( C\RSE ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM & ! DOM9ANCE ( BUS9ESS RULE4 ,WAS FAI? 9 ! SPREAD ( DEMOCRACY EV] T5ABLE8 

,NO BELIEF CONC]N+ ,U,S =EIGN POLICY IS MORE DEEPLY 5TR5*$ ?AN ! ONE REG>D+ ! SPREAD ( ,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY4 ,! !SIS IS COMMONLY NOT EV5 EXPRESS$1 M]ELY PRESUPPOS$ AS ! BASIS = REASONABLE DISC\RSE ON ! ,U,S ROLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,! FAI? 9 ?IS DOCTR9E MAY SEEM SURPRIS+4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! CONV5TIONAL DOCTR9E IS T5ABLE4 ,IF BY 0,AM]ICAN-/YLE DEMOCRACY10 WE MEAN A POLITICAL SY/EM ) REGUL> ELECTIONS BUT NO S]I\S *ALL5GE TO BUS9ESS RULE1 !N ,U,S POLICY-MAK]S D\BTLESS YE>N TO SEE IT E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! DOCTR9E IS !RE=E NOT UND]M9$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS CONSI/5TLY VIOLAT$ UND] A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY3 AS A SY/EM 9 :I* CITIZ5S MAY PLAY SOME MEAN+FUL P>T 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 

,SO1 :AT LESSONS CAN BE DRAWN FROM ALL ?IS AB\T ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY AS UND]/OOD BY ,U,S POLICY PLANN]S 9 !IR EF=T TO CREATE A NEW WORLD ORD]8 

,ONE PROBLEM ?AT >OSE AS >EAS W]E LIB]AT$ FROM FASCISM AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS ?AT TRADITIONAL ELITES HAD BE5 DISCR$IT$1 :ILE PRE/IGE & 9FLU5CE HAD BE5 GA9$ BY ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T1 BAS$ L>GELY ON GR\PS RESPONSIVE TO ! WORK+ CLASS & POOR1 & (T5 COMMITT$ TO SOME V]SION ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! BASIC QU&>Y WAS >TICULAT$ BY ,*UR*ILL'S TRU/$ ADVIS]1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRIME M9I/] ,JAN ,*RI/IAAN ,SMUTS1 9 #a#i#d#c1 ) REG>D TO ,S\!RN ,EUROPE3 0,) POLITICS LET LOOSE AMONG ?OSE PEOPLES10 HE SAID1 0WE MI<T HAVE A WAVE ( DISORD] & :OLESALE COMMUNISM40 ,H]E ! T]M 0DISORD]0 IS UND]/OOD AS ?REAT TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$1 & 0COMMUNISM10 9 ACCORDANCE ) USUAL CONV5TION1 REF]S TO FAILURE TO 9T]PRET 0DEMOCRACY0 AS ELITE DOM9ANCE1 :ATEV] ! O!R COMMITM5TS ( ! 0COMMUNI/S0 MAY BE4 ,) POLITICS LET LOOSE1 WE FACE A 0CRISIS ( DEMOCRACY10 AS PRIVILEG$ SECTORS HAVE ALWAYS UND]/OOD4 

,9 BRIEF1 AT ?AT MOM5T 9 HI/ORY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FAC$ ! CLASSIC DILEMMA ( ?IRD-WORLD 9T]V5TION 9 L>GE P>TS ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD AS WELL4 ,! ,U,S POSITION WAS 0POLITICALLY WEAK0 ?\< MILIT>ILY & ECONOMICALLY /RONG4 ,TACTICAL *OICES >E DET]M9$ BY AN ASSESSM5T ( /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES4 ,! PREF]5CE HAS1 QUITE NATURALLY1 BE5 = ! >5A ( =CE & = MEASURES ( ECONOMIC W>F>E & /RANGULATION1 :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS RUL$ SUPREME4 

,WASN'T ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN A TOOL = CONSOLIDAT+ CAPITALISM & SPREAD+ BUS9ESS RULE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I8 

,V]Y MU* SO4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! EXT5SION ( ,M>%ALL ,PLAN AID 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,FRANCE & ,ITALY WAS /RICTLY CONT+5T ON EXCLUSION ( COMMUNI/S--9CLUD+ MAJOR ELEM5TS ( ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE & LABOR--FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 0DEMOCRACY10 9 ! USUAL S5SE4 ,U,S AID WAS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT 9 E>LY YE>S = SUFF]+ PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE & WAS !RE=E A P[]FUL LEV] ( CONTROL1 A MATT] ( MU* SIGNIFICANCE = ,U,S BUS9ESS 9T]E/S & LONG]-T]M PLANN+4 ,! FE> 9 ,WA%+TON WAS ?AT ! COMMUNI/ LEFT W\LD EM]GE VICTORI\S 9 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE )\T MASSIVE F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE4 

,ON ! EVE ( ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN1 AMBASSADOR TO ,FRANCE ,JEFF]SON ,CAFF]Y W>N$ ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,M>%ALL ( GRIM CONSEQU5CES IF ! COMMUNI/S WON ! ELECTIONS 9 ,FRANCE3 0,SOVIET P5ETRATION ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ W\LD BE GREATLY FACILITAT$0 7,MAY #a#b1 #a#i#d#g74 ,! DOM9OES W]E READY TO FALL4 ,DUR+ ,MAY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PRESSUR$ POLITICAL LEAD]S 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY TO =M COALITION GOV]NM5TS EXCLUD+ ! COMMUNI/S4 ,IT WAS MADE CLE> & EXPLICIT ?AT AID WAS CONT+5T ON PREV5T+ AN OP5 POLITICAL COMPETITION1 9 :I* LEFT & LABOR MI<T DOM9ATE4 ,?R\< #a#i#d#h1 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,M>%ALL & O!RS PUBLICLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IF COMMUNI/S W]E VOT$ 9TO P[]1 ,U,S AID W\LD BE T]M9AT$2 NO SMALL ?REAT1 GIV5 ! /ATE ( ,EUROPE AT ! TIME4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! PO/W> DE/ITUTION WAS EXPLOIT$ TO UND]M9E ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T1 ALONG ) DIRECT VIOL5CE4 ,DESP]ATELY NE$$ FOOD SUPPLIES W]E )HELD TO CO]CE OB$I5CE1 & GANG/]S W]E ORGANIZ$ TO PROVIDE GOON SQUADS & /RIKE BREAK]S1 A MATT] ?AT IS DESCRIB$ ) SOME PRIDE 9 SEMI(FICIAL ,U,S LABOR HI/ORIES1 :I* PRAISE ! ,A,F,L 7,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 = ITS A*IEVEM5TS 9 HELP+ TO SAVE ,EUROPE BY SPLITT+ & WEAK5+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 7?US FRU/RAT+ ALLEG$ ,SOVIET DESIGNS7 & SAFEGU>D+ ! FL[ ( >MS TO ,9DO*9A = ! ,FR5* W> ( RE-CONQUE/1 ANO!R PRIME GOAL ( ! ,U,S LABOR BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,C,I,A RECON/ITUT$ ! ,MAFIA = !SE PURPOSES1 9 ONE ( ITS E>LY OP]ATIONS4 ,! QUID PRO QUO WAS RE/ORATION ( ! H]O9 TRADE4 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T CONNECTION TO ! DRUG BOOM CONT9U$ = MANY DECADES4 

,U,S POLICIES T[>D ,ITALY BASICALLY PICK$ UP :]E !Y HAD BE5 BROK5 (F BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD SUPPORT$ ,MUSSOL9I'S FASCISM FROM ! #aibb TAKEOV] ?R\< ! #a#i#cS4 ,MUSSOL9I'S W>TIME ALLIANCE ) ,HITL] T]M9AT$ !SE FRI5DLY RELATIONS1 BUT !Y W]E RECON/ITUT$ AS ,U,S =CES LIB]AT$ S\!RN ,ITALY 9 #a#i#d#c1 E/ABLI%+ ! RULE ( FIELD M>%ALL ,PIETRO ,BADOGLIO & ! ROYAL FAMILY ?AT HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,FASCI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,AS ,ALLI$ =CES DROVE T[>D ! NOR?1 !Y DISP]S$ ! ANTIFASCI/ RESI/ANCE ALONG ) LOCAL GOV]N+ BODIES IT HAD =M$ 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A NEW DEMOCRATIC /ATE 9 ! ZONES IT HAD LIB]AT$ FROM ,G]MANY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 A C5T]-RI<T GOV]NM5T WAS E/ABLI%$ ) NE(ASCI/ P>TICIPATION & ! LEFT SOON EXCLUD$4 

,H]E TOO1 ! PLAN WAS = ! WORK+ CLASSES & ! POOR TO BE> ! BURD5 ( RECON/RUCTION1 ) L[]$ WAGES & EXT5SIVE FIR+4 ,AID WAS CONT+5T ON REMOV+ COMMUNI/S & LEFT SOCIALI/S FROM (FICE1 BECAUSE !Y DEF5D$ WORK]S' 9T]E/S & ?US POS$ A B>RI] TO ! 9T5D$ /YLE ( RECOV]Y1 9 ! VIEW ( ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS COLLABORATIONI/2 ITS POSITION 0FUNDAM5TALLY MEANT ! SUBORD9ATION ( ALL RE=MS TO ! LIB]ATION ( ,ITALY & EFFECTIVELY DISC\RAG$ ANY ATTEMPT 9 NOR!RN >EAS TO 9TRODUCE IRREV]SIBLE POLITICAL *ANGES AS WELL AS *ANGES 9 ! [N]%IP ( ! 9DU/RIAL COMPANIES 444 DISAV[+ & DISC\RAG+ ?OSE WORK]S' GR\PS ?AT WANT$ TO EXPROPRIATE SOME FACTORIES10 AS ,GIANFRANCO ,PASQU9O PUT IT4 ,BUT ! P>TY DID TRY TO DEF5D JOBS1 WAGES1 & LIV+ /&>DS = ! POOR & ?US 0CON/ITUT$ A POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL B>RI] TO A POT5TIAL ,EUROPEAN RECOV]Y PROGRAM10 HI/ORIAN ,JOHN ,H>P] COMM5TS1 REVIEW+ ! 9SI/5CE ( ,K5NAN & O!RS ?AT COMMUNI/S BE EXCLUD$ FROM GOV]NM5T ?\< AGREE+ ?AT IT W\LD BE 0DESIRABLE0 TO 9CLUDE REPRES5TATIVES ( :AT ,H>P] CALLS 0! DEMOCRATIC WORK+ CLASS40 ,! RECOV]Y1 IT WAS UND]/OOD1 WAS TO BE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! POOR4 

,BECAUSE ( ITS RESPONSIV5ESS TO ! NE$S ( !SE SOCIAL SECTORS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS LABEL$ 0EXTREMI/0 & 0UNDEMOCRATIC0 BY ,U,S PROPAG&A1 :I* ALSO SKILLFULLY MANIPULAT$ ! ALLEG$ ,SOVIET ?REAT4 ,UND] ,U,S PRESSURE1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS AB&ON$ W>TIME PROMISES AB\T WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY1 & ! POLICE1 SOMETIMES UND] ! CONTROL ( EXFASCI/S1 W]E 5C\RAG$ TO SUPPRESS LABOR ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,VATICAN ANN\NC$ ?AT ANYONE :O VOT$ = ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! #aidh ELECTION W\LD BE D5I$ SACRAM5TS1 & BACK$ ! CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATS UND] ! SLOGAN ,O CON ,CRI/O O CONTRO ,CRI/O 7,EI!R ) ,*RI/ OR AGA9/ ,*RI/74 ,A YE> LAT]1 ,POPE ,PIUS EXCOMMUNICAT$ ALL ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/S4 

,A COMB9ATION ( VIOL5CE1 MANIPULATION ( AID & O!R ?REATS1 & A HUGE PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN SUFFIC$ TO DET]M9E ! \TCOME ( ! CRITICAL #aidh ELECTION1 ESS5TIALLY B\<T BY ,U,S 9T]V5TION & PRESSURES4 

,! ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS TO CONTROL ! ,ITALIAN ELECTIONS1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#g1 W]E ! FIR/ MAJOR CL&E/9E OP]ATION ( ! NEWLY =M$ AG5CY4 ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS TO SUBV]T ,ITALIAN DEMOCRACY CONT9U$ 9TO ! #a#i#gS AT A SUB/ANTIAL SCALE4 

,9 ,ITALY1 AS WELL AS ELSE:]E1 ,U,S LABOR LEAD]S1 PRIM>ILY FROM ! ,A,F,L1 PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 SPLITT+ & WEAK5+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 9DUC+ WORK]S TO ACCEPT AU/]ITY MEASURES :ILE EMPLOY]S REAP$ RI* PR(ITS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,A,F,L HAD BROK5 DOCK /RIKES BY IMPORT+ ,ITALIAN SCAB LABOR PAID BY ,U,S BUS9ESSES4 ,! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T CALL$ ON ! F$]ATION'S LEAD]%IP TO EX]CISE !IR TAL5TS 9 UNION-BU/+ 9 ,ITALY AS WELL1 & !Y W]E HAPPY TO OBLIGE4 ,! BUS9ESS SECTOR1 =M]LY DISCR$IT$ BY ITS ASSOCIATION ) ,ITALIAN FASCISM1 UND]TOOK A VIGOR\S CLASS W> ) R5EW$ CONFID5CE4 ,! 5D RESULT WAS ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! POOR TO ! TRADITIONAL RUL]S4 

,LAT] COMM5TATORS T5D TO SEE ! ,U,S SUBV]SION ( DEMOCRACY 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY AS A DEF5SE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,9 A HI<LY REG>D$ /UDY ( ! ,C,I,A & ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY1 ,RHODRI ,JEFFREYS-,JONES DESCRIBES 0! ,C,I,A'S ,ITALIAN V5TURE10 ALONG ) ITS SIMIL> EF=TS 9 ,FRANCE1 AS 0A DEMOCRACY-PROPP+ OP]ATION10 ?\< HE CONC$ES ?AT 0! SELECTION ( ,ITALY = SPECIAL ATT5TION 444 WAS BY NO MEANS A MATT] ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE ALONE02 \R PASSION = DEMOCRACY WAS RE9=C$ BY ! /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT IT WAS A COMMITM5T TO 0DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE0 ?AT 9SPIR$ ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T TO IMPOSE ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL REGIMES ( ITS *OICE1 US+ ! 5ORM\S P[] AT ITS COMM& & EXPLOIT+ ! PRIVATION & DI/RESS ( ! VICTIMS ( ! W>1 :O MU/ BE TAU<T NOT TO RAISE !IR HEADS IF WE >E TO HAVE TRUE DEMOCRACY4 

,A MORE NUANC$ POSITION IS TAK5 BY ,JAMES ,MILL] 9 HIS MONOGRAPH ON ,U,S POLICIES T[>D ,ITALY4 ,SUMM>IZ+ ! RECORD1 HE CONCLUDES3 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ,AM]ICAN 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! /ABILIZATION ( ,ITALY WAS A SIGNIFICANT1 IF TR\BL+1 A*IEVEM5T4 ,AM]ICAN P[] ASSUR$ ,ITALIANS ! RI<T TO *OOSE !IR FUTURE =M ( GOV]NM5T & ALSO WAS EMPLOY$ TO 5SURE ?AT !Y *OSE DEMOCRACY4 ,9 DEF5SE ( ?AT DEMOCRACY AGA9/ REAL BUT PROBABLY OV]E/IMAT$ =EIGN & DOME/IC ?REATS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES US$ UNDEMOCRATIC TACTICS ?AT T5D$ TO UND]M9E ! LEGITIMACY ( ! ,ITALIAN /ATE4 

,! 0=EIGN ?REATS10 AS HE HAD ALREADY DISCUSS$1 W]E H>DLY REAL2 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAT*$ FROM A DI/ANCE AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SUBV]T$ ! #aidh ELECTION & RE/OR$ ! TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE ORD]1 KEEP+ TO ITS W>TIME AGREEM5T ) ,*UR*ILL ?AT LEFT ,ITALY 9 ! ,WE/]N ZONE4 ,! 0DOME/IC ?REAT0 WAS ! ?REAT ( DEMOCRACY4 

,! IDEA ?AT ,U,S 9T]V5TION PROVID$ ,ITALIANS ) FRE$OM ( *OICE :ILE 5SUR+ ?AT !Y *OSE 0DEMOCRACY0 79 \R SPECIAL S5SE ( ! T]M7 IS REM9ISC5T ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! EXTREME DOVES T[>D ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA3 ?AT ITS PEOPLE %\LD *OOSE FREELY & 9DEP5D5TLY--AS LONG AS DO+ SO DID NOT IMPACT ,U,S 9T]E/S ADV]SELY4 

,! DEMOCRATIC IDEAL1 AT HOME & ABROAD1 IS SIMPLE & /RAI<T=W>D3 Y\ >E FREE TO DO :AT Y\ WANT1 AS LONG AS IT IS :AT WE WANT Y\ TO DO4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JANU>Y #a#i1 #b#a#g4 ,SOME ( ! MAT]IAL = ?IS 9T]VIEW WAS ADAPT$ FROM EXC]PTS FROM ,DET]R+ ,DEMOCRACY 7,V]SO ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#a74 

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