,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #g 
,CON/RUCT+ ,VISIONS ( 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,CON/RUCT+ ,VISIONS ( 0,P]PETUAL ,PEACE0 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 ! DECL9E ( DEMOCRACY AS A REFLECTION ( POLITICAL APA?Y IS EVID5T 9 BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ,EUROPE1 & ! EXPLANATION PROVID$ 9 ,:O ,RULES ! ,WORLD8 IS ?AT ?IS PH5OM5ON IS L9K$ TO ! FACT ?AT MO/ PEOPLE ?R\<\T ,WE/]N SOCIETIES >E 0CONV9C$ ?AT A FEW BIG 9T]E/S CONTROL POLICY40.<#d.> ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE1 BUT WASN'T ?IS ALWAYS ! CASE8 ,I MEAN1 PEOPLE ALWAYS KNEW ?AT POLICY MAK+ WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ELITE1 BUT ?IS DID NOT /OP !M 9 ! PA/ FROM SEEK+ TO 9FLU5CE POLITICAL \TCOMES ?R\< ! BALLOT BOX & O!R MEANS4 ,SO1 :AT SPECIFIC FACTORS MI<T EXPLA9 POLITICAL APA?Y 9 \R [N AGE8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 0,RESIGNATION0 MAY BE A BETT] T]M ?AN 0APA?Y10 & EV5 ?AT GOES TOO F>1 ,I ?9K4 

,S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 POLLS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE %[N ?AT MO/ PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS RUN BY A FEW BIG 9T]E/S LOOK+ \T = !MSELVES4 ,I DO NOT KN[ ( E>LI] POLLS1 OR POLLS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 BUT IT W\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ IF ! RESULTS >E SIMIL>4 ,! IMPORTANT QUE/ION IS3 ,>E PEOPLE MOTIVAT$ TO DO SOME?+ AB\T IT8 ,?AT DEP5DS ON MANY FACTORS1 CRUCIALLY 9CLUD+ ! MEANS ?AT !Y P]CEIVE TO BE AVAILABLE4 ,IT'S ! TASK ( S]I\S ACTIVI/S TO HELP DEVELOP ?OSE MEANS & 5C\RAGE PEOPLE TO UND]/& ?AT !Y >E AVAILABLE4 ,TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S AGO1 9 ONE ( ! FIR/ MOD]N WORKS ( POLITICAL !ORY1 ,DAVID ,HUME OBS]V$ ?AT 0P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]N$10 IF !Y ONLY *OOSE TO EX]CISE IT1 & ULTIMATELY1 IT IS 0BY OP9ION ONLY0--?AT IS1 BY DOCTR9E & PROPAG&A--?AT !Y >E PREV5T$ FROM EX]CIS+ P[]4 ,?AT CAN BE OV]COME1 & (T5 HAS BE54 

,?IRTY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/ ,WALT] ,DEAN ,BURNHAM ID5TIFI$ 0! TOTAL ABS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ OR LABORITE MASS P>TY AS AN ORGANIZ$ COMPETITOR 9 ! ELECTORAL M>KET0 AS A PRIM>Y CAUSE ( ! HI< RATE ( AB/5TION 9 ,U,S ELECTIONS4 ,TRADITIONALLY1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & LABOR-BAS$ P>TIES HAVE PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 (F]+ WAYS TO 09FLU5CE POLITICAL \TCOMES0 )9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM & ON ! /REETS & %OP FLOOR4 ,?AT CAPACITY HAS DECL9$ SIGNIFICANTLY UND] NEOLIB]AL ASSAULT1 :I* 5HANC$ ! BITT] W> WAG$ AGA9/ UNIONS BY ! BUS9ESS CLASSES ?R\<\T ! PO/W> P]IOD4 

,9 #a#i#g#h1 BE=E ,REAGAN'S ESCALATION ( ! ATTACK AGA9/ LABOR1 ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S PRESID5T ,D\G ,FRAS] RECOGNIZ$ :AT WAS HAPP5+--F> TOO LATE--& CRITICIZ$ ! 0LEAD]S ( ! BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 = HAV+ 0*OS5 TO WAGE A ONE-SID$ CLASS W> 9 ?IS C\NTRY--A W> AGA9/ WORK+ PEOPLE1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! POOR1 M9ORITIES1 ! V]Y Y\NG & ! V]Y OLD1 & EV5 MANY 9 ! MIDDLE CLASS ( \R SOCIETY10 & = HAV+ 0BROK5 & DISC>D$ ! FRAGILE1 UNWRITT5 COMPACT PREVI\SLY EXI/+ DUR+ A P]IOD ( GR[? & PROGRESS40 ,! UNION LEAD]%IP HAD PLAC$ !IR FAI?--P>TLY = !IR [N B5EFIT AS A LABOR BUREAUCRACY--9 A COMPACT ) [N]S & MANAG]S DUR+ ! PO/W> GR[? & HI< PR(ITS P]IOD ?AT HAD COME TO AN 5D BY ! #a#i#gS4 ,BY !N1 ! P[]FUL ATTACK ON LABOR HAD ALREADY TAK5 A SEV]E TOLL & IT HAS GOTT5 MU* MORE EXTREME S9CE1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE ! RADICALLY ANTILABOR ,REAGAN ADM9I/RATION4 

,! ,DEMOCRATS1 MEAN:ILE1 PRETTY MU* AB&ON$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE BE5 V]Y M>G9AL1 & POLITICAL ACTIVISM1 :ILE WIDESPREAD1 HAS (T5 SIDEL9$ CLASS ISSUES & (F]$ LITTLE TO ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS N[ DRIFT+ 9TO ! H&S ( !IR CLASS 5EMY4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 FUNCTION+ DEMOCRACY HAS /EADILY DECL9$ AS MAJOR POLICY DECISIONS >E TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,BRUSSELS BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,E,U1 OP]AT+ UND] ! %AD[ ( ,NOR!RN BANKS4 ,BUT !RE >E MANY POPUL> REACTIONS1 SOME SELF-DE/RUCTIVE 7RAC+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! CLASS 5EMY7 & O!RS QUITE PROMIS+ & PRODUCTIVE1 AS WE SEE 9 CURR5T POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE4 

,9 Y\R BOOK1 Y\ REF] TO ! 09VISIBLE H&S ( P[]40 ,:AT IS ! EXACT MEAN+ ( ?IS1 & TO :AT SITUATIONS & CIRCUM/ANCES CAN IT BE APPLI$ 9 ORD] TO UND]/& DOME/IC & GLOBAL POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS8 

,I WAS US+ ! PHRASE TO REF] TO ! GUID+ DOCTR9ES ( POLICY =MATION1 SOMETIMES SPELL$ \T 9 ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD1 SOMETIMES EASILY DETECTABLE 9 ONGO+ EV5TS4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES 9 9T]NATIONAL & DOME/IC AFFAIRS4 ,SOMETIMES ! CL\DS >E LIFT$ BY HI<-LEVEL DISCLOSURES OR BY SIGNIFICANT HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 ,! REAL NATURE ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CONSID]ABLY ILLUM9AT$ :5 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ & IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO PROCLAIM SIMPLY ?AT ! ,RUSSIANS >E COM+4 ,?AT PROVID$ AN 9T]E/+ TE/ ( ! REAL MOTIVES ( POLICY =MATION1 HIDD5 BY ,COLD ,W> PRETEXTS ?AT W]E SUDD5LY GONE4 

,WE LE>N FROM ,BU% ,I ADM9I/RATION DOCUM5TS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT WE MU/ KEEP 9T]V5TION =CES AIM$ AT ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 :]E ! S]I\S ?REATS TO \R 9T]E/S 0C\LD NOT BE LAID AT ! ,KREML9'S DOOR10 CONTR>Y TO LONG DECEIT4 ,RA!R1 ! S]I\S PROBLEMS TRACE TO 0RADICAL NATIONALISM10 ! T]M REGUL>LY US$ = 9DEP5D5T NATIONALISM ?AT IS UND] CONTROL4 ,?AT IS ACTUALLY A MAJOR !ME ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 MASK$ BY PO/UR+ AB\T ! ,GREAT ,5EMY4 

,! FATE ( ,N,A,T,O IS ALSO REVEAL+4 ,IT WAS CON/RUCT$ & MA9TA9$ 9 ALLEG$ DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN HORDES4 ,BY #a#i#i#a1 !RE W]E NO MORE ,RUSSIAN HORDES1 NO ,W>SAW ,PACT1 & ,MIKHAIL ,GORBA*EV WAS PROPOS+ A BROAD SECURITY SY/EM ) NO MILIT>Y PACTS4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO ,N,A,T,O8 ,IT EXP&$ TO ! ,EA/ 9 VIOLATION ( COMMITM5TS TO ,GORBA*EV BY ,PRESID5T ,BU% ,I & SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JAMES ,BAK] ?AT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CONSCI\SLY 9T5D$ TO DECEIVE HIM & TO GA9 HIS ACQUIESC5CE TO A UNIFI$ ,G]MANY )9 ,N,A,T,O1 SO REC5T >*IVAL WORK P]SUASIVELY 9DICATES4 

,TO MOVE TO ANO!R DOMA91 ! FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM EXTOLL$ 9 DOCTR9E WAS ILLU/RAT$ BY AN ,I,M,F /UDY ( MAJOR BANKS1 :I* %[$ ?AT !IR PR(ITS D]IV$ MO/LY FROM AN IMPLICIT TAXPAY] 9SURANCE POLICY4 

,EXAMPLES AB\ND1 & >E HI<LY 9/RUCTIVE4 

,S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 CAPITALISM ?R\<\T ! ,WE/--& 9 FACT ?R\<\T ! GLOBE--HAS MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 & EXP& ITS DOM9ATION NOT M]ELY ?R\< POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL MEANS BUT ALSO ?R\< ! USE ( ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ ! MILIT>Y4 ,CAN Y\ TALK A LITTLE BIT AB\T ?IS 9 CONNECTION ) ! !ME ( 0:O RULES ! WORLD08 

,! 0MAIL$ FI/0 7! ?REAT ( >M$ OR OV]BE>+ =CE7 IS NOT LACK+ EV5 )9 ! MO/ FREE SOCIETIES4 ,9 ! PO/W> ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O1 A PROGRAM RUN BY ! NATIONAL POLITICAL POLICE 7,F,B,I7 TO /AMP \T DISSID5CE & ACTIVISM OV] A BROAD RANGE1 REA*+ AS F> AS POLITICAL ASSASS9ATION 7,BLACK ,PAN!R ORGANIZ] ,F]D ,HAMPTON74 ,MASSIVE 9C>C]ATION ( POPULATIONS DEEM$ SUP]FLU\S = PR(IT-MAK+ 7L>GELY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN1 = OBVI\S HI/ORICAL REASONS7 IS YET ANO!R MEANS4 

,ABROAD1 ! FI/ IS CON/ANTLY WIELD$1 DIRECTLY OR ?R\< CLI5TS4 ,! ,9DO*9A W>S >E ! MO/ EXTREME CASE1 ! WOR/ PO/W> TW5TIE?-C5TURY CRIME1 CRITICIZ$ 9 ! MA9/REAM AS A 0BLUND]10 LIKE ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 ! WOR/ CRIME ( ! NEW C5TURY4 ,ONE HI<LY SIGNIFICANT PO/W> EXAMPLE IS ! PLAGUE ( VIOL5T REPRESSION ?AT SPREAD ?R\< ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AFT] ,JOHN ,F4 ,K5N$Y EFFECTIVELY %IFT$ ! MISSION ( ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y FROM 0HEMISPH]IC DEF5SE0 TO 09T]NAL SECURITY10 A EUPHEMISM = W> AGA9/ ! POPULATION4 ,!RE W]E HORR5D\S EFFECTS ?R\<\T ! HEMISPH]E1 REA*+ ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA ) ,REAGAN'S MURD]\S W>S1 MO/LY RELY+ ON ! T]RORI/ =CES ( CLI5T /ATES4 

,:ILE /ILL ! WORLD'S PR$OM9ANT P[]1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 DECL9E4 ,:AT >E ! CAUSES & CONSEQU5CES ( ,AM]ICAN DECL9E8 

,U,S P[] PEAK$1 AT A HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL1 AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,?AT C\LDN'T POSSIBLY BE SU/A9$4 ,IT BEGAN TO ]ODE V]Y SOON ) :AT IS CALL$1 9T]E/+LY1 0! LOSS ( ,*9A0 7! TRANS=MATION ( ,*9A 9TO A COMMUNI/ NATION 9 #a#i#d#i74 ,& ! PROCESS CONT9U$ ) ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES FROM W>TIME DEVA/ATION & DECOLONIZATION4 ,ONE REFLECTION ( ! DECL9E IS ! %IFT ( ATTITUDES T[>D ! ,U,N4 ,IT WAS GREATLY ADMIR$ :5 IT WAS H>DLY MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T ( ,U,S P[] 9 ! E>LY PO/W> YE>S1 BUT 9CREAS+LY CAME UND] ATTACK AS 0ANTI-,AM]ICAN0 AS IT FELL \T ( CONTROL--SO F> \T ( CONTROL ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS HELD ! RECORD 9 VETOES AFT] #a#i#g1 :5 IT JO9$ ,BRITA9 9 SUPPORT ( ! RACI/ REGIME ( ,S\!RN ,RHODESIA4 ,BY !N1 ! GLOBAL ECONOMY WAS TRIP>TITE3 ,G]MAN-BAS$ ,EUROPE1 ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ,U,S-BAS$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,9 ! MILIT>Y DIM5SION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS REMA9$ SUPREME4 ,!RE >E MANY CONSEQU5CES4 ,ONE IS RESORT TO 0COALITIONS ( ! WILL+0 :5 9T]NATIONAL OP9ION OV]:ELM+LY OPPOSES ,U,S RESORT TO VIOL5CE1 EV5 AMONG ALLIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,ANO!R IS 0S(T C\PS10 AS RI<T N[ 9 ,BRAZIL1 RA!R ?AN SUPPORT = NEO-,NAZI NATIONAL SECURITY /ATES1 AS WAS TRUE 9 ! NOT-DI/ANT PA/4 

,IF ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS /ILL ! WORLD'S FIR/ SUP]P[]1 :AT C\NTRY OR 5TITY DO Y\ CONSID] TO BE ! SECOND SUP]P[]8 

,!RE IS MU* TALK ( ,*9A AS ! EM]G+ SUP]P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO MANY ANALY/S1 IT IS POIS$ TO OV]TAKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ( ,*9A'S EM]G+ SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! WORLD SC5E1 ALREADY SURPASS+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ECONOMICALLY BY SOME MEASURES 7?\< F> BEL[ P] CAPITA74 ,MILIT>ILY1 ,*9A IS F> WEAK]2 CONFRONTATIONS >E TAK+ PLACE 9 COA/AL WAT]S NE> ,*9A1 NOT 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN OR (F ! COA/ ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,BUT ,*9A FACES V]Y S]I\S 9T]NAL PROBLEMS--LABOR REPRESSION & PROTE/1 SEV]E ECOLOGICAL ?REATS1 DEMOGRAPHIC DECL9E 9 WORK =CE1 & O!RS4 ,& ! ECONOMY1 :ILE BOOM+1 IS /ILL HI<LY DEP5D5T ON ! MORE ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMIES AT ITS P]IPH]Y & ! ,WE/1 ?\< ?AT IS *ANG+4 ,9 SOME HI<-TE* DOMA9S1 SU* AS DESIGN & DEVELOPM5T ( SOL> PANELS1 ,*9A SEEMS TO HAVE ! WORLD LEAD4 ,AS ,*9A IS HEMM$ 9 FROM ! SEA1 IT IS COMP5SAT+ BY EXT5D+ WE/W>D1 RECON/RUCT+ SOME?+ LIKE ! OLD SILK ROADS 9 A ,EURASIAN SY/EM L>GELY UND] ,*9ESE 9FLU5CE & SOON TO REA* ,EUROPE4 

,Y\ HAVE BE5 >GU+ = A LONG TIME N[ ?AT NUCLE> WEAPONS POSE ONE ( ! TWO GREATE/ ?REATS TO HUMANK9D4 ,:Y >E ! MAJOR P[]S SO RELUCTANT TO ABOLI% NUCLE> WEAPONS8 ,DOESN'T ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( !SE WEAPONS POSE A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! 0MA/]S ( ! UNIV]SE0 !MSELVES8 

,IT IS QUITE REM>KABLE TO SEE H[ LITTLE CONC]N TOP PLANN]S %[ = ! PROSPECTS ( !IR [N DE/RUCTION--NOT A NOVELTY 9 WORLD AFFAIRS 7?OSE :O 9ITIAT$ W>S (T5 5D$ UP DEVA/AT$7 BUT N[ ON A HUGELY DIFF]5T SCALE4 ,WE SEE ?AT FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( ! ATOMIC AGE4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT FIR/ WAS VIRTUALLY 9VULN]ABLE1 ?\< !RE WAS ONE S]I\S ?REAT ON ! HORIZON3 ,I,C,B,MS 79T]CONT95TAL BALLI/IC MISSILES7 ) HYDROG5 BOMB W>HEADS4 ,>*IVAL RESE>* HAS N[ CONFIRM$ :AT WAS SURMIS$ E>LI]3 !RE WAS NO PLAN1 NOT EV5 A ?\<T1 ( REA*+ A TREATY AGREEM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE BANN$ !SE WEAPONS1 ?\< !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT MI<T HAVE BE5 FEASIBLE4 ,! SAME ATTITUDES PREVAIL RI<T TO ! PRES5T1 :]E ! VA/ BUILDUP ( =CES RI<T AT ! TRADITIONAL 9VASION R\TE 9TO ,RUSSIA IS POS+ A S]I\S ?REAT ( NUCLE> W>4 

,PLANN]S EXPLA9 QUITE LUCIDLY :Y IT IS SO IMPORTANT TO KEEP !SE WEAPONS4 ,ONE ( ! CLE>E/ EXPLANATIONS IS 9 A P>TIALLY DECLASSIFI$ ,CL9TON-]A DOCUM5T ISSU$ BY ! ,/RATEGIC ,COMM& 7,/,R,A,T,C,O,M71 :I* IS 9 *>GE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS POLICY & USE4 ,! DOCUM5T IS CALL$ ,ESS5TIALS ( ,PO/-,COLD ,W> ,DET]R5CE2 ! T]M 0DET]R5CE10 LIKE 0DEF5SE10 IS A FAMILI> ,ORWELLISM REF]R+ TO CO]CION & ATTACK4 ,! DOCUM5T EXPLA9S ?AT 0NUCLE> WEAPONS ALWAYS CA/ A %AD[ OV] ANY CRISIS OR CONFLICT10 & MU/ !RE=E BE AVAILABLE1 AT ! READY4 ,IF ! ADV]S>Y KN[S WE HAVE !M1 & MI<T USE !M1 !Y MAY BACK D[N--A REGUL> FEATURE ( ,KISS+]IAN DIPLOMACY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 NUCLE> WEAPONS >E CON/ANTLY BE+ US$1 A PO9T ?AT ,DAN ,ELLSB]G HAS 9SI/5TLY MADE1 JU/ AS WE >E US+ A GUN :5 WE ROB A /ORE BUT DON'T ACTUALLY %OOT4 ,ONE SECTION ( ! REPORT IS HEAD$ 0,MA9TA9+ ,AMBIGUITY40 ,IT ADVISES ?AT 0PLANN]S %\LD NOT BE TOO RATIONAL AB\T DET]M9+ 444 :AT ! OPPON5T VALUES ! MO/10 :I* MU/ BE T>GET$4 

0,?AT ! ,U,S MAY BECOME IRRATIONAL & V9DICTIVE IF ITS VITAL 9T]E/S >E ATTACK$ %\LD BE A P>T ( ! NATIONAL P]SONA WE PROJECT10 ! REPORT SAYS1 ADD+ ?AT IT IS 0B5EFICIAL0 = \R /RATEGIC PO/URE IF 0SOME ELEM5TS MAY APPE> TO BE POT5TIALLY '\T ( CONTROL4'0 ,NIXON'S MADMAN !ORY1 EXCEPT ?IS TIME CLE>LY >TICULAT$ 9 AN 9T]NAL PLANN+ DOCUM5T1 NOT M]ELY A RECOLLECTION BY AN ADVIS] 7,HALDEMAN1 9 ! ,NIXON CASE74 

,LIKE O!R E>LY PO/-,COLD ,W> DOCUM5TS1 ?IS ONE HAS BE5 VIRTUALLY IGNOR$4 7,I'VE REF]R$ TO IT A NUMB] ( TIMES1 ELICIT+ NO NOTICE ?AT ,I'M AW>E (47 ,! NEGLECT IS QUITE 9T]E/+4 ,SIMPLE LOGIC SUFFICES TO %[ ?AT ! DOCUM5T>Y RECORD AFT] ! ALLEG$ ,RUSSIAN ?REAT DISAPPE>$ W\LD BE HI<LY ILLUM9AT+ AS TO :AT WAS ACTUALLY GO+ ON BE=E4 

,! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS MADE SOME OP5+S T[>D ,CUBA4 ,DO Y\ ANTICIPATE AN 5D TO ! EMB>GO ANY TIME SOON8 

,! EMB>GO HAS LONG BE5 OPPOS$ BY ! 5TIRE WORLD1 AS ! ANNUAL VOTES ON ! EMB>GO AT ! ,U,N ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY REVEAL4 ,BY N[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS SUPPORT$ ONLY BY ,ISRAEL4 ,BE=E1 IT C\LD SOMETIMES C\NT ON A ,PACIFIC ISL& OR SOME O!R DEP5D5CY4 ,( C\RSE ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA IS COMPLETELY OPPOS$4 ,MORE 9T]E/+LY1 MAJOR SECTORS ( ,U,S CAPITAL HAVE LONG BE5 9 FAVOR ( NORMALIZATION ( RELATIONS1 AS PUBLIC OP9ION HAS BE53 AGRIBUS9ESS1 PH>MACEUTICALS1 5]GY1 T\RISM1 & O!RS4 ,IT IS NORMAL = PUBLIC OP9ION TO BE IGNOR$1 BUT DISMISS+ P[]FUL CONC5TRATIONS ( ! BUS9ESS WORLD TELLS US ?AT REALLY SIGNIFICANT 0REASONS ( /ATE0 >E 9VOLV$4 ,WE HAVE A GOOD S5SE FROM ! 9T]NAL RECORD AB\T :AT !SE 9T]E/S >E4 

,FROM ! ,K5N$Y YE>S UNTIL TODAY !RE HAS BE5 \TRAGE OV] ,CUBA'S 0SUCCESSFUL DEFIANCE0 ( ,U,S POLICIES GO+ BACK TO ! ,MONROE ,DOCTR9E1 :I* SIGNAL$ ! 9T5TION TO CONTROL ! HEMISPH]E4 ,! GOAL WAS NOT REALIZABLE BECAUSE ( RELATIVE WEAKNESS1 JU/ AS ! ,BRITI% DET]R5T PREV5T$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ATTA9+ ITS FIR/ 0=EIGN POLICY0 OBJECTIVE1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,CUBA1 9 ! #a#h#bS 7H]E ! T]M 0=EIGN POLICY0 IS US$ 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE1 :I* ADH]ES TO :AT HI/ORIAN ( IMP]IALISM ,B]N>D ,PORT] CALLS 0! SALT WAT] FALLACY03 CONQUE/ BECOMES IMP]IAL ONLY :5 IT CROSSES SALT WAT]1 SO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,9DIAN NATIONS & ! CONQUE/ ( HALF ( ,MEXICO W]E NOT 0IMP]IALISM074 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID A*IEVE ITS OBJECTIVE 9 #a#h#i#h1 9T]V5+ TO PREV5T ,CUBA'S LIB]ATION FROM ,SPA9 & CONV]T+ IT 9TO A VIRTUAL COLONY4 

,WA%+TON HAS NEV] RECONCIL$ ITSELF TO ,CUBA'S 9TOL]ABLE >ROGANCE ( A*IEV+ 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#i#e#i--P>TIAL1 S9CE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REFUS$ TO RETURN ! VALUABLE ,GUANTANAMO ,BAY REGION1 TAK5 BY 0TREATY0 AT GUNPO9T 9 #aic & NOT RETURN$ DESPITE ! REQUE/S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CUBA4 ,9 PASS+1 IT MI<T BE RECALL$ ?AT BY F> ! WOR/ HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS 9 ,CUBA TAKE PLACE 9 ?IS /OL5 T]RITORY1 TO :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS A MU* WEAK] CLAIM ?AN ,RUSSIA DOES TO ,CRIMEA1 ALSO TAK5 BY =CE4 

,BUT TO RETURN TO ! QUE/ION1 IT IS H>D TO PR$ICT :E!R ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL AGREE TO 5D ! EMB>GO %ORT ( SOME K9D ( ,CUBAN CAPITULATION TO ,U,S DEM&S GO+ BACK ALMO/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S4 

,H[ DO Y\ ASSESS & EVALUATE ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE & IMPACT ( ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION 9 WORLD AFFAIRS & T[>D ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM8 

,! IMPACT ON WORLD AFFAIRS WAS EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,CUBA PLAY$ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,WE/ & ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,ITS TROOPS BEAT BACK A ,U,S-SUPPORT$ ,S\? ,AFRICAN 9VASION ( ,ANGOLA & COMPELL$ ,S\? ,AFRICA TO AB&ON ITS ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A REGIONAL SUPPORT SY/EM & TO GIVE UP ITS ILLEGAL HOLD ON ,NAMIBIA4 ,! FACT ?AT ,BLACK ,CUBAN TROOPS DEFEAT$ ! ,S\? ,AFRICANS HAD AN 5ORM\S PSY*OLOGICAL IMPACT BO? 9 :ITE & ,BLACK ,AFRICA4 ,A REM>KABLE EX]CISE ( D$ICAT$ 9T]NATIONALISM1 UND]TAK5 AT GREAT RISK FROM ! REIGN+ SUP]P[]1 :I* WAS ! LA/ SUPPORT] ( AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & 5TIRELY SELFLESS4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT :5 ,NELSON ,M&ELA WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 ONE ( HIS FIR/ ACTS WAS TO DECL>E3 

,DUR+ ALL MY YE>S 9 PRISON1 ,CUBA WAS AN 9SPIRATION & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO A T[] ( /R5G?444 4 .<,CUBAN VICTORIES.> DE/ROY$ ! MY? ( ! 9V9CIBILITY ( ! :ITE OPPRESSOR .<&.> 9SPIR$ ! FI<T+ MASSES ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 444 A TURN+ PO9T = ! LIB]ATION ( \R CONT95T--& ( MY PEOPLE--FROM ! SC\RGE ( AP>!ID 444 ,:AT O!R C\NTRY CAN PO9T TO A RECORD ( GREAT] SELFLESSNESS ?AN ,CUBA HAS DISPLAY$ 9 ITS RELATIONS TO ,AFRICA8 

,CUBAN M$ICAL ASSI/ANCE 9 POOR & SUFF]+ >EAS IS ALSO QUITE UNIQUE4 

,DOME/ICALLY1 !RE W]E V]Y SIGNIFICANT A*IEVEM5TS1 AMONG !M SIMPLY SURVIVAL 9 ! FACE ( ,U,S EF=TS TO BR+ 0! T]RORS ( ! E>?0 TO ,CUBA 7HI/ORIAN ,>?UR ,S*LES+]'S PHRASE1 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,ROB]T ,K5N$Y1 :O WAS ASSIGN$ ?IS TASK AS HIS HI<E/ PRIORITY7 & ! FI]CE EMB>GO4 ,LIT]ACY CAMPAIGNS W]E HI<LY SUCCESSFUL1 & ! HEAL? SY/EM IS JU/LY R5[N$4 ,!RE >E S]I\S HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS & RE/RICTIONS ( POLITICAL & P]SONAL FRE$OMS4 ,H[ MU* IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! EXT]NAL ATTACK & H[ MU* TO 9DEP5D5T POLICY *OICES1 ONE CAN DEBATE--BUT = ,AM]ICANS TO CONDEMN VIOLATIONS )\T FULL RECOGNITION ( !IR [N MASSIVE RESPONSIBILITY GIVES HYPOCRISY A NEW MEAN+4 

,DOES ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9 ! WORLD'S LEAD+ SUPPORT] ( T]RORISM8 

,A REVIEW ( SEV]AL REC5T BOOKS ON ,OBAMA'S GLOBAL ASSASS9ATION 7DRONE7 CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW CONCLUDES ?AT !RE IS A 0P]SUASIVE CASE0 ?AT ! CAMPAIGN IS 0UNLAWFUL03 0,U4,S4 DRONE ATTACKS G5]ALLY VIOLATE 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 WORS5 ! PROBLEM ( T]RORISM1 & TRANSGRESS FUNDAM5TAL MORAL PR9CIPLES0--A JUDICI\S ASSESSM5T1 ,I BELIEVE4 ,! DETAILS ( ! COLD & CALCULAT$ PRESID5TIAL KILL+ MA*9E >E H>R[+1 AS IS ! ATTEMPT AT LEGAL JU/IFICATION1 SU* AS ! /& ( ,OBAMA'S ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T ON 0PRESUMPTION ( 9NOC5CE10 A F\NDATION /ONE ( MOD]N LAW TRAC+ BACK TO ! ,MAGNA ,C>TA EI<T HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,AS ! /& WAS EXPLA9$ 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 0,MR4 ,OBAMA EMBRAC$ A DISPUT$ ME?OD = C\NT+ CIVILIAN CASUALTIES ?AT DID LITTLE TO BOX HIM 94 ,IT1 9 EFFECT1 C\NTS ALL MILIT>Y-AGE MALES 9 A /RIKE ZONE AS COMBATANTS1 ACCORD+ TO SEV]AL ADM9I/RATION (FICIALS1 UNLESS !RE IS EXPLICIT 9TELLIG5CE PO/HUM\SLY PROV+ !M 9NOC5T0--PO/-ASSASS9ATION4 ,9 L>GE >EAS ( TRIBAL ,PAKI/AN & ,YEM51 & ELSE:]E1 POPULATIONS >E TRAUMATIZ$ BY ! FE> ( SUDD5 MURD] FROM ! SKIES AT ANY MOM5T4 ,! DI/+UI%$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,AKB> ,AHM$1 ) LONG PR(ESSIONAL & P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ) ! TRIBAL SOCIETIES ?AT >E UND] ATTACK ALL OV] ! WORLD1 =CEFULLY REC\NTS H[ !SE MURD]\S ASSAULTS ELICIT D$ICATION TO REV5GE--NOT V]Y SURPRIS+LY4 ,H[ W\LD WE REACT8 

,!SE CAMPAIGNS ALONE1 ,I ?9K1 SECURE ! TROPHY = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 UND] CAPITALISM1 PLUND]+ ! POOR & ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( WEAK NATIONS HAS BE5 ! FAVORITE HOBBY ( BO? ! RI* & ( IMP]IAL /ATES4 ,9 ! PA/1 ! PLUND]+ WAS DONE MO/LY ?R\< \TRI<T PHYSICAL EXPLOITATION MEANS & MILIT>Y CONQUE/4 ,H[ HAVE ! MEANS ( EXPLOITATION *ANG$ UND] F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM8 

,SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JOHN ,FO/] ,DULLES ONCE COMPLA9$ TO ,PRESID5T ,EIS5H[] ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y CAN 0APPEAL DIRECTLY TO ! MASSES0 & 0GET CONTROL ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 SOME?+ WE HAVE NO CAPACITY TO DUPLICATE4 ,! POOR PEOPLE >E ! ONES !Y APPEAL TO & !Y HAVE ALWAYS WANT$ TO PLUND] ! RI*40 ,IT'S NOT EASY TO SELL ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! RI* HAVE A RI<T TO PLUND] ! POOR4 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT ! MEANS HAVE *ANG$4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL 0FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS0 7,F,T,AS7 >E A GOOD EXAMPLE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE N[ BE+ NEGOTIAT$--MO/LY 9 SECRET FROM POPULATIONS1 BUT NOT FROM ! CORPORATE LAWY]S & LOBBYI/S :O >E WRIT+ ! DETAILS4 ,! ,F,T,AS REJECT 0FREE TRADE03 !Y >E HI<LY PROTECTIONI/1 ) ON]\S PAT5T REGULATIONS TO GU>ANTEE EXORBITANT PR(ITS = ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY1 M$IA CONGLOM]ATES1 & O!RS1 AS WELL AS PROTECTION = AFFLU5T PR(ESSIONALS1 UNLIKE WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O >E PLAC$ 9 COMPETITION ) ALL ( ! WORLD1 ) OBVI\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ,F,T,AS >E TO A L>GE EXT5T NOT EV5 AB\T TRADE2 RA!R1 AB\T 9VE/OR RI<TS1 SU* AS ! RI<TS ( CORPORATIONS 7NOT1 ( C\RSE1 M]E PEOPLE ( FLE% & BLOOD7 TO SUE GOV]NM5TS = ACTIONS ?AT MI<T R$UCE POT5TIAL PR(ITS ( =EIGN 9VE/ORS1 LIKE 5VIRONM5TAL OR HEAL? & SAFETY REGULATIONS4 ,MU* ( :AT IS CALL$ 0TRADE0 DOESN'T M]IT ?AT T]M1 = EXAMPLE1 PRODUCTION ( P>TS 9 ,9DIANA1 ASSEMBLY 9 ,MEXICO1 SALE 9 ,CALI=NIA1 ALL BASICALLY )9 A COMM& ECONOMY1 A MEGACORPORATION4 ,FL[ ( CAPITAL IS FREE4 ,FL[ ( LABOR IS ANY?+ BUT1 VIOLAT+ :AT ,ADAM ,SMI? RECOGNIZ$ TO BE A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( FREE TRADE3 FREE CIRCULATION ( LABOR4 ,& TO TOP IT (F1 ! ,F,T,AS >E NOT EV5 AGREEM5TS1 AT LEA/ IF PEOPLE >E CONSID]$ TO BE MEMB]S ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES4 

,IS ?IS TO SAY ?AT WE N[ LIVE 9 A PO/IMP]IALI/ AGE8 

,SEEMS TO ME JU/ A QUE/ION ( T]M9OLOGY4 ,DOM9ATION & CO]CION TAKE MANY & V>I$ =MS1 AS ! WORLD *ANGES4 

,WE HAVE SE5 9 REC5T YE>S SEV]AL SO-CALL$ PROGRESSIVE LEAD]S M>* TO P[] ?R\< ! BALLOT BOX ONLY TO BETRAY !IR V[S TO ! PEOPLE ! MOM5T !Y TOOK (FICE4 ,:AT MEANS OR ME*ANISMS %\LD BE 9TRODUC$ 9 TRULY DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS TO 5SURE ?AT ELECT$ (FICIALS DO NOT BETRAY ! TRU/ ( ! VOT]S8 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS HAD CONCEIV$ ( SOME?+ CALL$ 0! RI<T TO RECALL10 :I* 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BECAME A CRITICAL AL?\< LITTLE-KN[N ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL PROJECT = FUTURE SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD] ( C]TA9 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,>E Y\ 9 FAVOR ( REVIV+ ?IS ME*ANISM AS A CRITICAL COMPON5T ( REAL1 SU/A9ABLE DEMOCRACY8 

,I ?9K A /RONG CASE CAN BE MADE = RI<T ( RECALL 9 SOME =M1 BUTTRESS$ BY CAPACITIES = FREE & 9DEP5D5T 9QUIRY TO MONITOR :AT ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES >E DO+4 ,! GREAT A*IEVEM5T ( ,*ELSEA ,MANN+1 ,JULIAN ,ASSANGE1 ,$W>D ,SN[D51 & O!R CONTEMPOR>Y 0:I/LEBL[]S0 IS TO S]VE & ADVANCE !SE FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS ( CITIZ5S4 ,! REACTION BY /ATE AU?ORITIES IS 9/RUCTIVE4 ,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! ,OBAMA ADM9I/RATION HAS BROK5 ALL RECORDS 9 PUNI%M5T ( :I/LEBL[]S4 ,IT IS ALSO REM>KABLE TO SEE H[ 9TIMIDAT$ ,EUROPE IS4 ,WE SAW ?AT DRAMATICALLY :5 ,BOLIVIAN PRESID5T ,EVO ,MORALES'S PLANE FLEW HOME FROM A VISIT TO ,MOSC[1 & ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES W]E 9 SU* T]ROR ( ,WA%+TON ?AT !Y W\LD NOT LET ! PLANE CROSS !IR AIRSPACE1 9 CASE IT MI<T BE C>RY+ ,$W>D ,SN[D51 & :5 ! PLANE L&$ 9 ,AU/RIA IT WAS SE>*$ BY POLICE 9 VIOLATION ( DIPLOMATIC PROTOCOL4 

,C\LD AN ACT ( T]RORISM AGA9/ LEAD]S :O BLATANTLY BETRAY$ ! TRU/ ( VOT]S EV] BE JU/IFI$8 

0,EV]0 IS A /RONG WORD4 ,IT IS H>D TO CONJURE UP REALI/IC CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! BURD5 ( PRO( = ANY RESORT TO VIOL5CE %\LD BE V]Y HEAVY1 & ?IS CASE W\LD SEEM EXTREMELY H>D TO JU/IFY4 

,) HUMAN NATURE BE+ :AT IT IS1 & 9DIVIDUALS CLE>LY HAV+ DIFF]5T SKILLS1 ABILITIES1 DRIVES1 & ASPIRATIONS1 IS A TRULY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY FEASIBLE &_/OR DESIRABLE8 

,HUMAN NATURE 5COMPASSES SA9TS & S9N]S1 & EA* ( US HAS ALL ( !SE CAPACITIES4 ,I SEE NO CONFLICT AT ALL BETWE5 AN EGALIT>IAN VISION & HUMAN V>IETY4 ,ONE C\LD1 P]HAPS1 >GUE ?AT ?OSE ) GREAT] SKILLS & TAL5TS >E ALREADY REW>D$ BY ! ABILITY TO EX]CISE !M1 SO !Y M]IT LESS EXT]NAL REW>D--?\< ,I DON'T >GUE ?IS4 ,AS = ! FEASIBILITY ( MORE JU/ & FREE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES1 WE CAN NEV] BE C]TA9 9 ADVANCE1 & CAN ONLY KEEP TRY+ TO PRESS ! LIMITS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ) NO CLE> REASON ?AT ,I CAN SEE TO ANTICIPATE FAILURE4 

,9 Y\R VIEW1 :AT W\LD CON/ITUTE A DEC5T SOCIETY & :AT =M ( A WORLD ORD] W\LD BE NE$$ TO ELIM9ATE COMPLETELY QUE/IONS AB\T :O RULES ! WORLD8 

,WE CAN CON/RUCT VISIONS ( 0P]PETUAL PEACE10 C>RY+ =W>D ! ,KANTIAN PROJECT1 & ( A SOCIETY ( FREE & CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALS NOT SUBJECT$ TO HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 >BITR>Y RULE & DECISION4 ,9 MY [N VIEW--RESPECT$ FRI5DS & COMRADES 9 /RUGGLE DISAGREE--WE DO NOT KN[ 5\< TO SPELL \T DETAILS ) MU* CONFID5CE1 & CAN ANTICIPATE ?AT CONSID]ABLE EXP]IM5TATION WILL BE NECESS>Y ALONG ! WAY4 ,!RE >E V]Y URG5T IMM$IATE TASKS1 NOT LEA/ DEAL+ ) LIT]AL QUE/IONS ( SURVIVAL ( ORGANIZ$ HUMAN SOCIETIES1 QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE NEV] RIS5 BE=E 9 HUMAN HI/ORY BUT >E 9ESCAPABLE RI<T N[4 ,& !RE >E MANY O!R TASKS ?AT DEM& IMM$IATE & D$ICAT$ WORK4 ,IT MAKES GOOD S5SE TO KEEP 9 M9D LONG]-T]M ASPIRATIONS AS GUIDEL9ES = IMM$IATE *OICES1 RECOGNIZ+ AS WELL ?AT ! GUIDEL9ES >E NOT IMMUTABLE4 ,?AT LEAVES US PL5TY TO DO4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JUNE #a#i1 #baf 

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