,ON ,VIETNAM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

 ,! TEXT BEL[ IS EXTRACT$ FROM ,SUR LE ,VIETNAM1 A S]IES ( >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,9=MATIONS ET ,CORRESPOND5CES \VRI]ES FROM ! 5D ( #aifg & ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#f#h1 AT ! HEI<T ( ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,VIETNAM W> 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,:IL/ ?IS DESCRIPTION AS A :OLE HAS NOT HI!RTO APPE>$ 9 ,5GLI%1 ! F9AL *APT]1 ,! ,SAIGON ,9SURRECTION ( #bc ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#e1 WAS ! ONLY ACC\NT ( ! EV5TS AVAILABLE 9 ,BRITA9 = MANY YE>S1 HAV+ BE5 FIR/ TRANSLAT$ BY ,*RIS ,PALLIS & PR9T$ 9 ,SOLID>ITY1 ,VOLUME #e NO4#e1 #bg ,OCTOB] #a#i#f#h1 PP4#c-#f1 #a#f4 ,IT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A LEAFLET BY ! ,SP>TACI/ ,WE/ GR\P ( ! MOVEM5T N[ KN[N AS ! ,I,C,L1 & LAT] BY ,S ,PIRANI 7$471 ,VIETNAM & ,TROTSKYISM1 ,AU/RALIA #a#i#h#g1 PP4#e#f-#f4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS ACC\NT WAS L>GELY WRITT5 FROM MEMORY1 )\T ! ADVANTAGE ( AN EXT5SIVE DOCUM5TATION TO H&4 ,COMRADE ,VAN'S MORE EXT5SIVE TREATM5T ( ! SAME P]IOD IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,LE ,M\VEM5T ,I,VE ,9T]NATIONALE 5 ,9DO*9E1 #a#i#c-#c#i 9 ! ,CAHI]S ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 NO4#d1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#h#i1 PP4#b#a-#f4 

,! AU?OR1 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET1 WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S = ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 =M$ 9 ,SAIGON 9 #a#i#c#e2 LIKE ,TA ,?U ,?AU'S ORGANIZATION ?IS GR\P SUPPORT$ ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,LA ,LUTTE FRONT1 CONC5TRAT+ 9/EAD ON ! PUBLICATION ( ! J\RNAL ,LE ,MILITANT4 ,HE WAS JAIL$ = A YE> 9 #a#i#c#f1 CONT9U$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY ON HIS RELEASE1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! #aide ,SAIGON 9SURRECTION1 & HAS LIV$ 9 EXILE 9 ,FRANCE S9CE #a#i#d#g4 

4444 

#a4 ,! ,LA ,LUTTE ,GR\P & ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,MOVEM5T 7#a#i#c#c-#c#g7 

,S\? ,VIETNAM 9 ! '?IRTIES3 WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS REV]B]AT$ 9 ,VIETNAM 9 ESS5TIALLY PEASANT REVOLTS & 9 ! AWAK5+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T MOM5T>ILY DECAPITAT$ BY ! REPRESSION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! '?IRTIES4 

,SOME ,VIETNAMESE /UD5TS :O HAD BE5 TRA9$ 9 ,FRANCE ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO ! TWO MA9 T5D5CIES ?AT DIVID$ ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL3 ,/AL9ISM & ,TROTSKYISM4 ,SOME ( !M HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE AFT] !IR DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! S5T5CES FOLL[+ ! ,Y5-BAY REBELLION 9 #a#i#c4 .<#a.> ,MOSC[ TRA9$ SOME ( ! MILITANTS :O W]E ASSIGN$ TO RECON/RUCT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ILLEGALITY2 ! K]NEL ( ?IS NEW ILLEGAL P>TY FELL UND] ! BL[S ( POLICE REPRESSION 9 #a#i#c#e1 & :5 ONE ( ITS LEAD]S1 ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU1 N[ 9 ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S 9=MATION S]VICES1 WAS BE=E ! C\RT 9 ,SAIGON BE+ QUE/ION$ AB\T HIS OCCUPATION1 HE DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS A PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y4 ,ALONG ) HIS COMPANIONS HE JO9$ ?OSE :O HAD BE5 S5T5C$ 9 #aicc 9 ! H>D-LABOR CAMP ( ,P\LO-,CONDORE4 ,ALSO BORN 9 CL&E/9ITY R\ND AB\T #aicb W]E ! SMALL ,TROTSKYI/ GR\PS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( SOME ( ?OSE EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,BULLET9S RUN (F ) GELAT9 DISSEM9AT$ 9 SECRET ! !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS ( ! ,VO-SAN 7,PROLET>IAN7 GR\P ( ,TA ,?U ,?AU & ! ,?ANG-MUOI 7,OCTOB]7 GR\P ( ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG & O!RS AMONG SOME ( ! AWAK5$ CITY WORK]S4 ,! SECOND ( !SE GR\PS *>G$ ! FIR/ ) A CONCILIATORY T5D5CY T[>DS ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,9SPIR$ BY ! ,P]MAN5T ,REVOLUTION1 !SE DISCIPLES ( ,TROTSKY ADVOCAT$ A 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS 'P]MAN5T REVOLUTION1' ! =EMO/ TASKS ( :I* W\LD BE NATIONAL LIB]ATION ?R\< ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE & AGR>IAN RE=M ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! DIVISION ( ! L& AMONG ! PEASANTS1 :]EAS ! ,/AL9I/S W]E PLANN+ ON A 'DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY' ?AT W\LD REALIZE ! SAME OBJECTIVES4 ,! SECRET POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S WAS ESS5TIALLY URBAN2 ! ,/AL9I/S ROOT$ !MSELVES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ON ACC\NT ( ! ORIG9S ( !IR MOVEM5T1 :]E !Y PROPAGAT$ ! NOTION ?AT ! ,TROTSKYI/S W]E ! 5EMY ( ! PEASANTRY4 

,BUT V]Y SOON ! ?REE ,TROTSKYI/ GR\PS - ! ?IRD BE+ ! ,TA DOI LAP TONG ?O 7,PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION7 - W]E BROK5 UP2 9 ,AUGU/ #aicb ! POLICE >RE/$ #da MILITANTS & SYMPA?IZ]S 9 ,SAIGON & 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,! FIR/ TRIAL ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S TOOK PLACE 9 ,SAIGON ON #a ,MAY #a#i#c#c1 & #af \T ( ! #ba ACCUS$ W]E CONDEMN$ TO BETWE5 ?REE MON?S' & FIVE YE>S' IMPRISONM5T4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! ,SAIGON MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 9 #aicc BO? ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S ATTEMPT$ TO C>RY \T JO9T LEGAL ACTION BY PUTT+ TOGE!R A S+LE ELECTORAL LI/1 ! 'WORK]S' LI/' 7SO LAO-DONG74 ,9 ORD] TO /& 9 ELECTIONS Y\ HAD TO BE EI!R A PROPRIETOR OR1 AT LEA/1 PAY BUS9ESS TAX1 SO ! ,TROTSKYI/ TEA*] ,TA ,?U ,?AU BECAME A C>PET SELL] 9 ,LAGR&I]E ,/REET1 :]EAS ! ,/AL9I/ J\RNALI/ ,NGUY5 ,VAN ,TAO BECAME A LEMONADE SELL] 9 ! ,OLD ,M>KET4 ,ELECTORAL MEET+S BEGAN TO BE HELD 9 ! ,?ANH-XUONG1 A SMALL LOCAL !AT]4 ,COOLIES1 COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES1 ,SAIGON WORK]S & Y\NG PEOPLE W]E = ! FIR/ TIME OP5LY EXHORT$ TO /RUGGLE = ! EI<T H\R DAY1 = TRADE UNION RI<TS & = ! RI<T TO /RIKE BY ! C&IDATES TO ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL :O W]E SEEK+ ! VOTES ( ! CITIZ5S 9 ORD] TO 'REPRES5T' !M4 ,! SUCCESS ( !SE MEET+S AL>M$ ! POLICE1 :O CLOS$ ! ,?ANH-XUONG !AT] ALONG ) ! !AT]S 9 ! SUBURBS 7,KHANH-HOI & ,TAN-D9H71 BUT MEET+S R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE BY ?IS POLICE 9T]V5TION W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO /REET DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! B\RGEOIS ELECTORAL LI/ ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ ,P>TY WAS DEFEAT$1 & ! WORK]S' LI/ GA9$ A MAJORITY ( ?OSE SEATS UPON ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ?AT W]E SET ASIDE = ! ,VIETNAMESE4 ,IT WAS AT ! TIME ( ?IS LEGAL AGITATION ?AT ,LA ,LUTTE FIR/ APPE>$1 A WEEKLY NEWSPAP] 9 ,FR5* ( ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT BETWE5 ! ,SAIGON ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S 7Y\ %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT NO PAP] 9 ! NATIVE LANGUAGE WAS ALL[$ TO APPE> )\T ! PRIOR AU?ORIZATION ( ! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION1 SO ,LA ,LUTTE C\LD ONLY CAT] = A ?9 LAY] ( ! URBAN POPULATION1 ?AT :I* C\LD READ ,FR5*2 EV5 !N IT WAS (T5 ! VICTIM ( SEIZURES & SE>*ES1 BUT 9 ! ,VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE IT W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO APPE>74 ,A ,FR5* J\RNALI/1 OLD ,GAN(SKY1 :O LIV$ 9 POV]TY ON ! M>G9S ( COLONIAL CIRCLES1 GAVE HIS NAME AS MANAG] ( ,LA ,LUTTE4 ,?IS FREE SPIRIT WAS AFT]W>DS 9T]F]$ ) ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS & HE PAID ! CONSEQU5CES ( HIS DIS9T]E/$ ACT RI<T UP TO HIS DEA?4 

,?IS LOCAL ,UNIT$ ,FRONT ?AT WAS DICTAT$ BY ! NECESSITIES ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ /RONG COLONIAL OPPRESSION SOON BECAME DISRUPT$ BY ! EVOLUTION ( ! POLITICS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! POLITICS ( ! ,FR5* P>TY4 ,! ,FRANCE-,SOVIET ,PACT ( ,MAY #aice CONV]T$ ,FRANCE 9TO AN ALLY ( ,RUSSIA1 & ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY N[ HAD ! DUTY ( DEF5D+ ',FR5* DEMOCRACY' AGA9/ ,FASCISM4 ,! ,/AL9I/ GR\P DUTIFULLY DISP5S$ ) ITS USUAL J>GON ( ',FR5* ,IMP]IALISM1' NO LONG] TALK$ AB\T NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & IMP>T$ A PURELY RE=MI/ DIRECTION TO ITS SLOGANS4 ,DEEP DIFF]5CES >OSE )9 ,LA ,LUTTE1 BUT ! ,TA ,?U ,?AU GR\P /ILL DID NOT BREAK ITS =MAL UNITY ) ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! WAVE ( /RIKES ?AT WAS FOLL[$ BY ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS & ! =MATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FRANCE 9 ,JUNE #aicf HAD AN IMM$IATE E*O 9 ! P59SULA ( ,9DO*9A1 :]E ! RE=MI/ CURR5T GREW /RONG]4 ,A ,POPUL> ,FRONT KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ! ,9DO ,*9ESE ,CONGRESS ,MOVEM5T 7,PHONG-TIAO-,DONG-DUONG-,DAI-HOI7 WAS =M$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P ) ! B\RGEOIS ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ ,P>TY1 9 ORD] TO DRAW UP DEM&S RELAT+ TO ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RE=MS ?AT W]E TO BE PRES5T$ TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ( ! METROPOLITAN C\NTRY4 ,AT ! 5D ( #aice A SMALL SECRET ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P WAS SET UP1 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 :I* LAUN*$ ! SLOGAN ( 'ACTION COMMITTEES' AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANTS BY MEANS ( A LEAFLET 9 ! ,VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE1 BUT ITS MILITANTS W]E IMM$IATELY ?R[N 9TO PRISON4 ,! ,/AL9I/S URG$ RESPECT = ! LAW TO ! PEASANTS :O HAD BEGUN TO AGITATE 9 A VIOL5T MANN] AGA9/ DIRECT & 9DIRECT TAXES & = A R$UCTION 9 GR\ND R5T4 

,! 'FIR/ TRIAL ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1' ! TRIAL ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 OP5$ 9 ,SAIGON ON #ca ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f4 ,FOLL[+ A PLEA SUBMITT$ BY !IR LAWY]S ) REG>D TO ! TORTURES & MALTREATM5T !Y HAD UND]GONE AT ! H&S ( ! POLICE1 A COMPLA9T ?AT RAIS$ AN E*O 9 ! ,DEPE*E D',9DO*9E & ,LA ,LUTTE1 ,LU ,SANH ,HANH & SEV5 ( HIS COMRADES W]E S5T5C$ TO LI<T PRISON S5T5CES ( BETWE5 SIX & #ah MON?S4 .<#b.> 

,! F]M5T AMONG ! WORK]S MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 P>TIAL /RIKES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #aicg ?AT 9CLUD$ WORK]S 9 ! >S5AL AT ,SAIGON1 ( ! ,TRANS-,9DO ,*9ESE ,RAILWAY 7,SAIGON-,HANOI71 ! ,TONK9 M9]S & ! COOLIES ( ! RUBB] PLANTATIONS1 ! MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 O!R WORDS4 ,!Y W]E DEM&+ AN EI<T H\R DAY1 TRADE UNION RI<TS1 ! RI<T TO /RIKE & CONV5E1 A FREE PRESS1 ETC4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT ! WORK]S1 ASSI/$ BY ! MILITANTS1 ORGANIZ$ !IR /RIKE & SUPPORT COMMITTEES & !IR CONTACTS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,!RE WAS SOME?+ SPONTANE\S 9 ?IS WAVE ( DEM&S & *A9 EXPLOSIONS1 & 9 ! LIMIT$ UND]/&+ ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,!Y W]E F$ ON ! ILLUSION ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( FRE$OM & SOCIAL RE=M (F]$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( ! METROPOLITAN C\NTRY4 ,AGITATION & PROPAG&A & ! LEGAL & UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES ( ! ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL GR\P+S1 :OSE MEMB]S C\LD BE C\NT$ ON ! F+]S1 >E NOT 5\< TO EXPLA9 ?IS VA/ MOVEM5T4 

,IT WAS !N ?AT ,BREVIE1 :O HAD BE5 APPO9T$ GOV]NOR ( ! COLONY BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 RESORT$ TO REPRESSION4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! SKELETON ( WORK+ CLASS TRADE UNIONS =M$ DUR+ ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE BANN$1 & ITS MILITANTS S5T TO PRISON 7,OCTOB] #a#i#c#g71 BUT EV5 ! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS WAS ITSELF DISSOLV$4 ,TROTSKYI/ & ,/AL9I/ PAP]S ?AT HAD SOMETIMES BE5 ABLE TO APPE> 9 ! ,VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE W]E BANN$ ONCE MORE1 & ! LABOR LEGISLATION REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,IT N[ BECAME DIFFICULT = ! ,/AL9I/S TO CONT9UE !IR DEF5SE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 :I* HAD 9 NO WAY *ANG$ FUNDAM5TALLY ,FRANCE'S IMP]IALI/ COLONIAL POLICY4 

,! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS W]E N[ AT !IR Z5I?1 & ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY S5T ! ,M,P ,HONEL TO GIVE ! LOCAL ,/AL9I/S ! ORD] TO BREAK ) ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,AB&ON+ ,LA ,LUTTE TO ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 ! ,/AL9I/S EMPLOY$ ! SAME V5OM\S ME?ODS AGA9/ !M AS ?OSE ( !IR MA/]S 9 ! ,KREML94 ,9 !IR NEW PAP] ,LE ,PEUPLE 7LAT] ,DAN-*UNG7 !Y W]E TO REPRES5T !IR ]/:ILE COMRADES AS SPIES = ! ,MIKADO & PROVOCATEURS4 ,! P]IOD ( ME?ODICAL MURD]S WILL BE DESCRIB$ :5 WE COME TO ! #a#i#d#e-#d#f P]IOD4 ,! UTT] & IMM$IATE OB$I5CE ( ! ,/AL9I/ GR\P TO ! ORD]S ( ,MOSC[ CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY !IR BL9D FANATICISM4 ,Y\NG M51 DRIV5 BY AN IDEAL1 W]E TRANS=M$ OV]NI<T 9TO WOLVES1 H[L+ TO ! DEA? ) ! O!R WOLVES AGA9/ !IR BRO!RS 9 ! FI<T1 ) :OM !Y HAD /ILL BE5 ELB[ TO ELB[ ONLY ! DAY BE=E1 9 /RUGGLE AS WELL AS 9 PRISON4 ,REGIM5TATION HAD CORRUPT$ !M1 ALONG ) ! ,VIETNAMESE WORK]S' & PEASANTS' MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ?US SACRIFIC$ FROM BIR? TO ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY4 ,AS WE W]E LAT] TO SEE1 ! EXPLOIT$ W]E TO =GE NEW *A9S = !MSELVES UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( !SE 'PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1' :5 !Y ?\<T ?AT !Y W]E /RUGGL+ = !IR EMANCIPATION - ?OSE ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD1 :]E PRODUCTION IS NOT A REQUIREM5T ( TRUE & VITAL HUMAN NE$S1 BUT ?OSE ( /ATE CAPITALISM AS ! 'REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D' 9EVITABLY TURN$ 9TO A BUREAUCRACY POSSESS+ ! /ATE4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ,FR5* IMP]IALISM BREA!D FREELY & EASILY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( RELATIVE SUPPORT BY ! ,/AL9I/S = ! 9TEGRITY ( ! EMPIRE4 ,! CALM WAS BROK5 BY ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 ,PACT ( #bc ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i1 FOLL[$ BY ! DECL>ATION ( W> ON #c ,SEPTEMB]4 ,! DECREE ( #bf ,SEPTEMB]1 :I* DISSOLV$ ALL ORGANIZATIONS 0RELAT+ TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL01 WAS ! PRELUDE TO ! MASS >RE/S ( MILITANTS ( ALL T5D5CIES1 ,/AL9I/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S1 NATIONALI/S & ! LEAD]S ( ! MAGICO-RELIGI\S SECTS 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#i1 & !N W]E TO CLOSE UPON !M ! S9I/] DOORS ( ! PRISONS & ! CAMPS = ! 0SPECIAL TRA9+ ( WORK]S01 ! DEA? CAMPS ?AT W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 UNHEAL?Y REGIONS1 9 :I* FEW SURVIV$4 ,9 A DECL>ATION ( ,NOVEMB] #aici 9 CON=MITY ) ,/AL9'S =EIGN POLICY ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ P>TY AT ONE & ! SAME TIME D5\NC$ ! 'IMP]IALI/' W> ( ,FRANCE AGA9/ ,G]MANY AS WELL AS ! ,JAPANESE PLANS = AGGRESSION AGA9/ ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS SUDD5 %IFT TRANSLAT$ ITSELF 9 #aid 9TO A CONCEAL$ PEASANT 9SURRECTION FOM5T$ BY ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A1 :I* WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 

#b4 ,! ,SECTS & ! ,VIETM9H 

.<,WE OMIT H]E ! SECTION DEAL+ ) ! EXPRESSION ( PEASANT DISCONT5T ?R\< SECT>IAN ,BUDDHI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 & EXTRACT M]ELY :AT DEALS ) ! MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4.> 

,! Y\NG ,M>XI/S C>RI$ !IR DREAM ( 0TRANS=M+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO A CIVIL W>0 9TO ! PRISONS1 BUT ! WORDS PRON\NC$ AT ,ZIMM]WALD COM+ FROM F>-(F ,EUROPE1 & !IR ILLU/RATION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EV5TS ( #a#i#a#g1 W]E NONE!LESS TO CONT9UE TO S\ND 9 !IR HE>TS4 ,A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SONG COMPOS$ AB\T #aice ?AT CALL$ = CIVIL W> REMA9$ DEEP 9 !IR HE>TS3 0,WE WILL TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! W> BETWE5 ! IMP]IALISMS & :5 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA %ALL BE ATTACK$1 WE WILL 5GAGE 9 CIVIL W>0 70,?UA LUC DE-QUOC TRANH-*I51 VOI LUC DANH ,SO-VIET LAM NOI-*I5 MAU074 ,IT WAS UPON PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ?IS SAME IDEA 9 AN ILLEGAL ,TROTSKYI/ DUPLICAT$ %EET1 ! ,VANGU>D 7,TI5-DAO7 ?AT ! ,PROSECUTOR ATTA*$ TO ! ,SAIGON C\RT HAD SUPPORT$ HIS 9DICTM5T AT ! TIME ( ! TRIAL ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 

,PREEMPTIVE >RE/S DID NOT PREV5T ! PEASANTS ( ,CO*9 ,*9A FROM RIS+ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d1 & 9 ! SAME YE> AN UPSURGE BROKE \T AT ,BACSON 9 ,TONK94 ,REPRESSION CAUS$ ?\S&S ( DEA?S1 & C\RTS M>TIAL S5T ?OSE :O W]E CAPTUR$ TO DEA? & TO ! PRISONS4 ,! PRISONS W]E SO FULL ?AT A C]TA9 NUMB] ( PRISON]S W]E LOCK$ UP 9 B>GES B]!D NE> ,SAIGON1 :]E !Y P]I%$ LIKE FLIES4 

.<,H]E WE OMIT MORE MAT]IAL UPON ! BELIEFS & HI/ORY ( ! ,CAO ,DAI & ! ,HOA ,HAO4.> 

,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT AFT] ! ,FR5* DEFEAT 9 ,EUROPE ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPI$ ,9DO*9A1 & 9 AGREEM5T ) ,VI*Y PRES]V$ ! ,FR5* ADM9I/RATIVE & REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS1 TOGE!R ) A NEW COLONIAL GOV]NOR H5CE=? AT !IR S]VICE4 ,! POLICY ( ! ,JAPANESE ATTEMPT$ TO ELIM9ATE ! ,/AL9I/ T5D5CY & TO SE>* = A COMPROMISE ( COLLABORAT+ ) ! NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES & ! SECTS2 9 #aidb ! 'MAD BONZE' :O HAD BE5 EXIL$ 9 ,LAOS WAS LIB]AT$ BY !M1 & :5 ON #i ,M>* #aide ! ,JAPANESE BR\<T ! ,FR5* COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION TO AN 5D1 !Y >M$ ! DEVOTEES ( !SE TWO SECTS1 HOP+ TO BE ABLE TO USE !M AS MILIT>Y AUXILI>IES 9 ! EV5T ( AN ,AM]ICAN L&+4 

,LET US RETURN TO ! ,/AL9I/S & TO !IR ACTIVITIES UP TO !IR SEIZURE ( P[] 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,9 ,MAY #aida ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 :O WAS LIV+ 9 ,KWANGSI 9 ,*9A1 CONV5$ A CONF]5CE ?AT BR\<T TOGE!R ,VIETNAMESE ELEM5TS ( ALL ORIG9S & =M$ ALONG ) !M AN ORGANIZATION UND] ! UNASSUM+ TITLE ( ,VIET ,M9H 7AN ABBREVIATION ( ,VIET-NAM DOT-LAP DONG M9H1 ,! ,LEAGUE = ! ,9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM71 :OSE EFFECTIVE LEAD]%IP BELONG$ TO HIS [N FOLL[]S4 

,! ,*9ESE G5]ALS ( ! ,GUOM9DANG N[ CONV5$ A SECOND CONF]5CE ( ! ,VIETNAMESE POLITICAL REFUGEES 9 ,*9A AT ,LIE\-T*E\ ON #d ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#b1 ) ! 9T5TION ( BRU%+ ASIDE ! ,COMMUNI/ T5D5CY & ( SETT+ UP ! ,DONG-M9H HOI1 ! ,ASSOCIATION = ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION1 PRESID$ OV] BY ,NGUY5 ,HAI ,?A1 AN OLD PRO-,*9ESE EMIGRE4 ,HO ,*I ,M9H WAS IMPRISON$ = #ah MON?S4 ,H[EV]1 AT ! CONF]5CE ( ,M>* #aidd AT ,LIE\-T*E\1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* A PROGRAM = A 'PROVISIONAL REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,VIETNAM' WAS ELABORAT$1 ! ,VIETM9H WAS REPRES5T$1 & HAD A PORTFOLIO4 ,?IS PROGRAM CONSI/$ ( TWO PO9TS3 ! LIQUIDATION ( ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,FR5* & ,JAPANESE1 & 9DEP5D5CE = ,VIETNAM ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,GUOM9DANG2 BUT :]EAS ! NATIONALI/S ( ?IS GOV]NM5T REMA9$ 9 ,*9A1 :]E !Y WAIT$ = ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,GUOM9DANG TO ASSURE !M ( P[] 9 ,VIETNAM1 ! ,HO ,*I ,M9H GR\P1 UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,VIETM9H1 CAME BACK 9TO ,TONK9 & E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ! REGION ( ,?AI-NGUY54 ,:5 ! ,JAPANESE C\P ( #i ,M>* #aide PUT AN 5D TO ,FR5* RULE 9 ,9DO*9A1 ! ,VIETM9H F\ND ITSELF PRACTICALLY MA/] ( ! HI<L&S4 ,ORI5TAT+ HIMSELF T[>DS ! ,ALLIES 7,RUSSIA1 ,NATIONALI/ ,*9A1 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 ,HO ,*I ,M9H ORGANIZ$ A FEW SKIRMI%ES AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE1 MADE CONTACT ) ! ,AM]ICANS AT ,KUN-M+1 & FROM !M OBTA9$ WEAPONS ) :I* TO /RUGGLE ON ! SIDE ( ! ,ALLIES4 ,AFT] ! SURR5D] ( ! ,JAPANESE ON #ae ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 ! ,HO ,*I ,M9H GR\P 7! ,VIETM9H7 WAS ALREADY AN ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y =CE1 H[EV] HA/ILY >M$ & NUM]ICALLY WEAK4 

#c4 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 ,! ,COM+ ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H 

,H]E WE %ALL EXAM9E ! SITUATION ?AT P]MITT$ ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H & HIS ,VIETM9H FOLL[]S 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e4 

,! FIR/ CANNON %OTS 9 ,EUROPE ?AT BEGAN 0! CONT9UATION ( POLITICS0 9 ! BLOOD ( ! SLAVES OP5$ UP = ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 5GAG$ UPON A FULL-SCALE W> ( CONQUE/ 9 ,*9A S9CE #a#i#c#g1 A P]SPECTIVE ( REALIZ+ ! ,GREAT] ,ASIA ,PLAN ( ,TOJO = ! \/+ ( ! OLD ,WE/]N MA/]S FROM ,S\?-,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,:5 ! ,FR5* REFUS$ TO ALL[ !IR TROOPS TO P5ETRATE 9TO ,TONK9 9 #a#i#d1 ! ,JAPANESE W5T OV] TO ! ATTACK AT ,LAN-SON & ,DONGDANG 9 ! EV5+ ( #bb ,SEPTEMB]1 & ON ! #b#d? L&$ AT ,HAIPHONG AFT] HAV+ BOMB>D$ ! PORT4 ,SO BEGAN ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION ( ,9DO*9A2 IT MA9TA9$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( ,FR5* COLONIALISM ) A ,VI*Y ADMIRAL 9 *>GE :O L>GELY COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,JAPANESE G5]AL /AFF4 ,! SY/EMATIC PLUND] ( ! PRODUCE ( ! C\NTRY = ! NE$S ( W> PLUNG$ ! POPULATION 9TO 9CREAS+ MIS]Y2 MORE ?AN EV] ! PEASANT MASSES LIV$ 9 DE/ITUTION4 ,AM]ICAN BOMB+1 TYPHOONS & EXCEPTIONAL COLD ALL ADD$ UP TO DISA/]1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! GREAT FAM9E ( ,M>* TO ,MAY #a#i#d#e1 ) AB\T A MILLION DEA?S 9 ! NOR?1 9CLUD+ DEA?S 9 ! /REETS ( ,HANOI4 

,9 ! S\? ( ! C\NTRY ! RELIGI\S SECTS ?AT HAD BE5 P]SECUT$ BY ! ,FR5* *]I%$ A HOPE 9 ,JAPAN4 ,! ,CAO-DAI/S1 :OSE ,POPE ,PHAM ,CONG ,TAC WAS LIV+ 9 EXILE AT ,NOSSI-LAVA 7,MADAGASC>71 W]E C\NT+ ON ! RETURN ( ,PR9CE ,CUONG-DE1 :O WAS A REFUGEE 9 ,JAPAN1 & ! DEVOTEES ( ! ',MAD BONZE1' ! ,HOA-,HAO1 HAD OBTA9$ FROM ! ,JAPANESE ! RETURN ( !IR MA/] ,HUYNH ,PHU ,SO1 :O HAD BE5 EXIL$ TO ,LAOS BY ! ,FR5*4 ,FROM #aidc ONW>DS SOME PRO-,JAPANESE NATIONALI/ GR\PS W]E =M$1 & !IR MEMB]S W]E UTILIZ$ 9 ! ,JAPANESE PROPAG&A & POLICE S]VICES4 

,R\ND AB\T #aidc 9 ! M\NTA9 REGION ( ,TUY5-QUANG NE> ! ,*9ESE FRONTI] 9 ! NOR?1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H ORGANIZ$ HIS GU]RILLA C5T] & MADE CONTACT ) ! ,AM]ICANS TO ASK !M = WEAPONS1 :IL/ PROCLAIM+ HIMSELF TO BE ON ! SIDE ( ! 'DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIES AGA9/ ,JAPANESE ,FASCISM'2 HIS 'PEOPLE'S >MY' WAS (FICIALLY 9AUGURAT$ 9 ! RESI/ANCE />T+ FROM #bb ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#d4 

,FAC$ ) ! ,AM]ICAN (F5SIVE 9 ! ,PACIFIC & ! ?REAT ( RU9 = ! ,B]L9-,TOKYO-,ROME ,AXIS1 ! ,JAPANESE PUT AN 5D TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,FR5* OV] ! :OLE P59SULA BY A C\P />T+ FROM #i ,M>* #a#i#d#e4 ,! ,FR5* TROOPS W]E DIS>M$ & CONF9$ TO !IR B>RACKS1 & ! COMM&]S W]E EI!R IMPRISON$ OR PUT TO DEA?2 ! POPULATION WAS CONC5TRAT$ & /RICTLY CONTROLL$4 ,! ,JAPANESE EFFECT$ A PROCLAMATION ( 9DEP5D5CE BY ! ,EMP]OR ,BAO ,DAI & BY MEANS ( ,TRAN ,TRONG ,KIM CREAT$ A 'NATIONAL GOV]NM5T' AT ,HUE ON #b ,M>*4 ,! LEAD5 COV] ?AT HAD WEI<$ D[N UPON ! C\NTRY WAS N[ SPLIT4 ,! POPUL> MASSES FELT RELIEV$1 S9CE ( ! TWO BRIG&S :O HAD BE5 PLUND]+ !M1 ONE HAD FALL5 UND] ! BL[S ( ! O!R1 & !Y W]E FILL$ ) A FEEL+ ( SATISFACTION OV] ! ONE ?AT WAS IMPOT5T1 ALONG ) ! ILLUSION ?AT ) 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE' SOME?+ POSITIVE WAS GO+ TO BE DONE AB\T !IR CONDITION4 ,! >ROGANT POLICEM5 ( ! ,FR5* REGIME W]E NO LONG] 9 ! /REETS ( ,SAIGON QUE/ION+ WORK]S & CL]KS RETURN+ FROM WORK 9 ORD] TO V]IFY !IR P]SONAL ID5TITY C>DS 7GIAY ?NE ?AN74 ,NO LONG] W]E ,FR5* COLONS TO BE HE>D ?REAT5+ TO KICK ! BACKSIDES ( RICK%AW BOYS :O W]E CLAIM+ :AT WAS [$ !M4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! PRO-,JAPANESE NATIONALI/ GR\PS RECEIV$ KEY PO/S 9 ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,! Y\? ( C\NTRY1 T[N & VILLAGE WAS P>AMILIT>ILY ORGANIZ$ TO S]VE AS AN AUXILI>Y =CE = ! ,JAPANESE >MY 9 ! EV5T ( AN ,AM]ICAN L&+2 ?IS MOVEM5T WAS KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ! ,Y\? ,VANGU>D 7,?ANK-NI5 TI$-PHONG74 ,! ,CAO-DAI/S =M$ !IR [N >M$ GR\PS1 :]EAS ! ,HOA-,HAO W]E =G+ %>P-$G$ WEAPONS :IL/ 0WAIT+ UPON EV5TS01 9 O!R WORDS1 ! OPPORTUNITY = SEIZ+ P[]4 ,! MILITANTS ( ! ,/AL9I/ GR\P :O HAD ESCAP$ ! REPRESSION OR :O HAD BE5 FRE$ FROM ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS AFT] #i ,M>* W]E WORK+ - MOBILIZ$ AFT] A FA%ION - = ! 'NATIONAL GOV]NM5T' & ! PEASANTS1 & W]E OP]AT+ UND]GR\ND )9 ! ,Y\? ,VANGU>D4 ,ALL ?IS POLITICAL F]M5T 9 ! ,S\? DUR+ ! FIVE MON?S ?AT PREC$$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,JAPANESE WAS ESCAP+ FROM !IR CONTROL1 :]EAS 9 ! REGIONS ( ,UPP] ,TONK9 ! ZONE ( ! >M$ GR\PS ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H WAS SPREAD+2 !Y1 ALSO1 W]E WAIT+ UPON 'EV5TS4' 

,! BOMBS ( ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI FOLL[$ BY ! SURR5D] ( ,JAPAN ON #ae ,AUGU/ #aide M>K$ ANO!R BLOODY ]A = ?IS CORN] ( ,ASIA1 9T5D$ BY ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S 7! ,POTSDAM AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,/AL91 ,*UR*ILL & ,ROOSEVELT7 TO BE OCCUPI$ TO ! NOR? ( ! SEV5TE5? P>ALLEL BY ,*9ESE TROOPS & TO ! S\? ( IT BY ,BRITI% TROOPS4 ,?IS NEW P>TITION ( ! WORLD WIP$ ,FR5* IMP]IALISM FROM ! MAP ( ,9DO*9A1 & ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ,*IANG ,KAI-,%EK'S ,*9ESE ! ,AM]ICANS W]E C\NT+ ON 9CLUD+ ,NOR!RN ,VIETNAM )9 !IR SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE 9 ,S\? ,EA/ ,ASIA4 

,FAC$ ) ! POLITICAL GAP CREAT$ BY ! ,JAPANESE SURR5D]1 & PREC$+ ! ,*9ESE TROOPS :O W]E BR++ ) !M ! PRO-,*9ESE NATIONALI/S ( ! ,DONG-M9H-HOI & ! ,VIET-NAM QUOC DAN-DANG1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H BR\<T TOGE!R HIS SUPPORT]S 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,TANTRAO 7PROV9CE ( ,?AI-NGUY57 & CREAT$ A ,COMMITTEE = ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ( ,VIETNAM 7,UY-BAN GIAI-PHONG DAN-TOC ,VIET-NAM71 ! MAJORITY ( :I* WAS COMPOS$ ( AB\T #a =M] MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 ?IS WAY HE BROKE ) ! 'GOV]NM5T 9 EXILE' 9 ,*9A1 & !RE=E ) ! PRO-,*9ESE NATIONALI/S4 ,AFT] SOME SPECTACUL> DEMON/RATIONS ORGANIZ$ BY HIS EMISS>IES 9 ,HANOI1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H MADE HIS 5TRANCE !RE AT ! HEAD ( HIS 'PEOPLE'S >MY' >\ND #ah ,AUGU/4 ,)\T FUR!R ADO ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ,BAO ,DAI'S PRO-,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T 9 ,HANOI1 ,PHAN ,KE ,TOAI1 )DREW4 ,?US ! DE FACTO P[] ( ! ,VIETM9H WAS SET UP ) ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! ,JAPANESE1 :O HAD RECEIV$ 9/RUCTIONS FROM ! ,ALLIES TO MA9TA9 ORD] UNTIL ! >RIVAL ( ! ,*9ESE TROOPS4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! ,JAPANESE RELEAS$ SOME #d POLITICAL PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! ,%ELL BUILD+S :O W]E CLAIM$ BY ! ,VIETM9H1 & ?AT !Y ALL[$ !M TO GET HOLD ( WEAPONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 'PEOPLE'S COMMITTEES' TOOK CONTROL ( ! ADM9I/RATION 9 ! PROV9CES1 & ! ,M&>9S DISAPPE>$ OR SUBMITT$4 ,A PROVISIONAL ,VIETM9H GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ 9 ,HANOI ON #be ,AUGU/1 PRESID$ OV] BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H2 9 ,HUE1 AFT] ! RESIGNATION ( ! ,TRAN ,TRONG ,KIM GOV]NM5T1 ,BAO ,DAI ALSO ABDICAT$1 & WAS DESIGNAT$ AS A 'SUPREME C\NSELOR' BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H4 

,FROZ5 

,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,S\? ( ! C\NTRY AFT] #ae ,AUGU/8 ,! SAME ABS5CE ( P[] AS 9 ! ,NOR? MADE ITSELF FELT 9 ,SAIGON2 ! ,JAPANESE TROOPS SEEM$ TO BE FROZ5 9TO IMMOBILITY :IL/ AWAIT+ ! >RIVAL ( ! ,BRITI%1 :]EAS EV] S9CE #i ,M>* ! DIS>M$ ,FR5* HAD BE5 WAIT+ = !IR 'LIB]ATION' & !IR RETURN TO P[]4 ,! SUPPORT]S ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H 7SOME EMISS>IES :O HAD COME FROM ,TONK9 HAD JO9$ ! ,/AL9I/ GR\P ( ,CO*9 ,*9A7 W5T >\ND 9 C>S PROVID$ ) L\DSPEAK]S CALL+ \T 0DEF5D ! ,VIETM9H0 70UNG-HO ,VIET M9H071 ! ',VIETM9H' BE+ A NAME HI!RTO UNKN[N >\ND ,SAIGON HAV+ ALL ! ATTRACTION ( A MY/]Y1 & !N !Y DI/RIBUT$ LEAFLETS CLAIM+ !MSELVES TO BE 0ON ! SIDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,*9ESE1 ,BRITI% & ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,ALLIES = 9DEP5D5CE04 ,! ',UNIT$ ,NATIONAL ,FRONT' :I* 9 A FEW DAYS HAD COLLECT$ TOGE!R ! ,P>TY = ! ,9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM 7,VIET-NAM QUOC GIA DOC LAP DANG71 ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\?1 ! ,GR\P ( ! ,9TELLECTUALS1 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,CIVIL ,S]VANTS & ! ,T9H DO CU ,BUDDHI/ SECT ALONG ) ! ,HOA ,HAO & ! ,CAO ,DAI1 APPEAL$ TO ! POPULATION TO DEMON/RATE = 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN UNC]TA9 & ?REAT5+ SITUATION4 ,ON #ba ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY1 FROM ! MORN+ ONW>DS1 V]ITABLE MASSES ( PEOPLE ASSEMBL$ LIKE ANTS & FILL$ ! ,NORODOM ,B\LEV>D1 !N ! ,BOTANICAL ,G>D5S NE> ! GOV]NOR'S PALACE1 & !N CROSS$ ! MAJOR >T]IES 9 ORD] *ANT+ SLOGANS3 0,D[N ) ,FR5* IMP]IALISM60 70,DA DAO DE QUOC PHAP071 0,LONG LIVE ! ,9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM60 70,VIETNAM HOAN TOAN DOC LAP'01 :IL/ ! FLAGS & BANN]S FLOAT+ ABOVE ?IS MOV+ >MY 9DICAT$ ! PRES5CE ( ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\?1 :O HAD BE5 A PRO-,JAPANESE ORGANIZATION ONLY YE/]DAY1 PEASANTS L$ BY ,/AL9I/ MILITANTS :O HAD COME FROM ! 5VIRONS ( ,SAIGON1 WORK]S ( ,SAIGON-,*OLON1 ,CAO-DAI/S1 ,BUDDHI/S ( V>I\S SECTS GR\P$ >\ND !IR BONZES1 ! ,HOA ,HAO1 & ! MILITANTS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,LA ,LUTTE & ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE GR\PS4 ,! LATT]1 UND] ! FLAG ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 RAIS$ ! SLOGANS ( 0! L& & RICEFIELDS TO ! PEASANTS1 ! FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES = ! WORK]S604 ,SOME DEMON/RATORS W]E >M$ ) %>P5$ BAMBOO POLES4 ,BANN]S W]E SE5 ) ! UNUSUAL 9SCRIPTIONS SU* AS 0,MURD] ,ASSAULT ,GR\PS0 70,BAN AM SAT XUNG PHONG07 RAIS$ BY B>E-*E/$ & TATOO$ M51 :O W]E C>RY+ %>P5$ WEAPONS & OLD RIFLES4 ,! ,VIETNAMESE POLICE AT ! S]VICE ( ! OCCUPATION NO LONG] KNEW FROM :]E TO TAKE ITS ORD]S3 IT REMA9$ PASSIVE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! PROCESSION CROSS+ ! CITY ON /RIKE1 & ! CR[D ONLY DISAPPE>$ 9 ! AFT]NOON4 ,?IS DEMON/RATION1 :I* [$ ITS 9ITIATION TO ! ,VIETM9H1 WAS ! CLASSIC TACTIC PREP>ATORY TO ! SEIZURE ( P[] - IT REPRES5T$ ! SEAL ( G5]AL APPROVAL4 ,BUT 9 FACT EV]YBODY W5T D[N 9TO ! /REET ) DIFF]5T ASPIRATIONS4 ,! ONLY COMMON BUT OV]:ELM+ S5TIM5T WAS 0NEV] TO SEE ! ,FR5* BACK 9 P[]1 LONG LIVE ! 5D ( ! COLONIAL REGIME60 

,?IS FIR/ AWAK5+ ( !SE MASSES1 :O HAD BE5 =EV] 9 0*A9S 4 & GAGS01 EMANAT$ AN ELECTRIC T5SION AMID AN UNUSUAL CALM1 ! BROOD+ CALM ?AT PRECE$S A /ORM4 ,ALL CON/RA9T WAS BROK51 & EV]YBODY SEEM$ TO LIVE A MOM5T ( TOTAL LIB]TY1 :]E ! ABS5CE ( ! /ATE & ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! POLICE ALL[$ EV]YONE TO PREP>E HIMSELF 9 HIS [N WAY = ! EV5TUALITY ( A T]RIBLE CONFLICT4 ,:AT D>KNESS UPON ! HORIZON ( A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE6 ,ROOSEVELT1 ,*UR*ILL & ,/AL9 HAD DECID$ \R FATE AT ,YALTA & ,POTSDAM4 ,WE W]E N[ TO BE CA/ BODY & S\L 9TO A FUTURE )\T A TOMORR[4 ,FAC$ ) ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! IMM95T >RIVAL ( ! ,BRITI% TROOPS1 & FAC$ ) ! ?REAT ( ! RETURN ( ! OLD COLONIAL REGIME 7,COLONEL ,C$ILE1 ! SPECIAL 5VOY ( ! ',NEW ,FRANCE1' WAS ALREADY 9 ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL'S PALACE 9 ,SAIGON71 EV]YBODY DECID$ TO LOOK = & OBTA9 WEAPONS2 EV]YONE LIV$ 9 ! SAME EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPH]E4 

,EV5TS W]E AB\T TO UNFOLD 9 !SE CRUCIAL MOM5TS ( G5]AL CRISIS ) ! SPE$ ( LI<TN+4 ,! NATIONALI/ GR\PS & SECTS ?AT HAD BE5 PRO-,JAPANESE REMA9$ >M$1 BUT 9CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE3 !IR TIME WAS F9I%$ ) ! FALL ( ,JAPAN4 ,! ,VIETM9H1 POLITICALLY RE9=C$ BY ! COM+ ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H TO ,HANOI1 & HAV+ ALREADY TAK5 CONTROL ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,Y\? ,VANGU>D1 :OSE LEAD]S HAS JO9$ IT1 ALSO HAV+ BE5 /R5G!N$ BY ! MON/] DEMON/RATION ( #be ,AUGU/1 9 :I* IT SAW ! APPROVAL ( ! MASSES = ITS POLICY ( COLLABORATION ) ! ',ALLIES' = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 WAS AB\T TO IMPOSE ITS RULE4 

,RANGE 

,9 FACT1 A PROCLAMATION SIGN$ BY ! ',S\!RN ,PROVISIONAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE' 7',UY-BAN HANH *ANH LAM-?OI ,NAMBO'7 SOON APPE>$ ON ! WALLS ( ! CITY4 ,! ,COMMITTEE APPEAL$ TO ! POPULATION TO RANGE ITSELF BEH9D IT ) A VIEW TO OBTA9+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! C\NTRY BY NEGOTIATION ) ! ',ALLIES1' & PROMIS$ ! =MATION ( A DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AS ?IS PO/] ANN\NC$ ! 'TAK+ ( P[]' BY ! ,VIETM9H1 A LI/ ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 PRESID$ OV] BY ! ,/AL9I/ ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU1 WAS PUT UP 9 FRONT ( ! ,SAIGON T[N HALL1 FA/5$ TO AN IMPOS+ COLUMN COV]$ ) R$ CLO?2 ANO!R ,/AL9I/1 ,NGUY5 ,VAN ,TAO1 :O HAD BE5 A ,SAIGON MUNICIPAL C\NCILOR1 WAS ASSIGN$ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 & 9 ORD] TO GIVE !IR COMMITTEE ! APPE>ANCE ( A NATIONAL UNION ?AT W\LD BE ACCEPTABLE TO ! ,ALLIES 9 AN EV5TUAL NEGOTIATION1 ! ,/AL9I/S SECUR$ ! GOV]NM5TAL COLLABORATION ( A DOCTOR1 SOME NON-,/AL9I/ 9TELLECTUALS1 & EV5 A L&[N]4 ,?IS ,NAM-BO COMMITTEE SAT 9 ! T[N HALL1 GU>D$ BY MILITIAM5 9 :ITE UNI=MS4 ,! POLICE & COPS HAD JO9$ !M1 & ! COMMISS>IATS W]E CONTROLL$ BY ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU'S COMRADES2 ! PIRATES ( ,LE ,VAN ,VI51 CALL$ ! ,BAY ,VI51 HAD BE5 5LI/$ AS POLICEM5 & AS AG5TS = ! FUTURE ,/AL9I/ ASSASS9ATIONS 7!Y HAD BE5 WELL KN[N UND] ! ,FR5* UND] ! LABEL ( ! 'B&S ( ,B9H XUY51' ! NAME ( A HAMLET SITUAT$ BETWE5 ,SAIGON & ,*OLON74 

,! ACTIVITY ( ! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE EXT5D$ \T T[>DS ! PROV9CES1 :]E !Y SET UP !IR [N PROVISIONAL COMMITTEES ?AT TOOK CONTROL ( ! PEOPLE'S COMMITTEES ?AT HAD SPONTANE\SLY >IS5 9 ! VILLAGES & ( ! OLD ,VANGU>D ,Y\?4 ,! >RIVAL ( ! ,ALLI$ ,COMMISSION WAS ANN\NC$ = ! BEG9N+ ( ,SEPTEMB]4 ,9 ! /REETS ( ,SAIGON FLOAT$ IMM5SE BANN]S BE>+ 9SCRIPTIONS ( GREET+ 9 ,5GLI%1 ,RUSSIAN1 ,*9ESE & ,VIETNAMESE3 0,WELCOME TO ! ,ALLI$ ,=CES60 ,SOME DEMON/RATIVE ACTIONS M>K$ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE TO HAVE DONE ) ,FR5* COLONIALISM3 ! ,SAIGON /REETS *ANG$ !IR NAMES4 ,! ,RUE ,CAT9AT1 ! LUXURI\S >T]Y ( ! CITY1 FAM\S = ITS POLICE (FICES1 JAILS & TORTURE *AMB]S1 WAS BAPTIZ$ ',! ,/REET ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1' & ! ,NORODOM ,B\LEV>D WAS CALL$ ',! ,B\LEV>D ( ! ,REPUBLIC' 444 ,! /ATUES ( ! 'H]OES' ( ! CONQUE/ 7! ,BI%OP ( ,ADRAN HOLD+ ! Y\NG PR9CE ,CANH BY ! H& 9 FRONT ( ! CA!DRAL1 ,ADMIRAL ,RIGAULT DE ,G5\ILLY AT ! SIDE ( ! ,SAIGON RIV]1 & ,BONN>D 9 FRONT ( ! ,MUNICIPAL ,!AT]7 & O!R MONUM5TS ( ! COLONIAL ]A W]E DE/ROY$4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( #b ,SEPTEMB] A L>GE (FICIAL PROCESSION WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE4 ,! NEWLY >M$ MILITIA OP5$ ! M>* 9 UNI=M4 ,9 ! AFT]NOON SOME %OTS W]E FIR$ 9 ! CA!DRAL SQU>E1 NO-ONE KN[S FROM :]E1 PROVOK+ A G5]AL \TBUR/2 ! DEMON/RATORS FLUNG !MSELVES UPON ! ,FR5* H\SES1 & ! DEMON/RATION 5D$ LATE AT NI<T ) DEAD & W\ND$ ON BO? SIDES4 

,SOON ! ,GURKHAS ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,9DIAN ,DIVISION >RIV$ BY PLANE UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,BRITI% G5]AL ,GRACEY4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ( HIS >RIVAL ,GRACEY HAD LEAFLETS SPREAD ALL OV] ! CITY BY ,JAPANESE FI<T] PLANES PROCLAIM+ ?AT HE HAD *>G$ ! ,JAPANESE ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( PUBLIC ORD]1 & ?AT HE =BADE ! POPULATION TO KEEP ANY WEAPONS UND] ?REAT ( SEV]E PUNI%M5T4 ,AN IMM5SE PO/] REPEAT+ ?IS PROCLAMATION WAS /UCK ON ! CITY WALLS4 ,! HAU<TY TONE ( ?IS ,ALLI$ MILIT>Y REPRES5TATIVE WAS ! EQUIVAL5T ( A =MAL NOTICE1 ADDRESS$ NOT ONLY TO ! >M$ GR\PS ( ! RELIGI\S SECTS :O HAD HELD ONTO QUANTITIES ( ,JAPANESE WEAPONS1 BUT ALSO TO ! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE1 :OSE >M$ MILITIA WAS MORE OR LESS HELD RESPONSIBLE = ! 'DISORD]S' ( #b ,SEPTEMB]4 ,GRACEY 9/ALL$ HIS HEADQU>T]S 9 ! SMALL PALACE ( ! GOV]NOR ( ,CO*9 ,*9A4 ,A FEV]I% ACTIVITY AGITAT$ ! GR\PS & SECTS4 ,! ,HOA ,HAO ASSUM$ ! NAME ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,DANG DAN-XA71 & IT SEEMS ?AT !Y1 ALONG ) ! ,CAO-DAI/S1 W]E 9VIT$ TO A FEW SUBORD9ATE M9I/]IAL PO/S ( SOCIAL AFFAIRS BY ! ,VIETM9H4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P PRON\NC$ 9 FAVOR ( SUPPORT TO ! ,/AL9I/ ,VIETM9H 9 ?IS PHASE ( ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & = ! =MATION ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 BUT DECL>$ ?AT !Y RES]V$ ! RI<T TO CRITICIZE2 ANO!R ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CY D5\NC$ AS AN ILLUSION FO/]$ AMONG ! MASSES ! POSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BY NEGOTIATION ) ! IMP]IALI/ BRIG&S :OSE ALLIANCE WAS BE+ SOLICIT$ BY ! ,VIETM9H4 ,ADVOCAT+ ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE 7:I* WAS AGA9/ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE TO CONTROL ALL ! >M$ GR\P+S7 & ! PREP>ATION ( AN >M$ 9SURRECTION & AGA9/ ! RETURN ( ! OLD REGIME1 !Y ORGANIZ$ SOME T5S ( WORK]S & CL]KS 9 A ',PEOPLE'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE' 7'UYBAN NHAN-DAN CA*-MANG'7 9 ! ,T&9H SUBURB ( ,SAIGON1 & A SIMIL> PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE WAS =M$ AT ,BI5-HOA1 SOME #c KILOMET]S FROM ,SAIGON4 ,BUT ! ACTIVITY ( SU* COMMITTEES1 9 A DUALITY ) ! DE FACTO P[] ( ! ,/AL9I/S1 WAS A /A9 ?AT C\LD SPREAD1 & ! >RE/ & 9C>C]ATION ( !IR MEMB]S BY ! POLICE PUT A /OP TO IT4 ,WE %\LD NOTE ?AT ! MILITANTS ( ,TAN-D9H ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$ )\T PROTE/1 = !Y FE>$ ?AT IF !Y FIR$ UPON ! POLICE !Y W\LD ONLY FO/] ! ACCUSATIONS ( PROVOCATION ?AT HAD BE5 LAUN*$ AGA9/ !M BY ?OSE 9 *>GE 9 ! T[N HALL1 & !Y W\LD BE MISUND]/OOD BY ! MASSES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! SECTS :O W]E ALSO ! VICTIMS ( POLICE SE>*ES DISAPPE>$1 ALONG ) !IR >M$ GR\PS4 ,! REPRESSION ( ! ,VIETM9H WAS ALREADY AIM+ AT CONTROLL+ ALL ITS OPPON5TS4 

,! ,NAM-BO ,COMMITTEE1 TO :OM ,GRACEY HAD ACCORD$ SOME POLITE ACKN[L$GM5TS )\T GIV+ !M =MAL RECOGNITION1 /ILL OP]AT$ 9 ! T[N HALL2 ON ! O!R H& ,C$ILE1 :O WAS FEV]I%LY PLOTT+ ) ! ,BRITI% TO 0REE/ABLI% COLONIAL ORD]01 HAD ALSO 5T]$ 9TO A DIALOGUE ( ! DEAF ) ?IS SAME ,COMMITTEE4 ,! LEAFLETS ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( #ag ,SEPTEMB] CALL$ = A G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! ,FR5*1 BUT ALWAYS 9 ! HOPE ( A POSSIBLE NEGOTIATION ) ! ,BRITI%1 & RECOMM5D$ CALM TO ! POPULATION4 ,?REE DAYS AFT]W>DS1 ON ! #b?1 ! ,VIETNAMESE PRESS WAS BANN$ BY ! ,BRITI%1 & ! PROCLAMATIONS ( ! ,COMMITTEE W]E TORN D[N & REMOV$ FROM ! WALLS ( ! CITY4 ,ON ! #b#bND ! ,BRITI% W]E CONTROLL+ ! PRISON1 & W]E RE>M+ SOME #a1#e ,FR5* SOLDI]S :O HAD BE5 %UT UP BY ! ,JAPANESE 9 ! B>RACKS ( ! SECOND ,9DO ,*9ESE ,REGIM5T4 ,F9ALLY1 DUR+ ! NI<T ( #b#b-#b#c ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,FR5*1 ASSI/$ BY ! ,GURKHAS1 REOCCUPI$ ! POLICE /ATIONS1 ! POLITICAL POLICE HEADQU>T]S1 ! ,TAX ,(FICE & ! ,PO/ ,(FICE4 ,! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE LEFT ! T[N HALL & )DREW 9TO ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,*OLON2 ?AT SAME NI<T ! ,SAIGON 9SURRECTION BROKE \T4 

#d4 ,! ,SAIGON ,9SURRECTION 

,ONE ( ! MA9 CONC]NS ( ! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE WAS TO 5SURE ITS 'RECOGNITION' BY ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES AS A DE FACTO GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! COMMITTEE DID EV]Y?+ IT C\LD TO %[ ITS /R5G? & DEMON/RATE ITS ABILITY TO 0MA9TA9 ORD]114 

,?R\< ITS PRESS IT ORD]$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! P>TISAN GR\PS ?AT HAD PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 

,ALL WEAPONS W]E TO BE H&$ OV] TO ! ,VIETM9H'S [N POLICE =CE4 ,! ,VIETM9H'S MILITIA1 KN[N AS ! ',REPUBLICAN ,GU>D- 7,CONG HOA-VE-B9H7 & !IR POLICE ?US HAD A LEGAL MONOPOLY 9 ! C>RY+ ( WEAPONS4 

,! GR\PS AIM$ AT BY ?IS DECISION W]E NOT ONLY C]TA9 RELIGI\S SECTS 7! ,CAO ,DAI & ! ,HOA ,HAO7 BUT ALSO ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 SEV]AL ( :I* W]E >M$4 

,ALSO AIM$ AT W]E ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\? ,ORGANIZATION & A NUMB] ( 'SELF-DEF5SE GR\PS1' MANY BAS$ ON FACTORIES OR PLANTATIONS4 ,!SE /OOD ON A V]Y RADICAL SOCIAL PROGRAM BUT W]E NOT PREP>$ TO ACCEPT COMPLETE CONTROL BY ! ,VIETM9H4 

,! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ! ,SP>K GR\P 7,TIA ,SANG71 ANTICIPAT+ AN IMM95T & 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATION ) ! MILIT>Y =CES ( ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 />T$ TO DI/RIBUTE LEAFLETS CALL+ = ! =MATION ( ,POPUL> ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES 7TO*UC-UY-BAN HANH-DONG7 & = >M+ ( ! PEOPLE4 

,!Y ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 TO BE ! ORGAN ( /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,WORK]S ( ! BIG ,TRAMWAY ,DEPOT ( ,GO ,VAP 7AB\T EI<T KILOMET]S FROM ,SAIGON71 HELP$ BY ,TIA ,SANG MILITANTS1 ORGANIZ$ A WORK]S' MILITIA4 ,! MILITIA ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! WORK]S ( ! ,SAIGON-,*OLON >EA TO >M !MSELVES & TO PREP>E = ! 9EVITABLE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,BRITI% & ,FR5* IMP]IALISM4 ,BY N[ ,G5]AL ,GRACEY HAD PROLAIM$ M>TIAL LAW4 

,BE=E IT AB&ON$ ! C5T] ( ,SAIGON1 ! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE PLA/]$ ! WALLS ) PO/]S1 9VIT+ ! POPULATION TO 0DISP]SE 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE01 TO 0AVOID CONFRONTATION01 & TO 0REMA9 CALM1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMITTEE HOPES TO OP5 NEGOTIATIONS04 

,A S5SE ( 9SECURITY HOV]$ OV] ! T[N1 :I* SL[LY DRA9$ ITSELF ( P>TS ( ITS ,VIETNAMESE POPULATION4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( #b#b-#b#c ,SEPTEMB] #aide ,FR5* TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS COMM&$ BY ,BRITI% (FIC]S1 REOCCUPI$ V>I\S POLICE /ATIONS1 ! ,PO/ ,(FICE1 ! ,C5TRAL ,BANK & ! ,T[N ,HALL4 ,!Y MET NO IMM$IATE RESI/ANCE4 ,! NEWS SPREAD LIKE A TRAIL ( GUNP[D] & TRIGG]$ (F A V]ITABLE 9SURRECTION 9 ! WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS ( ! T[N4 ,EXPLOSIONS W]E HE>D 9 WIDELY SEP>ATE >EAS4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD BROK5 )\T ANYONE GIV+ ANY K9D ( DIRECTIVE4 

,! ,VIETM9H HAD C]TA9LY NOT CALL$ = 9SURRECTION4 ,!IR ONE PREOCCUPATION WAS 'LAW & ORD]' & !IR [N ACCESSION TO P[] - FOLL[+ NEGOTIATIONS4 

,9 ALL ! \TLY+ SUBURBS TREES W]E CUT D[N1 C>S & LORRIES TURN$ OV]1 & PRIMITIVE FURNITURE PIL$ UP 9 ! /REETS4 ,ELEM5T>Y B>RICADES W]E SET UP TO PREV5T ! PASSAGE ( ,FR5* & ,GURKHA PATROLS1 & ! TAK+ UP ( /RATEGIC POSITIONS BY ! IMP]IALI/ =CES4 ,! C5T] ( ! T[N RAPIDLY FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,FR5* & ,JAPANESE TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS4 ,BUT ! POOR] SUBURBS ( ,KHANH ,HOI1 ,CAU ,KHO1 ,BAN ,CO1 ,PHU ,NHUAN1 ,TAN ,D9H & ,?I ,N<E W]E FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 

,]UPT$ 

,! REBELS !MSELVES W]E NOT A HOMOG5\S LOT4 ,AMONG !M W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,COMMITTEES1 ( ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\?1 ,CAO-DAI/S1 & EV5 '(F ! L9E' GR\PS ( ,/AL9I/ ,REPUBLICAN ,GU>DS4 

,9 >EAS :]E ! POPUL> =CES W]E 9 CONTROL ,FR5*M5 W]E %OT3 ! CRUELE/ FUNCTION>IES ( ! OLD REGIME1 ! HAT$ POLICEM51 KN[N BY ! POPULATION TO HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 TORTURE1 W]E S\<T \T1 KILL$ & ?R[N 9 ! CANALS4 ,RACIALISM1 F$ BY #h YE>S ( IMP]IALI/ DOM9ATION1 & BY ! CONTEMPT ( ! :ITE MAN = ! YELL[ MAN1 LEFT ITS IMPR9T ON ! VIOL5CE ( ! MASSES1 :I* ]UPT$ AT MOM5TS LIKE !SE4 ,! MASSACRE ( A HUNDR$ ,FR5* CIVILIANS 9 ! ,H]AUD ,E/ATE1 AT ,TAN ,D9H1 WAS A PA9FUL REM9D] ( ?IS FACT4 ,! ?REATS ( C]TA9 ,FR5* COLONS TO 0SK9 ! ,ANNAMITES ALIVE TO MAKE LEA!R S&ALS0 REB\ND$ BACK AGA9/ ALL :ITES4 

,! OCCUPATION =CES FEV]I%LY SE>*$ ! :OLE C5T] ( T[N4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! 9SURG5TS FROM SETT+ FIRE TO V>I\S IMPORTANT BUILD+S1 SU* AS ! ,MANUFACTUR$ ,RUBB] ,COMPANY1 & TO W>EH\SES4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( #b#c-#b#d ,SEPTEMB]1 GU]RILLAS ATTACK$ ! PORT )\T RESPITE4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS OP5LY P>AD$ 9 ! ,RUE DE ,V]DUN & M>*$ UP ! ,B\LEV>D DE LA ,SOMME1 CONV]G+ ON ! ,M>KET ,PLACE1 :I* !Y LAT] BURNT D[N4 

,9 ,SAIGON !RE WAS NEI!R WAT] NOR ELECTRICITY4 ,SUPPLIES W]E BREAK+ D[N4 ,EA* DAY ! ,FR5* S\<T TO EXT5D ! >EA UND] !IR CONTROL1 :ILE V>I\S >M$ GR\PS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES AS GU]RILLAS 9 ! P]IPH]Y ( ! CITY4 

,! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE PRODUC$ A LEAFLET3 0,! ,FR5* 444 SEEM TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 MURD]+ \R PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE ANSW]3 A FOOD BLOCKADE40 ,:ILE SEEK+ TO '/>VE \T' ! ,FR5* 7A FUTILE HOPE1 AS ! ,BRITI% %IPS CONTROLL$ ! ACCESS TO ! H>BOR7 ! ,VIETM9H CLUNG TO ITS HOPE ( />T+ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BRITI%4 

,TALKS ) ,GRACEY DID AT LA/ />T 444 & A TRUCE WAS ANN\NC$ ON #a ,OCTOB]4 ,ON #e ,OCTOB] ,G5]AL ,LECL]C1 HEAD ( ! ,FR5* ,EXP$ITION>Y ,=CE1 >RIV$4 ,HIS MISSION WAS TO 0RE/ORE ORD]0 & TO 0BUILD A /RONG ,9DO*9A )9 ! ,FR5* ,UNION04 ,HE L&$ HIS TROOPS4 ,! COMM&OS ( ! BATTLE%IP ,TRIOMPHANT P>AD$ D[N ! ,RUE ,CAT9AT4 ,! HAT$ ,TRICOLOR AGA9 FLUTT]$ FROM V>I\S W9D[S4 

,! 'NEGOTIATIONS' BETWE5 ! ,VIETM9H & ! ,BRITI% CONT9U$4 ,! ONLY RESULT WAS ?AT ,BRITI% & ,JAPANESE TROOPS W]E ALL[$ 0FREE & UNMOLE/$ PASSAGE0 ?R\< ZONES OCCUPI$ BY ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE1 CONT9U+ ITS POLICY ( APPEASEM5T T[>DS ! IMP]IALI/ ,ALLIES1 HAD CONSCI\SLY TAK5 ?IS DECISION4 

,! ,GURKHAS & ! ,JAPANESE MOV$ \T FUR!R DETA*M5TS OCCUPY+ /RATEGIC PO9TS ON ! P]IPH]Y ( ,SAIGON4 ,ON #ab ,OCTOB] ,FR5* TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS1 LAUN*$ A G5]AL ATTACK T[>DS ! NOR?-EA/4 ,! MIS]ABLE PEASANT HUTS BURNT FROM ,?I ,N<E TO ,TAN ,B9H4 ,! 5CIRCLEM5T ( ! T[N BY ! REBELS WAS GRADUALLY BROK51 9 DESP]ATE FI<T+4 ,! LEAD] ( ! ,BAY ,VI5 GR\P ( GU]RILLAS REFUS$ TO UND]TAKE UND]H& POLICE WORK AGA9/ O!R T5D5CIES NOT AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,VIETM9H4 ,HE PROCLAIM$ HIS 9DEP5D5CE 9 RELATION TO ! LATT]4 ,HIS WAS NOT ! ONLY >M$ B& TO REFUSE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! BIGGE/ ( SU* 'DISSID5T' GR\PS WAS KN[N AS ! ,?IRD ,DIVISION1 DE-TAM-SU-DOAN4 ,IT WAS L$ BY AN ]/:ILE NATIONALI/1 :O HAD = A :ILE PLAC$ HIS FAI? 9 ,JAPAN4 

,A FEW HUNDR$ >M$ M5 ORGANIZ$ SU/A9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! ,FR5*1 9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS1 BUT !Y SURR5D]$ A FEW MON?S LAT]1 & ! GR\P DISB&$4 

,! ,VIETM9H W\LD NOT TOL]ATE ANY T5D5CY ?AT D>$ =MULATE ! LEA/ CRITICISM ( IT4 ,IT DEALT ) SU* T5D5CIES BY PHYSICALLY LIQUIDAT+ !M4 ,! MILITANTS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P ,LA ,LUTTE W]E ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( ! ,/AL9I/ T]ROR1 DESPITE !IR PROCLAMATIONS ( 0CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! ,VIETM9H GOV]NM5T04 

,GA!R$ 9 A TEMPLE 9 ! ,?U ,DUE >EA1 & :ILE PREP>+ ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ON ! ,GIA ,D9H FRONT1 !Y W]E SURR\ND$ ONE MORN+ BY ! ,VIETM9H1 >RE/$ & 9T]N$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS AT ,B5 ,SUE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,?U ,DAU ,MOT4 

,!RE !Y W]E ALL %OT - TOGE!R ) SOME #c O!R PRISON]S - AT ! APPROA* ( ! ,FR5* TROOPS4 

,AMONG ?OSE MURD]$ WAS ,TRAN ,VAN ,?A*1 ONE-TIME MUNICIPAL C\NCILOR = ,SAIGON1 ELECT$ 9 #aicc ON A ,/AL9I/-,TROTSKYI/ LI/1 & A FEW MON?S E>LI] RELEAS$ FROM ! P5AL SETTLEM5T AT ,P\LO ,CONDORE4 

,TA ,?U ,?AU1 ALSO RELEAS$ FROM ,P\LO ,CONDORE1 HAD GONE TO ,TONK9 ,PROV9CE TO HELP ORGANIZE ASSI/ANCE TO ! FAM9E-/RICK5 >EAS4 ,HE WAS MURD]$ BY SUPPORT]S ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 ON HIS WAY BACK1 9 C5TRAL ,ANNAM4 

,9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( ,VIETM9H T]ROR1 ! WORK]S' MILITIA ( ! ,GO ,VAP TRAMWAY DEPOT1 SOME #f /RONG1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION1 ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,! #d WORK]S & EMPLOYES ( ! ,TRAMWAY ,COMPANY W]E WELL-KN[N = !IR MILITANCY & 9DEP5D5T FRAME ( M9D4 

,UND] ,FR5* IMP]IALI/ RULE !RE HAD BE5 NO TRADE UNION RI<TS4 ,AFT] #i ,M>* #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! ,JAPANESE HAD REPLAC$ ! ,FR5* AT ! HEAD ( ?IS P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE1 ! WORK]S HAD IMM$IATELY CON/ITUT$ !IR [N WORK]S' COMMITTEE & PUT =W>D A S]IES ( DEM&S4 

,JAPANESE SOLDI]Y1 L$ BY ,COLONEL ,KIR9O1 HAD COME TO ?REAT5 !M1 BUT CONFRONT$ BY !IR MILITANT & UNIT$ /&1 HAD EV5TUALLY BE5 OBLIG$ TO GRANT !M A WAGE 9CREASE & EV5 TO RECOGNIZE #aa DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! #aa CATEGORIES ( WORK]S3 ELECTRICIANS1 C>P5T]S1 METAL WORK]S1 ETC4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 :5 =EIGN TE*NICIANS HAD MOM5T>ILY AB&ON$ ! 5T]PRISE1 ! DEPOT HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] & MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 UNTIL ! TIME ( ! 9SURRECTION4 

,ALL ?OSE 9SURG5TS :O DID NOT RALLY IMM$IATELY TO ! ,VIETM9H FLAGS W]E D5\NC$ BY ! ,VIETM9H AS TRAITORS4 ,WORK]S :O DIDN'T ID5TIFY ) ! 'PATRIOTIC CAUSE' W]E CALL$ 'SABOTEURS' & 'REACTION>IES4' 

,! S\!RN ,C,G,T WAS PRESID$ OV] BY ! >*-,/AL9I/ ,HOANG ,DON ,VAN4 ,ITS FUNCTION WAS TO CONTROL ! WORK]S ( ! ,SAIGON-,*OLON >EA1 BY NOM9AT+ !IR 'REPRES5TATIVES' = !M1 FROM ABOVE4 

,9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( VIOL5T IDEOLOGICAL TOTALIT>IANISM1 ! WORK]S ( ! ,GO ,VAP TRAMWAY DEPOT1 AL?\< AFFILIAT$ TO ! S\!RN ,C,G,T1 REFUS$ ! LABEL ( ,CONG-NHAN CUU-QUOC 7,WORK] ,SAVIORS ( ! ,FA!RL&74 ,!Y 9SI/$ ON REMA9+ A PROLET>IAN MILITIA1 & REJECT$ ! ,VIETM9H FLAG 7YELL[ /> ON R$ BACKGR\ND71 SAY+ !Y W\LD CONT9UE !IR FI<T UND] ! R$ FLAG1 ! FLAG ( !IR [N CLASS EMANCIPATION4 

,! TRAMWAY M5 !N ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO COMBAT GR\PS ( #aa M5 UND] ELECT$ LEAD]S 444 & UND] ! OV]ALL COMM& ( ,TRAN ,D9H ,M9H1 A Y\NG ,TROTSKYI/ FROM ! NOR? :O HAD PUBLI%$ A SOCIAL NOVEL 9 ,HANOI1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,NGUY5 ,HAI ,AU1 & :O HAD COME S\? TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 

,AT ?IS /AGE ! LOCAL ,/AL9I/S1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,NGUY5 ,D9H ,?AU1 SEEM$ F> MORE CONC]N$ AT >RE/+ & %OOT+ !IR LEFT CRITICS - & 9 FACT ALL :OM !Y SAW AS POT5TIAL RIVALS = ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T - ?AN AT PROSECUT+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,T]RORI/ ACTS BECAME ! RULE4 ,!Y LEFT A DEEP IMPR9T ON ! '/ATE-9-EMBRYO' :I* ! MAQUIS WAS SOON TO BECOME4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! ,VIETM9H AS ! DOM9ANT =CE1 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 WAS ONLY POSSIBLE AFT] A LOT ( WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT BLOOD HAD BE5 %$4 

,REFUS+ TO ACCEPT ! AU?ORITY ( ,NGUY5 ,D9H ,?AU1 ! TRAMWAYM5'S MILITIA S\<T TO REGR\P 9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS1 T[>DS :I* IT HAD OP5$ A WAY1 FI<T+ MEAN:ILE AGA9/ ! ,GURKHAS & ! ,FR5* AT ,LOC ,GIANG1 ,?OT ,NOT & ,MY ,HANH4 

,9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS ! TRAMWAYM5 E/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ! POOR PEASANTS4 ,& IT WAS H]E ?AT1 9 A FI<T AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ =CES1 ,TRAN ,D9H ,M9H WAS KILL$1 ON #ac ,JANU>Y #a#i#d#f4 ,SOME #b O!R TRAMWAY WORK]S HAD ALREADY LO/ !IR LIVES 9 ! C\RSE ( BATTLES WAG$ ON ! WAY4 

,! 9TOL]ANCE ( ! ,VIETM9H 9 RELATION TO ALL 9DEP5D5T T5D5CIES1 ! ACCUSATIONS ( TREA*]Y COMB9$ ) ?REATS ( MURD] & ! NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS ( ! TRAMWAYM5'S MILITIA EV5TUALLY =C$ ITS MEMB]S TO DISP]SE4 ,?REE ( !M1 ,LE ,NGOC1 ,KY & ,HUONG1 A Y\NG WORK] ( #a#d1 W]E /ABB$ TO DEA? BY ,VIETM9H B&S4 

,! ,SAIGON EXPLOSION REV]B]AT$ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & 9TO ! MORE DI/ANT PROV9CES4 ,! PEASANTS SEIZ$ ! LOCAL (FICIALS :O HAD MO/ DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY !IR CRUELTY OR !IR EXTORTIONS1 & MANY W]E PUT TO DEA?4 ,BUT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AS 9 ! T[NS1 ! PRETEXT ( POPUL> ANG] AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S WAS EV]Y:]E US$ BY ! ,VIETM9H TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) POLITICAL DISS5T]S4 

.<#a.> ,= ! ,Y5 ,BAY 9CID5T1 CF NL#a1 SEE BEL[ ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET'S ACC\NT ( ,TA ,?U ,?AU4 

.<#b.> ,AP>T FROM ',LUCI51' ! WRIT]1 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET1 WAS ALSO JAIL$ AT ?IS TIME4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,ON ,VIETNAM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ON ,VIETNAM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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