,ON ! ,TEA*+ ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY 

#ahic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 KN[L$GE ( ! E>?1 /UDY ( NATURE1 NATURAL SCI5CES1 UNIV]SITY $UCATION1 SECOND>Y $UCATION1 SECOND>Y S*OOL1 SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS1 TEA*]S' GUILD1 PR(ESSOR HUXLEY1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY SAMDECLE1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,:5 ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY 9TRODUC$1 TW5TY-?REE YE>S AGO1 ! NAME & ! SUBJECT ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY1 HIS 9T5TIONS W]E C]TA9LY EXCELL5T4 ,NATURAL SCI5CES W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY EXCLUD$ AT ?AT TIME FROM ! S*OOLS4 ,! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY /OOD V]Y L[3 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY1 SO-CALL$1 WAS A M]E COLLECTION ( NAMES1 & AN 5TIRELY SUBORD9ATE SUBJECT2 & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY WAS A COLLECTION ( 9=MATION1 TOO AB/RACT1 TOO 9COH]5T1 TOO WIDE1 & TOO SUP]FICIAL AT ! SAME TIME1 TO BE ( ANY USE 9 $UCATION4 ,UND] ! NAME ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY NATURAL SCI5CES W]E1 SO TO SAY1 SMUGGL$ 9TO ! S*OOLS4 ,& BY %[+ H[ ! /UDY ( ,NATURE MAY BE APPROA*$1 & ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION MAY BE R5D]$ FAMILI> BY EXAM9+ ?+S CLOSE AT H&1 ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY HAS UND\BT$LY R5D]$ AN IMM5SE S]VICE TO ?IS C\NTRY4 ,HE HAS BR\<T AB\T A F>-REA*+ RE=M4  

 ,H[EV]1 ! V]Y =M :I* ,PHYSIOGRAPHY ASSUM$ 9 HIS WELL-KN[N TEXTBOOK1 & ESPECIALLY LAT] ON 9 S*OOLS1 %[S ?AT ! RE=M WAS NOT ?OR\< 5\<4 ,I NE$ NOT SPEAK H]E ( ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY'S 0,PHYSIOGRAPHY02 EV]YONE KN[S ITS 9VALUABLE M]ITS & ITS OBVI\S DISADVANTAGES1 ITS WOND]FULLY CLE> EXPLANATIONS ( NATURAL PH5OM5A1 ITS BEAUTIFUL ANATOMY ( ! SPR+1 OR ( ! VOLCANO1 & ITS WANT ( A G5]AL CON/RUCTIVE CONCEPTION ( ! PH5OM5A ( ! GLOBE4 ,I NE$ NOT SPEAK EI!R ( ! M]ITS ( ?IS OR ?AT O!R TEXT-BOOK1 BECAUSE ! TIME IS COM+ :5 ANO!R FUR!R RE=M 9 ! SAME DIRECTION WILL BECOME ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$ N[ 9 S*OOL IS1 NOT TO GIVE SOME NOTIONS ( ,NATURE 9 CONNECTION ) ! PHYSICAL FEATURES ( A GIV5 LOCALITY1 BUT TO CONVEY A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ! ,E>?1 AS A P>T ( ! ,UNIV]SE -- NOT A M]E 9TRODUCTION TO ! /UDY ( ,NATURE1 BUT ?AT /UDY ITSELF4 ,& ! QUE/ION IS1 ,H[ TO C>RY ON ?IS /UDY8  

 ,HEIMATSKUNDE .<,LOCAL ,HI/ORY.> IS N[ 9 GREAT VOGUE2 BUT ! MORE ONE ?9KS ( IT1 ! MORE ONE GR[S CONV9C$ ?AT IF IT MI<T HAVE ANSW]$ ITS PURPOSE FIFTY YE>S AGO1 ESPECIALLY 9 SOME REMOTE VILLAGE1 LO/ 9 ! ,BLACK ,=E/ M\NTA9S1 IT ANSW]S ITS PURPOSE NO MORE 9 \R [N TIMES ( RAILWAY CIVILIZATION & WORLD TRAFFIC4  

 ,WE CANNOT PREV5T \R *ILDR5 FROM GETT+ SOME G5]AL KN[L$GE ( ! ,E>?1 EV5 AT A V]Y E>LY AGE4 ,!Y EAT ORANGES & BANANAS1 :I* DO NOT GR[ 9 \R LATITUDES2 & MANY ( !M SEE ?OSE GR[+ 9 ! HOT-H\SES ( ,KEW1 AMID QUITE UNWONT$ SURR\ND+S4 ,AT ! AGE ( SIX !Y ALREADY KN[ 0! %IP ( ! DES]T10 ! UGLY CROCODILE ( ! ,NILE1 ! DOG :I* DRAGS SL$GES 9 ! F> NOR?1 & ! DOG :I* US$ TO F9D ,ITALIAN BOYS1 LO/ 9 ! SN[S ( ! ,/4 ,B]N>D ,PASS4 ,! BOOKS1 ! ILLU/RAT$ PAP]S1 ! TALES :I* PASS ?R\< \R *ILDR5'S H&S1 TELL !M /ORIES ( DI/ANT L&S1 PEOPL$ -- NOT ) FAIRIES1 BUT ) BLACK M51 :OM ,LIV+/ONE LOV$ & ,/ANLEY DRILL$2 !Y SPEAK TO !M ( C\NTRIES GL>+ UND] A TROPICAL VEGETATION1 OR BURI$ 9 SN[1 & ( DI/ANT M51 /RANGELY DRESS$ & /RANGELY FEATUR$4 ,AT ! AGE :5 WE US$ TO LIVE BY IMAG9ATION 9 FAIRYL&S1 !Y LIVE BY IMAG9ATION AS MID%IPMITES ON J\RNEYS TO ,AU/RALIA1 AS TRAVEL]S 9 ! D>K CONT95T1 AS SETTL]S ON DI/ANT ISL&S4 ,& IF !RE IS /ILL 9 \R SLUMS A CONSID]ABLE MASS ( *ILDR5 :O1 ON BE+ TAK5 TO A SUBURB1 & ON SEE+ A BLOOM+ APPLE-TREE1 WOND] AT 0! DAISIES ON ! TREE0 -- /ILL SOME SORT ( KN[L$GE ( ! WIDE WORLD BEG9S TO P5ETRATE1 & WILL P5ETRATE MORE & MORE1 EV5 9TO ! SLUMS4  

 ,9 %ORT1 !RE IS NO P]IOD 9 ! LIFE ( \R PRES5T *ILDR5 DUR+ :I* !IR KN[L$GE ( ! ,E>? MI<T BE LIMIT$ TO ! /UDY ( !IR [N LOCALITY4 ,! ,]DKUNDE .<,GEOGRAPHY.> -- I4E41 ! KN[L$GE ( ! ,E>? AS A :OLE -- FL[S FROM ALL SIDES 9TO !IR M9DS1 & WE >E B\ND TO ACCEPT ! FACT1 & TO SPEAK TO !M ( ! ,E>? AS A :OLE1 FROM !IR E>LIE/ AGE -- 9 ! PRIM>Y S*OOL & 9 ! SECOND>Y S*OOL1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY1 & AFT] ! ,UNIV]SITY4  

 ,! /UDY ( ONE'S [N LOCALITY HAS UND\BT$LY AN IMM5SE IMPORTANCE 9 $UCATION2 BUT ?IS IMPORTANCE SEEMS TO ME TO LIE ELSE:]E4 ,! /UDY ( ONE'S [N CORN] CAN NOT BE US$ = ! /UDY ( ,NATURE ALTOGE!R4 ,IT MU/ BE US$ SIMPLY AS A MEANS = GIV+ A MORE CONCRETE =M TO ! ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE1 & AS A MEANS ( ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE ?R\< P]SONAL WORK & P]SONAL OBS]VATION4 ,EV]Y BOY & GIRL1 AS SOON AS !Y KN[ 5\< ( ELEM5T>Y GEOMETRY = MEASUR+ ANGLES & DI/ANCES1 \<T TO BE ABLE TO TRACE ANGLES ON ! GR\ND1 & TO MAKE ! MAP ( A POND OR ( A BROOK1 ) ! AID ( ! COMPASS & !IR [N PACES4 ,NOT 9 ORD] TO BECOME GEOGRAPH]S1 BUT TO HELP !M TO UND]/& CONCRETELY :AT A MAP MEANS2 TO GIVE A BETT] COMPREH5SION ( GEOMETRY ITSELF1 & TO IMM5SELY FACILITATE ! COMPREH5SION ( ALL FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS ( MA!MATICS & PHYSICS4 ,EV]Y GIRL & BOY \<T TO KN[ ! *IEF PLANTS ( !IR MEAD[S1 !IR K9%IP TO O!R PLANTS ( ! SAME FAMILY1 OR ALLI$ GR\PS1 & ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( EA* ORD]4 ,!Y \<T TO KN[ MANY ( ! ANIMALS AS WELL1 & ESPECIALLY ! 9SECTS1 & LE>N TO OBS]VE !IR HABITS4 ,ALL ?IS W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO GIVE !M A MORE CONCRETE CONCEPTION ( :AT !Y HE> & LE>N AB\T DI/ANT L&S4  

 ,?IS IS ! PROP] P>T ( ! ,HEIMATSKUNDE 9 $UCATION2 BUT IF Y\ TRU/ TO IT MORE ?AN ?AT1 Y\ FALL %ORT ( Y\R AIM4 ,TO SPEAK TO A PUPIL ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( RA9FALL 9 ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 A PROPOS ( ! WAT] :I* FL[S UND] ,LONDON ,BRIDGE1 IS AS >TIFICIAL & IRRATIONAL AS TO DEVELOP ! LAWS ( FRICTION ( LIQUIDS1 OR ?OSE ( ! ELA/ICITY ( SOLIDS1 9 CONNECTION ) ! SAME BRIDGE4 ,!SE LAWS1 AS WELL AS ! DI/RIBUTION ( CLIMATES ON ! ,E>?1 MU/ BE /UDI$ = !MSELVES1 NOT A PROPOS ( SOME FEATURE ( A LOCAL L&SCAPE4  

 ,9 %ORT1 UND] ! PRES5T /ATE ( \R CIVILIZATION1 ! CONCEPTION ( ! ,E>? AS A :OLE1 & ( ! V>IETY ( ITS CLIMATES1 SC5]Y1 & 9HABITANTS1 UNAVOIDABLY P5ETRATES 9TO ! M9DS ( \R *ILDR51 & WE MU/ GIVE !M NOTIONS ( ! ,E>? & ! UNIV]SE FROM ! E>LIE/ /AGES1 UP TO ! HI<E/ ONES1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE2 & WE MU/ UTILIZE \R NEI<BORHOOD1 NOT = CONVEY+ KN[L$GE ( ! ,E>? -- ?IS W\LD BE AN UTT]LY >TIFICIAL ME?OD -- BUT = GIV+ A CONCRETE CONCEPTION ( ! FACTS LE>N$ BY ! PUPIL1 & ESPECIALLY = PROMOT+ SPONTANE\S /UDY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,HEIMATSKUNDE \<T TO BE C>RI$ ON1 P>ALLEL TO ,]DKUNDE1 ?R\< ALL ?REE /AGES ( $UCATION4  

 ,TURN+ TO ! PRES5T /ATE ( $UCATION 9 PHYSIOGRAPHY 9 ! S*OOLS1 IT IS MO/ PLEASANT TO ASC]TA9 ?AT 9 ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS ! /UDY ( ,NATURE /&S1 AS A RULE1 ON A TOL]ABLY GOOD BASIS4 ,! SAME REM>K HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE BY ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY'S ,COMMISSION]"9 AS REG>DS ! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY2 & OP9IONS SEEM TO BE PRETTY WELL AGRE$ UPON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,!RE >E1 AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE UND]TAK5 ! GREAT MISSION ( CONVEY+ TO \R *ILDR5 ! FIR/ NOTIONS ( ! UNIV]SE1 MANY WOM5 & M5 :O UND]TOOK ! TASK 9 FULL E>NE/4 ,AL?\< POORLY SUPPORT$ 9 !IR 5DEAVORS BY A MASS ( 9DIFF]5T P>5TS1 & AL?\< F9D+ BUT 9SUFFICI5T SYMPA?Y 9 A SOCIETY :I* VALUES ! S]VICES R5D]$ TO IT BY ! SAL>IES IT PAYS1 !Y DO !IR BE/2 & V]Y MANY ( !M SUCCE$ 9 CONVEY+ TO \R *ILDR51 BO? 9 ! ,K9D]G>T5 & ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOL1 A GOOD DEAL ( S\ND KN[L$GE & GOOD SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS ( OBS]VATION4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT !RE IS /ILL ROOM = IMPROVEM5T4 ,MORE KN[L$GE ( NATURAL SCI5CES AMONG ELEM5T>Y TEA*]S IS ONE ( ! GREAT DESID]ATA ( ! MOM5T4 ,H[EV]1 :5 WE SEE ! EAG]NESS ) :I* ! TEA*]S SEIZE EV]Y OPPORTUNITY = ACQUIR+ MORE ( ?AT KN[L$GE1 IT SEEMS ?AT :AT IS MO/ WANT$ N[ IS TO GIVE !M MORE OPPORTUNITIES = WID5+ !IR KN[L$GE 9 SCI5CE1 MORE EV5+ LECTURES1 MORE FREE C\RSES DELIV]$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 BEYOND ! GREAT C5T]S1 BY VOLUNTE]S 9 BIOLOGY1 GEOLOGY1 GEOGRAPHY1 & SO ON2 & ALSO MORE SUMM] EXCURSIONS :]EV] A NATURALI/ OR A GEOGRAPH] HAPP5S TO SP5D HIS HOLIDAYS4 ,ALL !SE C\LD BE EASILY REALIZ$1 ESPECIALLY IF ! ,TEA*]S' ,GUILD & O!R SIMIL> BODIES TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! MATT]4  

 ,AT ! SAME TIME A GREAT DEAL \<T TO BE DONE BY ! P>5TS !MSELVES4 ,!Y MU/ BE ?ANKFUL TO ! TEA*] :O GIVES TO !IR *ILDR5 ! FIR/ NOTIONS ( SCI5CE1 & SY/EMIZES ! KN[L$GE !Y ACQUIRE4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE FOOLI% ON !IR BEHALF TO RELY UPON ! TEA*] ALONE4 ,NO AM\NT ( ORGANIZ$ TEA*+ CAN SUPPLANT ! FIR/ IMPULSE T[>DS LOVE ( NATURE :I* MU/ COME FROM ! P>5TS !MSELVES4 ,! ,G]MAN S*OOL IS (T5 SPOK5 ( 9 ?IS C\NTRY ) GREAT PRAISE4 ,BUT ! S*OOL 9 ,G]MANY IS ONLY A P>T ( ! SY/EM ( $UCATION4 ,! AM\NT ( EXCELL5T & *EAP BOOKS & P]IODICALS = HOME $UCATION1 & ! NUMB]S ( SOCIETIES :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 />T$ 9 ,G]MANY = DEVELOP+ ! TA/E = NATURAL HI/ORY COLLECTIONS1 = FRE%WAT] & M>9E AQU>IA & T]R>IA 9 PRIVATE H\SES1 = TOPOGRAPHICAL /UDIES & ! LIKE1 AMONG AMATEURS1 MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,SU* SOCIETIES -- NOT = FUR!R+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE BUT = R5D]+ ITS RESULTS & ME?ODS ACCESSIBLE TO A WIDE PUBLIC -- C\LD EASILY BE F\ND$1 & ! TEA*] W\LD F9D !M ( GREAT HELP 9 HIS TASK4  

 ,9 %ORT1 :AT IS WANT$ TO IMPROVE ELEM5T>Y $UCATION IS NOT SO MU* A *ANGE 9 ! SY/EM AS A FUR!R P]FECTION 9 C>RY+ \T ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,A GREAT DEAL ( SU* IMPROVEM5TS CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< A G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( TA/E 9 NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,AS TO ! REMA9D]1 !Y 5TIRELY DEP5D UPON IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! SECOND>Y S*OOLS & ! UNIV]SITY4  

 ,?+S /& QUITE DIFF]5TLY ) SECOND>Y $UCATION 9 ! MIDDLE S*OOLS4 ,H]E1 ! NATURALI/S >E UNANIM\S 9 RECOGNIZ+ IT2 EV]Y?+ IS TO RE=M4  

 ,9 V]Y MANY S*OOLS ( ?IS C\NTRY PHYSIOGRAPHY IS ! ONLY MEANS = CONVEY+ TO ! LE>N] SOME KN[L$GE ( ,NATURE4 ,NO PHYSICS1 NO *EMI/RY1 NO BOTANY1 NO ZOOLOGY >E TAU<T 9 ?OSE S*OOLS1 & 9/RUCTION 9 ALL !SE IS ?R[N UPON ! %\LD]S ( ! TEA*] ( PHYSIOGRAPHY4 ,HIS PUPILS HAVE NO IDEA ( HEAT & ITS ME*ANICAL LAWS1 ( ITS PROPAGATION & CONV]SION1 & ! PHYSIOGRAPHY TEA*] IS SUPPOS$ TO 9/RUCT !M 9 ALL ?AT1 :ILE HE SPEAKS ( ! WE/ OR EA/ W9D :I* BL[S OV] ! S*OOL-ROOM1 OR TREATS ( ! CIRCULATION ( ! ATMOSPH]E4 ,HIS PUPILS DO NOT KN[ :AT A *EMICAL COMP\ND IS1 & HE MU/ SPEAK ( ! COMPOSITION ( ! ROCKS & SEA-WAT]1 & EXPLA9 ! ATOMIC !ORY1 :ILE HE TELLS TO HIS PUPILS :]E KIT*5 SALT IS TAK5 FROM4 ,!IR KN[L$GE 9 ! PHYSIOLOGY ( PLANTS IS NIL1 & HE MU/ EXPLA9 H[ PLANTS FE$1 :AT !Y ABSORB FROM ! SOIL1 & REJECT 9 ! ATMOSPH]E1 & H[ !IR PROTOPLASM WORKS4 ,!Y KN[ NOT ONE LAW ( ME*ANICS1 & !Y >E 9VIT$ TO UND]/& ! ME*ANISM ( E>?QUAKES1 ( GLACI] MOTION1 ( SEA & AIR CURR5TS6  

 ,IF ! TEA*] FOLL[S ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY'S TEXT-BOOK1 HE IS SUPPOS$ TO ADDRESS PUPILS :O DO NOT KN[ ?AT ! S\RCE ( A RIV] LIES HI<] ?AN ITS M\?1 & :O HESITATE 9 F9D+ \T :]E IS NOR? & S\?2 BUT1 AFT] A FEW EXPLANATORY REM>KS AB\T !SE UTT]LY ELEM5T>Y MATT]S1 HE IS ALREADY SUPPOS$ TO %[ !M A HYETOGRAPHICAL MAP ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 TO EXPLA9 TO !M H[ 0AIR IS DRA9$ ( MOI/URE10 & H[ 0A TABLE-L&1 OR HI< PLA9 SURR\ND$ BY M\NTA9S0 WILL 9FLU5CE ! DI/RIBUTION ( RA9FALL OV] A C\NTRY4 ,ALL KN[L$GE ( ,NATURE1 ! ONE :I* IS GOOD = A *ILD1 & ! ONE :I* CAN BE UND]/OOD MU* LAT] ONLY1 IS ?US SUPPOS$ TO BE CONVEY$ 9CID5TALLY 9 AN UNSY/EMATIC HAPHAZ>D WAY4  

 ,9 ! H&S ( A WELL-$UCAT$ TEA*]1 EXCELL5T RESULTS MAY BE1 & >E OBTA9$ FROM SU* CAUS]IES 9 ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS4 ,LIKE CONV]SATIONS AB\T ,NATURE1 BE+ 9T5D$ TO /IMULATE ! DESIRE ( KN[+ SOME?+1 & TO TE/ ! V>I\S APTITUDES ( ! *ILDR51 ! ME?OD ANSW]S TO ! PURPOSE2 BUT 9 ! SECOND>Y S*OOL1 $UCATION 9 SCI5CE CAN NOT BE LEFT TO ! HAZ>DS ( TA/E & IMPULSE4 ,IT MU/ BE SY/EMIZ$ 4 ,TO GIVE SY/EMATIC KN[L$GE IS1 9 FACT1 ! *IEF DUTY ( ?IS DIVISION ( ! S*OOL4  

 ,AN ATTEMPT AT CONVEY+ SU* A SY/EMATICAL KN[L$GE HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?AT REM>KABLE WORK1 ! ',REALM ( ,NATURE1' BY ,DR4 ,H4 ,R4 ,MILL4 ,I F9D NO ADEQUATE T]MS TO EXPRESS ! PLEASURE ,I HAVE MYSELF D]IV$ FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL & YET PLA9LY WORD$ DEF9ITIONS ( ! AU?OR1 & FROM READ+ P>AGRAPH AFT] P>AGRAPH ( ?IS WELL-PLANN$ LITTLE BOOK4 ,BUT ! TEA*] :O W\LD TAKE ?IS BOOK = HIS [N GUIDANCE1 & :O1 AS ALWAYS1 \<T TO KN[ MU* MORE ?AN :AT HE 9T5DS TEA*+ -- V]Y MU* MORE -- \<T TO BE POSSESS$ ) AS WIDE AN 5CYCLOP$IC & ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( SEV]AL GREAT BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE AS1 ! AU?OR HIMSELF %\LD BE1 & ?IS W\LD MEAN TO REQUIRE ! IMPOSSIBLE FROM A SECOND>Y-S*OOL TEA*]4  

 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT WE CANNOT ES*EW ! NECESSITY IMPOS$ UPON US BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE1 9DU/RY1 & CIVILIZATION AS A :OLE1 ( $UCAT+ \R *ILDR5 9 NATURAL SCI5CES 9 ! PROP] WAY4 ,! KN[L$GE ( ! MOVEM5TS ( MASSES -- ! F\NDATION ( ALL NATURAL SCI5CES -- MU/ BE CONVEY$ 9 ITS PROP] %APE1 ?AT ( ME*ANICS1 ) ! AID ( GEOMETRICAL FIGURES & SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC =MULAS1 NOT ONLY AS IT IS GIV5 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 9 ALL ,CONT95TAL S*OOLS1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT ) A DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! SUBJECT1 O!RWISE IT WILL BE SUP]FICIAL KN[L$GE ( V]Y LITTLE VALUE4 ,! /UDY ( ! MOODS1 LAWS & TRANS=MATIONS ( MOLECUL> 5]GY MU/ AGA9 BE CONVEY$ 9 ITS PROP] %APE ( PHYSICS1 ALSO ) A ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( ! MA!MATICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ! LAWS1 & ) LABORATORY WORK4 ,& ! /UDY ( ATOMIC 5]GY MU/ BE CONVEY$ 9 ! =M ( *EMI/RY1 AGA9 ) LABORATORY WORK1 & ) A ?OR\< /UDY ( ! LAWS ( *EMICAL TRANS=MATIONS4 ,:AT SORT ( A G5]ATION >E WE PREP>+ = ! FUTURE /RUGGLES1 & ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & SCI5CE1 IF WE D5Y TO \R *ILDR5 ! V]Y ELEM5TS1 ! V]Y BASIS ( EV]Y $UCATION8 ,A G5]AL REVIEW ( ! REALM ( ,NATURE1 ( ! ,COSMOS1 9CLUD+3 ORGANIC LIFE1 MAN1 & MAN'S IDEALS & 9/ITUTIONS1 WILL C]TA9LY BE REQUIR$4 ,BUT ITS PROP] PLACE WILL BE AT A MU* LAT] /AGE1 :5 A G5]AL REVIEW ( KN[L$GE ALREADY ACQUIR$ 9 V>I\S SEP>ATE BRAN*ES1 WILL HAVE TO BE MADE4 ,BY ! 5D ( SECOND>Y $UCATION1 & DUR+ UNIV]SITY /UDIES1 SU* A REVIEW W\LD BE 9VALUABLE4 ,!N1 & !N ONLY1 W\LD IT BE PROP]LY UND]/OOD1 BUT NOT BE=E ! ELEM5TS ( EA* SEP>ATE SCI5CE HAVE BE5 MA/]$4  

 ,I KN[1 H[EV]1 & BY NO MEANS WILL M9IMIZE1 ! *IEF OB/ACLE TO ?IS NECESS>Y RE=M4 ,IT LIES 9 ! PSEUDO-CLASSICAL $UCATION1 :I* IS N[ CONSID]$ AS ! PROP] F\NDATION ( SECOND>Y $UCATION1 & :I* LEAVES NO TIME = ! /UDY ( ! WORLD WE LIVE 92 NO TIME = FAMILI>IZ+ ! PUPIL ) ! ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,A DISCUSSION UPON ! RELATIVE M]ITS ( ! TWO RIVAL SY/EMS ( $UCATION W\LD BE \T ( PLACE H]E2 BUT !RE >E TWO OR ?REE PO9TS1 AT LEA/1 :I* ,I AM B\ND TO M5TION AS HAV+ A DIRECT BE>+ UPON MY SUBJECT4  

 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! PRES5T SY/EM ( CLASSICAL $UCATION WAS BORN AT A TIME :5 ! KN[L$GE ( ,NATURE C\LD BE BORR[$ FROM ! /UDY ( ANTIQUITY ONLY4 ,IT WAS A S\ND & NECESS>Y REACTION AGA9/ MONA/IC S*OLA/ICISM4 ,IT WAS A RETURN TO \R MO!R ,NATURE4 ,TO RETURN TO ! ,GREEK SPIRIT MEANT A RETURN TO ,NATURE -- TO ,NATURAL ,SCI5CE2 TO SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS 9/EAD ( V]BAL DISCUSSIONS3 TO NATURAL >T 9/EAD ( CONV5TIONAL >T2 TO ! FRE$OM ( MUNICIPAL LIFE 9/EAD ( ! SLAV]Y ( EA/]N DESPOTICAL /ATES4 ,?IS MADE ! =CE1 ! HI/ORICAL MEAN+1 & ! ,9E/IMABLE M]ITS ( ! M$IEVAL RETURN TO ! /UDY ( ANTIQUITY4 ,9 REALITY1 ?IS MOVEM5T MEANT ! BEG9N+ -- ! DAWN ( MOD]N ,NATURAL ,SCI5CE4 ,BUT N[ ! P>TS >E REV]S$4 ,SCI5CE CAN BE /UDI$ 9 ,>I/OTLE NO MORE2 IT MU/ BE /UDI$ 9 ,NEWTON & ,MAY]4 ,& ?OSE :O NEGLECT ,NEWTON = ,>I/OTLE /& N[ 9 ! SAME POSITION AS ! ADV]S>IES ( CLASSICAL $UCATION /OOD FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,!Y >E = ,WORDS AGA9/ ,SCI5CE4  

 ,ANO!R FACT :I* /RIKES EV]YONE :O ?9KS AB\T $UCATION IS1 ! IMM5SE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! AM\NT ( KN[L$GE :I* WAS REQUIR$ 9 OLD5 TIMES1 & ! AM\NT REQUIR$ N[4 ,HE :O KNEW GEOMETRY FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO WAS A LE>N$ MAN2 N[1 EV]Y C>P5T] MU/ KN[ GEOMETRY4 ,HE :O KNEW !N :AT LAY BEYOND ! ,BLACK ,SEA WAS A MAN ( EXTRAORD9>Y LE>N+2 N[1 WE GO = A SEA-AIR CURE TO ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 = A BICYCLE TRIP TO ,HAMI1 & = A HOLIDAY TO ,SPITZB]G54 ,! LIMITS ( ! KN[N WORLD HAVE BE5 WID5$2 SO ALSO ?OSE ( KN[L$GE4 ,\R G5]ATION WAS CONSID]$ AS $UCAT$ 5\< :5 WE KNEW ELEM5T>Y GEOMETRY & ELEM5T>Y ALGEBRA2 BUT ! COM+ G5]ATION WILL F9D ITS $UCATION V]Y IMP]FECT IF ! BOY & GIRL ( EI<TE5 >E NOT ABLE TO UND]/& AT LEA/ ! ME?ODS ( DIFF]5TIAL & 9TEGRAL ANALYSIS1 IF NOT TO USE !SE 9/RUM5TS ( ANALYSIS AS WE N[ USE ! RULES ( >I?METIC4  

 ,SU* A KN[L$GE CAN BE ACQUIR$ ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT SPONTANE\S WORK BECOMES ! BASIS ( $UCATION 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( ! S*OOL CURRICULUM2 & IF FIFTY YE>S AGO IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT NATURAL SCI5CES AF=D$ NO DISCIPL9E TO ! Y\NG M9D1 ?AT !Y DID NOT OP5 A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE FIELD = ! PUPIL'S [N WORK1 SU* A REPROA* CAN BE MA9TA9$ NO LONG]4 ,NOT EV5 AS REG>DS BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES1 :I* NOT LONG AGO W]E M]ELY DESCRIPTIVE1 BUT N[ HAVE ALSO ELABORAT$ ! ME?ODS = PROMOT+ RESE>* & DISCOV]Y AS $UCATIONAL EX]CISES4  

 ,& F9ALLY1 A ?IRD REPROA* TO NATURAL SCI5CES MU/ BE M5TION$1 ! MORE SO AS IT BR+S ME BACK DIRECTLY TO MY SUBJECT4 ,NATURAL SCI5CES1 IT IS SAID1 DO NOT GIVE TO $UCATION ! HUMAN *>ACT] :I* !Y \<T TO GIVE4 ,?IS IS TRUE2 & ! OBJECTION REMA9S 9 FULL =CE UNTIL N[4 ,H[EV]1 IT DEP5DS 5TIRELY UPON \RSELVES TO MAKE ( !SE A MO/ P[]FUL 9/RUM5T = CONVEY+ HUMAN $UCATION AS WELL4 ,! ANCI5T ,GREEKS DID NOT SEP>ATE ,MAN FROM ,NATURE4 ,& ! DIVORCE BETWE5 HUMAN SCI5CES -- HI/ORY1 ECONOMY1 POLITICS1 MORALS-& NATURAL SCI5CES HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 5TIRELY BY \RSELVES1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ \R C5TURY1 & BY ?AT S*OOL :I* KEPT ! /UD5TS ( ,MAN 9 GROSS IGNORANCE ( ,NATURE1 & ! /UD5TS ( ,NATURE 9 IGNORANCE ( ,MAN4  

 ,?IS >TIFICIAL SEP>ATION IS1 H[EV]1 DONE AWAY ) EV]Y DAY4 ,WE RETURN TO ,NATURE4 ,WE RETURN TO ! ,GREEK SPIRIT :I* CONCEIV$ ,MAN AS A P>T ( ! ,COSMOS1 LIV+ ! LIFE ( ! :OLE1 & F9D+ HIS GREATE/ HAPP9ESS 9 LIV+ ?AT LIFE4 ,! UNIV]SAL REVIVAL ( ! LOVE ( ,NATURE1 :I* IS A PROM95T FEATURE ( \R [N TIMES2 ! APPLICATION ( ! ME?ODS ( NATURAL SCI5CES TO SCI5CES DEAL+ ) ,MAN & HIS M9D2 & F9ALLY1 ! POETICAL CONCEPTION ( ! GR& 9F9ITE ,UNIV]SE1 :I* MORE & MORE P5ETRATES \R POETRY1 \R >T1 & \R SCI5CE1 >E PRO(S ?AT ! DIVORCE IS COM+ TO AN 5D4 ,GEOGRAPH]S HAVE ESPECIALLY CONTRIBUT$ TO DE/ROY ! SCRE5S :I* SEP>AT$ ! TWO BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE1 ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R BY ! ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HUMBOLDT'S ',COSMOS' IS ! WORK ( A GEOGRAPH]2 & ! GEOGRAPHICAL WORK :I* IS MO/ REPRES5TATIVE ( \R [N TIMES -- ! ',GEOGRAPHIE ,UNIV]SELLE' .<,UNIV]SAL ,GEOGRAPHY.> ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS -- GIVES A DESCRIPTION ( ! ,E>? SO ?OR\<LY 9T]M+L$ ) ?AT ( ,MAN1 ?AT IF ,MAN W]E TAK5 \T ( IT ! 5TIRE WORK W\LD LOSE ITS MEAN+ -- ITS V]Y S\L4  

 ,?IS GR[+ T5D5CY REMOVES ! LA/ OBJECTION AGA9/ NATURAL SCI5CES BECOM+ ! V]Y F\NDATION ( $UCATION4 ,MAN1 HIS 9/ITUTIONS1 HIS LANGUAGE1 HIS KN[L$GE1 & HIS MORALS1 >E N[ TAK5 AS P>TS ( ! GREAT ,COSMOS1 & TREAT$ AS SU*4  

 ,?IS DIGRESSION WAS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT MY NEXT PROPOSITION1 NAMELY1 ,I CANNOT CONCEIVE ,PHYSIOGRAPHY FROM :I* ,MAN HAS BE5 EXCLUD$4 ,A /UDY ( NATURE )\T MAN IS ! LA/ TRIBUTE PAID BY MOD]N SCI5TI/S TO !IR PREVI\S S*OLA/IC $UCATION4  

 ,BUT PHYSIOGRAPHY1 9CLUD+ ,MAN1 RETURNS TO ITS ORIG91 ! ,]DKUNDE1 ! /UDY ( ! ,E>? & ALL :AT IS UPON IT4 ,%ALL WE1 !RE=E1 RETURN TO ! ,PHYSICAL ,GEOGRAPHY ( OLD8 ,! SPR+ FIR/2 !N ! /ALACTITES & ! /ALAGMITES2 ! VOLCANOES1 ! MOVEM5TS ( ! ,E>?'S CRU/1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( MONO & DI-COTYL$ONS1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( HUMAN RACES8 ,C]TA9LY NOT1 BECAUSE WE CAN DO BETT]4  

 ,! FIR/ ?+ :I* /RIKES ! GEOGRAPH] AS HE LOOKS UPON ! ,E>? AS A :OLE IS1 NOT SO MU* ! DIV]SITY ( ! L&SCAPE & *>ACT]S ( ITS SEP>ATE P>TS1 AS ! WELL-DEF9$ TYPES ( C]TA9 DEF9ITE K9DS ( L&SCAPE & SC5]Y4 ,H]E IS = 9/ANCE ! GREAT PLATEAU ( ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ! BACKBONE ( ! CONT95T1 A P>T ( ! OLDE/ CONT95T1 ,EURASIA4 ,WE SEE ITS MONOTONY3 ITS WANT ( SALI5T TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES3 ITS LAZY RIV]S & BRACKI% LAKES2 ITS COLD W9T] & ITS SCOR*+ HOT SUMM]2 ! MIGRATIONS ( ITS ANIMALS S\?WE/ & NOR!A/2 ITS POPULATIONS DRIV5 AT C]TA9 DATES ( HI/ORY BY ! RAPID DESICCATION1 ?R\< ! ,DZUNG>IAN GATE1 T[>DS ! L[L&S ( ,ASIA & ,EUROPE2 !IR LAZY LIFE1 !IR MONOTON\S SONGS1 !IR IMM5SE F$]ATIONS4 ,WE HAVE 9 IT A WELL DEF9$ FEATURE1 A LIV+ :OLE4 ,& ?\<T IMM$IATELY EVOKES ! IDEA ( ANO!R GR& PLATEAU 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 ) ITS SALT LAKES1 & CANONS1 ITS H]DS ( MIGRAT+ BUFFALOES1 ITS ,9DIANS RETA9+ ! CLAN ORGANIZATIONS ( OLD1 &1 AMID !M1 ! ]UPTION ( ! PIONE]'S WAGON1 & ! ,PACIFIC RAILWAY CROSS+ ! WILD]NESS4 ,& ?US WE SEE ! PLATEAU ( ,ASIA ,M9OR1 & ?OSE ( ,AFRICA1 !IR PHYSICAL SIMIL>ITIES1 & ! V>IETY ( !IR FLORAS & FAUNAS1 ( !IR HI/ORICAL DE/9IES & !IR MEAN+ 9 MOD]N TIMES4 ,H]E IS ?US ONE SALI5T FEATURE ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE1 MAK+ ITSELF A WIDE SUBJECT FULL ( MEAN+ = SEP>ATE /UDY1 9 :I* /UDY GEOLOGY1 CLIMATOLOGY1 BIOLOGY & HI/ORY COMPLETE EA* O!R1 9 ORD] TO IMPRESS UPON ! M9D ONE DI/9CT & DOM9ANT FEATURE ( ! >*ITECTURE & ! LIFE ( ! ,E>?4  

 ,!N1 FOLL[+ ! C\RSES ( ! RIV]S1 WE HAVE ! PLA9S1 HI< & L[1 :I* SURR\ND ! PLATEAUS4 ,I SEE !RE ! PLA9S ( MY MO!R-C\NTRY1 COV]$ ) CORNFIELDS AS F> AS ! EYE CAN REA*2 ! GROVES ( GRACEFUL BIR*ES1 & ! MEAD[S RI*LY ADORN$ ) A FLORA NOT YET MODIFI$ BY MAN2 ! POOR LOG-H\SES 9 ! VILLAGES1 & ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AT WORK2 & ON A MAP1 GUID+ MYSELF SIMPLY BY ! OROGRAPHY ( C\NTRY1 ,I TRACE ! EXT5SION ( GLACIAL DRIFT & LOESS1 & DEL9EATE ! FAM9E-/RICK5 REGIONS ) ALMO/ AS MU* SECURITY AS ! /ATI/ICIAN4 ,I READ ! HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY WRITT5 9 ITS RIV]S 9 ! PROXIMITY ( ! ,DZUNG>IAN GATE ON ! O!R SIDE1 & 9 ?OSE O!R PLA9S :I* ONLY WAIT = COLONIZ]S TO BE COV]$ ) CORN CROPS4 ,!N ,I COMP>E !SE PLA9S ) ?OSE ( ,YORK%IRE & ,LANCA%IRE1 PLAC$ BETWE5 ! HI<L&S & ! ,*ANNEL1 HAV+ ! D5SELY-PEOPL$ P>TS ( ,EUROPE AT !IR SIDE1 & ! TEMPT+ OCEAN 9 ! WE/4 ,!N ,I COMP>E !M ) ! PLA9S ( ,G]MANY1 ! PUZHT]S .<0PUTT]S0.> ( ,HUNG>Y1 ! ,S\? ,SIB]IAN /EPPES1 ! ,PAMPAS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,& AGA91 \T ( !SE SEP>ATE L&SCAPES1 DIV]SIFI$ BY !IR GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS & !IR SURR\ND+S1 ANO!R GREAT FEATURE ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE -- ! HI< PLA9S & ! L[ PLA9S -- FIXES MY ATT5TION1 5GRAVES ITSELF 9 MY MEMORY4  

 ,! SAME ) ,ALP9E REGIONS -- SU* AS ?OSE ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,ALTAI1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ?AT O!R QUITE DIFF]5T TYPE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! C5TRAL ,PYR5EES OR ,TRANSCAUCASIA4 ,! SAME ) ! ,LAKE REGIONS1 :I* /RET* ?R\< ,CANADA1 ,NOR?WE/]N ,5GL&1 ,SC&9AVIA1 & ,F9L&1 & AGA9 REPRES5T A WELL-DEF9$ TYPE ( ! ,E>?'S SC5]Y1 ORIG9AT$ FROM A C]TA9 WELL-DEF9$ GR\P ( AG5CIES1 & PLAY+ ITS DEF9ITE P>T 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D4 ,! WAT]LESS DES]TS ( ,AFRICA1 ,>ABIA1 & ! ,TRANSCASPIAN T]RITORY2 ! GREAT ,AFRICAN & ,SIB]IAN =E/ REGION2 ! TROPICAL & ! ,>CTIC >*IPELAGOES2 ! L[L&S ( ! ,GANGES .<,$ITORS3 ,! ,GANGA.> & ! ,NILE2 ! TUNDRAS ( ! F> NOR?1 & SO ON1 APPE> AGA9 AS DEF9ITE FEATURES ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE4  

 ,9 A WORD1 !RE >E TYPES ( L&SCAPE & SC5]Y ON ! ,E>?'S SURFACE AS !RE >E TYPES ( ANIMALS & PLANTS1 EA* ( !M REPRES5T+ A DEF9ITE GR\P ( PHYSICAL CAUSES :I* HAVE ACT$ TO PRODUCE ! RESULT1 & EA* ( !M PLAY+ A DEF9ITE P>T 9 ! DI/RIBUTION & DE/9IES ( ORGANIC LIFE1 AS WELL AS 9 ! GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( SEP>ATE CIVILIZATIONS4 ,) !SE TYPES WE \<T TO FAMILI>IZE \R LE>N]S 9 ORD] TO CONVEY TO !M A CORRECT G5]AL IMPRESSION ( ! WORLD WE LIVE 94 ,?IS REVIEW & ANALYSIS ( ! DIFF]5T TYPES ( SC5]Y \<T TO BE1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! LEAD+ FEATURE 9 ! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY 9 ! SECOND>Y S*OOL4 ,:5 ?IS HAS BE5 DONE1 & :5 ! LE>N]'S $UCATION 9 ME*ANICS1 PHYSICS1 & BIOLOGY HAS SUFFICI5TLY PROGRESS$1 !N A G5]AL REVISION ( ! MOVEM5TS ( ! ATMOSPH]E1 ! OCEAN & ! ,E>?'S CRU/ W\LD COME AS A NECESS>Y CONCLUSION2 & ! LE>N]'S M9D BE+ SUFFICI5TLY NURTUR$ BY ?AT TIME TO TAKE 9T]E/ 9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL TOPICS1 A REVIEW ( ! SUB-DIVISIONS ( MANK9D 9TO ECONOMIC REGIONS & /ATES1 ) AN ANALYSIS ( !IR 9/ITUTIONS & MUTUAL RELATIONS W\LD F9D ITS PROP] PLACE4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ?R\<\T SU* TEA*+ ALL ?AT IS POSSIBLE %\LD BE DONE TO CONVEY A CONCRETE IDEA ( ! DIFF]5T TYPES DESCRIB$ BY ! GEOGRAPH]4 ,! EXCELL5T COLLECTIONS ( COLOR$ L&SCAPE PICTURES1 PUBLI%$ 9 BO? A L>GE & A SMALL SIZE BY .<,GU/AV.> ,HOLZEL 9 ,VI5NA1 & GIV+ A REALLY SCI5TIFIC REPRES5TATION ( ! V>I\S TYPES1 W\LD BE ( GREAT USE2 ! COLLECTION ONLY REQUIRES TO BE FUR!R COMPLET$4 ,AS TO BOOKS1 ,I %\LD ESPECIALLY RECOMM5D ! READ+ ( ORIG9AL DESCRIPTIONS ( TRAVELS4 ,\R Y\?S DO NOT READ 5\< ( ?OSE *>M+ & DEEPLY IMPRESSIVE & HI<LY 9/RUCTIVE RECORDS ( TRAVEL ( :I* ALL LIT]ATURES & ESPECIALLY ! ,5GLI% LIT]ATURE -- POSSESS SU* A WEAL?1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! LA/ C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T4 ,!Y \<T TO BE SELECT$1 REPR9T$1 & WIDELY CIRCULAT$4 ,SO ALSO SU* CLASSICAL WORKS AS ,HUMBOLDT'S ',ANSI*T5 D] ,NATUR1' .<,VIEWS ( ,NATURE.> ,RITT]'S MONOGRAPHS UPON ! CAMEL1 ! TEA TREE1 & HIS LECTURES ON G5]AL ,]DKUNDE1 & ! LIKE4 ,WE >E TOO MU* AFRAID TO GIVE TO \R Y\?S SU* WORKS AS !Y >E NOT YET PREP>$ 5TIRELY TO UND]/&2 :ILE IT IS EXACTLY FROM SU* WORKS ?AT !Y >E MO/ LIABLE TO DRAW ! POETICAL LOVE ( ,NATURE1 ! DESIRE ( KN[+ MORE AB\T H] MY/]IES1 ! V]Y DIM LI<T ) :I* SOME P>TS ( ! WORK >E SURR\ND$1 AWAK5+ ! ?IR/ ( FUR!R KN[L$GE1 & SURR\ND+ ,NATURE ) ! POETRY :I* L$ \R BE/ NATURALI/S TO !IR RESE>*ES4  

 ,I H>DLY NE$ TO 9SI/ UPON ! NECESSITY ( PROMOT+ PRACTICAL WORK & EXP]IM5T BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS1 & NE$ ONLY M5TION H[ MU* IS A*IEV$ EV5 N[ BY SOME MODE/ PHYSIOGRAPHY TEA*]S 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,9 SOME S*OOLS ACTUAL EXP]IM5T ON A MODE/ SCALE IS P]=M$ 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 V>I\S FEATURES ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE1 & IMM5SE 9T]E/ IS AWAK5$ 9 ! CLASSES :5 ! ORIG9 ( M\NTA9S IS %[N BY MEANS ( /RATA ( CLAY1 OR :5 ! ORIG9 ( VALLEYS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY HEAPS ( S&2 OR WEA!R *>TS >E COMPIL$ FROM DATA GIV5 9 ! DAILY PAP]S2 OR RECORDS ( METEOROLOGICAL 9/RUM5TS >E KEPT BY ! PUPILS2 OR1 AGA91 ! R\TES ( ,>CTIC EXP$ITIONS >E TRAC$ ON MAPS FROM ! DATA GIV5 9 ! TRAVEL]'S RECORD2 :ILE 9 O!R S*OOLS R\< OROGRAPHICAL MODELS >E MADE \T ( CLAY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( SU* WORK1 & ITS /IMULAT+ & $UCATIONAL EFFECTS >E SO EVID5T1 ?AT ,I NE$ NOT FUR!R 9SI/ UPON ?IS SUBJECT4  

 ,&1 F9ALLY1 A GOOD DEAL C\LD BE DONE 9 ! WAY ( TRAVEL+1 EV5 ) ALL ! OB/ACLES :I* >E PUT 9 ! WAY BY RAILROAD & HOTEL EXP5SES4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE >E NOT EXTRAVAGANT 9 !IR REQUIREM5TS1 & CAN TRAVEL ) LITTLE \TLAY4 ,MOREOV]1 A GOOD DEAL 9 ! WAY ( R$UC+ EXP5SE C\LD BE DONE BY A SORT ( F$]ATION ( S*OOLS = ?IS SPECIAL PURPOSE4 ,9 FACT ,I DO NOT SEE :Y1 DUR+ ! ,EA/] HOLIDAYS1 ! BOYS ( A ,LONDON S*OOL WI%+ TO VISIT ! ,LAKE DI/RICT1 C\LD NOT GO & HANG !IR HAMMOCKS 9 SOME S*OOL BUILD+ 9 ,CUMB]L& = ! HOLIDAY WEEK4 ,A GREAT DEAL 9 ?IS DIRECTION IS ALREADY DONE 9 ,NORWAY & 9 ,CAUCASIA4 ,S*OOLBOYS' TRAVELS >E A REGUL> FEATURE ( $UCATION 9 BO? C\NTRIES1 & ! AM\NT ( VALUABLE MAT]IALS GA!R$ BY ! BOYS ( ! UPP] CLASSES ( ! SECOND>Y S*OOLS1 & ESPECIALLY BY ! PUPILS ( ! TEA*]S' SEM9>IA ( ,CAUCASUS1 AS WELL AS BY SU* S*OOLMA/]S AS HAVE ! *ANCE ( /AY+ 9 REMOTE & UNEXPLOR$ M\NTA9 DI/RICTS1 CAN BE SE5 FROM ! EXCELL5T YE>-BOOKS REC5TLY PUBLI%$ BY ! ,S*OOL ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,CAUCASIA4  

 ,IT IS ALSO EVID5T ?AT SIMIL> EXCURSIONS1 & EV5 MORE DI/ANT J\RNEYS1 \<T TO BE A REGUL> P>T ( UNIV]SITY $UCATION4 ,SUMM] EXCURSIONS LIKE ?OSE :I* >E MADE AT ! SUMM] MEET+S ( ,PATRICK ,G$DES & ,>?UR ,?OMSON AT ,$9BUR<1 CANNOT BE TOO W>MLY RECOMM5D$4 ,!Y C]TA9LY WILL CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOP A TA/E = GEOGRAPHY 9 ! S*OOLS1 & !Y WILL WID5 ! KN[L$GE ( ?OSE :O MAY LAT] ON BECOME TEA*]S4 ,BUT ?IS BR+S ME TO UNIV]SITY $UCATION4  

 ,9 RELATION TO ?IS1 ,I CANNOT TOO MU* 9SI/ UPON ! FACT ?AT ! BE/ & ! SURE/ MEANS = RAIS+ ! /&>D ( SECOND>Y $UCATION 9 ANY SUBJECT IS TO RAISE ! /&>D ( UNIV]SITY $UCATION 9 ! SAME SUBJECT4 ,9 ?\S&S ( WAYS1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT1 IT IS ! UNIV]SITY :I* AFFIXES ITS /AMP UPON ! $UCATION ( A C\NTRY4 ,IT IS ! HI< /&>D ( UNIV]SITY $UCATION 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( Y\NG M5 RECEIV+ UNIV]SITY $UCATION1 :I* HAVE SO IMM5SELY IMPROV$ ! SECOND>Y $UCATION 9 ,G]MANY1 NOT ONLY BY PROVID+ ! REAL S*UL5 .<REAL TRA9+.> & GYMNASIA ) GOOD TEA*]S1 MANY ( :OM LOVE !IR [N SUBJECT1 BUT ALSO BY CREAT+ A :OLE LIT]ATURE ( EXCELL5T TEXT-BOOKS1 OR REVIEWS ( SCI5CE 9 ALL ITS BRAN*ES1 ACCESSIBLE TO ! MO/ MODE/ PURSE2 ( POPUL> REVIEWS & POPUL> BOOKS1 ( REVIEWS = PROMOT+ LECTURE & LABORATORY EXP]IM5TS 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASS S*OOLS2 ( *EAP ATLASES1 :I* O!R C\NTRIES HAVE TO REPR9T AS !Y >E UNABLE !MSELVES TO PRODUCE ANY?+ AS GOOD OR AS *EAP1 & SO ON4 ,ALL ! LUXURY ( APPLIANCES = GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION :I* WE HAVE ADMIR$ AT ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY'S ,EXHIBITION1 & CAN N[ /UDY AT \R LEISURE AT ! ROOMS ( ! ,TEA*]S' ,GUILD 9 ,LONDON2 SO ALSO ! FLOOD ( ?OR\<LY SCI5TIFIC POPUL> LIT]ATURE & ! FL[ ( SCI5CE 9TO 9DU/RY :I* WE N[ SEE 9 ,G]MANY1 >E ! DIRECT \TCOME ( H] UNIV]SITY $UCATION4 ,AU/RIA IS ANO!R 9/ANCE 9 PO9T4 ,! PRES5CE ( ,PR(ESSOR ,ALBRE*T ,P5CK AT ,VI5NA HAS GIV5 ?AT WOND]FUL IMPULSE1 BO? = EXPLORATION & 9 $UCATION1 :I* WE N[ ADMIRE 9 ,AU/RIA2 & ! G5]ATION ( /UD5TS WORK+ UND] ,DR4 ,P5CK'S GUIDANCE WILL UND\BT$LY M>K A NEW DEP>TURE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( GEOGRAPHY 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,IF ,OX=D HAD HAD FIFTY YE>S AGO A ,RITT] OCCUPY+ ONE ( ITS *AIRS1 & GA!R+ R\ND HIM /UD5TS FROM ALL ! WORLD 7,ELISEE ,RECLUS W5T ON FOOT TO ,B]L9 TO FOLL[ HIS LECTURES71 IT W\LD BE ?IS C\NTRY1 NOT ,G]MANY1 :I* W\LD KEEP N[ ! LEAD 9 GEOGRAPHICAL $UCATION4  

 ,EA* SCI5CE MU/ BE TAU<T 9 CONC5TRIC1 EV]-WID5+ CIRCLES4 ,SO IT MU/ BE DONE ) GEOGRAPHY4 ,! /UD5T :O HAS LE>N$ ! FUNDAM5TAL FACTS 9 ! MIDDLE S*OOL1 & HAS BE5 ACCU/OM$ !RE TO SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS ( REASON+1 WILL HAVE A WIDE S]IES ( NEW QUE/IONS DEVELOP$ BE=E HIM 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY4 ,HE WILL HAVE TO /UDY1 & P>TLY AID 9 ! DISCOV]Y (1 ! LAWS :I* DET]M9E ! DIFF]5T FEATURES ( ! ,E>?'S SURFACE -- = !RE >E SU* LAWS2 ! LAWS ( ! PLATEAUS1 ! PLA9S1 ! CONT95TS2 ! LAWS ( DI/RIBUTION ( L& & SEA2 ! LAWS ( SPREAD+ & 9T]-P5ETRATION ( FLORAS & FAUNAS2 ! LAWS ( ! CIRCULATION ( ! HYDROSPH]E & ! ATMOSPH]E2 ! LAWS ( ! GR[? & MIGRATIONS ( CIVILIZATIONS4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9DEP5D5T RESE>* MU/ LIE AT ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ALL /UDIES4 ,NO MATT] H[ RE/RICT$ ! DOMA9 EXPLOR$ BY A /UD5T1 NO MATT] :I* BRAN* ( SCI5CE HE HAS *OS51 P]SONAL EXPLORATION & P]SONAL WORK1 9 CONTACT ) FREE ,NATURE1 DEVELOP ! Y\NG MAN'S OR WOMAN'S 9TELLIG5CE 9COMP>ABLY MORE ?AN YE>S ( /UDY FROM BOOKS1 OR EV5 9 ! LABORATORY4 ,ALL M5 ( M>K :OM ,I KN[1 OR KNEW1 AMONG GEOGRAPH]S1 HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( DO+ SU* 9DEP5D5T EXPLORATION 9 !IR E>LY YE>S2 :ILE IT IS TO DI/ANT VOYAGES ?AT ?IS C\NTRY [ES ,D>W91 ,WALLACE1 ,HOOK]1 & SO MANY O!RS ( H] GLORIES4 ,IT SEEMS A/ONI%+1 !RE=E1 ?AT SO LITTLE IS BE+ DONE 9 ?IS DIRECTION ESPECIALLY 9 ?IS C\NTRY :I* POSSESSES SU* AN IMM5SE COMM]CIAL FLEET & SO MANY PLEASURE-YA*TS4 ,:5 ONE REMEMB]S ! EPO*-MAK+ EXPLORATIONS ( SIMPLE ,NORWEGIAN :AL]S :O OP5$ ! ,K>A ,SEA & ! ,NOR? ,SIB]IAN R\TE SOME TW5TY YE>S AGO1 OR :5 ONE ?9KS ( ,SCORESBY1 ONE CANNOT BUT ASCRIBE TO 9DOL5CE ! FACT ?AT SCORES ( Y\NG EXPLOR]S >E NOT TAK5 EV]Y YE> ON BO>D ( ! %IPS ( ?IS C\NTRY CRUIS+ 9 ALL LATITUDES & LONGITUDES4 ,BUT !RE IS MU* WORK TO BE DONE AT HOME AS WELL4 ,& :5 ,I SEE ! AM\NT ( USEFUL 9=MATION COLLECT$ EV]Y YE> BY ! /UD5T EXPLOR]S ( ,DR4 ,P5CK 9 ,AU/RIA1 OR BY ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,I CANNOT BUT ?9K ?AT ! Y\NG NATURALI/S ( ?IS C\NTRY >E EXTREMELY /9T$ 9 OPPORTUNITIES = RESE>*4 ,! LITTLE ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 DONE = FUR!R+ ! /UDY ( GEOGRAPHY 9 ! UNIV]SITIES IS ALREADY BE>+ ITS FRUITS4 ,BUT LET UNIV]SITY $UCATION DEVELOP FREELY 9 ?IS BRAN*1 & Y\ WILL SOON SEE ITS EFFECTS REFLECT$ UPON ! :OLE ( ! SECOND>Y $UCATION GIV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY4  

 ,I CONCLUDE AS ,I BEGAN4 ,MY TASK WAS TO EXPRESS ! DESID]ATA ( A GEOGRAPH] :O SEES 9 HIS SCI5CE A P[]FUL $UCATIONAL 9/RUM5T1 & TREATS IT1 9 ITS HI<] /AGES1 AS A PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW ( KN[L$GE ACQUIR$ BY DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE4 ,IT N[ REMA9S ) ! TEA*] TO SEE :I* ( !SE REQUIREM5TS IS REALIZABLE AT ONCE1 ) ! SL5D] MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL1 & )9 HIS [N RANGE ( ACTION1 & :I* MU/ BE LEFT TO ! SL[ *ANGE ( PUBLIC OP9ION4  

 "9 ,J4 ,S4 ,KELTIE'S ',GEOGRAPHICAL ,$UCATION'2 ,REPORT TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ROYAL ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,LONDON 7,JOHN ,MURRAY71 #a#h#h#e4  

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,J\RNAL1 ,VOL4 #b1 ,NO4 #d 7,OCT41 #a#h#i#c71 PP4 #c#e-#c#e#i4 ,OP5+ ADDRESS1 DELIV]$ ON ,APRIL #a#i?1 #a#h#i#c1 BE=E ! ,TEA*]S' ,GUILD ,CONF]5CE1 HELD AT ,OX=D47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,SEPTEMB] #c1 #ahic 3 ,ON ! ,TEA*+ ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,ON ! ,TEA*+ ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,ON ! ,TEA*+ ( ,PHYSIOGRAPHY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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