,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,%LIAPNIKOV 

,TEXT 3 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9 #a#i#b#c4 

,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN BY ,RI*>D ,*APPELL4 

,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ,ALLISON @& ,BUSBY1 ,LONDON @& ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#h#b4 

,TRANSCRIB$ BY ,B>B>A ,ALL5 @& ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN4 

,M>K$ UP BY ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN = ! ,M>XI/S' ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 

,ALEX&] ,%LYAPNIKOV 

,ON ! ,EVE ( #aiag 

,RI*>D ,*APPELL 

,9TRODUCTION 

,%LYAPNIKOV'S MEMOIRS OP5 JU/ PRIOR TO ! ,/ ,PET]SBURG B>RICADES ( ,JULY #aiad & BREAK (F ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,HIS EXP]I5CES & SUBSEQU5T RESE>*ES ON ?IS P]IOD ?R[ 9TO %>P RELIEF ! CONTRADICTORY EFFECT ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! IMP]IALI/ CONFLICT DELAY$ YET DEEP5$ ! CRISIS ( ! CZ>I/ POLITICAL SY/EM & ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,%LYAPNIKOV WAS ! KEY ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZ] ?R\<\T !SE YE>S1 ACT+ AS A ROV+ LIAISON (FIC] & CONTACT MAN BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' EXILE ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SC&9AVIA 7& !NCE TO ,L59 & ,Z9OVIEV'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 9 ,SWITZ]L&7 & ! FRAGM5T$ & PREC>I\S LOCAL P>TY ORGANIZATIONS1 PRESSES & LEGAL GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,! MEMOIRS1 BE+ WRITT5 9 A D[N-TO-E>?1 PRACTICAL SPIRIT REFLECT+ ! P]SONALITY ( ! AU?OR1 >E UNIQUE 9 !IR FIR/-H& PORTRAYAL ( ! COMPLEX 9T]PLAY ( ! DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION>Y AW>5ESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! M\NT+ PR$ICAM5T ( ! NOBILITY1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! CZ>I/ BUREAUCRACY ITSELF1 9 EA* CASE CONFRONT$ ) A POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IMPASSE CREAT$ BY ! W>4 

,HIS BRIEF BUT VIVID SKET*ES ( 9CID5TS DUR+ ! ,JULY DAYS ( #a#i#a#d1 ! DETAILS ( ! ECONOMIC DEM&S ( ! TRAMWAY MA9T5ANCE M5 :OSE VICTORI\S /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y #aiaf UPLIFT$ ,/ ,PET]SBURG WORK]S ACROSS A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES & ! ACC\NT ( ! ,GORLOVKA M9]S' UNRE/ & ! 5SU+ MASSACRE >E 9 !MSELVES HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TS ( EV5TS R>ELY RECALL$ TODAY BUT CRUCIAL 9 ! PROCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,WE F9D ON ! O!R H& SIMIL>LY P]CEPTIVE *OICES ( ANECDOTAL & DOCUM5T>Y MAT]IAL :I* GIVE AN 9SI<T 9TO ! /ATE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & NOBILITY4 ,! 5C\NT] ) AN IRATE PATRIOTIC LADY ON A TRAM 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! W> HAS ALMO/ A ,GOGOLIAN FLAVOR AS DOES ! MEET+ ( BIG 9DU/RIALI/S ) ! POLICE *IEF TO DEVISE WAYS ( KEEP+ KEY EMPLOYES 9 ! >MS FACTORIES AWAY FROM POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 0,REVOLUTION>Y PATRIOTIC0 AGITATION AGA9/ ,RASPUT9 & ! CZ>9A & ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! C\RT & ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 & ! CRISIS 9 ! ,DUMA :5 ! B\RGEOIS & ,M5%EVIK 0,PROGRESSIVE ,BLOC0 >E ?R[N \T & ,PROTOPOPOV GOES OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! C\RT1 AGA9 HI<LI<T 9 CONCRETE T]MS ! BREAKUP ( ! OLD REGIME4 

,\TSIDE !SE TWO ELEM5TS 9 SOCIETY1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! SAILORS & ! PLI<T ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION AS A :OLE1 OPPRESS$ 9 ! C\RSE ( #aiaf BY A COLLAPSE ( FOOD SUPPLY & DI/RIBUTION ) ITS ATT5DANT SPECULATION1 GRAFT & MIS]Y1 >E BR\<T 9TO FOCUS ?AT FEW O!R HI/ORICAL WORKS ATTEMPT4 

,ALEX&] ,%LYAPNIKOV IS MO/ WIDELY RECALL$ TODAY = HIS PROM95T ROLE 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#b#b4 ,H[EV]1 HIS REVOLUTION>Y WORK HAD />T$ BACK 9 #aia AT ! ,OBUKHOV 5G9E]+ WORKS 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,BORN 9TO A FAMILY ( WORK]S & >TISANS 9 ! SMALL T[N ( ,MUROM 9 ,VLADIMIR PROV9CE >\ND #ahhd 7! PRECISE DATE IS UNKN[N AS HIS ,OLD ,BELIEV] P>5TS W\LD NOT REGI/] HIS BIR? (FICIALLY71 HE SUFF]$ MAT]IAL H>D%IP FROM HIS E>LIE/ YE>S & FROM #ai MADE A LIV+ 9 5G9E]+ %OPS FIR/ 9 ,SORMOVO 7JU/ \TSIDE ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD7 & !N 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,! CITY :I* HAD 9TRODUC$ ,%LYAPNIKOV TO ,BOL%EVIK IDEAS & ORGANIZATION WAS1 9 ! CRUCIAL W> P]IOD1 TO BECOME ! CRADLE ( ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION & AL?\< ,%LYAPNIKOV'S IT9]ANT LIFE BR\<T HIM TO WORK !RE ONLY 9T]MITT5TLY IT IS CLE> FROM ?IS BOOK ?AT HE WAS MORE 9TIMATELY & PRACTICALLY FAMILI> ) ! RANK-&-FILE WORK]S !RE ?AN MANY ANO!R1 P]HAPS MORE CELEBRAT$1 ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]4 

,HIS DEEP 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! GRUEL+ DAY-TO-DAY M9UTIAE ( RECON/RUCT+ A TI<TLY-KNIT CL&E/9E ORGANIZATION UND] ! FIRE ( ! CZ>'S SECURITY S]VICE & COSSACK LA%ES IS EVID5C$ BY ! NUM]\S TE*NICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL DETAILS ( DAILY WORK 9 ! UND]GR\ND4 ,WE >E GIV5 A S*EMATIC VIEW ( ! 9T]NAL ME*ANICS ( A TYPICAL BRAN* ORGANIZATION4 ,FLEXIBILITY & LOCAL GRASS-ROOTS 9ITIATIVE W]E 9DISP5SABLE 9 ILLEGAL CONDITIONS4 ,AS ,PREOBRAZH5SKY DECL>$ AT ! #a#c? ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE 9 #aibc :5 BATTL+ ! RIS+ APP>ATUS L$ BY ,/AL93 0,:AT BUREAUCRATISM DID WE KN[ 9 ! OLD UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATION8 ,NONE40 ,! >RE/ ( ONE BRAN* G5]AL SECRET>Y W\LD HAVE MEANT TOTAL BREAKD[N4 ,! H&L+ ( POLITICAL $UCATION1 PUBLI%+ & FUND RAIS+ IS ALSO BR\<T TO LI<T & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ILLEGAL & LEGAL WORK4 ,! LATT] WAS UND]TAK5 9 ! ,9SURANCE ,C\NCIL & ! ,HOSPITAL ,FUNDS :I* W]E ! ONLY WORK]-ELECT$ FACTORY BODIES /ILL P]MITT$ TO OP]ATE4 ,/RICT SEP>ATION ( P]SONNEL WAS NECESS>Y TO AVOID ! :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( ! UND]GR\ND GR\PS4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 LEGAL WORK 9 ! POPUL> ELECT$ 9SURANCE BODIES & P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,W> ,9DU/RIES ,COMMITTEES SET UP TO BOO/ ! W> EF=T BY TOP 9DU/RIALI/S LIKE ,GVOZDEV & ,KONOVALOV 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,M5%EVIKS IS CLE>LY DRAWN4 ,YET ! SUBSEQU5T \TLAW+ ( MU* ( !IR ACTIVITY BY ! 5D ( #aiaf EM]GES AS BUT ANO!R SYMPTOM ( ! T]M9AL SICKNESS ( ! OLD SOCIETY4 ,H[ C\LD !SE COMMITTEES REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( TWO ANTAGONI/IC CLASSES AT ! SAME TIME8 

,P>TY ORGANIZATION AT ! BASE 9 SU* CASE REQUIR$ EXCEPTIONAL 9ITIATIVE & RESOLVE BUT ALSO VIGILANCE4 ,9FILTRATION ( AG5TS ( ! SECURITY S]VICE 7! ,OHKRANA7 SU* AS ,*]NOMAZOV1 ,/>CK & POSSIBLY ,%URKANOV WAS AN EV]-PRES5T RISK4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0SYMPA!TIC0 APPROA*ES ) (F]S ( F9ANCE1 EQUIPM5T & COMMUNICATIONS FROM UNPROV5 9DIVIDUALS LIKE ,KESKULA OR ,KRUSE HAD TO BE RESPOND$ TO ) GREAT CAUTION4 ,MI*AEL ,FUTRELL 9 HIS BOOK ,NOR!RN ,UND]GR\ND 7,FAB]1 ,LONDON #a#i#g#b7 HAS DELV$ 9TO ! VAG>IES ( ! SPECULATION & CORRUPTION1 BO? = P]SONAL & POLITICAL MOTIVES1 ?AT W]E RIFE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,W> ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF EF=TS TO 5LI/ ,BOL%EVIK SUPPORT = !IR [N 5DS ( DEFEAT+ ,RUSSIA1 9 ! SAME WAY AS !Y FO/]$ ,F9NI% NATIONALI/ 0ACTIVISM04 ,%LYAPNIKOV'S UNCONCEAL$ QUALMS AB\T MANY SYMPA?IZ]S & P>TY MEMB]S FROM ! 9TELLECTUALS >ISE PRIM>ILY FROM ! L>GE-SCALE DES]TION ( MANY ( ! MORE $UCAT$ ACTIVI/S :O W]E PROM95T 9 #a#i#e4 ,?IS FACT IS REF]R$ TO 9 V>I\S CONNECTIONS & IMPOS$ AN ADDITIONAL BURD5 UPON ?OSE /RUGGL+ TO REBUILD ! ORGANIZATION 9 W>TIME4 ,GORKY /&S \T1 P]HAPS SURPRIS+LY1 AS A DI/+UI%$ EXCEPTION4 ,SEV]AL 9CID5TS 9VOLV+ ,BUKH>9 & ,PYATAKOV %$ A COMIC LI<T ON ! AU?OR'S G5]ALLY GU>D$ VIEW ( ! PRACTICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS ( P>TY 9TELLECTUALS4 ,KAM5EV & ,KRE/9SKY AMONG O!RS >E NOT HI<LY REG>D$ BY HIM4 

,RUSSIAN HI/ORY AS A :OLE FROM #aiad TO #aiag IS NOT S]V$ WELL BY ! AVAILABLE LIT]ATURE1 FROM :ATEV] /&PO9T IT MAY BE WRITT54 ,ADMITT$LY1 /UDIES ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL IMPACT & SOCIAL COMPLICATIONS PRODUC$ BY ! W> W]E PUT \T BY ! ,C>NEGIE ,5D[M5T = ,9T]NATIONAL ,PEACE 9 !IR S]IES ( MONOGRAPHS UND] ! RUBRIC ( ,! ,ECONOMIC & ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,ALSO1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS ,SIR ,B]N>D ,P>ES'S ,FALL ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,MON>*Y4 ,L>GELY BAS$ ON REM9ISC5CES & PAP]S ( /ATESM51 G5]ALS & C\RT FIGURES & ES*EW+ AN ANALYSIS ( ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 IT 9EVITABLY /RIKES AN ELEGIAC RA!R ?AN HI/ORICAL NOTE4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! BE/-KN[N AVAILABLE WORKS DEAL+ ) ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ITSELF T5D TO FI<T %Y ( ILLUM9AT+ PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES & ,BOL%EVIK ACTIVITY 9SIDE ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! W> ) ! IMPRESSION RESULT+ ?AT ,L59 5GAG$ HIMSELF 9 DREAM+ UP REVOLUTION>Y FANTASIES & +5I\S S*EMES 9 A ,SWISS VILLAGE ) NO S\ND 9=MATION & EV5 LESS COMMUNICATION & ORGANIZATION L9KS ) ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS WIDESPREAD MISCONCEPTION IS BELI$ BY ,%LYAPNIKOV 9 HIS AU?ORITATIVE & DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! ,RUSSIAN 5D ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATION & ( ! COMMUNICATION ( LIT]ATURE1 9=MATION & F9ANCE & ( ITS CONTACTS ) ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ABROAD & ! EXILE GR\PS 9 ,SC&9AVIA4 ,:ILE ! AU?OR 9 NO WAY UND]/ATES EV5 ! MO/ BIZ>RE PRACTICAL OB/ACLES & SETBACKS ?AT W]E DAILY EXP]I5C$1 ! READ] CANNOT COME AWAY FROM ?IS BOOK /ILL H>BOR+ ! NOTION POPUL> 9 B\RGEOIS HI/ORIOGRAPHY ?AT ,L591 ,KRUPSKAYA & ,Z9OVIEV HAD :OLLY LO/ T\* ) ! 9TRICATE REALITIES ( LIFE 9 W>TIME ,RUSSIA :E!R = ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY OR = ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! TRADITIONAL CULTURAL VALUES ( NATIONALITY & RELIGION1 H[EV] P]VASIVE 9 C]TA9 SECTORS ( ! POPULATION1 W]E NOT 9 ! 5D DECISIVE4 ,! W> UND]M9$ !IR ECONOMIC BASIS1 & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WON \T4 ,L59'S /RATEGY & TACTICS ON REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM & ( CONV]T+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> 9TO A CIVIL W> :I* AT ITS 9CEPTION 5C\NT]$ ! RES]VATIONS IF NOT OP5 HO/ILITY ( EV5 MANY PROM95T PEOPLE ( ! LEFT 9T]NATIONALI/ W+ ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 7NOTABLY ,TROTSKY & ,LUXEMBURG7 W]E D]IV$ AS MU* FROM ! /UDY & ! EXP]I5CE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL & POLITICAL F]M5T 9 ?OSE ?REE YE>S AS FROM AN OV]ALL ASSESSM5T ( ! WORLD IMP]IALI/ CRISIS & ! /ATE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A :OLE4 ,! SPONTANE\S DEFEATI/ MOODS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,/ ,PET]SBURG GRAFFITI - 0,IF ,RUSSIA W9S1 !Y'LL SQUA% US EV5 H>D]0 - BE> WITNESS TO A CONTRADICTORY RESPONSE TO ! \TBREAK ( HO/ILITIES2 ! SUBSEQU5T C\RSE ( ! W> 5SUR$ ! GR[? ( SU* ATTITUDES AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?R\< ! SMALL ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS & L9KS PA9/AK+LY BUILT & MA9TA9$ BY ,%LYAPNIKOV & HIS COMRADES1 A POLITICAL PROGRAM BAS$ ON ! PROV5 SLOGANS ( ! 0?REE :ALES0 7! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! CONFISCATION ( L&$ E/ATES & ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC7 BUT 5HANC$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATI/ APPROA* TO ! W> C\LD BE TE/$1 REF9$ & RE*ECK$ AGA9/ ! DAY-TO-DAY WORK ( ! LOCAL UND]GR\ND & LEGAL 79SURANCE & HOSPITAL FUNDS7 ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS CRY/ALLIZATION ( A REBUILT & TEMP]$ ,BOL%EVIK NETWORK C\LD NOT ( C\RSE PROVE A PASSPORT TO 9/ANT SUCCESS & BE REW>D$ ) A BLANK *ECK ( FULL CONFID5CE FROM ! WORK]S & PEASANTS :5 ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag ]UPT$4 ,:AT IT DID CONTRIBUTE WAS A POLITICAL & PRACTICAL MATURITY DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T3 W>TIME EXP]I5CE ( ! ROLE ( B\RGEOIS 9DU/RIALI/S & ( ! ,M5%EVIKS %[$ ?AT !IR ATTITUDE EV5 TO ! DEMOCRATIC ELEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE O!R ?AN 9 #a#i#e4 ,& IT WAS ?IS MATURITY ( POLITICAL TACTICS ?AT BR\<T SUCCESS 9 ,OCTOB]4 

,ON ! ,EVE ( #aiag ALSO 9CLUDES AN EPISODIC BUT P]CEPTIVE 9T]NATIONAL COMM5T>Y4 ,BRIEF EXCURSIONS 9TO WORK+-CLASS LIFE 9 ,5GL&1 ,SC&9AVIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & REM9ISC5CES ( OPPORTUNI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL SU* AS ,TROEL/RA1 ,V&]VELDE & ,/AUN+1 C5TRI/S LIKE ,BRANT+ &1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T1 ,L>9 & MEMB]S ( ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,SC&9AVIAN P>TIES 7,HOGLUND & ,WIIK1 = EXAMPLE7 GIVE AN EXTRA DIM5SION TO ! BOOK4 

,%LYAPNIKOV'S MEMOIRS APPE>$ 9 #aibc &1 TO JUDGE BY !IR /YLE & COMPILATION1 W]E WRITT5 9 SOME HA/E4 ,MOREOV]1 ! PO9T$ REM>KS & REF]5CES TO C]TA9 FIGURES :O HAD S9CE ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION RIS5 TO POSITIONS ( IMPORTANCE 9 ! NASC5T P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY ,L>91 ,S*MIDT & ,KAM5EV1 SUGGE/ ?AT ,%LYAPNIKOV HAD A C]TA9 FACTIONAL MOTIVE BEH9D ! PUBLICATION ( HIS W>TIME TE/AM5T4 ,?R\< IT HE C\LD PROVE ?AT HIS CR$5TIALS AS AN 0,OLD ,BOL%EVIK0 W]E SECOND TO NONE4 ,UP/>T C>E]I/S HIDEB\ND TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE /YLE ( ! CZ>I/ BUREAUCRACY HAD SPAWN$ DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> & COLONIZ$ ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 & ! SOCIAL EFFECTS ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY F]TILIZ$ ! SOIL = ! GR[? ( A POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7NOTABLY ,TROTSKY1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ,PYATAKOV 9 ALLIANCE ) ! =M] 0,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/0 FACTION7 LAUN*$ A PUBLIC *ALL5GE TO ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC POLICIES & P[] ( ! SO-CALL$ 0TRIUMVIRATE0 ( ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV & ,Z9OVIEV 9 ! ,P>TY DISCUSSION ( AUTUMN #a#i#b#c4 ,YET IT WAS SURPRIS+ TO SOME ?AT ,%LYAPNIKOV REMA9$ ALO( FROM ! #aibc /RUGGLE1 MAK+ ONLY ONE BRIEF WRITT5 CONTRIBUTION TO ! PUBLIC DEBATE 9 ,PRAVDA 9 :I* HE DESCRIB$ ! :OLE CONFLICT ) ! ,OPPOSITION AS AN 9TRA-BUREAUCRATIC /RUGGLE & MA9TA9$ ?AT NEI!R SIDE HAD ANY REAL L9K ) OR CONC]N = ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AL?\< !RE IS EVID5CE ( FUR!R1 IF SPASMODIC1 DEMON/RATIONS ( HO/ILITY TO ! RAPIDLY DEG5]AT+ ,/AL9I/ POLITICAL REGIME1 ,%LYAPNIKOV F9ALLY ) HIS OLD ALLY ,M$V$EV =MALLY SURR5D]$ TO ,/AL9'S ,POLITBURO 9 #aibf & D$ICAT$ HIMSELF TO WRIT+ A F\R-VOLUME HI/ORY ( ! YE> #aiag :I* COV]S ! P]IOD FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,JULY 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL4 ,AS ) NE>LY ALL ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( HIS V9TAGE1 POLITICAL CAPITULATION DID NOT BUY ULTIMATE PHYSICAL SECURITY4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS HE WAS ALONG ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( O!RS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$1 & UNLIKE SOME ( ! MO/ PROM95T ,BOL%EVIKS WAS NOT EXHIBIT$ TO MAKE A PUBLIC CONFESSION ( CRIM9AL GUILT AT ONE ( ! NOTORI\S %[ TRIALS ( #a#i#c#f-#h4 ,LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 HE SIMPLY DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY 9 CIRCUM/ANCES EV5 MORE OBSCURE ?AN ?OSE ( HIS BIR?4 ,V>I\S DATES RANG+ FROM #aicg TO #aidc >E (F]$ AS ?AT ( HIS DEA?1 SO ?AT ,LEOPOLD ,TREPP]'S ANECDOTE ( AN 5C\NT] ) A MAN PURPORT+ TO BE ,%LYAPNIKOV ON A PLANE OV] ,NOR? ,AFRICA 9 ,JANU>Y #aide ?\< IMPROBABLE CANNOT BE CONCLUSIVELY DISC\NT$4 ,TREPP] MA9TA9S ?AT ,%LYAPNIKOV TOLD HIM HE HAD BE5 9VIT$ TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA FROM ,FRANCE :]E HE HAD BE5 LIV+ 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,HE HAD BE5 5TIC$ BACK BY A V]Y CORDIAL LETT] FROM HIS OLD COMRADE FROM ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T1 ,MOLOTOV1 N[ ( C\RSE 9 A POSITION ( GREAT P[]4 ,HE HAD EXPECT$ TO BE MET BY ,MOLOTOV'S C> UPON >RIVAL 9 ,MOSC[4 ,9/EAD HE WAS MET BY A POLICE C> & DRIV5 /RAI<T TO ! ,LUBYANKA JAIL1 & NO MORE WAS HE>D4 

"9 "9 "9 

,?IS FIR/ ,5GLI% V]SION ( ,ALEX&] ,%LYAPNIKOV'S MEMOIRS [ES A DEBT ( GRATITUDE TO ,JOHN ,>*]1 ,JANE ,AYTON1 ,/EVE ,C>T]1 ,M>T9 ,COOK1 ,L5 & ,LES ,DOLPH91 ,PAUL ,MOORE1 ,MAIR ,[51 ,AN?ONY VAN D] ,POORT51 ,CA?Y ,PORT] & ,SCOTT ,SP5C] = !IR ASSI/ANCE1 5C\RAGEM5T & CON/RUCTIVE 9T]E/4 ,AS ALWAYS1 ! /AFF ( ! ,BRITI% ,LIBR>Y 7,ANW> ,BABA & ,/AN ,JAGD> =EMO/ AMONG !M7 & ! ,S*OOL ( ,SLAVONIC & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,/UDIES HAVE ALSO MADE AN 9DISP5SABLE CONTRIBUTION ) !IR CONSI/5TLY FRI5DLY & ATT5TIVE S]VICE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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