,P>T #b 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,TWO 

.<,9TRODUCTION.> 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIETY & :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T OV] ! LA/ #a YE>S 7& 9 P>TICUL> S9CE #a#i#a#g7 HAVE COMPELL$ US TO MAKE A RADICAL REVISION ( ! IDEAS ON :I* ?AT MOVEM5T HAS BE5 BAS$4 

,=TY YE>S HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,FROM ?AT REVOLUTION IT IS NOT SOCIALISM ?AT ULTIMATELY EM]G$ BUT A NEW & MON/R\S =M ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY & TOTALIT>IAN OPPRESSION ?AT DIFF]$ FROM ! WOR/ =MS ( CAPITALISM ONLY 9 ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY REPLAC$ ! PRIVATE [N]S ( CAPITAL & 0! PLAN0 TOOK ! PLACE ( ! 0FREE M>KET40 ,T5 YE>S AGO1 ONLY A FEW PEOPLE LIKE US DEF5D$ !SE IDEAS4 ,S9CE !N1 ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S HAVE BR\<T !M TO ! WORLD'S ATT5TION4 

,AMONG ! RAW MAT]IALS = SU* A REVISION >E ! VA/ EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ( ITS DEG5]ATION1 ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS1 !IR ACTIONS1 & !IR PROGRAM4 ,BUT !SE >E F> FROM BE+ ! ONLY ELEM5TS USEFUL = MAK+ SU* A REVISION4 ,A LOOK AT MOD]N CAPITALISM & AT ! TYPE ( CONFLICT IT BRE$S %[S ?AT ?R\<\T ! WORLD WORK+ PEOPLE >E FAC$ ) ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS1 (T5 POS$ 9 SURPRIS+LY SIMIL> T]MS4 ,!SE PROBLEMS CALL EV]Y:]E = ! SAME RESPONSE4 ,?IS ANSW] IS SOCIALISM1 A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM N[ 9/ALL$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 & ELSE:]E4 

,! EXP]I5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM ALL[S US CLE>LY TO P]CEIVE :AT SOCIALISM IS NOT & CANNOT BE4 ,A CLOSE LOOK BO? AT PA/ PROLET>IAN UPRIS+S & AT ! EV]YDAY LIFE & /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IAT 5ABLES US TO SAY :AT SOCIALISM C\LD & %\LD BE4 ,BAS+ \RSELVES ON A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE WE CAN & MU/ N[ DEF9E ! POSITIVE CONT5T ( SOCIALISM 9 A MU* FULL] & MORE ACCURATE WAY ?AN WAS POSSIBLE = PREVI\S REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 TODAY'S VA/ IDEOLOGICAL MORASS1 PEOPLE :O CALL !MSELVES SOCIALI/S MAY BE HE>D TO SAY ?AT !Y 0>E NO LONG] QUITE SURE :AT ! WORD MEANS40 ,WE HOPE TO %[ ?AT ! V]Y OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,TODAY1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ONE CAN BEG9 TO SPELL \T 9 CONCRETE & SPECIFIC T]MS :AT SOCIALISM REALLY C\LD BE LIKE4 

,! TASK WE >E AB\T TO UND]TAKE NOT ONLY LEADS US TO *ALL5GE MANY WIDELY HELD IDEAS AB\T SOCIALISM1 MANY ( :I* GO BACK TO ,L59 & SOME TO ,M>X4 ,IT ALSO LEADS US TO QUE/ION WIDELY HELD IDEAS AB\T CAPITALISM1 AB\T ! WAY IT WORKS & AB\T ! REAL NATURE ( ITS CRISES1 MANY ( :I* HAVE REA*$ US 7) OR )\T DI/ORTION7 FROM ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,! TWO ANALYZES >E COMPLEM5T>Y & 9 FACT ! ONE NECESSITATES ! O!R4 

,! REVISION WE PROPOSE DID NOT ( C\RSE />T TODAY4 ,V>I\S /R&S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T -- & A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL REVOLUTION>IES -- HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO IT OV] TIME4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ ISSUE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE WE 5DEAVOR$ TO RESUME ?IS EF=T 9 A SY/EMATIC FA%ION4 ,!RE WE CLAIM$ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES WAS ! DIVISION 9TO DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS4 ,WE ATTEMPT$ TO %[ H[ ! WORK+ CLASS'S [N DEVELOPM5T W\LD LEAD IT TO A SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WE /AT$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY BE ! PRODUCT ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE /RESS$ ?AT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IMPLI$ ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE /RATUM ( DIRECTORS & ?AT IT !RE=E IMPLI$ ! P[] ( MASS ORGANS & WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 

,BUT 9 A S5SE1 WE \RSELVES HAVE FAIL$ TO DEVELOP ! CONT5T ( \R [N IDEAS TO ! FULL4 ,IT W\LD H>DLY BE WOR? M5TION+ ?IS FACT W]E IT NOT ?AT IT EXPRESS$1 AT ITS [N LEVEL1 ! 9FLU5CE ( FACTORS ?AT HAVE DOM9AT$ ! EVOLUTION ( ,M>XISM ITSELF = A C5TURY1 NAMELY1 ! 5ORM\S DEAD WEI<T ( ! IDEOLOGY ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY1 ! P>ALYZ+ LEGACY ( TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS1 & ! DIFFICULTY ( FREE+ ONESELF FROM 9H]IT$ MODES ( ?\<T4 

,9 ONE S5SE1 \R REVISION CONSI/S ( MAK+ MORE EXPLICIT & PRECISE :AT WAS ! G5U9E1 9ITIAL 9T5TION ( ,M>XISM & :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! DEEPE/ CONT5T ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES -- :E!R AT !IR DRAMATIC & CULM9AT+ MOM5TS OR 9 ! ANONYMITY ( WORK+-CLASS LIFE 9 ! FACTORY4 ,9 ANO!R S5SE1 \R REVISION CONSI/S ( A FREE+ ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T FROM ! ACCUMULAT$ DROSS ( A C5TURY4 ,WE WANT TO BREAK ! DI/ORT+ PRISMS ?R\< :I* SO MANY REVOLUTION>IES HAVE BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO LOOK+ AT ! LIFE & ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,SOCIALISM AIMS AT GIV+ A MEAN+ TO PEOPLE'S LIFE & WORK2 AT 5ABL+ !N FRE$OM1 !IR CREATIVITY1 & ! MO/ POSITIVE ASPECTS ( !IR P]SONALITY TO FL\RI%2 AT CREAT+ ORGANIC L9KS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ?OSE >\ND HIM1 & BETWE5 ! GR\P & SOCIETY2 AT RECONCIL+ PEOPLE ) !MSELVES & ) NATURE4 ,IT !REBY REJO9S ! MO/ BASIC GOALS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS DAILY /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ALI5ATION4 ,!SE >E NOT ASPIRATIONS AB\T SOME HAZY & DI/ANT FUTURE1 BUT RA!R ! CONT5T ( T5D5CIES EXI/+ & MANIFE/+ !MSELVES TODAY1 BO? 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TO UND]/& ?IS IS TO UND]/& ?AT1 = ! WORK]1 ! ULTIMATE PROBLEM ( HI/ORY IS AN EV]YDAY PROBLEM4 ,TO GRASP ?IS IS ALSO TO P]CEIVE ?AT SOCIALISM IS NOT 0NATIONALIZATION0 OR 0PLANN+0 OR EV5 AN 09CREASE 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+40 ,IT IS TO UND]/& ?AT ! REAL CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS NOT DUE TO 0! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET0 OR TO 0OV]PRODUCTION0 OR TO 0! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT40 ,9DE$1 IT IS TO SEE ! TASKS ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & ! FUNCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION 9 AN 5TIRELY NEW WAY4 

,PU%$ TO !IR ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CES1 GRASP$ 9 !IR FULL /R5G?1 !SE IDEAS TRANS=M \R VISION ( SOCIETY & ! WORLD4 ,!Y MODIFY \R CONCEPTION ( !ORY AS WELL AS ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS TEXT IS DEVOT$ TO ! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( SOCIALISM4 ,! FOLL[+ P>T.<#b#g.> CONC]NS ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM & ! CRISIS IT IS UND]GO+4 ,?IS ORD]1 :I* MI<T NOT APPE> V]Y LOGICAL1 MAY BE JU/IFI$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,POLI% & ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTIONS HAVE MADE ! QUE/ION ( ! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AN IMM$IATE PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 

,?IS ORD] ( PRES5TATION ALSO /EMS FROM ANO!R CONSID]ATION4 ,! V]Y CONT5T ( \R IDEAS LEADS US TO MA9TA9 ?AT1 ULTIMATELY1 ONE CANNOT UND]/& ANY?+ AB\T ! PR(\ND MEAN+ ( CAPITALISM & ! CRISIS IT IS UND]GO+ UNLESS ONE BEG9S ) ! MO/ TOTAL IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 ,= ALL ?AT WE HAVE TO SAY CAN BE R$UC$1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 TO ?IS3 ,SOCIALISM IS AUTONOMY1 PEOPLE'S CONSCI\S DIRECTION ( !IR [N LIVES4 ,CAPITALISM -- :E!R PRIVATE OR BUREAUCRATIC -- IS ! ULTIMATE NEGATION ( ?IS AUTONOMY1 & ITS CRISIS /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ! SY/EM NECESS>ILY CREATES ?IS DRIVE T[>D AUTONOMY1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY BE+ COMPELL$ TO SUPPRESS IT4 

,! ,ROOT ( ! ,CRISIS ( ,CAPITALISM 

,! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE 7WE >E SPEAK+ AB\T PRIVATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,WE/ & BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM 9 ! ,EA/7 CREATES A P]PETUALLY R5EW$ CRISIS 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,?IS CRISIS APPE>S MO/ 9T5SELY 9 ! REALM ( PRODUCTION -- 0PRODUCTION0 MEAN+ H]E ! %OP FLOOR1 NOT 0! ECONOMY0 OR 0! M>KET40 ,9 ITS ESS5CE1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION IS ! SAME 9 ALL O!R FIELDS1 :E!R ONE IS DEAL+ ) ! FAMILY1 $UCATION1 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 POLITICS1 OR CULTURE4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY CONSI/S ( ORGANIZ+ PEOPLE'S LIVES FROM ! \TSIDE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE DIRECTLY CONC]N$ & AGA9/ !IR ASPIRATIONS & 9T]E/S4 ,?IS IS BUT ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT CAPITALISM DIVIDES SOCIETY 9TO A N>R[ /RATUM ( DIRECTORS 7:OSE FUNCTION IS TO DECIDE & ORGANIZE EV]Y?+7 & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 :O >E R$UC$ TO C>RY+ \T 7EXECUT+7 ! DECISIONS MADE BY !SE DIRECTORS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 MO/ PEOPLE EXP]I5CE !IR [N LIVES AS SOME?+ ALI5 TO !M4 ,?IS PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION IS PR(\NDLY IRRATIONAL & FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS4 ,UND] IT1 REPEAT$ CRISES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R >E ABSOLUTELY 9EVITABLE4 

,ITS IS NONS5SICAL TO SEEK TO ORGANIZE PEOPLE1 EI!R 9 PRODUCTION OR 9 POLITICS1 AS IF !Y W]E M]E OBJECTS1 SY/EMATICALLY IGNOR+ :AT !Y !MSELVES WI% OR H[ !Y !MSELVES ?9K ?+S %\LD BE DONE4 ,9 REAL LIFE1 CAPITALISM IS OBLIG$ TO BASE ITSELF ON PEOPLE'S CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION1 ON ! 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,)\T MAK+ USE ( !SE ABILITIES ! SY/EM C\LD NOT SURVIVE = A DAY4 ,BUT ! :OLE 0(FICIAL0 ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETY BO? IGNORES & SEEKS TO SUPPRESS !SE ABILITIES TO ! UTMO/4 

,! RESULT IS NOT ONLY AN 5ORM\S WA/E DUE TO UNTAPP$ CAPACITY4 ,! SY/EM DOES MORE3 ,IT NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S OPPOSITION1 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT BY ?OSE UPON :OM IT SEEKS TO IMPOSE ITSELF4 ,LONG BE=E ONE CAN SPEAK ( REVOLUTION OR POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 PEOPLE REFUSE 9 !IR EV]YDAY WORK+ LIVES TO BE TREAT$ LIKE OBJECTS4 ,! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS !REBY COMPELL$ LOT ONLY TO /RUCTURE ITSELF 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE MO/ DIRECTLY CONC]N$ BUT ALSO TO TAKE %APE AGA9/ !M4 ,! NET RESULT IS NOT ONLY WA/E BUT P]PETUAL ,CONFLICT4 

,IF A ?\S& 9DIVIDUALS HAVE AMONG !M A GIV5 CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION1 CAPITALISM CONSI/S 9 MORE OR LESS >BITR>ILY *OOS+ FIFTY ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 VE/+ !M ) MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY & DECID+ ?AT ! O!RS %\LD JU/ BE COGS4 ,METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 ?IS IS ALREADY A #ie P]C5T LOSS ( SOCIAL 9ITIATIVE & DRIVE4 ,BUT !RE IS MORE TO IT4 ,AS ! #ie IGNOR$ 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT COGS1 & AS CAPITALISM IS OBLIG$ UP TO A PO9T TO BASE ITSELF ON !IR HUMAN CAPACITIES & 9 FACT TO DEVELOP !M1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS WILL REACT & /RUGGLE AGA9/ :AT ! SY/EM IMPOSES UPON !M4 ,! CREATIVE FACULTIES !Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO EX]CISE ON BEHALF ( A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT REJECTS !M 7& :I* !Y REJECT7 >E N[ UTILIZ$ AGA9/ ?AT SOCIAL ORD]4 ,A P]MAN5T /RUGGLE DEVELOPS AT ! V]Y HE>T ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT SOON BECOMES ! S\RCE ( FUR!R WA/E4 ,! N>R[ /RATUM ( DIRECTORS HAS H5CE=? TO DIVIDE ITS TIME BETWE5 ORGANIZ+ ! WORK ( ?OSE 0BEL[0 & SEEK+ TO C\NT]ACT1 NEUTRALIZE1 DEFLECT1 OR MANIPULATE !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS CEASES TO BE M]ELY ORGANIZATIONAL & SOON ASSUMES ALL SORTS ( CO]CIVE ASPECTS4 ,?OSE 9 AU?ORITY 9 A L>GE MOD]N FACTORY 9 FACT SP5D LESS ( !IR TIME ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ?AN COP+1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ) ! RESI/ANCE ( ! EXPLOIT$ -- :E!R IT BE A QUE/ION ( SUP]VISION1 ( QUALITY CONTROL1 ( DET]M9+ PIECE RATES1 ( 0HUMAN RELATIONS10 ( DISCUSSIONS ) %OP /EW>DS OR UNION REPRES5TATIVES4 ,ON TOP ( ALL ?IS !RE IS ( C\RSE ! P]MAN5T PREOCCUPATION ( ?OSE 9 P[] ) MAK+ SURE ?AT EV]Y?+ IS MEASURABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE1 V]IFIABLE1 & SUP]VISABLE SO AS TO DEAL 9 ADVANCE ) ANY 9V5TIVE C\NT]-REACTION ! WORK]S MI<T LAUN* AGA9/ NEW ME?ODS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! SAME APPLIES1 ) ALL DUE CORRECTIONS1 TO ! TOTAL OV]ALL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE & TO ALL ! ESS5TIAL ACTIVITIES ( ANY MOD]N /ATE4 

,! IRRATIONALITY & CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM DO NOT %[ UP ONLY 9 ! WAY SOCIAL LIFE IS ORGANIZ$4 ,!Y APPE> EV5 MORE CLE>LY :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! REAL CONT5T ( ! LIFE ?IS SY/EM PROPOSES4 ,MORE ?AN ANY O!R SOCIAL ORD]1 CAPITALISM HAS PUT WORK AT ! C5T] ( HUMAN ACTIVITY -- & MORE ?AN ANY O!R SOCIAL ORD] CAPITALISM MAKES ( WORK SOME?+ ?AT IS ABSURD 7ABSURD NOT FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! PHILOSOPH] OR ( ! MORALI/1 BUT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?OSE :O HAVE TO P]=M IT74 ,:AT IS *ALL5G$ TODAY IS NOT ONLY ! 0HUMAN ORGANIZATION0 ( WORK BUT ITS NATURE1 ITS CONT5T1 ITS ME?ODS1 ! V]Y 9/RUM5TS & PURPOSE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! TWO ASPECTS >E ( C\RSE 9SEP>ABLE1 BUT IT IS ! SECOND ?AT NE$S TO BE /RESS$4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! NATURE ( WORK 9 A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 & H[EV] IT MAY BE ORGANIZ$1 ! ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! ORGANIC EXPRESSION ( HIS HUMAN FACULTIES1 TURNS 9TO AN ALI5 & HO/ILE PROCESS ?AT DOM9ATES ! SUBJECT ( ?IS PROCESS4 ,9 !ORY1 ! PROLET>IAN IS TI$ TO ?IS ACTIVITY ONLY BY A ?9 7BUT UNBREAKABLE7 ?READ3 ! NE$ TO E>N A LIV+4 ,BUT ?IS 5SURES ?AT ONE'S WORK1 EV5 ! DAY ?AT IS AB\T TO BEG91 DAWNS AS SOME?+ HO/ILE4 ,WORK UND] CAPITALISM !RE=E IMPLIES A P]MAN5T MUTILATION1 A P]PETUAL WA/E ( CREATIVE CAPACITY1 & A CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! WORK] & HIS [N ACTIVITY1 BETWE5 :AT HE W\LD LIKE TO DO & :AT HE HAS TO DO4 

,FROM ?IS ANGLE1 TOO1 CAPITALISM CAN SURVIVE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT REALITY DOES NOT YIELD TO ITS ME?ODS & CON=M TO ITS SPIRIT4 ,! SY/EM FUNCTIONS ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! 0(FICIAL0 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ( SOCIETY IS CON/ANTLY RESI/$1 ?W>T$1 CORRECT$1 & COMPLET$ BY ! EFFECTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION ( PEOPLE4 ,WORK PROCESSES CAN BE EFFECTIVE UND] CAPITALISM ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! REAL ATTITUDES ( WORK]S T[>D !IR WORK DIFF] FROM :AT IS PRESCRIB$4 ,WORK+ PEOPLE SUCCE$ 9 LE>N+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES P]TA9+ TO !IR WORK -- TO :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! SPIRIT ( ! SY/EM1 !Y %\LD HAVE NO ACCESS & CONC]N+ :I* ! SY/EM SEEKS TO KEEP !M 9 ! D>K4 ,!Y !N APPLY !SE PR9CIPLES TO ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES1 :]EAS 9 !ORY ?IS PRACTICAL APPLICATION CAN BE SPELL$ \T ONLY BY ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 

,EXPLOIT+ SOCIETIES P]SI/ BECAUSE ?OSE :OM !Y EXPLOIT HELP !M TO SURVIVE4 ,SLAVE-[N+ & FEUDAL SOCIETIES P]PETUAT$ !MSELVES BECAUSE ANCI5T SLAVES & M$IEVAL S]FS WORK$ ACCORD+ TO ! NORMS SET BY ! MA/]S & LORDS ( ?OSE SOCIETIES4 ,! PROLET>IAT 5ABLES CAPITALISM TO CONT9UE BY ACT+ AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 ,H]E WE F9D ! ORIG9 ( ! HI/ORICAL CRISIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,& IT IS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT CAPITALISM IS A SOCIETY PREGNANT ) REVOLUTION>Y PROSPECTS4 ,SLAV]Y OR S]F SOCIETY FUNCTION$ AS F> AS ! EXPLOIT$ DID NOT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 ,BUT CAPITALISM CAN FUNCTION ONLY 9S(> AS ?OSE :OM IT EXPLOITS ACTIVELY OPPOSE EV]Y?+ ! SY/EM SEEKS TO IMPOSE UPON !M4 ,! F9AL \TCOME ( ?IS /RUGGLE IS SOCIALISM1 NAMELY1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ NORMS1 ME?ODS1 & PATT]NS ( ORGANIZATION & ! TOTAL LIB]ATION ( ! CREATIVE & SELF-ORGANIZ+ CAPACITIES ( ! MASSES4 

,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IMPLIES PEOPLE'S SELF-ORGANIZATION ( EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR SOCIAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! 9/AURATION ( SOCIALISM !RE=E 5TAILS ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO A CLASS ( DIRECTORS & A CLASS ( EXECUTANTS4 

,! CONT5T ( ! SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS FIR/ ( ALL WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS HAS REPEAT$LY /AK$ ITS CLAIM TO SU* MANAGEM5T & /RUGGL$ TO A*IEVE IT AT ! HI< PO9TS ( ITS HI/ORICAL ACTIONS3 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f4 

,WORK]S' C\NCILS1 BAS$ ON ONE'S PLACE ( WORK1 >E ! =M ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & ! 9/ITUTION CAPABLE ( FO/]+ ITS GR[?4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T MEANS ! P[] ( ! LOCAL WORK]S' C\NCILS & ULTIMATELY1 AT ! LEVEL ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ! P[] ( ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NCILS4 ,FACTORY C\NCILS 7OR C\NCILS BAS$ ON ANY O!R PLACE ( WORK SU* AS A PLANT1 BUILD+ SITE1 M9E1 RAILWAY Y>D1 (FICE1 ETC47 WILL BE COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES :O >E ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S1 RESPONSIBLE = REPORT+ TO !M AT REGUL> 9T]VALS1 & REVOCABLE BY !M AT ANY TIME1 & WILL UNITE ! FUNCTIONS ( DELIB]ATION1 DECISION1 & EXECUTION4 ,SU* C\NCILS >E HI/ORIC CREATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y HAVE COME TO ! =EFRONT EV]Y TIME ! QUE/ION ( P[] HAS BE5 POS$ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY COMMITTEES ( #a#i#a#g1 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' C\NCILS ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ,HUNG>IAN C\NCILS ( #aief ALL S\<T TO EXPRESS 7:ATEV] !IR NAME7 ! SAME ORIG9AL1 ORGANIC1 & *>ACT]I/IC WORK+-CLASS PATT]N ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,TO DEF9E ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 CONCRETE T]MS IS TO DRAW ALL ! POSSIBLE CONCLUSIONS FROM TWO BASIC IDEAS3 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! RULE ( ! C\NCILS1 :I* >E !MSELVES ! ORGANIC CREATIONS ( PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES4 ,BUT SU* A DEF9ITION CAN COME TO LIFE & BE GIV5 FLE% & BLOOD ONLY IF COMB9$ ) AN ACC\NT ( H[ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS SOCIETY MI<T FUNCTION 9 PRACTICE4 

,!RE IS NO QUE/ION = US H]E ( TRY+ TO DRAW UP 0/ATUTES10 0RULES10 OR AN 0IDEAL CON/ITUTION0 = SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,/ATUTES AS SU* MEAN NO?+4 ,! BE/ ( /ATUTES CAN ONLY HAVE MEAN+ TO ! EXT5T ?AT PEOPLE >E P]MAN5TLY PREP>$ TO DEF5D :AT IS BE/ 9 !M1 TO MAKE UP :AT !Y LACK1 & TO *ANGE :ATEV] !Y MAY CONTA9 ?AT HAS BECOME 9ADEQUATE OR \TDAT$4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 WE OBVI\SLY %\LD CONDEMN ANY FETI%ISM = ! 0SOVIET0 OR 0C\NCIL0 TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! 0CON/ANT ELIGIBILITY & REVOCABILITY ( REPRES5TATIVES0 >E ( !MSELVES QUITE 9SUFFICI5T TO 0GU>ANTEE0 ?AT A C\NCIL WILL REMA9 ! EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,! C\NCIL WILL REMA9 SU* AN EXPRESSION = AS LONG AS PEOPLE >E PREP>$ TO DO :ATEV] MAY BE NECESS>Y = IT TO REMA9 SO4 ,! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM IS NOT A QUE/ION ( BETT] LEGISLATION4 ,IT DEP5DS ON ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ON ?IS CLASS'S CAPACITY TO F9D )9 ITSELF ! NECESS>Y AW>5ESS ( 5DS & MEANS1 ! NECESS>Y SOLID>ITY & DET]M9ATION4 

,BUT ?IS AUTONOM\S MASS ACTION CANNOT REMA9 AMORPH\S1 FRAGM5T$1 & DISP]S$4 ,IT WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 PATT]NS ( ACTION & =MS ( ORGANIZATION3 9 ME?ODS ( OP]ATION & 9 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ADEQUATELY EMBODY & EXPRESS ITS PURPOSE4 ,JU/ AS WE MU/ AVOID ! FETI%ISM ( 0/ATUTES0 WE %\LD ALSO CONDEMN ANY SORT ( 0AN>*I/0 OR 0SPONTANEI/0 FETI%ISM ?AT1 9 ! ,BELIEF ?AT WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ULTIMATELY WILL DET]M9E EV]Y?+1 TAKES LITTLE OR NO 9T]E/ 9 ! =MS SU* CONSCI\SNESS %\LD TAKE IF IT WANTS TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 *ANG+ SOCIETY4 ,! C\NCIL IS NOT A MIRACUL\S 9/ITUTION4 ,IT CANNOT BE A MEANS = ! WORK]S TO EXPRESS !MSELVES IF ! WORK]S HAVE NOT DECID$ ?AT !Y WILL EXPRESS !MSELVES ?R\< ?IS M$IUM4 ,BUT ! C\NCIL IS AN ADEQUATE =M ( ORGANIZATION3 ,ITS :OLE /RUCTURE IS SET UP TO 5ABLE ?IS WILL TO SELF-EXPRESSION TO COME TO ! =E1 :5 IT EXI/S4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 :E!R CALL$ ! 0,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY10 ! 0,U4,S4 ,CONGRESS10 OR ! 0,SUPREME ,SOVIET ( ! ,U,S,S,R10.<#b#h.> >E BY DEF9ITION TYPES ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CANNOT BE SOCIALI/4 ,!Y >E F\ND$ ON A RADICAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! PEOPLE1 0CONSULT$0 FROM TIME TO TIME1 & ?OSE :O >E SUPPOS$ TO 0REPRES5T0 !M1 BUT :O >E 9 FACT UNCONTROLLABLE & IRREMOVABLE4 ,A WORK]S' C\NCIL IS DESIGN$ SO AS TO REPRES5T ! MASSES1 BUT MAY CEASE TO FULFILL ?IS FUNCTION4 ,P>LIAM5T IS DESIGN$ SO ?AT IT NEV] FULFILLS ?IS FUNCTION4 

,! QUE/ION ( ADEQUATE & MEAN+FUL 9/ITUTIONS IS BASIC TO SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT AS SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE 9/AURAT$ ?R\< A REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AS ! RESULT ( A SOCIAL CRISIS 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! CONSCI\SNESS & ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES REA* A /ATE ( EXTREME T5SION4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! MASSES BECOME CAPABLE ( BREAK+ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ( ITS >M$ =CES1 ( BYPASS+ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ( E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY1 & ( OV]COM+ )9 !MSELVES ! HEAVY LEGACY ( C5TURIES ( S]VITUDE4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS %\LD BE ?\<T ( NOT AS SOME K9D ( P>OXYSM BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS ! PREFIGURATION ( ! LEVEL ( BO? ACTIVITY & AW>5ESS DEM&$ ( PEOPLE 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 

,! 0EBB+0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY HAS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T IT4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A ?REAT1 H[EV]1 GIV5 ! %E] 5ORMITY ( ! TASKS TO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT ADDS TO ! 9NUM]ABLE PROBLEMS FAC+ POPUL> MASS ACTION WILL 5HANCE ! T5D5CY TO SU* A REFLUX4 ,IT IS !RE=E ESS5TIAL ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY1 FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 FURNI% ITSELF ) A NETWORK ( 9/ITUTIONS & ME?ODS ( OP]ATION ?AT BO? ALL[ & FAVOR ! UNFOLD+ ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES & ?AT IT ABOLI% ALONG ! WAY EV]Y?+ ?AT 9HIBITS OR ?W>TS ?IS ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL TOO ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY %\LD CREATE = ITSELF1 AT EA* /EP1 ?OSE /ABLE =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT CAN MO/ READILY BECOME EFFECTIVE NORMAL ME*ANISMS = ! EXPRESSION ( POPUL> WILL1 BO? 9 0IMPORTANT MATT]S0 & 9 EV]YDAY LIFE 7:I* IS1 9 TRU?1 ! FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ALL 0IMPORTANT MATT]S074 

,! DEF9ITION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WE >E ATTEMPT+ !RE=E REQUIRES ( US SOME DESCRIPTION ( H[ WE VISUALIZE ITS 9/ITUTIONS & ( ! WAY !Y WILL FUNCTION4 ,?IS 5DEAVOR IS NOT 0UTOPIAN10 = IT IS BUT ! ELABORATION & EXTRAPOLATION ( ! HI/ORICAL CREATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 7,AT ! RISK ( RE9=C+ ! 0UTOPIAN0 FEATURES ( ?IS TEXT1 WE HAVE ALWAYS US$ ! FUTURE T5SE :5 SPEAK+ ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! USE ( ! CONDITIONAL ?R\<\T ! TEXT W\LD HAVE BE5 T$I\S & TIRESOME4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ?IS MANN] ( SPEAK+ DOES NOT AFFECT 9 ANY WAY \R EXAM9ATION ( ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ H]E2 ! READ] MAY EASILY REPLACE 0,! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE 4440 ) 0,! AU?OR ?9KS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE4 

,AS = ! SUB/ANCE ( ! TEXT1 WE HAVE DELIB]ATELY R$UC$ HI/ORICAL & LIT]>Y REF]5CES TO A M9IMUM4 ,! IDEAS WE PROPOSE TO DEVELOP1 H[EV]1 >E ONLY ! !ORETICAL =MULATION ( ! EXP]I5CE ( A C5TURY ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,!Y EMBODY REAL EXP]I5CES 7BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE71 CONCLUSIONS 7BO? DIRECT & 9DIRECT7 ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 DRAWN1 ANSW]S GIV5 TO PROBLEMS ACTUALLY POS$ OR ANSW]S ?AT W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE GIV5 IF SU* & SU* A REVOLUTION HAD DEVELOP$ A LITTLE FUR!R4 ,?US EV]Y S5T5CE 9 ?IS TEXT IS L9K$ TO QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 MET IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY 9 ! C\RSE ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,?IS %\LD PUT A /OP ONCE & = ALL TO ALLEGATIONS ( 0UTOPIANISM40 

,9 ! FIR/ *APT] ( HIS BOOK ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 7,MELB\RNE1 #a#i#e71 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK DEVELOPS A SIMIL> ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ON FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES1 \R PO9TS ( VIEW >E V]Y CLOSE47 

,! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( \R EF=T TO ELABORATE ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM IS AS FOLL[S3 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY IF PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ALT] RADICALLY4 ,?IS 9 TURN WILL TAKE PLACE ONLY IF ! 9/ITUTIONS EMBODY+ ?IS ORGANIZATION BECOME A MEAN+FUL P>T ( !IR REAL DAILY LIVES4 ,JU/ AS WORK WILL HAVE A MEAN+ ONLY :5 PEOPLE UND]/& & DOM9ATE IT1 SO WILL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY HAVE TO BECOME UND]/&ABLE & CONTROLLABLE4 7,BAKUN9 ONCE DESCRIB$ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM AS BE+ ONE ( 09TEGRAT+ 9DIVIDUALS 9TO /RUCTURES ?AT !Y CAN UND]/& & CONTROL407 

,MOD]N SOCIETY IS A D>K & HIDD5 JUNGLE1 A CONFUSION ( APP>ATUSES1 /RUCTURES1 & 9/ITUTIONS :OSE WORK+S NO ONE1 OR ALMO/ NO ONE1 UND]/&S1 & NO ONE REALLY DOM9ATES OR TAKES ANY 9T]E/ 94 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY IF IT BR+S AB\T A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS & MASSIVELY SIMPLIFIES SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,SOCIALISM IMPLIES ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( A SOCIETY WILL HAVE BECOME TRANSP>5T TO ITS MEMB]S4 

,TO SAY ?AT ! WORK+S & 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MU/ BE EASY TO UND]/& IMPLIES ?AT PEOPLE MU/ HAVE A MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION4 ,?IS 0MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION0 IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM AN 5ORM\S MASS ( DATA4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT TO EQUIP EV]YBODY ) A PORTABLE V]SION ( ! ,BIBLIO!QUE NATIONALE OR ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,CONGRESS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION DEP5DS FIR/ & =EMO/ ON A R$UCTION ( DATA TO !IR ESS5TIALS SO ?AT !Y CAN READILY BE H&L$ BY EV]YONE4 ,?IS WILL BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE SOCIALISM WILL RESULT 9 AN IMM$IATE & 5ORM\S SIMPLIFICATION ( PROBLEMS & ! DISAPPE>ANCE1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( MO/ CURR5T RULES & REGULATIONS1 :I* WILL HAVE BECOME QUITE MEAN+LESS4 ,IT WILL BE FACILITAT$ BY A SY/EMATIC EF=T TO GA!R & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION .<CONNAISSANCE.> AB\T SOCIAL REALITY1 & TO PRES5T FACTS BO? ADEQUATELY & SIMPLY4 ,FUR!R ON1 :5 DISCUSS+ ! FUNCTION+ ( SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 WE WILL GIVE EXAMPLES ( ! 5ORM\S POSSIBILITIES ?AT ALREADY EXI/ 9 ?IS FIELD4 

,UND] SOCIALISM1 PEOPLE WILL DOM9ATE ! WORK+S & 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( BE+ DOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,SOCIALISM WILL !RE=E HAVE TO REALIZE DEMOCRACY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 ! WORD 0DEMOCRACY0 MEANS DOM9ATION BY ! MASSES4 ,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ H]E ) ! =MAL ASPECTS ( ! WORD 0DOM9ATION40 ,REAL DOM9ATION MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) VOT+4 ,A VOTE1 EV5 A FREE VOTE1 MAY ONLY BE -- & (T5 ONLY IS -- A P>ODY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT ! RI<T TO VOTE ON SECOND>Y ISSUES4 ,IT IS NOT ! RI<T TO APPO9T RUL]S :O WILL !N DECIDE1 )\T CONTROL FROM BEL[1 ON ALL ! ESS5TIAL QUE/IONS4 ,NOR DOES DEMOCRACY LIE 9 CALL+ UPON PEOPLE TO VOICE !IR OP9IONS UPON 9COMPREH5SIBLE QUE/IONS OR UPON QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE NO MEAN+ = !M4 ,REAL DOM9ATION LIES 9 ONE'S BE+ ABLE TO DECIDE = ONESELF ON ALL ESS5TIAL QUE/IONS 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 

0,9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS03 ,9 !SE FEW WORDS LIES ! :OLE PROBLEM ( DEMOCRACY4.<#b#i.> ,IT IS MEAN+LESS TO ASK PEOPLE TO VOICE !IR OP9IONS IF !Y >E NOT AW>E ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,?IS HAS LONG BE5 /RESS$ BY ! REACTION>Y OR FASCI/ CRITICS ( B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRACY10 & EV5 BY ! MO/ CYNICAL ,/AL9I/4.<#c.> ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS A F>CE1 IF ONLY BECAUSE LIT]ALLY NOBODY 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CAN EXPRESS AN OP9ION 9 KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS1 LEA/ ( ALL ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE FROM :OM POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REALITIES & ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! QUE/IONS ASK$ >E SY/EMATICALLY HIDD54 ,BUT ! ANSW] IS NOT TO VE/ P[] 9 ! H&S ( A FEW 9COMPET5T & UNCONTROLLABLE BUREAUCRATS4 ,! ANSW] IS TO TRANS=M SOCIAL REALITY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ESS5TIAL DATA & FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS >E UND]/OOD BY EV]YONE1 5ABL+ EV]YONE TO EXPRESS OP9IONS 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 

,TO DECIDE MEANS TO DECIDE = ONESELF4 ,TO DECIDE :O IS TO DECIDE ALREADY IS NOT QUITE DECID+ = ONESELF4 ,! ONLY TOTAL =M ( DEMOCRACY IS !RE=E DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,& ! FACTORY C\NCIL EX]CISES AU?ORITY & REPLACES ! FACTORY'S G5]AL ASSEMBLY ONLY :5 ! LATT] IS NOT 9 SESSION4.<#c#a.> 

,TO A*IEVE ! WIDE/1 ! MO/ MEAN+FUL DIRECT DEMOCRACY WILL REQUIRE ?AT ALL ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & O!R /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY BE BAS$ ON LOCAL GR\PS ?AT >E CONCRETE COLLECTIVITIES1 ORGANIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY C]TA9LY REQUIRES ! PHYSICAL PRES5CE ( CITIZ5S 9 A GIV5 PLACE1 :5 DECISIONS HAVE TO BE MADE4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT ALSO REQUIRES ?AT !SE CITIZ5S =M AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 ?AT !Y LIVE IF POSSIBLE 9 ! SAME MILIEU1 ?AT !Y BE FAMILI> ?R\< !IR DAILY EXP]I5CE ) ! SUBJECT TO BE DISCUSS$ & ) ! PROBLEMS TO BE TACKL$4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 SU* UNITS ?AT ! POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ( 9DIVIDUALS CAN BECOME TOTAL1 ?AT PEOPLE CAN KN[ & FEEL ?AT !IR 9VOLVEM5T WILL HAVE AN EFFECT1 & ?AT ! REAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY IS1 9 L>GE P>T1 DET]M9$ BY ITS [N MEMB]S & NOT BY UNKN[N OR EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES :O DECIDE = !M4 ,!RE MU/ !RE=E BE ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( AUTONOMY & SELF-ADM9I/RATION = ! LOCAL UNITS4 

,MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE HAS ALREADY CREAT$ !SE COLLECTIVITIES & CONT9UES TO CREATE !M4 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON M$IUM-SIZ$ OR L>GE 5T]PRISES & >E TO BE F\ND 9 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION1 COMM]CE1 BANK+1 9SURANCE1 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 :]E PEOPLE BY ! HUNDR$S1 ?\S&S1 OR T5S ( ?\S&S SP5D ! MA9 P>T ( !IR LIFE H>NESS$ TO A COMMON TASK1 :]E !Y 5C\NT] SOCIETY 9 ITS MO/ CONCRETE =M4 ,A PLACE ( WORK IS NOT ONLY A UNIT ( PRODUCTION3 ,IT HAS ,9COME ! PRIM>Y UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE4.<#c#b.> ,9/EAD ( BAS+ ITSELF ON GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS1 :I* ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS HAVE R5D]$ COMPLETELY >TIFICIAL1 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIALISM WILL BE L>GELY BAS$ ON COLLECTIVITIES 9VOLV$ 9 COMMON WORK4 ,SU* COLLECTIVITIES WILL BE ! F]TILE SOIL ON :I* DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN FL\RI%1 AS ! ANCI5T CITY OR ! DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES ( FREE F>M]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E 9 !IR TIMES1 & = SIMIL> REASONS4 

,DIRECT DEMOCRACY GIVES AN IDEA ( ! AM\NT ( DEC5TRALIZATION ?AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO A*IEVE4 ,BUT ?IS DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO F9D A MEANS ( DEMOCRATICALLY 9TEGRAT+ !SE BASIC UNITS 9TO ! SOCIAL FABRIC AS A :OLE AS WELL AS ( A*IEV+ ! NECESS>Y DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION1 )\T :I* ! LIFE ( A MOD]N NATION W\LD COLLAPSE4 

,IT IS NOT C5TRALIZATION AS SU* ?AT HAS BR\<T AB\T POLITICAL ALI5ATION 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES OR ?AT HAS L$ TO ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! P[] ( ! MANY = ! B5EFIT ( ! FEW4 ,IT COMES RA!R FROM ! CON/ITUTION ( SEP>ATE1 UNCONTROLLABLE BODIES1 EXCLUSIVELY & SPECIFICALLY CONC]N$ ) ! FUNCTION ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,AS LONG AS C5TRALIZATION IS CONCEIV$ ( AS ! 9DEP5D5T FUNCTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T APP>ATUS1 BUREAUCRACY & BUREAUCRATIC RULE WILL 9DE$ BE 9SEP>ABLE FROM C5TRALIZATION4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY !RE WILL BE NO CONFLICT BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & ! AUTONOMY ( GRASS-ROOTS ORGANS1 9S(> AS BO? FUNCTIONS WILL BE EX]CIS$ BY ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE WILL BE NO SEP>ATE APP>ATUS :OSE FUNCTION IT WILL BE TO REUNITE :AT IT HAS ITSELF FRAGM5T$2 ?IS ABSURD TASK 7NE$ WE RECALL IT7 IS PRECISELY ! 0FUNCTION0 ( A MOD]N BUREAUCRACY4 

,BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION IS A FEATURE ( ALL MOD]N EXPLOIT+ SOCIETIES4 ,! 9TIMATE L9KS BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRATIC RULE 9 SU* CLASS SOCIETIES PROVOKE A HEAL?Y & UND]/&ABLE AV]SION TO C5TRALIZATION AMONG MANY PEOPLE4 ,BUT ?IS RESPONSE IS (T5 CONFUS$1 & AT TIMES IT RE9=CES ! V]Y ?+S IT SEEKS TO CORRECT4 0,C5TRALIZATION1 !RE'S ! ROOT ( ALL EVIL0 PROCLAIM MANY HONE/ MILITANTS AS !Y BREAK ) ,/AL9ISM OR ,L59ISM 9 ,FRANCE AS WELL AS 9 ,POL& OR ,HUNG>Y4 ,BUT ?IS =MULATION1 AT BE/ AMBIGU\S1 BECOMES POSITIVELY H>MFUL :5 IT LEADS -- AS IT (T5 DOES -- EI!R TO =MAL DEM&S = ! 0FRAGM5TATION ( P[]0 OR TO DEM&S = A LIMITLESS EXT5SION ( ! P[] ( GRASS-ROOTS OR FACTORY ORGANS1 NEGLECT+ :AT IS HAPP5+ AT ! C5T]4 

,:5 ,POLI% MILITANTS1 = 9/ANCE1 IMAG9E !Y HAVE F\ND ! WAY TO ABOLI% BUREAUCRACY :5 !Y ADVOCATE A SOCIAL LIFE ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY 0SEV]AL C5T]S0 7! ,/ATE ADM9I/RATION1 A P>LIAM5T>Y ASSEMBLY1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & POLITICAL P>TIES71 !Y >E >GU+ BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,!Y FAIL TO SEE ?AT ?IS 0POLYC5TRISM0 IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! ABS5CE ( ANY REAL & ID5TIFIABLE C5T]1 CONTROLL$ FROM BEL[4 ,& AS MOD]N SOCIETY HAS TO MAKE C]TA9 C5TRAL DECISIONS1 ! 0CON/ITUTION0 !Y PROPOSE WILL EXI/ ONLY ON PAP]4 ,IT WILL ONLY S]VE TO HIDE ! REEM]G5CE ( A REAL1 BUT ?IS TIME MASK$ 7& !RE=E UNCONTROLLABLE71 0C5T]0 FROM AMID ! RANKS ( ! ,/ATE & POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY4 

,! REASON IS OBVI\S3 ,IF ONE FRAGM5TS ANY 9/ITUTION ACCOMPLI%+ A SIGNIFICANT OR VITAL FUNCTION1 ONE ONLY CREATES T5 TIMES OV] AN 5HANC$ NE$ = SOME O!R 9/ITUTION TO REASSEMBLE ! FRAGM5TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF1 9 PR9CIPLE OR 9 FACT1 ONE M]ELY ADVOCATES EXT5D+ ! P[] ( LOCAL C\NCILS TO ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE1 ONE IS !REBY H&+ !M OV] TO DOM9ATION BY A C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY ?AT ALONE W\LD 0KN[0 OR 0UND]/&0 H[ TO MAKE ! ECONOMY FUNCTION AS A :OLE 7& MOD]N ECONOMIES1 :E!R ONE LIKES IT OR NOT1 DO FUNCTION AS A :OLE74 ,TO REFUSE TO FACE UP TO ! QUE/ION ( C5TRAL P[] IS TANTAM\NT TO LEAV+ ! SOLUTION ( !SE PROBLEMS TO SOME BUREAUCRACY OR O!R4 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY !RE=E WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE A SOCIALI/ SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS ANSW] CAN ONLY BE ! ASSUMPTION ( P[] BY A F$]ATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! 9/ITUTION ( A C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS & ( A C\NCIL GOV]NM5T4 ,WE WILL SEE FUR!R ON ?AT SU* AN ASSEMBLY & SU* A GOV]NM5T DO NOT SIGNIFY A DELEGATION ( POPUL> P[] BUT >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN EXPRESSION ( ?AT P[]4 ,AT ?IS /AGE WE ONLY WANT TO DISCUSS ! PR9CIPLES ?AT WILL GOV]N ! RELATION%IP ( SU* BODIES TO ! LOCAL C\NCILS & O!R GRASS-ROOTS GR\PS4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E IMPORTANT1 = !Y WILL AFFECT ! FUNCTION+ ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 A SOCIETY :]E ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 ROBB$ ( POLITICAL P[] & :]E ?IS P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( A C5TRALIZ+ AU?ORITY1 ! ESS5TIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?IS AU?ORITY & ITS SUBORD9ATE ORGANS 7& ULTIMATELY1 ! PEOPLE7 CAN BE SUMM$ UP AS FOLL[S3 ,*ANNELS ( COMMUNICATION FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMIT ONLY TRANSMIT 9=MATION1 :]EAS *ANNELS FROM ! SUMMIT TO ! BASE TRANSMIT DECISIONS 7PLUS1 P]HAPS1 ?AT M9IMUM ( 9=MATION DEEM$ NECESS>Y = ! UND]/&+ & EXECUTION ( ! DECISIONS MADE AT ! SUMMIT74 ,! :OLE SETUP EXPRESSES NOT ONLY A MONOPOLY ( P[] BY ! SUMMIT -- A MONOPOLY ( DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY -- BUT ALSO A MONOPOLY ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,! SUMMIT ALONE HAS ! 0SUM TOTAL0 ( 9=MATION NE$$ TO EVALUATE & DECIDE4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETY IT CAN ONLY BE BY ACCID5T ?AT ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR BODY GA9S ACCESS TO 9=MATION O!R ?AN ?AT RELAT+ TO HIS IMM$IATE MILIEU4 ,! SY/EM SEEKS TO AVOID1 OR AT ANY RATE IT DOES NOT 5C\RAGE1 SU* 0ACCID5TS40 

,:5 WE SAY ?AT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ! C5TRAL BODIES WILL NOT CON/ITUTE A DELEGATION ( P[] BUT WILL BE ! EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 WE >E IMPLY+ A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ?IS WAY ( DO+ ?+S4 ,TWO-WAY COMMUNICATIONS WILL BE 9/AURAT$ BETWE5 ! 0BASE0 & ! 0SUMMIT40 ,ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL TASKS ( C5TRAL BODIES1 9CLUD+ ! C\NCIL GOV]NM5T1 WILL BE TO COLLECT1 TRANSMIT1 & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION CONVEY$ TO !M BY LOCAL GR\PS4 ,9 ALL ESS5TIAL FIELDS DECISIONS WILL BE MADE AT ! GRASS-ROOTS & WILL BE S5T BACK UP TO ! 0SUMMIT10 :OSE RESPONSIBILITY IT WILL BE TO 5SURE !IR EXECUTION OR TO C>RY !M \T ITSELF4 ,A TWO-WAY FL[ ( 9=MATION & DECISIONS ?US WILL BE 9/AURAT$ & ?IS WILL NOT ONLY APPLY TO RELATIONS BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! C\NCILS BUT WILL BE A MODEL = RELATIONS BETWE5 ALL 9/ITUTIONS & ?OSE :O P>TICIPATE 9 !M4 

,WE MU/ /RESS ONCE AGA9 ?AT WE >E NOT TRY+ TO DRAW UP P]FECT BLUEPR9TS4 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT TO COLLECT & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION IS NOT A SOCIALLY NEUTRAL FUNCTION4 ,NOT ALL 9=MATION CAN BE DISSEM9AT$ -- ?AT W\LD BE ! SURE/ WAY ( SMO!R+ :AT IS RELEVANT & R5D]+ IT 9COMPREH5SIBLE & !RE=E UNCONTROLLABLE4 ,! ROLE ( ! GOV]NM5T IS !RE=E POLITICAL1 EV5 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,?IS IS :Y WE CALL IT 0GOV]NM5T0 & NOT ! 0C5TRAL PRESS S]VICE40 ,BUT MORE IMPORTANT IS ITS EXPLICIT FUNCTION ( 9=M+ PEOPLE1 :I* %ALL BE ITS RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! EXPLICIT FUNCTION ( GOV]NM5T TODAY IS TO HIDE :AT'S GO+ ON FROM ! PEOPLE4 

,SOCIALISM ,IS ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK 

,SOCIALISM CAN BE 9/AURAT$ ONLY BY ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 IT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ?IS AUTONOM\S ACTION4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ?IS AUTONOMY4 ,SOCIALISM BO? PRESUPPOSES ?IS AUTONOMY & HELPS TO DEVELOP IT4 

,BUT IF ?IS AUTONOMY IS PEOPLE'S CONSCI\S DOM9ATION OV] :AT !Y DO & :AT !Y PRODUCE1 CLE>LY IT CANNOT M]ELY BE APOLITICAL AUTONOMY4 ,POLITICAL AUTONOMY IS BUT A D]IVATIVE ASPECT ( ! 9H]5T CONT5T & ! BASIC PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM3 ! 9/AURATION ( PEOPLE'S DOM9ATION OV] !IR PRIM>Y ACTIVITY1 ! WORK PROCESS4 ,WE DELIB]ATELY SAY 09/AURATION0 & NOT 0RE/ORATION10 = NEV] 9 HI/ORY HAS ?IS K9D ( DOM9ATION EXI/$4 ,ALL COMP>ISONS ) HI/ORICAL ANTEC$5TS 7= 9/ANCE1 ) ! SITUATION ( ! >TISAN OR ( ! FREE PEASANT71 H[EV] FRUITFUL !Y MAY BE 9 SOME RESPECTS1 HAVE ONLY A LIMIT$ SCOPE & RISK LEAD+ ONE 9TO A BACKW>D-LOOK+ TYPE ( ,UTOPIAN ?9K+4 

,A PURELY POLITICAL AUTONOMY W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,ONE CANNOT IMAG9E A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W\LD BE SLAVES 9 PRODUCTION EV]Y DAY ( ! WEEK & !N 5JOY ,SUNDAYS ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4 7,YET ?IS IS :AT ,L59'S DEF9ITION ( SOCIALISM AS 0SOVIETS PLUS ELECTRIFICATION0 BOIL$ D[N TO47 ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION OR A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY C\LD BE RUN1 AT ANY POLITICAL LEVEL1 BY 0TE*NICIANS0 SUP]VIS$ BY C\NCILS1 OR BY ,SOVIETS OR BY ANY O!R BODY 09C>NAT+ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 IS PURE NONS5SE4 ,REAL P[] 9 ANY SU* SOCIETY W\LD RAPIDLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE :O MANAG$ PRODUCTION4 ,! C\NCILS OR ,SOVIETS SOON] OR LAT] W\LD WI!R AWAY AMID ! G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE ( ! POPULATION4 ,PEOPLE W\LD /OP DEVOT+ TIME1 9T]E/1 OR ACTIVITY TO 9/ITUTIONS ?AT NO LONG] REALLY DET]M9$ ! PATT]N ( !IR LIVES4 ,AUTONOMY IS !RE=E MEAN+LESS UNLESS IT IMPLIES WORK]S' MANAGEM5T1 ?AT IS1 UNLESS IT 9VOLVES ORGANIZ$ WORK]S DET]M9+ ! PRODUCTION PROCESS !MSELVES AT ! LEVEL ( ! %OP1 ! PLANT1 5TIRE 9DU/RIES1 & ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,BUT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS NOT JU/ A NEW ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUE4 ,IT CANNOT REMA9 EXT]NAL TO ! /RUCTURE ( WORK ITSELF4 ,IT DOES NOT MEAN KEEP+ WORK AS IT IS & JU/ REPLAC+ ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT CURR5TLY MANAGES PRODUCTION ) A WORK]S' C\NCIL -- H[EV] DEMOCRATIC OR REVOCABLE SU* A C\NCIL MI<T BE4 ,IT MEANS ?AT = ! MASS ( WORK]S NEW RELATIONS WILL HAVE TO BE 9/AURAT$ ) !IR WORK & AB\T !IR WORK4 ,! V]Y CONT5T ( WORK WILL IMM$IATELY HAVE TO BE ALT]$4 

,TODAY ! PURPOSE1 MEANS1 ME?ODS1 & RHY?MS ( WORK >E DET]M9$ FROM ! \TSIDE BY A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,?IS APP>ATUS CAN ONLY MANAGE ?R\< RESORT TO AB/RACT1 UNIV]SAL RULES DET]M9$ 0ONCE & = ALL40 ,9EVITABLY1 ?\<1 !Y >E REVIS$ P]IODICALLY ) EA* NEW 0CRISIS0 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,!SE RULES COV] SU* MATT]S AS PRODUCTION NORMS1 TE*NICAL SPECIFICATIONS1 RATES ( PAY1 BONUSES1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION >EAS4 ,ONCE ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ?IS WAY ( REGULAT+ PRODUCTION WILL BE UNABLE TO CONT9UE1 EI!R 9 ITS =M OR ITS SUB/ANCE4 

,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEEPE/ ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 PRODUCTION 0NORMS0 79 !IR PRES5T MEAN+7 WILL BE ABOLI%$1 & COMPLETE EQUALITY 9 WAGES WILL BE 9/ITUT$4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !SE MEASURES MEAN ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC CO]CION & CON/RA9T 9 PRODUCTION -- EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ G5]AL =M ( 0?OSE :O DO NOT WORK DO NOT EAT0 -- AS A =M ( DISCIPL9E EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ BY A SPECIFIC CO]CIVE APP>ATUS4 ,LABOR DISCIPL9E WILL BE ! DISCIPL9E IMPOS$ BY EA* GR\P ( WORK]S UPON ITS [N MEMB]S1 BY EA* %OP ON ! GR\PS ?AT MAKE IT UP1 BY EA* FACTORY ASSEMBLY UPON ITS %OPS & DEP>TM5TS4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES 9TO A :OLE WILL BE ACCOMPLI%$ BASICALLY BY ! COOP]ATION ( V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S OR %OPS4 ,IT WILL BE ! OBJECT ( ! WORK]S' P]MAN5T & ONGO+ COORD9AT+ ACTIVITY4 ,! ESS5TIAL UNIV]SALITY ( MOD]N PRODUCTION WILL BE FRE$ FROM ! CONCRETE EXP]I5CE ( P>TICUL> JOBS & WILL BE =MULAT$ BY MEET+S ( WORK]S4 

,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS !RE=E NOT ! 0SUP]VISION0 ( A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S4 ,NOR IS IT ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS APP>ATUS BY ANO!R1 SIMIL> ONE MADE UP ( 9DIVIDUALS ( WORK+-CLASS ORIG94 ,IT IS ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & ! RE/ITUTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( SU* AN APP>ATUS TO ! COMMUNITY ( WORK]S4 ,! FACTORY C\NCIL IS NOT A NEW MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,IT IS BUT ONE ( ! PLACES 9 :I* COORD9ATION TAKES PLACE1 A 0LOCAL MEET+ >EA .<P]MAN5CE.>0 FROM :I* CONTACTS BETWE5 ! FACTORY & ! \TSIDE WORLD >E REGULAT$4 

,IF ?IS IS A*IEV$ IT WILL IMPLY ?AT ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK >E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO BE TRANS=M$4 ,TODAY WORK CONSI/S ESS5TIALLY 9 OBEY+ 9/RUCTIONS 9ITIAT$ ELSE:]E1 ! DIRECTION ( ?IS ACTIVITY HAV+ BE5 REMOV$ =M ! EXECUTANT'S CONTROL4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL MEAN ! REUNIFICATION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( DIRECTION & EXECUTION4 

,BUT EV5 ?IS IS 9SUFFICI5T -- OR RA!R IT DOES & WILL IMM$IATELY LEAD BEYOND M]E REUNIFICATION4 ,BY RE/ITUT+ TO ! WORK]S ! FUNCTIONS ( DIRECTION1 !Y NECESS>ILY WILL BE L$ TO TACKLE :AT IS TODAY AT ! CORE ( ALI5ATION1 NAMELY1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( WORK1 ITS OBJECTS1 ITS TOOLS & ME?ODS1 :I* 5SURE ?AT WORK DOM9ATES ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( BE+ DOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,?IS PROBLEM WILL NOT BE SOLV$ BY ! WORK]S OV]NI<T1 BUT ITS SOLUTION WILL BE ! TASK ( ?AT HI/ORICAL P]IOD WE CALL SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM IS FIR/ & =EMO/ ! SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM4 

,BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM !RE >E NOT ?IRTY-SIX DIFF]5T TYPES ( 0TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY10 AS SOME HAVE S\<T TO MAKE US BELIEVE4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE3 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,& ! MA9 *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS SOCIETY IS NOT 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES0 OR 0! 9CREAS+ SATISFACTION ( CONSUM] NE$S0 OR 0AN 9CREASE 9 POLITICAL FRE$OM40 ,! HALLM>K ( SOCIALISM IS ! TRANS=MATION IT WILL BR+ AB\T 9 ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK1 ?R\< ! CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE TRANS=MATION ( AN 9H]IT$ TE*NOLOGY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 TE*NOLOGY WILL BE SUBORD9AT$ TO HUMAN NE$S 7NOT ONLY TO ! PEOPLE'S NE$S AS CONSUM]S BUT ALSO TO !IR NE$S AS PRODUC]S74 

,! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WILL ALL[ ?IS PROCESS TO BEG94 ,ITS REALIZATION WILL M>K ! 5TRY ( HUMANITY 9TO ! COMMUNI/ ]A4 ,ALL O!R ?+S -- POLITICS1 CONSUMPTION1 ETC4 -- >E CONSEQU5CES1 CONDITIONS1 IMPLICATIONS1 & PRESUPPOSITIONS ?AT C]TA9LY MU/ BE LOOK$ AT 9 !IR ORGANIC UNITY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY ACQUIRE SU* A UNITY OR MEAN+ ?R\< !IR RELATION TO ?IS C5TRAL PROBLEM3 ! TRANS=MATION ( WORK ITSELF4 ,HUMAN FRE$OM WILL REMA9 AN ILLUSION & A MY/IFICATION IF IT DOESN'T MEAN FRE$OM 9 PEOPLE'S FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY3 !IR PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4 ,& ?IS FRE$OM WILL NOT BE A GIFT BE/[$ BY NATURE4 ,IT WILL NOT >ISE AUTOMATICALLY1 BY 9CREM5TS OR \T ( O!R DEVELOPM5TS4 ,PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO CREATE IT CONSCI\SLY4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS IS ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM4 

,IMPORTANT PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES P]TA9+ TO ! IMM$IATE TASKS ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION FOLL[ FROM !SE CONSID]ATIONS4 ,*ANG+ ! NATURE ( WORK WILL BE TACKL$ FROM BO? 5DS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLE'S HUMAN CAPACITIES & FACULTIES WILL HAVE TO BECOME ! REVOLUTION'S HI<E/ PRIORITY4 ,?IS WILL IMPLY ! SY/EMATIC DISMANTL+1 /ONE BY /ONE1 ( ! 5TIRE $IFICE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO GIVE A :OLE NEW ORI5TATION TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS & TO H[ SU* DEVELOPM5TS %\LD BE APPLI$ 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+3 MAN'S RELATION%IP TO TE*NIQUE4 

,LET US />T BY LOOK+ AT ! SECOND1 MORE TANGIBLE PO9T3 TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T AS SU*4 ,AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY 7! CURR5T APPLICATION ( TE*NIQUE TO PRODUCTION7 IS ROTT5 TO ! CORE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT DOES NOT HELP PEOPLE DOM9ATE !IR WORK1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ITS AIM IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,SOCIALI/S (T5 SAY ?AT :AT IS BASICALLY WRONG ) CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS ?AT IT SEEKS TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PURPOSES ( PR(IT1 OR ?AT IT DEVELOPS PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( HUMAN NE$S 7PEOPLE BE+ CONCEIV$ (1 9 !SE >GUM5TS1 ONLY AS POT5TIAL CONSUM]S ( PRODUCTS74 ,! SAME SOCIALI/S !N TELL US ?AT ! PURPOSE ( SOCIALISM IS TO ADAPT PRODUCTION TO ! REAL CONSUM] NE$S ( SOCIETY1 9 RELATION BO? TO ! VOLUME & TO ! NATURE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$4 

,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS IS TRUE4 ,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM LIES ELSE:]E4 ,CAPITALISM DOES NOT UTILIZE A SOCIALLY NEUTRAL TE*NOLOGY = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS NEUTRAL4 ,! REAL 9T5TION ( CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS NOT TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE3 ,IT IS TO SUBORD9ATE & DOM9ATE ! PRODUC]S4 ,CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS *>ACT]IZ$ ESS5TIALLY BY ITS DRIVE TO ELIM9ATE ! HUMAN ELEM5T 9 PRODUCTIVE LABOR &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 TO ELIM9ATE MAN ALTOGE!R FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,?AT H]E1 AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 CAPITALISM FAILS TO FULFILL ITS DEEPE/ T5D5CY -- & ?AT IT W\LD FALL TO PIECES IF IT A*IEV$ ITS PURPOSE -- DOES NOT AFFECT ! >GUM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ONLY HI<LI<TS ANO!R ASPECT ( ! CRISIS ( ?IS CONTRADICTORY SY/EM4 

,CAPITALISM CANNOT C\NT ON ! VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT CON/ANTLY RUNS UP AGA9/ !IR HO/ILITY 7OR AT BE/ 9DIFF]5CE7 TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! MA*9E TO IMPOSE ITS RHY?M ON ! WORK PROCESS4 ,:]E ?IS IS NOT POSSIBLE CAPITALISM SEEKS AT LEA/ TO MEASURE ! WORK P]=M$4 ,9 EV]Y PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 WORK MU/ !RE=E BE DEF9ABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE1 SUP]VISABLE FROM ! \TSIDE -- O!RWISE ?IS PROCESS HAS NO MEAN+ = CAPITALISM4 ,AS LONG AS CAPITALISM CANNOT DISP5SE ) ! PRODUC]S ALTOGE!R1 IT HAS TO MAKE !M AS 9T]*ANGEABLE AS POSSIBLE & R$UCE !IR WORK TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION1 ?AT ( UNSKILL$ LABOR4 ,!RE IS NO CONSPIRACY OR CONSCI\S PLOT BEH9D ALL ?IS4 ,!RE IS ONLY A PROCESS ( 0NATURAL SELECTION10 AFFECT+ TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS AS !Y >E APPLI$ TO 9DU/RY4 ,SOME >E PREF]R$ TO O!RS & >E1 ON ! :OLE1 MORE WIDELY UTILIZ$4 ,!SE >E ! ONES ?AT FIT 9 ) CAPITALISM'S BASIC NE$ TO DEAL ) LABOR P[] AS A MEASURABLE1 SUP]VISABLE1 & 9T]*ANGEABLE COMMODITY4 

,!RE IS NO CAPITALI/ *EMI/RY OR CAPITALI/ PHYSICS AS SU*4 ,!RE IS NOT EV5 A SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ 0TE*NIQUE10 9 ! G5]AL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!RE C]TA9LY IS1 H[EV]1 A CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 IF BY ?IS ONE MEANS ?AT ( ! 0SPECTRUM0 ( TE*NIQUES AVAILABLE AT A GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME 7AS DET]M9$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE7 A GIV5 GR\P 7OR 0B&07 ( PROCESSES ACTUALLY WILL BE SELECT$4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE P]MITS A *OICE ( SEV]AL POSSIBLE PROC$URES1 A SOCIETY WILL REGUL>LY *OOSE ?OSE ME?ODS ?AT HAVE A MEAN+ = IT1 ?AT >E 0RATIONAL0 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ITS [N CLASS RATIONALITY4 ,BUT ! 0RATIONALITY0 ( AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY IS NOT ! RATIONALITY ( SOCIALISM4 ,! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY WILL !RE=E BE A C5TRAL TASK ( A SOCIETY ( FREE WORK]S4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 ! ANALYSIS ( ALI5ATION & CRISIS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY \<T TO BEG9 ) ?IS C5TRAL CORE ( ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 :I* >E F\ND 9 ! CONCRETE RELATION%IPS ( PRODUCTION1 PEOPLE'S RELATION%IPS 9 WORK1 AS SE5 9 ITS ?REE 9DISSOCIABLE ASPECTS3 ! RELATION%IP ( ! WORK]S ) ! MEANS & OBJECTS ( PRODUCTION1 ! RELATION%IPS ( ! WORK]S AMONG !MSELVES1 & ! RELATION%IP ( ! WORK]S ) ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

7,ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S HAVE ANALYZ$ ! FACT ?AT ( SEV]AL TE*NICALLY FEASIBLE POSSIBILITIES C]TA9 ONES >E *OS51 & ?AT !SE *OICES LEAD TO A P>TICUL> PATT]N ( TE*NOLOGY APPLI$ 9 REAL LIFE1 GIV+ CONCRETE EXPRESSION TO ! TE*NIQUE .<UND]/OOD 9 ! G5]AL S5SE ( 0KN[-H[0.> ( A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL1 #cRD $4 .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i.>1 PP4 #a#a-#g#h4 ,BUT 9 !SE ANALYZES ! *OICE IS ALWAYS PRES5T$ AS FL[+ FROM CONSID]ATIONS ( 0PR(ITABILITY0 & 9 P>TICUL> FROM ! 0RELATIVE CO/S ( CAPITAL & LABOR40 ,?IS AB/RACT VIEWPO9T HAS LITTLE GRASP ( ! REALITY ( 9DU/RIAL EVOLUTION4 ,M>X1 ON ! O!R H&1 UND]L9ES ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( MA*9E-DOM9AT$ 9DU/RY1 ITS 5SLAV+ FUNCTION47 

,M>X1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 WAS ! FIR/ TO GO BEYOND ! SURFACE ( ! ECONOMIC PH5OM5A ( CAPITALISM 7SU* AS ! M>KET1 COMPETITION1 DI/RIBUTION1 ETC47 & TO TACKLE ! ANALYSIS ( ! C5TRAL >EA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS3 ! CONCRETE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY4 ,BUT VOLUME #a ( ,CAPITAL IS /ILL AWAIT+ ITS SEQUEL4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T IS ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> CONC]N ( ,M>X'S1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ( ALL1 WAS SOON AB&ON$1 EV5 BY ! BE/ ( ,M>XI/S1 9 FAVOR ( AN ANALYSIS ( 0IMPORTANT0 PH5OM5A4 ,?R\< ?IS V]Y FACT1 !SE ANALYZES W]E EI!R TOTALLY DI/ORT$1 OR 5D$ UP DEAL+ ) V]Y P>TIAL ASPECTS ( REALITY1 !REBY LEAD+ TO JUDGM5TS ?AT PROV$ CATA/ROPHICALLY WRONG4.<#c#c.> 

,?US IT IS /RIK+ TO SEE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 5TITLE TWO L>GE VOLUMES ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL1 9 :I* %E TOTALLY IGNORES :AT ?IS PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION REALLY SIGNIFIES 9 ! CONCRETE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H] CONC]N 9 !SE VOLUMES WAS SOLELY ) ! POSSIBILITY ( AN OV]ALL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & %E F9ALLY CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT %E HAD DISCOV]$ 9 CAPITALISM A PROCESS ( AUTOMATIC COLLAPSE 7AN IDEA1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?AT IS CONCRETELY FALSE & A PRIORI ABSURD74 

,IT IS JU/ AS /RIK+ TO SEE ,L591 9 HIS ,IMP]IALISM1 />T FROM ! CORRECT & FUNDAM5TAL OBS]VATION ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL HAS REA*$ ! /AGE ( DOM9ATION BY MONOPOLIES -- & YET NEGLECT ! TRANS=MATION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY'S RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT RESULTS PRECISELY FROM SU* CONC5TRATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE IGNOR$ ! CRUCIAL PH5OM5ON ( ! CON/ITUTION ( AN 5ORM\S APP>ATUS MANAG+ PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS H5CE=? TO 9C>NATE EXPLOITATION4 ,HE PREF]R$ TO SEE ! MA9 CONSEQU5CES ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/S 9TO 0C\PON-CLIPP+0 R5TI]S4 ,! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T IS /ILL PAY+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S4 ,9S(> AS IDEAS PLAY A ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 ,KHRU%*EV IS 9 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA AS A BYPRODUCT ( ! CONCEPTION ?AT EXPLOITATION CAN ONLY TAKE ! =M ( C\PON CLIPP+4 

,BUT WE MU/ GO BACK EV5 FUR!R4 ,WE MU/ GO BACK TO ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,M>X %$ A GREAT DEAL ( LI<T ON ! ALI5ATION ! PRODUC] EXP]I5CES 9 ! C\RSE ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS & ON ! 5SLAVEM5T ( MAN BY ! ME*ANICAL UNIV]SE HE HAS CREAT$4 ,BUT ,M>X'S ANALYSIS IS AT TIMES 9COMPLETE 9 ?AT HE SEES ONLY ALI5ATION 9 ALL ?IS4 ,9 ,CAPITAL -- AS OPPOS$ TO ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S -- IT IS H>DLY BR\<T \T AT ALL ?AT ! WORK] IS 7& CAN ONLY BE7 ! POSITIVE VEHICLE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* IS OBLIG$ TO BASE ITSELF ON HIM AS SU*1 & TO DEVELOP HIM AS SU*1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY SEEK+ TO R$UCE HIM TO AN AUTOMATON &1 AT ! LIMIT1 TO DRIVE HIM \T ( PRODUCTION ALTOGE!R4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ! ANALYSIS FAILS TO P]CEIVE ?AT ! PRIM>Y CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS ! CRISIS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 DUE TO ! SIMULTANE\S EXI/5CE ( TWO CONTRADICTORY T5D5CIES1 NEI!R ( :I* C\LD DISAPPE> )\T ! :OLE SY/EM COLLAPS+4 ,M>X %[S 9 CAPITALISM 0DESPOTISM 9 ! WORK%OP & AN>*Y 9 SOCIETY0 -- 9/EAD ( SEE+ IT AS BO? DESPOTISM & AN>*Y 9 BO? WORK%OP & SOCIETY4 ,?IS LEADS HIM TO LOOK = ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM NOT 9 PRODUCTION ITSELF 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS 0OPPRESSION1 MIS]Y1 DEGRADATION1 BUT ALSO REVOLT10 & ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? & DISCIPL9E ( ! PROLET>IAT71 BUT 9 SU* FACTORS AS OV]PRODUCTION & ! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT4 ,M>X !RE=E FAILS TO SEE ?AT AS LONG AS ?IS TYPE ( WORK P]SI/S1 ?IS CRISIS WILL P]SI/ ) ALL IT 5TAILS1 & ?IS NOT ONLY :ATEV] ! SY/EM ( PROP]TY BUT ALSO :ATEV] ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 & F9ALLY :ATEV] EV5 ! SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 C]TA9 PASSAGES ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X IS ?US L$ TO SEE 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION ONLY ! FACT ?AT ! PRODUC] IS MUTILAT$ & R$UC$ TO A 0FRAGM5T ( A MAN0 -- :I* IS TRUE1 AS MU* AS ! CONTR>Y -- &1 :AT IS MORE S]I\S1 TO L9K ?IS ASPECT TO MOD]N PRODUCTION & F9ALLY TO PRODUCTION AS SU*1 9/EAD ( L9K+ IT TO CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,M>X IMPLIES ?AT ! BASIS ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS MOD]N PRODUCTION AS SU*1 A /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE AB\T :I* NO?+ CAN BE DONE1 ! FAM\S 0REALM ( NECESSITY40 ,?US ! TAKEOV] ( SOCIETY BY ! PRODUC]S -- SOCIALISM -- AT TIMES COMES TO MEAN = ,M>X ONLY AN EXT]NAL *ANGE 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 A *ANGE ?AT W\LD LEAVE 9TACT ! /RUCTURE ( WORK & SIMPLY RE=M ITS MORE 09HUMAN0 ASPECTS4 ,?IS IDEA IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! FAM\S PASSAGE ( VOLUME #c ( ,CAPITAL1 :]E ,M>X1 SPEAK+ ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 SAYS1 0,9 FACT1 ! REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES2 ?US 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S IT LIES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( ACTUAL MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4444 ,FRE$OM 9 ?IS FIELD CAN ONLY CONSI/ 9 SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 RATIONALLY REGULAT+ !IR 9T]*ANGE ) ,NATURE1 BR++ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT 444 & A*IEV+ ?IS ) ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & UND] CONDITIONS MO/ FAVORABLE TO1 & WOR?Y ( !IR HUMAN NATURE4 ,BUT IT NONE!LESS /ILL REMA9S A REALM ( NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S 444 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAN BLOSSOM =? ONLY ) ?IS REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS BASIC PR]EQUISITE40.<#c#d.> 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 0! REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES10 IT IS /RANGE TO READ FROM ! P5 ( ! MAN :O WROTE ?AT 09DU/RY IS ! OP5 BOOK ( HUMAN FACULTIES0 ?AT FRE$OM 0?US0 C\LD ONLY BE F\ND \TSIDE ( LABOR4 ,! PROP] CONCLUSION1 :I* ,M>X HIMSELF DRAWS 9 C]TA9 O!R PLACES1 IS ?AT ! ,REALM ( FRE$OM BEG9S :5 LABOR BECOMES FREE ACTIVITY1 BO? 9 :AT MOTIVATES IT & 9 ITS CONT5T4 ,9 ! CURR5T WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S1 H[EV]1 FRE$OM IS :AT IS NOT WORK1 IT IS :AT SURR\NDS WORK1 IT IS EI!R 0FREE TIME0 7R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY7 OR 0RATIONAL REGULATION0 & 0COMMON CONTROL0 ( EX*ANGES ) ,NATURE1 :I* M9IMIZE HUMAN EF=T & PRES]VE HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE ! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY C]TA9LY BECOMES A 0BASIC PR]EQUISITE10 AS MANK9D W\LD ONLY BE FREE 9 ITS LEISURE4 

,! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY IS 9 FACT IMPORTANT1 NOT = ?IS REASON H[EV]1 BUT BECAUSE IT WILL ALL[ PEOPLE TO A*IEVE A BALANCE BETWE5 !IR V>I\S TYPES ( ACTIVITY4 ,&1 AT ! LIMIT1 ! 0IDEAL0 7COMMUNISM7 IS NOT ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY TO Z]O1 BUT ! FREE DET]M9ATION BY EA* ( ! NATURE & EXT5T ( HIS WORK4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY1 & WILL HAVE TO DO SO1 BUT ?IS WILL NOT BE ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREOCCUPATION4 ,ITS FIR/ TASK WILL BE TO TACKLE 0! REALM ( NECESSITY0 AS SU*1 TO TRANS=M ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT TO LEAVE MORE & MORE 0FREE0 TIME TO 9DIVIDUALS -- :I* MI<T WELL ONLY BE EMPTY TIME -- SO ?AT !Y MAY FILL IT AT WILL ) 0POETRY0 OR ! C>V+ ( WOOD4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO MAKE ALL TIME A TIME ( LIB]TY & TO ALL[ CONCRETE FRE$OM TO EMBODY ITSELF 9 CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO PUT POETRY 9TO WORK4 7,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 POETRY MEANS CREATION47 ,PRODUCTION IS NOT SOME?+ NEGATIVE ?AT HAS TO BE LIMIT$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE = MANK9D TO FULFILL ITSELF 9 ITS LEISURE4 ,! 9/AURATION ( AUTONOMY IS ALSO -- & 9 ! FIR/ PLACE -- ! 9/AURATION ( AUTONOMY 9 WORK4 

,UND]LY+ ! IDEA ?AT FRE$OM IS TO BE F\ND 0\TSIDE ! SPH]E ( ACTUAL MAT]IAL PRODUCTION0 !RE LIES A D\BLE ]ROR3 FIR/1 ?AT ! V]Y NATURE ( TE*NIQUE & ( MOD]N PRODUCTION R5D]S 9EVITABLE ! DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS OV] ! PRODUC]1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS WORK2 SECOND1 ?AT TE*NIQUE & 9 P>TICUL> MOD]N TE*NIQUE FOLL[S AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T1 BE=E :I* ONE CAN ONLY B[ D[N4 ,MOD]N TE*NIQUE W\LD MOREOV] POSSESS ! D\BLE ATTRIBUTE (1 ON ! ONE H&1 CON/ANTLY R$UC+ ! HUMAN ROLE 9 PRODUCTION &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ( CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,FROM !SE TWO 9EXPLICABLY COMB9$ ATTRIBUTES W\LD RESULT A MIRACUL\S DIALECTIC ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS3 ,MORE & MORE A SLAVE 9 ! C\RSE ( WORK1 MAN W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO R$UCE 5ORM\SLY ! L5G? ( WORK1 IF ONLY HE C\LD SUCCE$ 9 ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY RATIONALLY4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N1 H[EV]1 ?AT !RE IS NOT AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE 9 ITS APPLICATION TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 I4E41 ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,( ! SUM TOTAL ( TE*NOLOGIES ?AT SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T MAKES POSSIBLE AT ANY GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BR+S TO FULFILLM5T ?OSE ONES ?AT CORRESPOND MO/ CLOSELY TO ITS CLASS /RUCTURE & ?AT BE/ P]MIT CAPITAL TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ LABOR4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ?IS OR ?AT 9V5TION TO PRODUCTION DEP5DS ON ITS ECONOMIC PR(ITABILITY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A NEUTRAL 0PR(ITABILITY03 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! FACTORY IS ! MA9 FACTOR DET]M9+ 0PR(ITABILITY40 ,A GIV5 9V5TION WILL BE PREF]R$ TO ANO!R BY A FACTORY MANAGEM5T IF1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 IT 5HANCES ! 09DEP5D5T0 PROGRESS ( PRODUCTION1 FREE+ IT FROM 9T]F]5CE BY ! PRODUC]S4 ,! 9CREAS+ 5SLAVEM5T ( PEOPLE 9 PRODUCTION FL[S ESS5TIALLY FROM ?IS PROCESS1 & NOT FROM SOME MY/]I\S CURSE1 9H]5T 9 A GIV5 PHASE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE IS1 MOREOV]1 NO MAGIC DIALECTIC ( SLAV]Y & PRODUCTIVITY3 ,PRODUCTIVITY 9CREASES AS A FUNCTION ( ! 5ORM\S SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL ADVANCEM5TS ?AT >E AT ! BASIS ( MOD]N PRODUCTION -- & IT 9CREASES DESPITE ! SLAV]Y1 & NOT BECAUSE ( IT4 ,SLAV]Y IMPLIES AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( WA/E1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE ONLY CONTRIBUTE TO PRODUCTION AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( !IR POT5TIAL ABILITIES4 7,WE >E PASS+ NO A PRIORI JUDGM5T ON :AT !SE FACULTIES MI<T BE4 ,H[EV] L[ !Y MAY E/IMATE !SE FACULTIES1 ,MR4 ,DREYFUS0 & ,MR4 ,KHRU%*EV W\LD HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT !IR [N P>TICUL> WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ONLY TAP AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( !IR POT5TIAL47 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 WILL NOT BE AFFLICT$ ) ANY K9D ( TE*NICAL CURSE4 ,HAV+ ABOLI%$ BUREAUCRATIC-CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS1 IT WILL TACKLE AT ! SAME TIME ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IS BO? ! BASIS ( !SE RELATION%IPS & !IR EV]-R5EW$ PRODUCT4 

,WORK]S' ,MANAGEM5T3 ,! ,FACTORY 

,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT WORK]S CAN ORGANIZE !IR [N WORK AT ! LEVEL ( A WORK%OP OR ( P>T ( A FACTORY4 ,B\RGEOIS 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S NOT ONLY RECOGNIZE ?IS FACT BUT PO9T \T ?AT 0PRIM>Y GR\PS0 ( WORK]S (T5 GET ON ) !IR JOB BETT] IF MANAGEM5T LEAVES !M ALONE & DOESN'T CON/ANTLY TRY TO 0DIRECT0 !M4.<#c#e.> 

,H[ CAN ! WORK ( !SE V>I\S 0PRIM>Y GR\PS0 -- OR ( V>I\S %OPS & SECTIONS -- BE COORD9AT$8 ,B\RGEOIS !ORETICIANS /RESS ?AT ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 :OSE =MAL JOB IT IS TO 5SURE SU* COORD9ATION1 IS NOT REALLY UP TO ! TASK3 ,IT HAS NO REAL GRIP ON ! WORK]S & IS ITSELF TORN BY 9T]NAL CONFLICTS4 

,BUT1 HAV+ 0DEMOLI%$0 ! PRES5T SETUP BY !IR CRITICISMS1 !SE MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE NO?+ TO PUT 9 ITS PLACE4 ,& AS BEYOND ! 0PRIM>Y0 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION !RE HAS TO BE A 0SECOND>Y0 ORGANIZATION1 !Y F9ALLY FALL BACK ON ! EXI/+ BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 EXHORT+ IT 0TO UND]/&10 0TO IMPROVE ITSELF10 0TO TRU/ PEOPLE MORE10 ETC4.<#c#f.> ,! SAME CAN BE SAID1 AT ANO!R LEVEL1 ( 0DEMOCRATICALLY RE=M$0 OR 0DE-,/AL9IZ$0 ,RUSSIAN LEAD]S4.<#c#g.> 

,:AT NO ONE SEEMS PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE 7OR EV5 TO ADMIT7 IS ! CAPACITY ( WORK+ PEOPLE TO MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS \TSIDE A V]Y N>R[ RADIUS4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC M9D CANNOT SEE 9 ! MASS ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 A FACTORY OR AN (FICE AN ACTIVE SUBJECT1 CAPABLE ( MANAG+ & ORGANIZ+4 ,9 ! EYES ( ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY1 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/1 AS SOON AS ONE GETS BEYOND A GR\P (T51 FIFTE51 OR TW5TY 9DIVIDUALS ! CR[D BEG9S -- ! MOB1 ! ?\S&-HEAD$ ,HYDRA ?AT CANNOT ACT COLLECTIVELY1 OR ?AT C\LD ONLY ACT COLLECTIVELY 9 ! DISPLAY ( COLLECTIVE DELIRIUM OR HY/]IA4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ONLY A MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ = ?IS PURPOSE1 & 5D[$ ( C\RSE ) CO]CIVE FUNCTIONS1 CAN MA/] & 0ORGANIZE0 ?IS MASS4 ,! 9CONSI/5CIES & %ORTCOM+S ( ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS >E SU* ?AT EV5 TODAY 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S OR 0PRIM>Y GR\PS0 >E OBLIG$ TO TAKE ON QUITE A NUMB] ( COORD9AT+ TASKS4.<#c#h.> ,MOREOV]1 HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS QUITE CAPABLE ( MANAG+ :OLE 5T]PRISES4 ,9 ,SPA91 9 #aicf & #a#i#c#g1 WORK]S RAN ! FACTORIES4 ,9 ,BUDAPE/1 9 #a#i#e#f1 ACCORD+ TO ! ACC\NTS ( ,HUNG>IAN REFUGEES1 BIG BAK]IES EMPLOY+ HUNDR$S ( WORK]S C>RI$ ON DUR+ & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! 9SURRECTION4 ,!Y WORK$ BETT] ?AN EV] BE=E1 UND] WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,MANY SU* EXAMPLES C\LD BE CIT$4 

,! MO/ USEFUL WAY ( DISCUSS+ ?IS PROBLEM IS NOT TO WEI< UP1 9 ! AB/RACT1 ! 0SELF-MANAG]IAL CAPACITIES0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS TO EXAM9E ! SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & TO SEE :I* ( !M2 RETA9 MEAN+ 9 A SOCIALI/ 5T]PRISE & H[ !Y CAN BE C>RI$ \T !RE4 

,PRES5T MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS >E ( F\R MA9 TYPES & WE WILL DISCUSS !M 9 TURN4 

#a4 ,!SE FUNCTIONS1 & ! JOBS ?AT GO ALONG ) !M 7SUP]VISORS1 =EM51 P>T ( ! 0P]SONNEL0 DEP>TM5T7 WILL BE DONE AWAY )1 PURELY & SIMPLY4 ,EA* GR\P ( WORK]S IS QUITE CAPABLE ( DISCIPL9+ ITSELF4 ,IT ALSO IS CAPABLE ( GRANT+ AU?ORITY TO PEOPLE DRAWN FROM ITS [N RANKS %\LD IT FEEL ?IS TO BE NE$$ = ! C>RY+ \T ( A P>TICUL> JOB4 

#b4 ,!SE RELATE TO JOBS ?AT1 9 !MSELVES1 >E 9 NO WAY MANAG]IAL 9 *>ACT]1 BUT 9VOLVE RA!R ! EXECUTION ( TASKS NECESS>Y TO ! FUNCTION+ ( ! COMPANY )\T BE+ DIRECTLY CONNECT$ ) ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS4 ,MO/ ( !SE JOBS >E N[ C>RI$ \T 9 0(FICES .<BUREAUX.>40 

,AMONG !M >E ACC\NTANCY & ! 0COMM]CIAL0 & 0G5]AL0 S]VICES ( ! COMPANY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N PRODUCTION HAS DIVID$ UP1 COMP>TM5TALIZ$1 & SOCIALIZ$ ?IS WORK1 JU/ AS IT HAS DONE TO PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,N9E-T5?S ( PEOPLE WORK+ 9 (FICES ATTA*$ TO FACTORIES C>RY \T COMP>TM5TALIZ$ TASKS ( EXECUTION4 ,?R\<\T !IR LIFE !Y WILL DO LITTLE ELSE -- IMPORTANT *ANGES WILL HAVE TO BE BR\<T AB\T H]E4 

,! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ( ! FACTORY G5]ALLY RESULTS 9 CONSID]ABLE OV]-/AFF+ ( !SE >EAS1.<#c#i.> & A SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION PROBABLY WILL RESULT 9 A SUB/ANTIAL SAV+S ( LABOR 9 !SE FIELDS4 ,SOME ( !SE DEP>TM5TS WILL NOT ONLY DIM9I% 9 SIZE1 BUT WILL WITNESS A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 0COMM]CIAL S]VICES0 HAVE EV]Y:]E GR[N 5ORM\SLY4 ,9 A PLANN$ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 !Y WILL BE CONC]N$ MA9LY ) ! BOOKKEEP+ ASPECTS ( OBTA9+ SUPPLIES & MAK+ DELIV]IES4 ,!Y WILL BE 9 CONTACT ) SIMIL> DEP>TM5TS 9 SUPPLY FACTORIES & ) /ORES ?AT SELL TO CONSUM]S4 ,ONCE ! NECESS>Y TRANS=MATIONS HAVE BE5 BR\<T AB\T1 (FICES WILL BE CONSID]$ 0WORK%OPS0 LIKE ALL O!RS1 ORGANIZ+ !IR [N WORK & KEEP+ 9 CONTACT ) O!R %OPS = PURPOSES ( COORD9ATION4 ,!Y WILL 5JOY NO P>TICUL> RI<TS BY VIRTUE ( ! NATURE ( !IR WORK4 ,!Y HAVE1 9 FACT1 NO SU* RI<TS TODAY1 & IT IS AS A RESULT ( O!R FACTORS 7! DIVISION BETWE5 MANUAL & 09TELLECTUAL0 LABOR1 ! MORE PRON\NC$ HI]>*Y F\ND 9 (FICES7 ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HEAD+ UP !SE DEP>TM5TS SOMETIMES CAN RISE TO ! SUMMIT ( ! G5U9E 0MANAGEM5T0 ( ! COMPANY4 

#c4,!SE >E AT PRES5T C>RI$ \T BY PEOPLE RANG+ FROM CONSULTANT 5G9E]S TO DRAFTSM54 ,H]E TOO1 MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS CREAT$ A 0COLLECTIVE0 APP>ATUS 9 :I* WORK IS DIVID$ UP & SOCIALIZ$1 & :I* IS MADE UP N9E-T5?S ( EXECUTANTS WORK+ 9 COMP>TM5TALIZ$ JOBS4 ,B9 :ILE PO9T+ ?IS \T 9 RELATION TO :AT GOES ON )9 !SE P>TICUL> DEP>TM5TS1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE TOO ?AT !SE DEP>TM5TS C>RY \T MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS 9 RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! FACTORY -- >EAS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO PRODUCTION4 ,I ,ONCE PRODUCTION T>GETS HAVE BE5 SET1 IT IS ?IS COLLECTIVE TE*NICAL APP>ATUS ?AT SELECTS -- OR IS *>G$ ) SELECT+ -- ! APPROPRIATE WAYS & MEANS1 LOOKS 9TO ! NECESS>Y *ANGES 9 TOOL+1 DET]M9ES ! SEQU5CE & ! DETAILS ( V>I\S OP]ATIONS1 ETC4 ,9 !ORY1 ! PRODUCTION >EAS M]ELY C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ISSU$ FROM ! TE*NICAL DEP>TM5TS4 ,SUPPOS$LY1 A COMPLETE SEP>ATION EXI/S BETWE5 ?OSE :O DRAW UP ! PLANS & ?OSE :O >E *>G$ ) C>RY+ !M \T UND] ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 

,UP TO A PO9T1 ALL ?IS IS BAS$ ON SOME?+ REAL4 ,TODAY1 BO? SPECIALIZATION & TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC COMPET5CE >E ! PRIVILEGE ( A M9ORITY4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ AT ALL ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO USE ?IS EXP]TIZE IS TO LEAVE IT TO ! 0EXP]TS0 TO DECIDE EV]Y?+ AB\T ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,COMPET5CE IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 RE/RICT$ 9 ITS SCOPE4 ,\TSIDE HIS P>TICUL> SECTOR1 OR \TSIDE ! P>TICUL> PROCESSES HE IS FAMILI> )1 ! TE*NICIAN IS NO BETT] EQUIPP$ TO MAKE A RESPONSIBLE DECISION ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,EV5 )9 HIS [N FIELD1 HIS VIEWPO9T IS 9EVITABLY LIMIT$4 ,HE WILL (T5 KN[ LITTLE AB\T O!R SECTORS & MAY T5D TO M9IMIZE !IR IMPORTANCE AL?\< !SE SECTORS HAVE A DEF9ITE BE>+ ON HIS [N4 ,MOREOV] -- & ?IS IS MORE IMPORTANT -- ! TE*NICIAN IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! REAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 

,?IS SEP>ATION IS A S\RCE ( WA/E & CONFLICT 9 CAPITALI/ FACTORIES4 ,IT WILL BE ABOLI%$ ONLY :5 0TE*NICAL0 & 0PRODUCTIVE0 /AFF BEG9 TO COOP]ATE ?OR\<LY4 ,?IS COOP]ATION WILL BE BAS$ ON JO9T DECISIONS MADE BY TE*NICIANS & BY ?OSE :O WILL BE WORK+ ON A GIV5 TASK4 ,TOGE!R !Y WILL DECIDE ON ! ME?ODS & MEANS TO BE US$4 

,WILL SU* COOP]ATION WORK SMOO?LY8 ,!RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON :Y 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES %\LD >ISE4 ,! WORK]S WILL HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 *ALL5G+ AN ANSW] ?AT ! TE*NICIAN1 9 HIS CAPACITY AS A TE*NICIAN1 MAY GIVE TO PURELY TE*NICAL PROBLEMS4 ,& IF !RE >E DISAGREEM5TS1 !SE WILL RAPIDLY BE RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,! FIELD ( PRODUCTION ALL[S = ALMO/ IMM$IATE V]IFICATION ( :AT ?IS OR ?AT P]SON PROPOSES4 ,?AT = ?IS OR ?AT P>T OR TOOL1 A C]TA9 TYPE ( METALLIC COMP\ND W\LD BE PREF]ABLE 7GIV5 A C]TA9 /ATE ( KN[L$GE & C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION7 CANNOT & WILL NOT BE A MATT] ( CONTROV]SY4 

,BUT ! ANSW]S PROVID$ BY TE*NIQUE E/ABLI% ONLY A G5]AL FRAMEWORK4 ,!Y SUGGE/ ONLY SOME ( ! ELEM5TS ?AT WILL1 9 PRACTICE1 9FLU5CE ! CONCRETE PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,)9 ?IS GIV5 FRAMEWORK !RE WILL BE A MULTITUDE ( WAYS TO ORGANIZE ?IS PROCESS4 ,! *OICE WILL HAVE TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 ON ! ONE H&1 C]TA9 G5]AL CONSID]ATIONS ( 0ECONOMY0 7ECONOMY ( LABOR1 ( 5]GY1 ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ( PLANT7 &1 ON ! O!R H& -- & ?IS IS MU* MORE IMPORTANT -- CONSID]ATIONS RELAT+ TO ! FATE ( MAN 9 PRODUCTION4 ,& ON !SE QUE/IONS1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! ONLY PEOPLE :O CAN DECIDE >E ?OSE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$4 ,9 ?IS >EA ! SPECIFIC COMPET5CE ( ! TE*NICIAN1 AS A TE*NICIAN1 IS NIL4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT WE >E *ALL5G+ DEEP D[N IS ! :OLE CONCEPT ( A TE*NIQUE CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ PEOPLE FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,SU* AN IDEA IS AS ABSURD AS ! IDEA ( A PSY*OANALYTIC SESSION 9 :I* ! PATI5T W\LD NOT APPE>1 ?US MAK+ PSY*OANALYSIS 9TO JU/ A 0TE*NIQUE0 9 ! H&S ( ! ANALY/4 ,SU* TE*NIQUES >E ALL JU/ TE*NIQUES ( OPPRESSION & CO]CION (F]+ 0P]SONAL 9C5TIVES10 :I*1 ULTIMATELY1 ALWAYS REMA9 9EFFECTIVE4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! ACTUAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS CAN BE VE/$ ONLY 9 ?OSE :O P]=M IT4 ,! PRODUC]S OBVI\SLY WILL TAKE 9TO ACC\NT V>I\S TE*NICAL PO9TS SUGGE/$ BY COMPET5T TE*NICIANS4 ,9 FACT1 !RE OBVI\SLY WILL BE A P]MAN5T PROCESS ( GIVE-&-TAKE1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES WILL SEE NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS1 H]EBY POS+ NEW TE*NICAL PROBLEMS CONC]N+ :I* ! TE*NICIANS WILL 9 TURN HAVE TO PUT =W>D !IR COMM5TS & EVALUATIONS BE=E A JO9T DECISION CAN BE MADE 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS40 ,BUT ! DECISION1 9 ?IS CASE AS 9 O!RS1 WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ! PRODUC]S 79CLUD+ ! TE*NICIANS7 ( A GIV5 %OP 7IF IT ONLY AFFECTS A %OP7 -- OR ( ! FACTORY AS A :OLE 7IF IT AFFECTS ! :OLE FACTORY74 

,! ROOTS ( POSSIBLE CONFLICT BETWE5 WORK]S & TE*NICIANS !RE=E >E NOT AT ALL ( A TE*NICAL NATURE4 ,IF SU* A CONFLICT EM]G$ IT W\LD BE A SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONFLICT1 >IS+ FROM A POSSIBLE T5D5CY ( ! TE*NICIANS TO ASSUME A DOM9AT+ ROLE1 !REBY CON/ITUT+ ANEW A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 

,:AT W\LD BE ! /R5G? & PROBABLE EVOLUTION ( SU* A T5D5CY8 ,WE CANNOT DISCUSS ?IS PROBLEM 9 ANY DEP?4 ,WE CAN ONLY REEMPHASIZE ?AT TE*NICIANS DO NOT CON/ITUTE A MAJORITY -- OR EV5 AN ESS5TIAL P>T -- ( ! UPP] /RATA ( MOD]N ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL MANAGEM5T4 ,9CID5TALLY1 TO BECOME AW>E ( ?IS OBVI\S FACT HELPS ONE SEE ?R\< ! MY/IFICATORY *>ACT] ( ALL ?OSE >GUM5TS ?AT SEEK TO PROVE ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE CANNOT MANAGE PRODUCTION BECAUSE !Y LACK ! 0NECESS>Y TE*NICAL CAPACITY40 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( TE*NICIANS ONLY OCCUPY SUBORD9ATE POSITIONS4 ,!Y ONLY C>RY \T COMP>TM5TALIZ$ WORK1 ON 9/RUCTIONS FROM ABOVE4 ,?OSE TE*NICIANS :O HAVE 0REA*$ ! TOP0 >E NOT !RE AS TE*NICIANS1 BUT AS 0MANAG]S0 OR 0ORGANIZ]S40 

,MOD]N CAPITALISM IS BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS NOT -- & NEV] WILL BE -- A TE*NOCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,! CONCEPT ( A TE*NOCRACY IS AN EMPTY G5]ALIZATION ( SUP]FICIAL SOCIOLOGI/S1 OR A DAYDREAM ( TE*NICIANS CONFRONT$ ) !IR [N IMPOT5CE & ) ! ABSURDITY ( ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,TE*NICIANS DO NOT CON/ITUTE A SEP>ATE CLASS4 ,FROM ! =MAL PO9T ( VIEW !Y >E JU/ A CATEGORY ( SAL>I$ WORK]S4 ,! EVOLUTION ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 BY 9CREAS+ !IR NUMB]S & BY TRANS=M+ !M 9TO PEOPLE :O C>RY \T COMP>TM5TALIZ$ & 9T]*ANGEABLE LABOR1 T5DS TO DRIVE !M CLOS] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,C\NT]ACT+ !SE T5D5CIES1 IT IS TRUE1 IS !IR POSITION 9 ! WAGE & /ATUS HI]>*IES -- & ALSO ! SCANTY *ANCES = 0MOV+ UP0 /ILL OP5 TO !M4 ,BUT !SE *ANNELS >E GRADUALLY BE+ CLOS$ AS ! NUMB]S ( TE*NICIANS 9CREASES & AS BUREAUCRATIZATION SPREADS )9 ITS [N RANKS4 ,9 P>ALLEL ) ALL ?IS1 A K9D ( REVOLT IS DEVELOP+ AMONG !SE COMP>TM5TALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ .<FONCTIONN>ISE.> TE*NICIANS AS !Y CONFRONT ! IRRATIONALITIES ( ! SY/EM ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM & 9CREAS+LY EXP]I5CE DIFFICULTIES 9 GIV+ FREE RE9 TO !IR CAPACITIES = CREATIVE OR MEAN+FUL WORK4 

,SOME TE*NICIANS ALREADY AT ! TOP1 OR ON !IR WAY !RE1 WILL SIDE SQU>ELY ) EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,!Y WILL BE OPPOS$1 H[EV]1 BY A GR[+ M9ORITY ( DISAFFECT$ COLLEAGUES1 READY TO WORK ) O!RS 9 OV]?R[+ ! SY/EM4 ,9 ! MIDDLE1 ( C\RSE1 !RE WILL BE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( TE*NICIANS1 TODAY APA!TICALLY ACCEPT+ !IR /ATUS AS SLI<TLY PRIVILEG$ EMPLOYES4 ,!IR PRES5T CONS]VATIVISM SUGGE/S ?AT !Y W\LD NOT RISK A CONFLICT ) REAL P[]1 :ATEV] ITS NATURE4 ,! EVOLUTION ( EV5TS CAN ONLY RADICALIZE !M4 

,IT IS !RE=E EXTREMELY LIKELY ?AT WORK]S' P[] 9 ! FACTORY1 AFT] HAV+ SWEPT ASIDE A SMALL NUMB] ( TE*NICAL BUREAUCRATS1 WILL F9D SUPPORT AMONG A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( O!R TE*NICIANS4 ,IT %\LD SUCCE$1 )\T MAJOR CONFLICT1 9 9TEGRAT+ ! REMA9D] 9TO ! COOP]ATIVE NETWORK ( ! FACTORY4 

#d4 ,! PEOPLE 0CONSULT$0 BY A COMPANY *AIRMAN OR MANAG+ DIRECTOR BE=E HE MAKES AN IMPORTANT DECISION USUALLY NUMB] LESS ?AN A DOZ51 EV5 9 ! L>GE/ ( FIRMS4 ,?IS V]Y N>R[ /RATUM ( MANAGEM5T HAS TWO MA9 TASKS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT HAS TO MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ 9VE/M5T1 /OCKS1 \TPUT1 ETC41 9 RELATION TO M>KET FLUCTUATIONS & LONG-T]M PROSPECTS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS TO 0COORD9ATE0 ! V>I\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S SEGM5TS ( ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS4 

,SOME ( !SE FUNCTIONS WILL DISAPPE> ALTOGE!R 9 A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 9 P>TICUL> ?OSE RELAT$ TO ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET 7SCALE ( PRODUCTION1 LEVELS ( 9VE/M5T1 ETC474 ,O!RS W\LD BE CONSID]ABLY R$UC$3 ,COORD9AT+ ! DIFF]5T %OPS ( A FACTORY W\LD BE MU* EASI] IF ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZ$ !IR [N WORK & IF DIFF]5T GR\PS1 %OPS1 OR DEP>TM5TS C\LD CONTACT EA* O!R DIRECTLY4 ,/ILL O!R FUNCTIONS MI<T BE 5HANC$1 SU* AS G5U9E DISCUSSIONS ( :AT MI<T BE POSSIBLE 9 ! FUTURE1 OR ( H[ TO DO ?+S1 OR AB\T ! PRES5T OR FUTURE ROLE ( ! 5T]PRISE 9 ! OV]ALL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 

,UND] SOCIALISM1 0MANAG]IAL0 TASKS AT FACTORY LEVEL C\LD BE C>RI$ \T BY TWO BODIES3 A7 ,! FACTORY C\NCIL1 COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! V>I\S %OPS & (FICES1 ALL ( !M ELECT$ & 9/ANTLY REVOCABLE4 ,9 AN 5T]PRISE (1 SAY1 #e1 TO #a1 WORK]S1 SU* A C\NCIL MI<T NUMB] #c-#e PEOPLE4 ,! DELEGATES WILL REMA9 AT !IR JOBS4 ,!Y WILL MEET 9 FULL SESSION AS (T5 AS EXP]I5CE PROVES IT NECESS>Y 7PROBABLY ON ONE OR TWO HALF-DAYS A WEEK74 ,!Y WILL REPORT BACK EA* TIME TO !IR WORKMATES 9 %OP OR (FICE -- & ANYWAY !Y ALREADY WILL HAVE DISCUSS$ ) !M ! AG5DA4 ,ROTAT+ GR\PS ( DELEGATES WILL 5SURE CONT9UITY4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 TASKS ( A FACTORY C\NCIL WILL BE TO 5SURE LIAISON & TO ACT AS A CONT9U\S REGULAT+ LOCUS BETWE5 ! FACTORY & ! \TSIDE WORLD40 B7 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! PLANT1 :E!R MANUAL WORK]S1 (FICE WORK]S1 OR TE*NICIANS4 ,?IS WILL BE ! HI<E/ DECISION-MAK+ BODY = ALL PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! FACTORY AS A :OLE4 ,DIFF]5CES OR CONFLICTS BETWE5 V>I\S SECTORS ( ! FACTORY WILL BE ?RA%$ \T AT ?IS LEVEL4 

,?IS G5]AL ASSEMBLY WILL EMBODY ! RE/ORATION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9TO :AT %\LD1 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 BE ITS BASIC UNIT3 ! PLACE ( WORK4 ,! ASSEMBLY WILL HAVE TO RATIFY ALL BUT R\T9E DECISIONS ( ! FACTORY C\NCIL4 ,IT WILL BE EMP[]$ TO QUE/ION1 *ALL5GE1 AM5D1 REJECT1 OR 5DORSE ANY DECISION MADE BY ! C\NCIL4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ITSELF WILL DECIDE ON ALL SORTS ( QUE/IONS TO BE SUBMITT$ TO ! C\NCIL4 ,! ASSEMBLY WILL MEET REGUL>LY1 SAY1 ONE OR TWO DAYS EA* MON?4 ,!RE WILL1 9 ADDITION1 EXI/ PROC$URES = CALL+ SU* G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 IF ?IS IS WANT$ BY A GIV5 NUMB] ( WORK]S1 %OPS1 OR DELEGATES4 

,:AT WILL BE ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT ! FACTORY LEVEL1 ! P]MAN5T TASKS IT WILL HAVE TO ACCOMPLI%8 ,IT WILL HELP US TO DISCUSS ?IS PROBLEM IF WE DIFF]5TIATE S*EMATICALLY BETWE5 ! /ATIC & ! DYNAMIC ASPECTS ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 

,LOOK$ AT 9 A /ATIC WAY1 ! OV]ALL PLAN MI<T ALLOCATE TO A GIV5 5T]PRISE A T>GET TO BE A*IEV$ )9 A GIV5 P]IOD ( TIME 7WE WILL EXAM9E FUR!R ON H[ SU* T>GETS >E TO BE DET]M9$74 ,! G5]AL MEANS TO BE ALLOCAT$ TO ! 5T]PRISE 7TO A*IEVE ITS T>GET7 ALSO WILL BE BROADLY \TL9$ BY ! PLAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! PLAN WILL DECIDE ?AT ! ANNUAL PRODUCTION ( A GIV5 AUTOMOBILE FACTORY %\LD BE SO MANY C>S & ?AT = ?IS PURPOSE SU* & SU* A QUANTITY ( RAW MAT]IALS1 P[]1 MA*9]Y1 ETC41 %\LD BE MADE AVAILABLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT WILL SET H[ MANY WORK H\RS 79 O!R WORDS1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S1 S9CE ! L5G? ( ! WORKDAY IS FIX$7 WILL BE ALLOCAT$ TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL4 

,SE5 FROM ?IS ANGLE1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IMPLIES ?AT ! WORK]S' COLLECTIVE ITSELF WILL BE> ! F9AL RESPONSIBILITY = DECID+ H[ A PROPOS$ T>GET C\LD BE/ BE A*IEV$1 GIV5 ! G5]AL MEANS AVAILABLE4 ,! TASK CORRESPONDS TO ! 0POSITIVE0 FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T N>R[LY BAS$ MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 :I* ITSELF WILL HAVE BE5 SUP]S$$4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES WILL DET]M9E ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR WORK 9 EA* %OP OR DEP>TM5T4 ,!Y WILL 5SURE COORD9ATION BETWE5 %OPS4 ,?IS WILL TAKE PLACE ?R\< DIRECT CONTACTS :5EV] IT IS A QUE/ION ( R\T9E PROBLEMS OR ( %OPS 5GAG$ 9 CLOSELY RELAT$ ASPECTS ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,IF MORE IMPORTANT MATT]S >OSE1 !Y W\LD BE DISCUSS$ & SOLV$ BY MEET+S ( DELEGATES 7OR BY JO9T GA!R+S ( WORK]S7 ( TWO OR MORE %OPS OR SECTIONS4 ,! OV]ALL COORD9ATION ( ! WORK W\LD BE UND]TAK5 BY ! FACTORY C\NCIL & BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! FACTORY4 ,RELATIONS ) ! RE/ ( ! ECONOMY1 AS ALREADY /AT$1 W\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( ! FACTORY C\NCIL4 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 AUTONOMY 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS MEANS ! ABILITY TO DECIDE H[ TO A*IEVE DESIGNAT$ T>GETS ) ! AID ( MEANS ?AT HAVE BE5 DEF9$ 9 G5]AL T]MS4 ,A C]TA9 0GIVE-&-TAKE0 UND\BT$LY WILL OCCUR BETWE5 ! 0T>GETS SET0 & 0MEANS TO BE US$40 ,! PLAN MU/ 9 G5]AL PRESCRIBE !SE 0T>GETS0 & 0MEANS10 = !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( O!R FACTORIES4 ,BUT ONLY ! WORK]S ( ! P>TICUL> FACTORY CAN C>RY \T ?IS PROCESS ( CONCRETE ELABORATION4 ,BY !MSELVES1 0T>GETS SET0 & 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION AVAILABLE = A*IEV+ !M0 DO NOT AUTOMATICALLY OR EXHAU/IVELY DEF9E ALL ! POSSIBLE ME?ODS ?AT C\LD BE US$1 ALL ! MORE SO S9CE ! PLAN'S DEF9ITION ( ! MEANS REMA9S HI<LY G5]AL & IT CANNOT SPECIFY EV5 ALL ! IMPORTANT 0DETAILS40 ,SPELL+ !SE ME?ODS \T 9 DETAIL & DECID+ EXACTLY H[ AN OBJECTIVE WILL BE A*IEV$ ) ! MEANS PROVID$ WILL BE ! FIR/ >EA 9 :I* WORK]S WILL EX]CISE !IR AUTONOMY4 ,IT IS AN IMPORTANT FIELD BUT A LIMIT$ ONE1 & IT IS ESS5TIAL TO BE FULLY AW>E ( ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,!SE LIMITATIONS /EM FROM 7& DEF9E7 ! 9EVITABLE FRAMEWORK )9 :I* ?IS NEW TYPE ( PRODUCTION WILL HAVE TO BEG94 ,IT WILL BE ! TASK ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION TO CON/ANTLY EXP& ?IS FRAMEWORK & TO CON/ANTLY PU% BACK !SE LIMITATIONS ON AUTONOMY4 

,AUTONOMY1 5VISAG$ 9 ?IS /ATIC WAY1 IS LIMIT$ FIR/ ( ALL 9 RELATION TO ! FIX+ ( T>GETS4 ,TRUE1 ! WORK]S ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DET]M9+ ! T>GETS ( !IR FACTORY 9S(> AS !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! ELABORATION ( ! OV]ALL PLAN4 ,BUT !Y >E NOT 9 TOTAL OR SOLE CONTROL ( !SE T>GETS OR OBJECTIVES4 ,9 A MOD]N ECONOMY1 :]E ! PRODUCTION ( EA* 5T]PRISE BO? CONDITIONS & IS CONDITION$ BY ?AT ( ALL ! O!RS1 ! DET]M9ATION ( COH]5T T>GETS CANNOT BE VE/$ 9 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES1 ACT+ 9 ISOLATION4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]TAK5 BY & = ALL 5T]PRISES TOGE!R1 ) G5]AL VIEWPO9TS PREVAIL+ OV] P>TICUL> ONES4 

,AUTONOMY ALSO IS LIMIT$ 9 RELATION TO AVAILABLE MAT]IAL MEANS4 ,! WORK]S ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE CANNOT 9 FULL AUTONOMY DET]M9E ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION !Y W\LD PREF] TO USE1 = !SE >E BUT ! PRODUCTS ( O!R 5T]PRISES OR FACTORIES4 ,TOTAL AUTONOMY = EV]Y FACTORY1 9 RELATION TO MEANS1 W\LD IMPLY ?AT EA* FACTORY C\LD DET]M9E ! \TPUT ( ALL ! O!RS4 ,!SE V>I\S AUTONOMIES W\LD IMM$IATELY CANCEL EA* O!R \T4 ,?IS LIMITATION IS1 H[EV]1 LESS RIGID ?AN ! FIR/ 7! LIMITATION 9 RELATION TO T>GETS74 ,ALT]ATIONS ( ITS [N EQUIPM5T1 AS PROPOS$ BY ! US] FACTORY1 C\LD EASILY BE ACCOMMODAT$ BY ! PRODUC] FACTORY )\T ! LATT] SADDL+ ITSELF ) A HEAVY EXTRA LOAD4 

,ON A SMALL SCALE1 ?IS HAPP5S EV5 TODAY 9 9TEGRAT$ 5G9E]+ FACTORIES 7C> FACTORIES1 = 9/ANCE71 :]E A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! TOOL+ UTILIZ$ 9 ONE %OP MAY BE MADE 9 ANO!R %OP ( ! SAME FACTORY4 ,CLOSE COOP]ATION BETWE5 PLANTS MAK+ MA*9E TOOLS & PLANTS US+ !M C\LD QUICKLY LEAD TO CONSID]ABLE *ANGES 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CURR5TLY US$4.<#d.> 

,LET US N[ TAKE A LOOK AT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT ! FACTORY LEVEL 9 ITS DYNAMIC ASPECT1 I4E41 ! FUNCTION ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T 9 DEVELOP+ & TRANS=M+ SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,MORE PRECISELY1 LET US LOOK AT H[ ! DEVELOPM5T & TRANS=MATION ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION WILL BECOME ! PRIM>Y OBJECTIVE ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,EV]Y?+ WE HAVE SUGGE/$ SO F> WILL N[ HAVE TO BE REEXAM9$4 ,9 ?IS WAY WE %ALL SEE H[ ! LIMITS TO AUTONOMY WILL GRADUALLY BE PU%$ BACK4 

,! *ANGE WILL BE MO/ OBVI\S 9 RELATION TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS WE HAVE SAID1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL ATTACK ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO CONSCI\SLY TRANS=M ! TE*NOLOGY IT HAS 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 PRODUCTION EQUIPM5T -- & MORE G5]ALLY1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION -- >E PLANN$ & MANUFACTUR$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! US] & ( HIS PREF]5CES 7MANUFACTUR]S1 ( C\RSE1 PRET5D TO TAKE ! US]'S VIEWPO9T 9TO ACC\NT1 BUT ?IS HAS LITTLE TO DO ) ! REAL US]3 ! WORK] ON ! %OP FLOOR74 ,BUT EQUIPM5T IS MADE TO BE US$ PRODUCTIVELY4 ,! VIEWPO9T ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE CONSUM]S0 7I4E41 ?OSE :O WILL USE ! EQUIPM5T TO PRODUCE ! GOODS7 IS ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,AS ! VIEWS ( ?OSE :O MAKE ! EQUIPM5T >E ALSO IMPORTANT1 ! PROBLEM ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WILL ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! VITAL COOP]ATION ( !SE TWO CATEGORIES ( WORK]S4 ,9 AN 9TEGRAT$ FACTORY1 ?IS 9VOLVES P]MAN5T CONTACTS BETWE5 ! CORRESPOND+ %OPS4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 IT WILL HAVE TO TAKE PLACE ?R\< ! 9/AURATION ( NORMAL1 P]MAN5T CONTACTS BETWE5 FACTORIES & BETWE5 SECTORS ( PRODUCTION4 7,?IS PROBLEM IS DI/9CT FROM ?AT ( OV]ALL PLANN+4 ,G5]AL PLANN+ IS CONC]N$ ) DET]M9+ A QUANTITATIVE FRAMEWORK -- SO MU* /EEL & SO MANY H\RS ( LABOR AT ONE 5D1 SO MANY CONSUM] GOODS AT ! O!R4 ,IT DOES NOT HAVE TO 9T]V5E 9 ! =M OR ! TYPE ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS47 

,COOP]ATION NECESS>ILY WILL TAKE TWO =MS4 ,! *OICE & POPUL>IZATION ( ! BE/ ME?ODS1 & ! /&>DIZATION & RATIONALIZATION ( !IR USE1 WILL BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! HORIZONTAL COOP]ATION ( C\NCILS1 ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO BRAN* OR SECTOR ( 9DU/RY 7= 9/ANCE1 TEXTILES1 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 5G9E]+1 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY1 ETC474 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9TEGRATION ( ! VIEWPO9TS ( ?OSE :O MAKE & ( ?OSE :O UTILIZE EQUIPM5T 7OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 ( ?OSE :O MAKE & ?OSE :O UTILIZE 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS7 WILL REQUIRE ! V]TICAL COOP]ATION ( C\NCILS REPRES5T+ ! SUCCESSIVE /AGES ( A PRODUCTIVE PROCESS 7! /EEL 9DU/RY1 & ! MA*9E-TOOL & 5G9E]+ 9DU/RIES1 = 9/ANCE74 ,9 BO? CASES1 COOP]ATION WILL HAVE TO BE ORGANIZ$ ON A P]MAN5T BASIS ?R\< COMMITTEES ( FACTORY C\NCIL REPRES5TATIVES 7OR WID] CONF]5CES ( PRODUC]S7 ORGANIZ$ BO? HORIZONTALLY & V]TICALLY4 

,CONSID]+ ! PROBLEM FROM ?IS DYNAMIC ANGLE -- :I* ULTIMATELY IS ! ONLY IMPORTANT ONE -- WE SEE AT ONCE ?AT ! T]RA9 = EX]CIS+ AUTONOMY HAS EXP&$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,ALREADY AT ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES 7BUT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AT ! LEVEL ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 FACTORIES71 ! PRODUC]S >E BEG9N+ TO 9FLU5CE ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E1 !REBY1 REA*+ A POSITION :]E !Y >E BEG9N+ TO DOM9ATE ! WORK PROCESS3 ,!Y >E NOT ONLY DET]M9+ ITS ME?ODS BUT >E N[ ALSO MODIFY+ ITS TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE4 

,?IS FACT N[ BEG9S TO ALT] :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID AB\T T>GETS4 ,?REE-QU>T]S ( GROSS MOD]N PRODUCTION CONSI/S ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS1 O 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE4 ,:5 PRODUC]S & US]S ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS DECIDE TOGE!R AB\T ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y >E P>TICIPAT+ 9 A V]Y DIRECT & IMM$IATE WAY 9 DECISIONS AB\T ! OBJECTIVES ( PRODUCTION4 ,! REMA9+ LIMITATION1 & IT IS AN IMPORTANT ONE1 FL[S FROM ! FACT ?AT !SE MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7:ATEV] !IR EXACT NATURE7 >E DE/9$1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 TO PRODUCE CONSUM] GOODS4 ,& ! OV]ALL VOLUME ( !SE CAN ONLY BE DET]M9$1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 BY ! PLAN4 

,BUT H]E1 TOO1 LOOK+ AT ?+S DYNAMICALLY RADICALLY ALT]S ONE'S VISION4 ,MOD]N CONSUMPTION IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! CON/ANT APPE>ANCE ( NEW PRODUCTS4 ,FACTORIES PRODUC+ CONSUM] GOODS WILL CONCEIVE (1 RECEIVE SUGGE/IONS AB\T1 /UDY1 & F9ALLY PRODUCE SU* PRODUCTS4 

,?IS RAISES ! BROAD] PROBLEM ( CONTACT BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY RE/S ON A COMPLETE SEP>ATION ( !SE TWO ASPECTS O HUMAN ACTIVITY & ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CONSUM] QUA CONSUM]4 ,!RE ISN'T JU/ MONET>Y EXPLOITATION 7?R\< OV]*>G+7 & LIMITATIONS ON ONE'S 9COME4 ,CAPITALISM CLAIMS ?AT IT CAN SATISFY PEOPLE'S NE$S BETT] ?AN ANY O!R SY/EM 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT 9 FACT CAPITALISM1 IF IT DOES NOT DET]M9E !SE NE$S !MSELVES1 DECIDES UPON ! ME?OD ( SATISFY+ !M4 ,CONSUM] PREF]5CE IS ONLY ONE ( NUM]\S V>IABLES ?AT CAN BE MANIPULAT$ BY MOD]N SALES TE*NIQUES4 

,! DIVISION BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S APPE>S MO/ GL>+LY 9 RELATION TO ! QUALITY ( GOODS4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS 9SOLUBLE 9 ANY EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY AS ,DANIEL ,MO!'S DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! HUMAN-WORK] & ! ROBOT-WORK] %[S3 0,DO Y\ ?9K ?IS P>T'S IMPORTANT8 -- ,:AT'S IT TO Y\8 ,Y\ CAN ALWAYS JAM IT 9 SOMEH[40.<#d#a.> ,?OSE :O LOOK ONLY AT ! SURFACE ( ?+S SEE ONLY A COMMODITY AS A COMMODITY4 ,!Y DON'T SEE 9 IT A CRY/ALLIZ$ MOM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y SEE FAULTS OR DEFECTS1 9/EAD ( SEE+ 9 !M ! RESULTANT ( ! WORK]'S CON/ANT /RUGGLE ) HIMSELF4 ,FAULTS OR DEFECTS EMBODY ! WORK]'S /RUGGLES AGA9/ EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y ALSO EMBODY SQUABBLES BETWE5 DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! BUREAUCRACY MANAG+ ! PLANT4 

,! ELIM9ATION ( EXPLOITATION WILL ( ITSELF BR+ AB\T A *ANGE 9 ALL ?IS4 ,AT WORK1 PEOPLE WILL BEG9 TO ASS]T !IR CLAIMS AS FUTURE CONSUM]S ( :AT !Y HAVE TO 9/AURATE -- REGUL> =MS ( CONTACT 7O!R ?AN 0! M>KET07 BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 

,WE HAVE ASSUM$1 AS A />T+ PO9T = ALL ?IS1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9H]IT$ FROM PRES5T-DAY CAPITALISM4 ,BUT WE HAVE ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY CANNOT SURVIVE UNLESS IT DEMOLI%ES ?IS DIVISION4 ,?IS IS AN 5ORM\S SUBJECT ) :I* WE CANNOT EV5 BEG9 TO DEAL 9 ?IS TEXT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FIR/ B5*M>KS ( A SOLUTION CAN BE SE5 EV5 TODAY4 ,MOD]N PRODUCTION HAS DE/ROY$ MANY TRADITIONAL PR(ESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ UNIV]SAL AUTOMATIC OR SEMIAUTOMATIC MA*9ES4 ,IT HAS !REBY ITSELF DEMOLI%$ ON ITS [N ! TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK = ! 9DU/RIAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,IT HAS GIV5 BIR? TO A UNIV]SAL WORK] :O IS CAPABLE1 AFT] A RELATIVELY %ORT APPR5TICE%IP1 ( US+ MO/ EXI/+ MA*9ES4 ,ONCE ONE GETS BEYOND ITS CLASS ASPECTS1 ! 0PO/+0 ( WORK]S TO P>TICUL> JOBS 9 A BIG MOD]N FACTORY CORRESPONDS LESS & LESS TO A G5U9E DIVISION ( LABOR & MORE & MORE TO A SIMPLE DIVISION ( TASKS4 ,WORK]S >E NOT ALLOCAT$ TO GIV5 >EAS ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS & !N RIVET$ TO !M BECAUSE !IR 0OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS0 9V>IABLY CORRESPOND TO ! 0SKILLS REQUIR$0 BY MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y >E PLAC$ H]E RA!R ?AN !RE BECAUSE PUTT+ A P>TICUL> WORK] 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE AT A P>TICUL> TIME HAPP5S TO SUIT ! P]SONNEL (FIC] -- OR ! =EMAN -- OR1 MORE PROSAICALLY1 JU/ BECAUSE A P>TICUL> VACANCY HAPP5$ TO EXI/4 

,UND] SOCIALISM1 FACTORIES W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO ACCEPT ! >TIFICIALLY RIGID DIVISION ( LABOR N[ PREVAIL+4 ,!RE WILL BE EV]Y REASON TO 5C\RAGE A ROTATION ( WORK]S BETWE5 %OPS & DEP>TM5TS -- & BETWE5 PRODUCTION & (FICE >EAS4 ,SU* A ROTATION WILL GREATLY HELP WORK]S TO MANAGE PRODUCTION 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS AS MORE & MORE WORK]S DEVELOP FIR/H& FAMILI>ITY ) :AT GOES ON :]E !Y WORK4 ,! SAME APPLIES TO ROTATION ( WORK]S 7BETWE5 V>I\S 5T]PRISES1 & 9 P>TICUL> BETWE5 0PRODUC+0 & 0UTILIZ+0 UNITS74 

,! RESIDUES ( CAPITALISM'S DIVISION ( LABOR GRADUALLY WILL HAVE TO BE ELIM9AT$4 ,?IS OV]LAPS ) ! G5]AL PROBLEM ( $UCATION NOT ONLY ( G5]ATIONS TO COME BUT ( ?OSE ADULTS :O W]E BR\<T UP UND] ! PREVI\S SYS TEM4 ,WE CANNOT GO 9TO ?IS PROBLEM H]E4 

,SIMPLIFICATION & ,RATIONALIZATION ( ,G5]AL ,ECONOMIC ,PROBLEMS 

,! FUNCTION+ ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMY IMPLIES ?AT ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES WILL CONSCI\SLY MANAGE ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,?IS MANAGEM5T WILL BE EX]CIS$ AT ALL LEVELS1 & 9 P>TICUL> AT ! OV]ALL OR C5TRAL LEVEL4 ,IT IS COMPLETELY ILLUSORY TO BELIEVE ?AT EI!R A C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY LEFT TO ITSELF OR EV5 A BUREAUCRACY 0CONTROLL$0 BY ! WORK]S C\LD GUIDE ! ECONOMY T[>D SOCIALISM1 ,SU* A BUREAUCRACY C\LD ONLY LEAD SOCIETY T[>D NEW =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 NOT DIRECT ! ECONOMY 9 ! DESIR$ DIRECTION4 ,IT IS JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE = AN 05LI<T5$0 BUREAUCRACY1 ! ME*ANISMS ( A 0TRUE M>KET0 7SUPPOS$LY RE/OR$ TO ITS PRI/9E & ORIG9AL1 PRECAPITALI/1 PURITY71 OR ! REGULATORY CONTROL AF=D$ BY SOME ELECTRONIC SUP]COMPUT] TO A*IEVE SU* AN IDEAL 5D4 ,ANY PLAN PRESUPPOSES A FUNDAM5TAL DECISION ON ! RATE ( GR[? ( ! ECONOMY1 & ?IS 9 TURN DEP5DS ESS5TIALLY ON DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BETWE5 9VE/M5T & CONSUMPTION4 

7,ONE MI<T ADD ?AT ! RATE ( ECONOMIC GR[? ALSO DEP5DS3 7#a7 ON TE*NICAL PROGRESS .<BUT SU* TE*NICAL PROGRESS IS ITSELF CRITICALLY DEP5D5T ON ! AM\NTS ( 9VE/M5T PUT1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 9TO RESE>*.>2 & 7#b7 ON ! EVOLUTION ( ! LABOR PRODUCTIVITY .<BUT ?IS H+ES ON ! AM\NT ( CAPITAL 9VE/$ P] WORK] & ON ! LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE -- & !SE TWO FACTORS AGA9 BR+ US BACK TO ! L>G] QUE/ION ( 9VE/M5T4 ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR DEP5DS ON ! PRODUC]S' ATTITUDE T[>D ! ECONOMY4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 W\LD C5T] ON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDE T[>D ! PLAN1 ON H[ ITS T>GETS W]E E/ABLI%$1 ON !IR [N 9VOLVEM5T & S5SE ( ID5TIFICATION ) ! DECISIONS REA*$1 & 9 G5]AL ON FACTORS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS TEXT.>47 

,N[1 !RE IS NO 0OBJECTIVE0 RATIONAL BASIS = DET]M9+ H[ TO DI/RIBUTE ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,A DECISION TO 9VE/ Z]O P]C5T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT IS NEI!R MORE NOR LESS OBJECTIVELY RATIONAL ?AN A DECISION TO 9VE/ #i P]C5T ( IT4 ,! ONLY RATIONALITY 9 ! MATT] IS ! *OICE PEOPLE MAKE AB\T !IR [N FATE1 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,! FIX+ ( PLAN T>GETS BY ?OSE :O WILL HAVE TO FULFILL !M IS1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ( !IR WILL+ & SPONTANE\S P>TICIPATION & H5CE ( AN EFFECTIVE MOBILIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALS >\ND BO? ! MANAGEM5T & ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMY4 

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! PLAN & ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY >E 0JU/ POLITICAL MATT]S40 ,SOCIALI/ PLANN+ WILL BASE ITSELF ON C]TA9 RATIONAL TE*NICAL FACTORS4 ,IT IS 9 FACT ! ONLY TYPE ( PLANN+ ?AT C\LD 9TEGRATE SU* FACTORS 9TO A CONSCI\S MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,!SE FACTORS CONSI/ ( A NUMB] ( EXTREMELY USEFUL & EFFECTIVE 0LABOR-SAV+0 & 0?\<T-SAV+0 DEVICES ?AT CAN BE US$ TO SIMPLIFY ! REPRES5TATION ( ! ECONOMY & ITS LAWS1 !REBY ALL[+ ! PROBLEMS ( C5TRAL ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T TO BE MADE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 7?IS TIME AT ! LEVEL ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE & NOT JU/ AT ! LEVEL ( A P>TICUL> FACTORY7 WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY IF MANAGEM5T TASKS HAVE BE5 5ORM\SLY SIMPLIFI$1 SO ?AT ! PRODUC]S & !IR COLLECTIVE ORGANS >E 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE ! KEY ISSUES 9 AN 9=M$ WAY4 ,:AT IS NE$$1 9 O!R WORDS1 IS = ! VA/ *AOS ( TODAY'S ECONOMIC FACTS & RELATIONS TO BE BOIL$ D[N TO C]TA9 PROPOSITIONS ?AT ADEQUATELY SUM UP ! REAL PROBLEMS & *OICES4 ,!SE PROPOSITIONS %\LD BE FEW 9 NUMB]4 ,!Y %\LD BE EASY TO GRASP4 ,!Y %\LD SUMM>IZE REALITY )\T DI/ORTION OR MY/IFICATION4 ,IF !Y CAN DO ?IS1 !Y WILL =M AN ADEQUATE BASIS = MEAN+FUL JUDGM5TS4 

,A COND5SATION ( ?IS TYPE IS POSSIBLE1 FIR/1 BECAUSE !RE IS AT LEA/ A RATIONAL \TL9E TO ! ECONOMY2 SECOND1 BECAUSE !RE ALREADY EXI/ TODAY C]TA9 TE*NIQUES ALL[+ ONE TO GRASP ! COMPLEXITIES ( ECONOMIC REALITY2 & F9ALLY1 BECAUSE IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO ME*ANIZE & TO AUTOMATE ALL ?AT DOES NOT P]TA9 ,9 HUMAN DECISIONS 9 ! /RICT S5SE4 

,A DISCUSSION ( ! RELEVANT DEVICES1 TE*NIQUES1 & POSSIBILITIES IS !RE=E 9DISP5SABLE1 />T+ RI<T N[4 ,!Y 5ABLE US TO C>RY \T A VA/ CLE>+ ( GR\ND4 ,)\T !M1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T W\LD COLLAPSE UND] ! WEI<T ( ! V]Y SUBJECT MATT] IT \<T TO BE GETT+ A H&LE ON4 ,! CONT5T ( SU* IT DISCUSSION IS 9 NO S5SE A 0PURELY TE*NICAL0 ONE1 & AT EA* /AGE WE WILL BE BID$ BY ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ALREADY \TL9$ H]E4 

,A PRODUCTION PLAN1 :E!R IT DEALS ) ONE FACTORY OR ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 IS A TYPE ( REASON+ 7MADE UP ( A GREAT NUMB] ( SECOND>Y >GUM5TS74 ,IT CAN BE BOIL$ D[N TO TWO PREMISES & ONE CONCLUSION4 ,! TWO PREMISES >E ! MAT]IAL MEANS 9ITIALLY AT ONE'S DISPOSAL 7EQUIPM5T1 /OCKS1 LABOR1 ETC47 & ! T>GET ONE IS AIM+ AT 7PRODUCTION ( SO MANY SPECIFI$ OBJECTS & S]VICES1 )9 A GIV5 P]IOD ( TIME74 ,WE WILL REF] TO !SE PREMISES AS ! 09ITIAL CONDITIONS0 & ! 0ULTIMATE T>GET40 ,! 0CONCLUSION0 IS ! PA? TO BE FOLL[$ FROM 9ITIAL CONDITIONS TO ULTIMATE T>GET4 ,9 PRACTICE ?IS MEANS A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS TO BE MADE )9 A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,WE WILL CALL !SE CONCLUSIONS ! 09T]M$IATE T>GETS40 

,:5 PASS+ FROM SIMPLE 9ITIAL CONDITIONS TO A SIMPLE ULTIMATE T>GET1 ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS CAN BE DET]M9$ RI<T AWAY4 ,AS ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS OR ! ULTIMATE T>GETS 7OR BO?7 BECOME MORE COMPLEX1 OR >E MORE SPREAD \T 9 TIME1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9T]M$IATE T>GETS BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE 7:]E !RE >E ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T PRODUCTS1 MANY ( :I* CAN BE MADE BY SEV]AL DIFF]5T PROCESSES1 & :]E ! MANUFACTURE ( ANY GIV5 CATEGORY ( PRODUCTS DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9VOLVES MO/ ( ! O!RS71 ONE MI<T IMAG9E ?AT ! LEVEL ( COMPLEXITY MAKES RATIONAL PLANN+ 79 ! S5SE ( AN A PRIORI DET]M9ATION ( ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS1 GIV5 ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS & ULTIMATE T>GET7 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! APOLOGI/S = 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 HAVE BE5 PROCLAIM+ ?IS DOCTR9E = AGES4 ,BUT IT IS FALSE4.<#d#b.> ,! PROBLEM CAN BE SOLV$ & AVAILABLE MA!MATICAL TE*NIQUES 9 FACT ALL[ IT TO BE SOLV$ REM>KABLY SIMPLY4 ,ONCE ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS 7! ECONOMIC SITUATION AT ! />T ( ! PLANN+ PROCESS7 >E KN[N & ! ULTIMATE T>GET OR T>GETS HAVE BE5 CONSCI\SLY SET1 ALL PLANN+ WORK 7! DET]M9ATION ( ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS7 CAN BE R$UC$ TO A PURELY TE*NICAL TASK ( EXECUTION1 CAPABLE ( BE+ ME*ANIZ$ & AUTOMAT$ TO A V]Y HI< DEGREE4 

,! BASIS ( ! NEW ME?ODS IS ! CONCEPT ( ! TOTAL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ALL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY 7! FACT ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT ONE SECTOR UTILIZES 9 PRODUCTION IS ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( ONE OR MORE O!R SECTORS2 & ! CONV]SE FACT ?AT EV]Y PRODUCT ( A GIV5 SECTOR WILL ULTIMATELY BE UTILIZ$ OR CONSUM$ BY ONE OR MORE O!R SECTORS74 ,! IDEA1 :I* GOES BACK TO ,QUESNAY & :I* =M$ ! BASIS ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 HAS BE5 VA/LY DEVELOP$ 9 ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S BY A GR\P ( ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/S >\ND ,W ,LEONTIEF ?AT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ IT A /ATI/ICAL =MULATION ?AT CAN BE APPLI$ TO A REAL ECONOMY 9 A /ATE ( CON/ANT EXPANSION4.<#d#c.> ,?IS 9T]DEP5D5CE IS SU* ?AT AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T 7= A GIV5 LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE & A GIV5 /RUCTURE ( AVAILABLE EQUIPM5T7 ! PRODUCTION ( EA* SECTOR IS RELAT$1 9 A RELATIVELY /ABLE MANN]1 TO ! PRODUCTS ( O!R SECTORS ?AT ! FIR/ SECTOR UTILIZES 7OR3 0CONSUMES PRODUCTIVELY074 

,IT IS EASY TO GRASP ?AT A GIV5 QUANTITY ( COAL IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE A TON ( /EEL ( A GIV5 TYPE4 ,MOREOV]1 ONE WILL NE$ SO MU* SCRAP METAL OR IRON ORE1 SO MANY H\RS ( LABOR1 SU* & SU* AN EXP5DITURE ON UPKEEP & REPAIRS4 ,! RATIO 0COAL US$_//EEL PRODUC$10 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 IS KN[N AS ! 0CURR5T TE*NICAL COEFFICI5T0 DET]M9+ ! PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION ( COAL P] UNIT ( /EEL TURN$ \T4 ,IF ONE WANTS TO 9CREASE /EEL PRODUCTION BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T1 IT WILL NOT HELP JU/ TO GO ON DELIV]+ MORE COAL OR MORE SCRAP METAL TO ! EXI/+ /EEL MILLS4 ,NEW MILLS WILL HAVE TO BE BUILT4 ,OR ONE WILL HAVE TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( EXI/+ MILLS4 ,TO 9CREASE /EEL \TPUT BY A GIV5 AM\NT ONE WILL HAVE TO PRODUCE A GIV5 AM\NT ( SPECIFI$ EQUIPM5T4 ,! RATIO 0GIV5 AM\NT ( SPECIFI$ EQUIPM5T_//EEL-PRODUC+ CAPACITY P] GIV5 P]IOD10 AGA9 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 IS KN[N AS ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5T ( CAPITAL40 ,IT DET]M9ES ! QUANTITY ( CAPITAL UTILIZ$ P] UNIT ( /EEL PRODUC$ 9 A GIV5 P]IOD4 

,ONE C\LD /OP AT ?IS PO9T IF ONE W]E ONLY DEAL+ ) A S+LE 5T]PRISE4 ,EV]Y FIRM BASES ITSELF ON CALCULATIONS ( ?IS SORT 79 FACT1 ON MU* MORE DETAIL$ ONES7 :5EV]1 9 MAK+ DECISIONS AB\T H[ MU* TO PRODUCE OR H[ MU* TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION1 IT BUYS RAW MAT]IALS1 ORD]S MA*9]Y OR RECRUITS LABOR4 ,BUT :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 ?+S *ANGE4 ,! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! V>I\S SECTORS HAS DEF9ITE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION 9 A GIV5 SECTOR HAS REP]CUSSIONS 7( V>Y+ 9T5SITY7 ON ALL O!R SECTORS & F9ALLY ON ! 9ITIAL SECTOR ITSELF4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( /EEL IMM$IATELY REQUIRES AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COAL4 ,BUT ?IS REQUIRES BO? AN 9CREASE 9 C]TA9 TYPES ( M9+ EQUIPM5T & ! RECRUITM5T ( MORE LABOR 9TO M9+4 ,! 9CREAS$ DEM& = M9+ EQUIPM5T 9 TURN REQUIRES MORE /EEL1 & MORE LABOR 9 ! /EEL MILLS4 ,?IS 9 TURN LEADS TO A DEM& = /ILL MORE COAL1 ETC41 ETC4 ,= !IR P>T1 NEWLY HIR$ WORK]S GET 9CREAS$ WAGES1 & !RE=E !Y BUY MORE CONSUM] GOODS ( V>I\S K9DS4 ,! PRODUCTION ( !SE NEW GOODS WILL REQUIRE SU* & SU* AN AM\NT ( RAW MAT]IALS1 NEW EQUIPM5T1 ETC4 7&1 AGA91 MORE COAL & /EEL74 ,! QUE/ION ( H[ MU* ! DEM& = NYLON /OCK+S WILL RISE 9 ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA OR ! ,BASSES-,PYR5EES IF A NEW BLA/ FURNACE W]E TO BE BUILT 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA OR ! ,LORRA9E IS NOT A JOKE BUT ONE ( ! C5TRAL PROBLEMS TO :I* PLANN]S %\LD -- & CAN -- RESPOND4 

,! USE ( ,LEONTIEF S MATRICES1 COMB9$ ) O!R MOD]N ME?ODS SU* AS ,KOOPMAN'S 0ACTIVITY ANALYSIS0.<#d#d.> 7( :I* 0OP]ATIONAL RESE>*0 IS A SPECIFIC 9/ANCE7 W\LD1 9 ! CASE ( A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 ALL[ !ORETICALLY EXACT ANSW]S TO BE GIV5 TO QUE/IONS ( ?IS TYPE4 ,A MATRIX IS A TABLE ON :I* ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS 7BO? 0CURR5T TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS0 & 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( CAPITAL07 EXPRESS+ ! DEP5D5CE ( EA* SECTOR UPON EA* ( ! O!RS >E LAID \T SY/EMATICALLY4 ,EV]Y ULTIMATE T>GET ?AT MI<T BE *OS5 IS PRES5T$ AS A LI/ ( MAT]IAL MEANS TO BE UTILIZ$ 7& !RE=E MANUFACTUR$7 9 SPECIFIC AM\NTS1 )9 ! P]IOD 9 QUE/ION4 ,AS SOON AS ! ULTIMATE T>GET IS *OS51 ! SOLUTION ( A SY/EM ( SIMULTANE\S EQUATIONS 5ABLES ONE TO DEF9E IMM$IATELY ALL ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS & !RE=E ! TASKS TO BE FULFIL$ BY EA* SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 

,SOLV+ !SE PROBLEMS WILL BE ! TASK ( A HI<LY ME*ANIZ$ & AUTOMAT$ SPECIFIC 5T]PRISE1 :OSE MA9 WORK WILL CONSI/ ( A V]ITABLE 0MASS PRODUCTION0 ( V>I\S PLANS 7T>GETS7 & ( !IR V>I\S COMPON5TS 7IMPLICATIONS74 

,?IS 5T]PRISE IS ! PLAN FACTORY4 ,ITS C5TRAL WORK%OP WILL1 TO />T )1 PROBABLY CONSI/ ( A COMPUT] :OSE 0MEMORY0 WILL /ORE ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS & ! 9ITIAL PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( EA* SECTOR4 ,IF 0F$0 A NUMB] ( HYPO!TICAL T>GETS1 ! COMPUT] WILL 0PRODUCE0 ! PRODUCTIVE IMPLICATION ( EA* T>GET = EA* SECTOR 79CLUD+ ! AM\NT ( WORK TO BE PROVID$1 9 EA* 9/ANCE1 BY ! 0MANP[]0 SECTOR74 

7,! DIVISION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO SOME #a SECTORS1 :I* R\<LY CORRESPONDS TO PRES5T .<#a#i#e#g.> COMPUT] CAPACITY1 IS AB\T 0HALFWAY0 BETWE5 ITS DIVISION .<BY ,M>X.> 9TO TWO SECTORS .<CONSUM] GOODS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION.> & ! FEW ?\S& SECTORS ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO 5SURE A P]FECTLY EXACT REPRES5TATION4 ,PRES5T COMPUT] CAPABILITIES W\LD PROBABLY BE SUFFICI5T 9 PRACTICE1 & C\LD BE MADE MORE PRECISE1 EV5 N[1 BY TACKL+ ! PROBLEM 9 SEV]AL /AGES47 

,>\ND ?IS C5TRAL WORK%OP !RE W\LD BE O!RS :OSE TASKS W\LD BE TO /UDY ! DI/RIBUTION & V>IATIONS ( REGIONAL PRODUCTION & 9VE/M5T & POSSIBLE TE*NICAL OPTIMA 7GIV5 ! G5]AL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! V>I\S SECTORS74 ,!Y W\LD ALSO DET]M9E ! UNIT VALUES 7EQUIVAL5CES7 ( DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( PRODUCTS4 

,TWO DEP>TM5TS ( ! PLAN FACTORY W>RANT SPECIAL M5TION3 ! ONE DEAL+ ) /OCK TAK+ & ! ONE DEAL+ ) ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS4 

,! QUALITY ( ! PLANN+ WORK1 :5 CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 DEP5DS ON H[ MU* PEOPLE KN[ AB\T ! REAL /ATE ( ! ECONOMY1 S9CE SU* KN[L$GE =MS ! BASIS ( ALL PLANN+ WORK4 ,AN ACCURATE SOLUTION1 9 O!R WORDS1 DEP5DS ON ADEQUATE 9=MATION BO? AB\T ! 09ITIAL CONDITIONS0 & ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS40 ,9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL C5SUSES >E C>RI$ \T AT REGUL> 9T]VALS1 EV5 TODAY1 BY A NUMB] ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 BUT !Y (F] ONLY A V]Y CRUDE BASIS BECAUSE !Y >E EXTREMELY 9ACCURATE1 FRAGM5T$1 & BAS$ ON 9SUFFICI5T DATA4 ,! TAK+ ( AN UP-TO-DATE & COMPLETE 9V5TORY WILL BE ! FIR/ TASK1 ONCE ! WORK]S TAKE P[]1 & IT WILL REQUIRE A GREAT DEAL ( S]I\S PREP>ATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE A*IEV$ 0BY DECREE10 FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT4 ,NOR1 ONCE TAK51 C\LD SU* AN 9V5TORY BE CONSID]$ F9AL4 ,P]FECT+ IT & KEEP+ IT UP-TO-DATE WILL BE AN ONGO+ TASK ( ! PLAN FACTORY1 WORK+ 9 CLOSE COOP]ATION ) ! DEP>TM5TS RESPONSIBLE = 9DU/RIAL /OCK TAK+ 9 !IR [N 5T]PRISES4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS COOP]ATION WILL CON/ANTLY MODIFY & 05RI*0 ! 0MEMORY0 ( ! C5TRAL COMPUT] 7:I* 9DE$ WILL ITSELF TAKE ON A L>GE P>T ( ! JOB74 

,E/ABLI%+ ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS0 WILL POSE SIMIL> PROBLEMS4 ,TO />T )1 IT C\LD BE DONE V]Y R\<LY1 US+ C]TA9 G5]ALLY AVAILABLE /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION 70ON AV]AGE1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY USES SO MU* COTTON TO PRODUCE SO MU* CLO?074 ,BUT SU* KN[L$GE SOON WILL HAVE TO BE MADE F> MORE PRECISE ?R\< 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! RESPONSIBLE TE*NICAL WORK]S 9 EA* 9DU/RY4 ,! DATA 0/ORES0 9 ! COMPUT] WILL HAVE TO BE P]IODICALLY REVIS$ AS MORE ACCURATE KN[L$GE AB\T ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS -- & 9 P>TICUL> AB\T ! REAL *ANGES 9 !SE COEFFICI5TS BR\<T AB\T BY NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS -- IS BR\<T TO LI<T4 

,SU* 9-DEP? KN[L$GE ( ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS ( ! ECONOMY1 COMB9$ ) ! CON/ANT REVISION ( BASIC PHYSICAL & TE*NICAL DATA & ) ! POSSIBILITY ( DRAW+ 9/ANTANE\S CONCLUSIONS FROM !M1 WILL RESULT 9 V]Y CONSID]ABLE1 PROBABLY 5ORM\S GA9S1 ?\< IT IS DIFFICULT AT ?IS TIME TO =M A PRECISE IDEA ( ! EXT5T ( !SE *ANGES4 ,! POT5TIALITIES ( !SE NEW COMPUT]-ASSI/$ TE*NIQUES HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT$ 9 P>TICUL> 9/ANCES TO MAKE CONSID]ABLE IMPROVEM5TS UPON PA/ PRACTICES1 ?US LEAD+ TO GREAT] RATIONALITY & ECONOMIC SAV+S4 ,BUT !SE POT5TIALITIES REMA9 UNTAPP$ 9 ! V]Y >EA :]E !Y C\LD BE MO/ USEFULLY APPLI$3 ?AT ( ! ECONOMY TAK5 AS A :OLE4 ,ANY TE*NICAL MODIFICATION1 9 ANY SECTOR1 C\LD 9 PR9CIPLE AFFECT ! CONDITIONS = PR(ITABILITY & ! RATIONAL *OICE ( PRODUCTION ME?ODS 9 ALL O!R SECTORS4 ,A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY WILL BE ABLE TOTALLY & 9/ANTANE\SLY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( SU* FACTS4 ,CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES TAKE !M 9TO ACC\NT ONLY BELAT$LY & 9 A V]Y P>TIAL WAY4 

,IT WILL BE IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE TO ACTUALLY SET UP SU* A PLAN FACTORY 9 ANY MOD]ATELY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,! NECESS>Y EQUIPM5T ALREADY EXI/S4 ,SO DO ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( OP]AT+ IT4 ,BANKS & 9SURANCE COMPANIES 7:I* WILL BE UNNECESS>Y UND] SOCIALISM7 ALREADY USE SOME ( !SE ME?ODS 9 WORK ( ?IS G5]AL TYPE4 ,L9K+ UP ) MA!MATICIANS1 /ATI/ICIANS1 & ECONOMETRICIANS1 ?OSE :O WORK 9 SU* (FICES C\LD PROVIDE ! 9ITIAL P]SONNEL ( ! PLAN FACTORY4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! REQUIREM5TS ( A RATIONAL ECONOMY WILL PROVIDE A TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO ! SIMULTANE\SLY 0SPONTANE\S_/AUTOMATIC0 & 0CONSCI\S0 DEVELOPM5T ( ! LOGICAL & ME*ANICAL ASPECTS ( RATIONAL PLANN+ TE*NIQUES4 

,LET US NOT BE MISUND]/OOD2 ! ROLE ( ! 0PLAN FACTORY0 WILL NOT BE TO DECIDE ON ! PLAN4 ,! T>GETS ( ! PLAN WILL BE DET]M9$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 9 A MANN] SOON TO BE DESCRIB$4 ,BE=E ANY PROPOSALS >E VOT$ UPON1 H[EV]1 ! PLAN FACTORY WILL WORK \T & PRES5T TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE ! IMPLICATIONS & CONSEQU5CES ( ! PLAN 7OR PLANS7 SUGGE/$4 ,AFT] A PLAN HAS BE5 ADOPT$1 ! TASK ( ! PLAN FACTORY WILL BE TO CON/ANTLY BR+ UP TO DATE ! FACTS ON :I* ! CURR5T PLAN IS BAS$1 & TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM !SE MODIFICATIONS1 9=M+ BO? ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS & ! RELEVANT SECTORS ( ANY ALT]ATIONS 9 ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS 7& !RE=E 9 PRODUCTION TASKS7 ?AT MI<T BE WOR? CONSID]+4 

,9 NONE ( !SE 9/ANCES W\LD ?OSE ACTUALLY WORK+ 9 ! PLAN FACTORY DECIDE ANY?+ -- EXCEPT1 LIKE 9 EV]Y O!R FACTORY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N WORK4 

,! ,M>KET = ,CONSUM] ,GOODS 

,) A FIX$ SET ( TE*NIQUES1 ! DET]M9ATION ( 9T]M$IATE T>GETS IS1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 A PURELY ME*ANICAL MATT]4 ,) CON/ANTLY & P]MAN5TLY EVOLV+ TE*NIQUES1 O!R PROBLEMS >ISE ?AT WE WILL TREAT LAT]4 ,BUT :AT AB\T CONSUMPTION8 ,9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 H[ C\LD PEOPLE DET]M9E :AT & H[ MU* IS TO BE PRODUC$8 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS CANNOT BE BAS$ ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,! PLAN CANNOT PROPOSE1 AS AN ULTIMATE T>GET1 A COMPLETE LI/ ( CONSUM] GOODS OR SUGGE/ 9 :AT PROPORTIONS !Y %\LD BE PRODUC$4 ,SU* A PROPOSAL W\LD NOT BE DEMOCRATIC1 = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 IT C\LD NEV] BE BAS$ ON 0FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS10 NAMELY1 ON A FULL KN[L$GE ( EV]YBODY'S PREF]5CES4 ,SECOND1 IT W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO A PO9TLESS TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY4 ,IF #d P]C5T ( ! POPULATION WI% TO CONSUME A C]TA9 >TICLE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( IT UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ! O!R #f P]C5T PREF] SOME?+ ELSE4 ,NO PREF]5CE OR TA/E IS MORE LOGICAL ?AN ANY O!R4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO REASON AT ALL TO CUT %ORT ! PROBLEM 9 ?IS WAY1 S9CE CONSUM] WI%ES >E SELDOM 9COMPATIBLE ) ONE ANO!R4 ,MAJORITY VOTES 9 ?IS MATT] W\LD AM\NT TO RATION+1 AN IRRATIONAL & ABSURD WAY ( SETTL+ ?IS K9D ( PROBLEM ANY:]E BUT ON ! RAFT ( ,M$USA OR 9 A BESIEG$ =TRESS4 

,PLANN+ DECISIONS !RE=E WILL RELATE NOT TO P>TICUL> ITEMS BUT TO ! G5]AL /&>D ( LIV+ 7! OV]ALL VOLUME ( CONSUMPTION71 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( ! DISPOSABLE 9COME ( EA* P]SON 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!Y WILL NOT DELVE 9TO ! DETAIL$ COMPOSITION ( ?IS CONSUMPTION4 

,ONCE ! OV]ALL VOLUME ( CONSUMPTION IS DEF9$1 ONE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO TREAT ITS CON/ITU5T >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION AS 09T]M$IATE T>GETS40 ,ONE MI<T SAY1 0,:5 CONSUM]S DISPOSE ( X AM\NT ( 9COME1 !Y WILL BUY Y AM\NT ( SOME P>TICUL> >TICLE40 ,BUT ?IS W\LD BE AN >TIFICIAL & ULTIMATELY ]RONE\S RESPONSE4 

,9 RELATION TO HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 DECID+ ON LIV+ /&>DS DOES NOT 9VOLVE ! SAME K9D ( CONSID]ATIONS ?AT GO 9TO DET]M9+ H[ MANY TONS ( COAL >E NE$$ TO PRODUCE SO MANY TONS ( /EEL4 ,!RE >E NO 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( ! CONSUM]40 ,9 ACTUAL1 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 SU* COEFFICI5TS HAVE AN 9TR9SIC MEAN+1 BUT 9 ! REALM ( CONSUMPTION !Y W\LD REPRES5T M]ELY A BOOKKEEP+ CONTRIVANCE4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 !RE IS ( C\RSE SOME /ATI/ICAL CORRELATION BETWE5 9COME & ! /RUCTURE ( DEM& 7)\T SU* A CORRELATION PRIVATE CAPITALISM C\LD NOT FUNCTION74 ,BUT ?IS IS ONLY A V]Y RELATIVE AFFAIR4 ,IT W\LD BE TURN$ UPSIDE D[N UND] SOCIALISM4 ,A MASSIVE R$I/RIBUTION ( 9COMES WILL HAVE TAK5 PLACE2 MANY PR(\ND *ANGES WILL HAVE OCCURR$ 9 EV]Y REALM ( LIFE2 ! P]MAN5T RAPE ( CONSUM]S ?R\< ADV]TIS+ & CAPITALI/ SALES TE*NIQUES WILL HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$2 & NEW TA/ES WILL HAVE EM]G$ AS ! RESULT ( AN 9CREASE 9 FREE TIME4 

,F9ALLY1 ! /ATI/ICAL REGUL>ITY ( CONSUM] DEM& CANNOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( GAPS ?AT MI<T APPE> )9 A GIV5 P]IOD BETWE5 REAL DEM& & ?AT 5VISAG$ 9 ! PLAN4 ,G5U9E PLANN+ DOES NOT MEAN SAY+1 0,LIV+ /&>DS WILL GO UP BY #e P]C5T NEXT YE>1 & EXP]I5CE TELLS US ?AT ?IS WILL RESULT 9 A #b P]C5T 9CREASE 9 ! DEM& = C>S1 SO LET'S MAKE #b P]C5T MORE C>S10 & /OPP+ AT ?AT4 ,ONE WILL HAVE TO />T ?IS WAY1 :]E O!R CRIT]IA >E MISS+1 BUT !RE WILL HAVE TO BE P[]FUL CORRECT+ ME*ANISMS CAPABLE ( RESPOND+ TO DISP>ITIES BETWE5 ANTICIPAT$ & REAL DEM&4 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO REGULATE ! PATT]N ( ITS CONSUMPTION ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( CONSUM] SOV]EIGNTY1 :I* IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( A REAL M>KET = CONSUM] GOODS4 ,! 0G5]AL DECISION0 EMBODI$ 9 ! PLAN WILL DEF9E3 7#a7 :AT PROPORTION ( ITS OV]ALL PRODUCT SOCIETY WI%ES TO DEVOTE TO ! SATISFACTION ( 9DIVIDUAL CONSUM] NE$S1 7#b7 :AT PROPORTION IT W\LD LIKE TO ALLOCATE TO COLLECTIVE NE$S 70PUBLIC CONSUMPTION071 & 7#c7 :AT PROPORTION IT WANTS TO APPLY TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 7I4E41 9VE/M5T74 ,BUT ! /RUCTURE ( CONSUMPTION WILL HAVE TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! DEM& ( CONSUM]S !MSELVES4 

,H[ W\LD ?IS M>KET OP]ATE8 ,H[ C\LD A MUTUAL ADAPTATION ( SUPPLY & DEM& COME AB\T8 

,FIR/1 !RE W\LD HAVE TO BE AN OV]ALL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( 9COME DI/RIBUT$ 9 ANY GIV5 P]IOD 70WAGES10 RETIREM5T FUNDS1 & O!R B5EFITS7 WILL HAVE TO BE EQUAL TO ! VALUE ( CONSUM] GOODS 7QUANTITIES X PRICES7 MADE AVAILABLE 9 ?AT P]IOD4 ,AN 0EMPIRICAL0 9ITIAL DECISION WILL !N HAVE TO BE MADE 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE AT LEA/ A SKELETON = ! /RUCTURE ( CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS 9ITIAL DECISION WILL BE BAS$ ON TRADITIONALLY 0KN[N0 /ATI/ICAL DATA1 BUT 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! FACT ?AT !SE WILL HAVE TO BE EXT5SIVELY MODIFI$ BY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT A :OLE S]IES ( NEW FACTORS 7SU* AS ! EQUALIZATION ( WAGES1 = 9/ANCE74 ,/OCKS ( V>I\S COMMODITIES 9 EXCESS ( :AT MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO BE CONSUM$ 9 A GIV5 P]IOD WILL1 9ITIALLY1 HAVE TO BE S*$UL$ =4 

,?REE 0CORRECTIVE0 PROCESSES WILL !N COME 9TO PLAY1 ! NET RESULT ( :I* WILL BE TO %[ IMM$IATELY ANY GAP BETWE5 ANTICIPAT$ & REAL DEM&1 & !N TO BRIDGE IT3 

,AVAILABLE /OCKS WILL EI!R RISE OR FALL4 

,ACCORD+ TO :E!R ! RES]VE /OCKS DECREAS$ OR 9CREAS$ 7I4E41 ACCORD+ TO :E!R DEM& HAD BE5 9ITIALLY UND]E/IMAT$ OR OV]E/IMAT$71 !RE WILL BE AN 9ITIAL RISE OR FALL 9 ! PRICE ( ! V>I\S COMMODITIES4 ,! REASON = !SE TEMPOR>Y PRICE FLUCTUATIONS WILL HAVE TO BE FULLY EXPLA9$ TO ! PUBLIC4 

,MEAN:ILE1 !RE WILL BE AN IMM$IATE READJU/M5T 9 ! /RUCTURE = PRODUC+ CONSUM] GOODS TO ! LEVEL :]E 7! /OCKS HAV+ BE5 REPL5I%$7 ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS EQUALS ! DEM&4 ,AT ?AT MOM5T1 ! SALE DEM& & ! AM\NT ( PRODUCTION S*$UL$ WILL HAVE TO BE CORRECT$ BY A MODIFICATION 9 ! /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION & NOT BY RESORT+ TO ! 9/AURATION ( P]MAN5T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SELL+ PRICES & NORMAL PRICES4 ,IF SU* DIFF]5CES W]E TO APPE>1 !Y W\LD IMPLY IPSO FACTO ?AT ! ORIG9AL PLANN+ DECISION WAS WRONG1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> FIELD4 

,MONEY1 ,PRICES1 ,WAGES1 & ,VALUE 

,MANY ABSURDITIES HAVE BE5 SPOK5 AB\T MONEY & ITS IMM$IATE ABOLITION 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT %\LD BE CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ROLE ( MONEY IS RADICALLY TRANS=M$ FROM ! MOM5T IT NO LONG] CAN BE US$ AS A MEANS ( ACCUMULATION 7! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BE+ [N$ 9 COMMON7 OR AS A MEANS ( EX]T+ SOCIAL PRESSURE 7WAGES BE+ EQUAL74 

,PEOPLE WILL RECEIVE A TOK5 .<REV5U.> 9 RETURN = :AT !Y PUT 9TO SOCIETY4 ,!SE 0TOK5S0 WILL TAKE ! =M ( UNITS .<SIGNES.>1 ALL[+ PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE :AT !Y TAKE \T ( SOCIETY1 SPREAD+ IT \T 7#a7 9 TIME1 & 7#b7 BETWE5 DIFF]5T OBJECTS & S]VICES1 EXACTLY AS !Y WI%4 ,AS WE >E SEEK+ H]E TO COME TO GRIPS ) REALITIES & >E NOT FI<T+ AGA9/ WORDS1 WE SEE NO OBJECTION TO CALL+ !SE TOK5S 0WAGES0 & !SE UNITS 0MONEY10 JU/ AS A LITTLE E>LI] WE US$ ! WORDS 0NORMAL PRICES0 TO DESCRIBE ! MONET>Y EXPRESSION ( LABOR VALUE4 

7,LABOR VALUE 9CLUDES1 ( C\RSE1 ! ACTUAL SOCIAL CO/ ( ! EQUIPM5T UTILIZ$ 9 ! P]IOD CONSID]$4 .<,= ! WORK+ \T ( LABOR VALUES BY ! MATRIX ME?OD1 SEE ! >TICLE ,D,C 9 ,S4 \ ,B41 #ab 7,AUGU/ #a#i#e#c71 PP4 #g-#b#b4.> ,! ADOPTION ( LABOR VALUE AS A Y>D/ICK IS EQUIVAL5T TO :AT ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S CALL 0NORMAL LONG-T]M CO/S40 ,! VIEWPO9T EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS TEXT CORRESPONDS TO ,M>X'S1 :I* IS1 9 G5]AL1 ATTACK$ BY ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S1 EV5 0SOCIALI/0 ONES4 ,= !M1 0M>G9AL CO/S0 %\LD DET]M9E PRICES2 SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,M>XIAN ,ECONOMICS1 #bND $4 .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f.>1 PP4 #b#c-#b#h4 ,WE CANNOT GO 9TO ?IS DISCUSSION H]E4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( M>G9AL CO/S W\LD MEAN ?AT ! PRICE ( A PLANE TICKET BETWE5 ,P>IS & ,NEW ,YORK W\LD AT TIMES BE Z]O & AT O!R TIMES EQUIVAL5T TO ?AT ( ! :OLE AIRCRAFT47 

,UND] SOCIALISM1 LABOR VALUE WILL BE ! ONLY RATIONAL BASIS = ANY K9D ( SOCIAL ACC\NTANCY & ! ONLY Y>D/ICK HAV+ ANY REAL MEAN+ = PEOPLE4 ,AS SU*1 IT NECESS>ILY WILL S]VE AS ! F\NDATION = CALCULAT+ PR(ITABILITY 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! MA9 OBJECTIVE ( MAK+ SU* CALCULATIONS WILL BE TO R$UCE BO? ! DIRECT & 9DIRECT CO/S ( HUMAN LABOR P[]4 ,SETT+ ! PRICES ( CONSUM] GOODS ON ! BASIS ( !IR LABOR VALUE W\LD MEAN ?AT = EA* P]SON ! CO/ ( CONSUM] OBJECTS WILL CLE>LY APPE> AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! LABOR HE HIMSELF W\LD HAVE HAD TO EXP5D TO PRODUCE !M 7ASSUM+ HE HAD BO? ACCESS TO ! AV]AGE PREVAIL+ EQUIPM5T & AN AV]AGE SOCIAL CAPACITY ALSO W\LD BE HELPFUL IF ! H\RLY WAGE1 EQUAL = ALL1 W]E A GIV5 FRACTION ( ?IS UNIT1 EXPRESS+ ! RATIO PRIVATE CONSUMPTION TOTAL NET PRODUCTION ,IF !SE /EPS W]E TAK5 & ?OR\<LY EXPLA9$1 !Y W\LD 5ABLE ! FUNDAM5TAL PLANN+ DECISION 7NAMELY1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BETWE5 CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T7 TO BE IMM$IATELY OBVI\S TO EV]YONE1 & REPEAT$LY DRAWN TO PEOPLE'S ATT5TION1 EV]Y TIME ANYONE B\<T ANY?+4 ,EQUALLY OBVI\S W\LD BE ! SOCIAL CO/ ( EV]Y OBJECT ACQUIR$4 

,ABSOLUTE ,WAGE ,EQUALITY 

,:5EV] !Y SUCCE$ 9 EXPRESS+ !MSELVES 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRACY1 WORK+-CLASS ASPIRATIONS & DEM&S 9CREAS+LY >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ HI]>*Y & WAGE DIFF]5TIALS4.<#d#e.> ,BAS+ ITSELF ON ?IS FACT1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL 9TRODUCE ABSOLUTE EQUALITY 9 ! >EA ( WAGES4 

,!RE IS NO JU/IFICATION1 O!R ?AN NAK$ EXPLOITATION1 = WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1.<#d#f.> :E!R !SE REFLECT DIFF]+ PR(ESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OR DIFF]5CES 9 PRODUCTIVITY4 ,IF AN 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF ADVANC$ ! CO/S ( HIS PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ & IF SOCIETY CONSID]$ HIM 0AN 5T]PRISE10 ! RECUP]ATION ( ?OSE CO/S1 SPREAD \T OV] A WORK+ LIFETIME W\LD AT MO/ 0JU/IFY10 AT ! EXTREMES ( ! WAGE SPECTRUM1 A DIFF]5TIAL ( #b3#a 7BETWE5 SWEEP] & NEUROSURGEON74 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 TRA9+ CO/S WILL BE ADVANC$ BY SOCIETY 7!Y (T5 >E1 EV5 TODAY71 & ! QUE/ION ( !IR 0RECOV]Y0 WILL NOT >ISE4 ,AS = PRODUCTIVITY1 IT DEP5DS 7ALREADY TODAY7 MU* LESS ON BONUSES & 9C5TIVES & MU* MORE ON ! CO]CIONS EX]CIS$1 ON ! ONE H&1 BY MA*9ES & SUP]VISORS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 BY ! DISCIPL9E ( PRODUCTION1 IMPOS$ BY PRIM>Y WORK+ GR\PS 9 ! WORK%OP4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD NOT 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY BY ECONOMIC CON/RA9TS )\T RESORT+ AGA9 TO ALL ! CAPITALI/ P>APH]NALIA ( NORMS1 SUP]VISION1 ETC4 ,LABOR DISCIPL9E WILL ,H[ 7AS IT ALREADY DOES1 9 P>T1 TODAY7 FROM ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( PRIM>Y GR\PS 9 EA* WORK%OP1 FROM ! MUTUAL COOP]ATION & SUP]VISION AMONG ! FACTORIES' DIFF]5T %OPS1 FROM GA!R+S ( PRODUC]S 9 DIFF]5T FACTORIES OR DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! PRIM>Y GR\P 9 A WORK%OP 5SURES ! DISCIPL9E ( ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL4 ,ANYONE :O PROVES 9CORRIGIBLE CAN BE MADE TO LEAVE ?AT P>TICUL> %OP4 ,IT W\LD !N BE UP TO ?IS RECALCITRANT 9DIVIDUAL TO SEEK 5TRY 9TO ANO!R PRIM>Y GR\P ( WORK]S & TO GET ACCEPT$ BY !M OR ELSE TO REMA9 JOBLESS4 

,WAGE EQUALITY WILL GIVE A REAL MEAN+ TO ! M>KET 9 CONSUM] GOODS1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BE+ ASSUR$ = ! FIR/ TIME ( AN EQUAL VOTE4 ,IT WILL ABOLI% C\NTLESS CONFLICTS1 BO? 9 EV]YDAY LIFE & 9 PRODUCTION1 & WILL 5ABLE !RE TO DEVELOP AN EXTRAORD9>Y COHESION AMONG WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,IT WILL DE/ROY AT ITS V]Y ROOTS ! :OLE M]CANTILE MON/ROSITY ( CAPITALISM 7BO? PRIVATE & BUREAUCRATIC71 ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?AT :OLE UNIV]SE :]E ONE DOES NOT E>N :AT ONE IS WOR?1 BUT :]E ONE IS WOR? :AT ONE E>NS4 ,A FEW YE>S ( WAGE EQUALITY & LITTLE WILL BE LEFT ( ! PRES5T-DAY M5TALITY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,DECISION 

,! FUNDAM5TAL DECISION1 9 A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 IS ! ONE :]EBY SOCIETY AS A :OLE DET]M9ES :AT IT WANTS 7I4E41 ! ULTIMATE T>GETS ( ITS PLAN74 ,?IS DECISION CONC]NS TWO BASIC PROPOSITIONS4 ,GIV5 ! 09ITIAL CONDITIONS0 ( ! ECONOMY1 H[ MU* TIME DOES SOCIETY WANT TO DEVOTE TO PRODUCTION8 ,& H[ MU* ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT DOES IT WANT TO SEE DEVOT$ RESPECTIVELY TO PRIVATE CONSUMPTION1 PUBLIC CONSUMPTION1 & 9VE/M5T8 

,9 BO? PRIVATE & BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! AM\NT ( TIME ONE HAS TO WORK IS DET]M9$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS BY MEANS ( DIRECT PHYSICAL CON/RA9TS 7AS WAS ! CASE UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY 9 ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES7 OR ECONOMIC ONES4 ,NO ONE IS CONSULT$ AB\T ! MATT]4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 WILL NOT ESCAPE ! IMPACT ( C]TA9 ECONOMIC CON/RA9TS 79 ! S5SE ?AT ANY DECISION TO MODIFY LABOR TIME WILL -- O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL -- HAVE A BE>+ ON PRODUCTION74 ,BUT IT WILL DIFF] FROM ALL PREVI\S SOCIETIES 9 ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO DECIDE AB\T WORK 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS1 ) ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! PROBLEM CLE>LY PRES5T$ TO !M4 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL ALSO BE ! FIR/ SOCIETY CAPABLE ( RATIONALLY DECID+ H[ SOCIETY'S PRODUCT %\LD BE DIVID$ BETWE5 CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T4 7,WE LEAVE ASIDE = N[ ! PROBLEM ( PUBLIC CONSUMPTION47 ,UND] PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 ?IS DI/RIBUTION TAKES PLACE 9 AN ABSOLUTELY BL9D FA%ION & ONE W\LD SEEK 9 VA9 ANY 0RATIONALITY0 UND]LY+ :AT DET]M9ES 9VE/M5T4 7,9 HIS MAJOR WORK1 :I* IS DEVOT$ TO ?IS !ME -- & AFT] A MOD]ATE USE ( DIFF]5TIAL EQUATIONS -- ,KEYNES COMES UP ) ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! MA9 DET]M9ANTS ( 9VE/M5T >E ! 0ANIMAL SPIRITS0 ( 5TREPR5EURS4 ,! ,G5]AL ,!ORY ( ,EMPLOYM5T1 ,9T]E/ & ,MONEY .<#a#i#c#f.>1 PP4 #a#f#a-#f#b47 ,! IDEA ?AT ! VOLUME ( 9VE/M5T IS PRIM>ILY DET]M9$ BY ! RATE ( 9T]E/ 7& ?AT ! LATT] RESULTS FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( ! 0REAL =CES ( PRODUCTIVITY & ?RIFT07 WAS LONG AGO DEMOLI%$ BY ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S !MSELVES4 7,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,! ,RATE ( ,9T]E/ & ,O!R ,ESSAYS .<#a#i#e#b2 REPR9T$1 ,LONDON3 ,HYP]ION1 #a#i#h#a.>47 ,9 BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! VOLUME ( 9VE/M5T IS ALSO DECID$ QUITE >BITR>ILY1 & ! C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY 9 !SE SOCIETIES HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO JU/IFY ITS *OICES EXCEPT ?R\< MONOTON\S RECITATIONS ( LITANIES AB\T ! 0PRIORITY ( HEAVY 9DU/RY40 7,ONE W\LD SEEK 9 VA9 ?R\< ! VOLUM9\S WRIT+S ( ,MR4 ,*>LES ,BETTELHEIM = ANY ATTEMPT TO JU/IFY ! RATE ( ACCUMULATION 0*OS50 BY ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY4 ,! 0SOCIALISM0 ( SU* 0!ORETICIANS0 NOT ONLY IMPLIES ?AT ,/AL9 .<OR ,KHRU%*EV.> ALONE CAN KN[4 ,IT ALSO IMPLIES ?AT SU* KN[L$GE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 CANNOT BE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! RE/ ( HUMANITY4 ,9 ANO!R C\NTRY1 & 9 O!R TIMES1 ?IS WAS KN[N AS ! ,FUHR]PR9ZIP47 ,EV5 IF !RE W]E A RATIONAL1 0OBJECTIVE0 BASIS = MAK+ A C5TRAL DECISION ON ?IS MATT]1 ! DECISION >RIV$ AT W\LD BE IPSO FACTO IRRATIONAL IF IT WAS REA*$ 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE PRIM>ILY CONC]N$1 NAMELY1 ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,ANY DECISION MADE 9 ?IS WAY W\LD REPRODUCE ! BASIC CONTRADICTION ( ALL EXPLOIT+ REGIMES4 ,IT W\LD TREAT PEOPLE 9 ! PLAN AS JU/ ONE V>IABLE ( PR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR AMONG O!RS & AS !ORETICAL 0OBJECTS40 ,IT W\LD SOON LEAD TO TREAT+ !M AS OBJECTS 9 REAL LIFE1 TOO4 ,SU* A POLICY W\LD CONTA9 ! SE$S ( ITS [N FAILURE3 ,9/EAD ( 5C\RAG+ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! PRODUC]S 9 ! C>RY+ \T ( ! PLAN1 IT W\LD IRREVOCABLY ALI5ATE !M FROM A PLAN ?AT WAS NOT ( !IR *OOS+4 ,!RE IS NO 0OBJECTIVE0 RATIONALITY ALL[+ ONE TO DECIDE1 BY MEANS ( MA!MATICAL =MULAS1 AB\T ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY1 WORK1 CONSUMPTION1 & ACCUMULATION4 ,! ONLY RATIONALITY 9 !SE REALMS IS ! LIV+ REASON ( MANK9D1 ! DECISIONS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE CONC]N+ !IR [N FATE4 

,BUT !SE DECISIONS WILL NOT COME FROM A TOSS ( ! DICE4 ,!Y WILL BE BAS$ UPON A COMPLETE CL>IFICATION ( ! PROBLEM & !Y WILL BE MADE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,?IS WILL BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE !RE EXI/S1 = ANY GIV5 LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE1 A DEF9ITE RELATION BETWE5 A GIV5 AM\NT ( 9VE/M5T & ! RESULT+ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS RELATION IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! APPLICATION TO ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE ( ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( CAPITAL0 WE SPOKE ( E>LI]4 ,A GIV5 9VE/M5T 9 /EELWORKS WILL RESULT 9 SU* & SU* 9CREASE 9 :AT /EELWORKS TURN \T -- & A GIV5 OV]ALL 9VE/M5T 9 PRODUCTION WILL RESULT 9 SU* & SU* A NET 9CREASE 9 ! OV]ALL SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,!RE=E1 A C]TA9 RATE ( ACCUMULATION WILL ALL[ A C]TA9 RATE ( 9CREASE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 7& !RE=E ( ! /&>D ( LIV+ OR ( ! AM\NT ( LEISURE74 ,F9ALLY1 A P>TICUL> FRACTION ( ! PRODUCT DEVOT$ TO ACCUMULATION WILL ALSO RESULT 9 A P>TICUL> RATE ( 9CREASE ( LIV+ /&>DS4 

,! OV]ALL PROBLEM CAN !RE=E BE POS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS4 ,A L>GE IMM$IATE 9CREASE 9 CONSUMPTION IS POSSIBLE -- BUT IT W\LD IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CUTBACK ON FUR!R 9CREASES 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE MI<T PREF] TO *OOSE A MORE LIMIT$ IMM$IATE 9CREASE 9 LIV+ /&>DS1 :I* W\LD ALL[ ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 7& H5CE LIV+ /&>DS7 TO 9CREASE AT ! RATE ( X P]C5T P] ANNUM 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,& SO ON4 0,! ANT9OMY BETWE5 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE10 TO :I* ! APOLOGI/S ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM & ( ! BUREAUCRACY >E CON/ANTLY REF]R+1 W\LD /ILL BE ) US4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE LAID \T CLE>LY4 ,& SOCIETY ITSELF W\LD SETTLE ! MATT]1 FULLY AW>E ( ! SETT+ & ( ! IMPLICATIONS ( ITS DECISION4 

7,?IS NET 9CREASE 9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCT ( :I* WE HAVE SPOK5 OBVI\SLY IS NOT JU/ ! SUM ( ! 9CREASES 9 EA* SECTOR4 ,SEV]AL ELEM5TS MU/ BE ADD$ UP OR BE SUBTRACT$ BE=E ONE CAN PASS FROM ONE TO ! O!R4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE W\LD BE ! 09T]M$IATE UTILIZATIONS0 ( ! PRODUCTS ( EA* SECTOR & ! 0EXT]NAL ECONOMIES0 .<9VE/M5T 9 A GIV5 SECTOR1 BY ABOLI%+ A BOTTL5ECK1 C\LD ALL[ ! BETT] USE ( ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES ( O!R SECTORS ?AT1 AL?\< ALREADY E/ABLI%$1 W]E BE+ WA/$ HI!RTO.>4 ,WORK+ \T !SE NET 9CREASES PRES5TS NO P>TICUL> DIFFICULTIES4 ,!Y >E CALCULAT$ AUTOMATICALLY1 AT ! SAME TIME AS ONE WORKS \T ! 09T]M$IATE OBJECTIVES0 .<MA!MATICALLY1 ! SOLUTION TO ONE PROBLEM IMM$IATELY PROVIDES ! SOLUTION TO ! O!R.>4 

,WE HAVE DISCUSS$ ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO DET]M9E ! OV]ALL VOLUME ( 9VE/M5TS4 ,WE CAN ONLY T\* ON ! PROBLEM ( ! *OICE ( P>TICUL> 9VE/M5TS4 ,ALLOCATION ( 9VE/M5T BY SECTORS IS AUTOMATIC ONCE ! F9AL 9VE/M5T IS DET]M9$ .<A GIV5 LEVEL ( F9AL CONSUMPTION DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY IMPLIES SU* & SU* AN AM\NT ( PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY 9 EA* SECTOR.>4 ,! *OICE ( A GIV5 TYPE ( 9VE/M5T FROM AMONG SEV]AL PRODUC+ ! SAME RESULT C\LD ONLY DEP5D ON SU* CONSID]ATIONS AS ! EFFECT ?AT A GIV5 TYPE ( EQUIPM5T W\LD HAVE ON ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE TO USE IT -- & H]E1 FROM ALL WE HAVE SAID1 !IR [N VIEWPO9T W\LD BE DECISIVE4 

,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 :5 TWO COMP>ABLE TYPES ( MA*9]Y >E EXAM9$ .<!RMAL & HYDROELECTRIC P[] /ATIONS1 = EXAMPLE.>1 ! CRIT]ION ( PR(ITABILITY /ILL APPLIES4 ,H]E1 :]E AN 0ACC\NT+-BOOK0 9T]E/ RATE IS US$ TO MAKE ONE'S CALCULATIONS1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL /ILL BE SUP]IOR TO A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY3 ,= ?IS 0RATE ( 9T]E/10 ! =M] WILL USE ! RATE ( EXPANSION ( ITS [N ECONOMY2 IT CAN BE %[N -- ,VON ,NEUMANN DID IT 9 #aicg -- ?AT !SE TWO RATES \<T NECESS>ILY TO BE ID5TICAL 9 A RATIONAL ECONOMY47 

,9 CONCLUSION1 & TO SUM UP1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ANY OV]ALL PLAN SUBMITT$ TO ! PEOPLE = DISCUSSION W\LD HAVE TO SPECIFY3 

,! PRODUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS = EA* SECTOR ( 9DU/RY1 & AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! TASKS TO BE COMPLET$ BY EA* 5T]PRISE2 

,! AM\NT ( WORK 9VOLV$ = EV]YBODY2 

,! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION DUR+ ! 9ITIAL P]IOD2 

,! AM\NT ( RES\RCES TO BE DEVOT$ TO PUBLIC CONSUMPTION & TO 9VE/M5T2 & 

,! RATE ( 9CREASE ( FUTURE CONSUMPTION4 

,TO SIMPLIFY ?+S1 WE HAVE AT TIMES PRES5T$ ! DECISIONS AB\T ULTIMATE & 9T]M$IATE T>GETS 7I4E41 ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! PLAN CONC]N+ SPECIFIC >EAS ( PRODUCTION7 AS TWO SEP>ATE & CONSECUTIVE ACTS4 ,9 PRACTICE !RE W\LD BE A CONT9U\S GIVE-&-TAKE BETWE5 !SE TWO PHASES1 & A PLURALITY ( PROPOSALS4 ,! PRODUC]S WILL BE 9 NO POSITION TO DECIDE ON ULTIMATE T>GETS UNLESS !Y KN[ :AT ! IMPLICATIONS ( P>TICUL> T>GETS >E = !MSELVES1 NOT ONLY AS CONSUM]S BUT AS PRODUC]S1 WORK+ 9 A SPECIFIC FACTORY4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A DECISION MADE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS IF ?AT DECISION IS NOT F\ND$ ON A SPECTRUM ( *OICES1 EA* ) ITS P>TICUL> IMPLICATIONS4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL PROCESS ( DECISION !RE=E WILL TAKE ! FOLL[+ =M4 ,/>T+ FROM BEL[1 !RE W\LD BE DISCUSSIONS 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES4 ,9ITIAL PROPOSALS W\LD EMANATE FROM ! WORK]S' C\NCILS ( V>I\S 5T]PRISES & W\LD DEAL ) !IR [N PRODUCTIVE POSSIBILITIES 9 ! P]IOD TO COME4 ,! PLAN FACTORY W\LD !N REGR\P !SE V>I\S PROPOSALS1 PO9T+ \T :I* ONES W]E MUTUALLY 9COMPATIBLE OR 5TAIL$ UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS ON O!R SECTORS4 ,IT W\LD ELABORATE A S]IES ( A*IEVABLE T>GETS1 GR\P+ !M AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 T]MS ( !IR CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS4 7,PROPOSAL ,A IMPLIES ?AT FACTORY ,X WILL 9CREASE PRODUCTION BY R P]C5T NEXT YE> ) ! HELP ( ADDITIONAL EQUIPM5T ,Y4 ,PROPOSAL ,B1 ON ! O!R H&1 IMPLIES 4447 ,!RE W\LD !N BE A FULL DISCUSSION ( ! V>I\S OV]ALL PROPOSALS1 ?R\<\T ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & BY ALL ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 POSSIBLY ) C\NT]PROPOSALS & A REPETITION ( ! PROC$URE DESCRIB$4 ,A F9AL DISCUSSION W\LD !N LEAD TO A SIMPLE MAJORITY VOTE 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( EA* 5T]PRISE4 

,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY 

,WE HAVE SPELL$ \T ! IMPLICATIONS ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT ! LEVEL ( A P>TICUL> FACTORY4 ,!SE CONSI/ 9 ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & ( ! P]=MANCE ( MANAG]IAL JOBS BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ORGANIZ$ 9 WORK]S' C\NCILS & 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ONE OR MORE %OPS OR (FICES1 OR ( A :OLE 5T]PRISE4 

,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY IS NOT VE/$ 9 ! H&S ( A SPECIFIC MANAG]IAL /RATUM1 BUT BELONGS 9/EAD TO ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITIES ( PRODUC]S4 

,:AT WE HAVE \TL9$ 9 ! PREVI\S SECTIONS %[S ?AT DEMOCRATIC MANAGEM5T IS P]FECTLY FEASIBLE4 ,ITS BASIC ASSUMPTION IS ! CL>IFICATION ( DATA & PEOPLE'S UTILIZATION ( :AT MOD]N TE*NIQUES HAVE N[ MADE POSSIBLE4 ,IT IMPLIES ! CONSCI\S USE ( A S]IES ( DEVICES & ME*ANISMS 7SU* AS A G5U9E CONSUM] 0M>KET10 WAGE EQUALITY1 ! CONNECTIONS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 PRICE & VALUE -- &1 ( C\RSE1 ! PLAN FACTORY7 COMB9$ ) REAL KN[L$GE CONC]N+ ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,TOGE!R1 !SE WILL HELP CLE> ! GR\ND4 ,! MAJOR P>T ( PLANN+ IS JU/ MADE UP ( TASKS ( EXECUTION & C\LD SAFELY BE LEFT TO HI<LY ME*ANIZ$ OR AUTOMAT$ (FICES1 :I* W\LD HAVE NO POLITICAL OR DECISIONAL ROLE :ATSOEV] & W\LD CONF9E !MSELVES TO PLAC+ BE=E SOCIETY A V>IETY ( FEASIBLE PLANS & !IR FULL RESPECTIVE IMPLICATIONS = EV]YONE1 BO? FROM ! /&PO9T ( PRODUCTION & FROM ?AT ( CONSUMPTION4 

,?IS G5]AL CLE>+ ( ! GR\ND HAV+ BE5 A*IEV$1 & COH]5T POSSIBILITIES HAV+ BE5 PRES5T$ TO ! PEOPLE1 ! F9AL *OICE WILL LIE 9 !IR H&S4 ,EV]YONE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DECID+ ! ULTIMATE T>GETS 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS10 I4E41 KN[+ ! IMPLICATIONS ( HIS *OICE = HIMSELF 7BO? AS PRODUC] & AS CONSUM]74 ,! ELEM5TS ( ! PLAN WILL BEG9 AS PROPOSALS EMANAT+ FROM V>I\S 5T]PRISES4 ,!Y WILL BE ELABORAT$ BY ! PLAN FACTORY AS A S]IES ( POSSIBLE COMPATIBLE PLANS4 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS SPECTRUM ( PLANS WILL BE BR\<T BACK BE=E ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( EA* 5T]PRISE :]E !Y WILL BE DISCUSS$ & VOT$ ON4 

,ONCE ADOPT$1 A GIV5 PLAN PROVIDES ! FRAMEWORK ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES = A GIV5 P]IOD ( TIME4 ,IT E/ABLI%ES A />T+ PO9T = ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ! PLAN WILL NOT DOM9ATE ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,IT IS ONLY A />T+ PO9T1 TO BE CON/ANTLY REEXAM9$ & MODIFI$ AS NECESS>Y4 ,NEI!R ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( SOCIETY -- NOR ITS LIFE OV]ALL -- CAN BE BAS$ ON A DEAD TE*NICAL RATIONALITY1 GIV5 ONCE & = ALL4 ,SOCIETY CANNOT ALI5ATE ITSELF FROM ITS [N DECISIONS4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT REAL LIFE WILL ALMO/ ( NECESSITY DIV]GE1 9 MANY ASPECTS1 FROM ! 0MO/ P]FECT0 PLAN 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ALSO ?AT ! WORK]S' SELF-MANAG]IAL ACTIVITY WILL CON/ANTLY T5D TO ALT]1 BO? DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY1 ! BASIC DATA & T>GETS ( ! PLAN4 ,NEW PRODUCTS1 NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 NEW ME?ODS1 NEW PROBLEMS1 NEW DIFFICULTIES1 & NEW SOLUTIONS WILL CON/ANTLY BE EM]G+4 ,WORK+ TIMES WILL BE R$UC$4 ,PRICES WILL FALL1 5TAIL+ CONSUM] REACTIONS & DISPLACEM5TS ( DEM&4 ,SOME ( !SE MODIFICATIONS WILL AFFECT ONLY A S+LE FACTORY1 O!RS SEV]AL FACTORIES1 & YET O!RS1 NO D\BT1 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 7,FROM ?IS ANGLE -- & IF !Y W]5'T FALSE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE -- ,RUSSIAN FIGURES ?AT %[ ?AT YE> AFT] YE> ! T>GETS ( ! PLAN HAVE BE5 FULFILL$ TO #aa P]C5T W\LD PROVIDE ! SEV]E/ POSSIBLE 9DICTM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,!Y W\LD SIGNIFY1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT DUR+ A GIV5 FIVE-YE> P]IOD NO?+ HAPP5$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 ?AT NOT A S+LE NEW IDEA >OSE 9 ANYONE'S M9D -- OR ELSE ?AT ,/AL91 9 HIS WISDOM1 HAD =ESE5 ALL SU* IDEAS & 9CORPORAT$ !M 9 ADVANCE 9 ! PLAN1 ALL[+ -- 9 HIS K9DNESS -- 9V5TORS TO SAVOR ! PLEASURES ( ILLUSORY DISCOV]Y47 ,! 0PLAN FACTORY0 !RE=E WILL NOT JU/ OP]ATE ONCE EV]Y FIVE YE>S2 IT WILL DAILY HAVE TO TACKLE SOME PROBLEM OR ANO!R4 

,ALL ?IS DEALS MA9LY ) ! =M ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY & ) ! ME*ANISMS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL 5SURE ?AT IT FUNCTIONS 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN]4 ,!SE =MS WILL ALL[ SOCIETY TO GIVE TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY ! CONT5T IT *OOSES4 ,9 A N>R[] S5SE1 !Y WILL 5ABLE SOCIETY TO ORI5T ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T FREELY4 

,! ,CONT5T ( ! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY 

,EV]Y?+ WE HAVE SAID 9DICATES ?AT ! DIRECTION *OS5 WILL BE RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT PROPOS$ BY ! BE/ 9T5TION$ IDEOLOGI/S OR PHILAN?ROPI/S ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,ALL SU* IDEOLOGI/S 7:E!R 0,M>XI/0 OR B\RGEOIS7 ACCEPT AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT ! IDEAL ECONOMY IS ONE ?AT ALL[S ! MO/ RAPID POSSIBLE EXPANSION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES &1 AS A COROLL>Y1 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY4 ,?IS IDEA1 CONSID]$ 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS1 IS ABSOLUTELY ABSURD4 ,IT EPITOMIZES ! :OLE M5TALITY1 PSY*OLOGY1 LOGIC1 & METAPHYSICS ( CAPITALISM1 ITS REALITY AS WELL AS ITS S*IZOPHR5IA4 0,WORK IS HELL4 ,IT MU/ BE R$UC$40 ,MR4 ,H>OLD ,WILSON & ,MR4 ,NIKITA ,KRU%*EV HAVE NO?+ TO (F] PEOPLE BESIDES C>S & BUTT]4 ,! POPULATION MU/ !RE=E BE MADE TO FEEL ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE HAPPY IF ! ROADS >E *OK$ ) C>S OR IF IT CAN 0CAT* UP ) ,AM]ICAN BUTT] PRODUCTION )9 ! NEXT ?REE YE>S40 ,& :5 PEOPLE ACQUIRE ! SAID C>S & ! SAID BUTT]1 ALL ?AT WILL BE LEFT = !M TO DO WILL BE TO COMMIT SUICIDE1 :I* IS JU/ :AT !Y DO 9 ! 0IDEAL0 C\NTRY CALL$ ,SW$54 ,?IS 0ACQUISITIVE0 M5TALITY ?AT CAPITALISM 5G5D]S1 :I* 5G5D]S CAPITALISM1 )\T :I* CAPITALISM C\LD NOT OP]ATE1 & :I* CAPITALISM PU%ES TO ! PO9T ( P>OXYSM MI<T JU/ CONCEIVABLY HAVE BE5 A USEFUL AB]RATION DUR+ A C]TA9 PHASE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS WAY ( ?9K+ WILL DIE ALONG ) CAPITALISM4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL NOT BE ?IS ABSURD RACE AFT] P]C5TAGE 9CREM5TS 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS WILL NOT BE ITS BASIC CONC]N4 

,9 ITS 9ITIAL PHASE1 TO BE SURE1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL CONC]N ITSELF ) SATISFY+ CONSUM] NE$S & ) A MORE BALANC$ ALLOCATION ( PEOPLE'S TIME BETWE5 PRODUCTION & O!R ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLE & ( SOCIAL COMMUNITIES WILL BE SOCIALISM'S C5TRAL PREOCCUPATION4 ,A V]Y SIGNIFICANT P>T ( SOCIAL 9VE/M5T WILL !RE=E BE GE>$ T[>D TRANS=M+ MA*9]Y1 T[>D A UNIV]SAL $UCATION1 & T[>D ABOLI%+ DIVISIONS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! GR[? ( FRE$OM )9 WORK1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CREATIVE FACULTIES ( ! PRODUC]S1 ! CREATION ( 9TEGRAT$ & COMPLETE HUMAN COMMUNITIES WILL BE ! PA?S ALONG :I* SOCIALI/ HUMANITY WILL SEEK ! MEAN+ ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,!SE WILL1 9 ADDITION1 5ABLE SOCIALISM TO SECURE ! MAT]IAL BASIS IT REQUIRES4 

,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY 

,WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ ! TYPE ( *ANGE ?AT WILL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! 0V]TICAL0 & 0HORIZONTAL0 COOP]ATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 A COOP]ATION SECUR$ ?R\< 9DU/RIAL C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM V>I\S PLACES ( WORK4 ,A SIMIL> REGIONAL COOP]ATION WILL HAVE TO BE 9/AURAT$ ?R\< C\NCILS REPRES5T+ ALL ! UNITS ( A REGION4 ,COOP]ATION1 F9ALLY1 WILL BE NECESS>Y ON A NATIONAL LEVEL = ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY1 :E!R !Y >E ECONOMIC OR NOT4 

,A C5TRAL ORGAN ?AT WILL BE ! EXPRESSION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES WILL BE NE$$ 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! G5]AL TASKS ( ECONOMIC COORD9ATION1 9ASMU* AS !Y W]E NOT DEALT ) BY ! PLAN ITSELF -- OR MORE PRECISELY1 9ASMU* AS ! PLAN WILL HAVE TO BE FREQU5TLY OR CON/ANTLY AM5D$ 7! V]Y DECISION TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT %\LD BE AM5D$ W\LD HAVE TO BE 9ITIAT$ BY SOMEONE74 ,SU* A BODY WILL ALSO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES 9 O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT HAVE LITTLE OR NO?+ TO DO ) G5]AL ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,?IS C5TRAL BODY WILL BE ! DIRECT EMANATION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! LOCAL G5]AL ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4 ,IT WILL CONSI/ ( A C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES4 ,! ASSEMBLY ITSELF WILL ELECT1 FROM )9 ITS [N RANKS1 A C5TRAL C\NCIL1 CALL$ 0! GOV]NM5T40 

,?IS NETWORK ( G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & C\NCILS IS ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( ! ,/ATE OR ( P[] 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! :OLE /ATE & ! ONLY EMBODIM5T ( P[]4 ,!RE >E NO O!R 9/ITUTIONS ?AT C\LD MANAGE1 DIRECT1 OR MAKE B9D+ DECISIONS AB\T PEOPLE'S LIVES4 

,TO CONV9CE PEOPLE ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO O!R 0,/ATE0 LURK+ 9 ! BACKGR\ND WE MU/ %[3 

,?AT SU* A PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION CAN EMBRACE ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( ! NATION1 NOT JU/ 9 9DU/RY2 & 

,?AT 9/ITUTIONS ( ! TYPE DESCRIB$ CAN ORGANIZE1 DIRECT1 & COORD9ATE ALL ?OSE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ?AT ! POPULATION FELT NE$$ TO BE ORGANIZ$1 DIRECT$1 & COORD9AT$ 79 P>TICUL> NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES71 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT !Y C\LD FULFILL ALL ! FUNCTIONS NE$$ ( A SOCIALI/ 0,/ATE0 7:I* %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ?OSE ( A MOD]N ,/ATE74 

,WE WILL !N HAVE TO DISCUSS :AT ! SIGNIFICATIONS ( ! 0,/ATE10 0P>TIES10 & 0POLITICS0 W\LD BE 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 

,! ,C\NCILS3 ,EXCLUSIVE & ,EXHAU/IVE ,=M ( ,ORGANIZATION = ! ,:OLE ,POPULATION 

,! SETT+-UP ( WORK]S' C\NCILS WILL CREATE NO P>TICUL> PROBLEMS 9 RELATION TO 9DU/RY 7TAK+ ! T]M 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE TO 9CLUDE MANUFACTURE1 TRANSPORT1 COMMUNICATIONS1 BUILD+1 M9+1 5]GY PRODUCTION1 PUBLIC S]VICES & PUBLIC WORKS1 ETC474 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY WILL 9 FACT BE BAS$ ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* C\NCILS & W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T IT4 

,9 ! PO/ REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 H[EV]1 :5 ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME ! NORM1 A PROBLEM WILL >ISE FROM ! NE$ TO REGR\P PEOPLE WORK+ 9 SMALL] 5T]PRISES4 ,?IS REGR\P+ WILL BE NECESS>Y IF ONLY TO 5SURE !M !IR FULL DEMOCRATIC & REPRES5TATIONAL RI<TS4 ,9ITIALLY1 IT WILL BE BAS$ ON SOME COMPROMISE BETWE5 CONSID]ATIONS ( GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY & CONSID]ATIONS ( 9DU/RIAL 9TEGRATION4 ,?IS P>TICUL> PROBLEM IS NOT V]Y IMPORTANT1 OR EV5 IF !RE >E MANY SU* SMALL 5T]PRISES1 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE WORK+ 9 !M REPRES5TS ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL 9DU/RIAL WORK =CE4 

,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO C\NCILS C\LD PROCE$ AS NATURALLY 9 AGRICULTURE AS 9 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS TRADITIONAL ON ! ,LEFT TO SEE ! PEASANTRY AS A S\RCE ( CON/ANT PROBLEMS = A WORK+-CLASS P[] BECAUSE ( ITS DISP]SION1 ITS ATTA*M5T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ITS POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,!SE FACTORS C]TA9LY EXI/1 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ! PEASANTRY W\LD ACTIVELY OPPOSE A WORK+-CLASS P[] ?AT HAS =MULAT$ AN 9TELLIG5T 7I4E41 SOCIALI/7 F>M+ POLICY4 ,! 0PEASANT NI<TM>E0 CURR5TLY OBSESS+ SO MANY REVOLUTION>IES RESULTS FROM ! TELESCOP+ ( TWO QUITE DIFF]5T PROBLEMS3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! RELATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY ) A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A MOD]N SOCIETY2 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEASANTRY & ,/ATE 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( #aiba 7OR ( #a#i#c#b7 OR 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES BETWE5 #aide & TODAY4 

,! SITUATION ?AT L$ ,RUSSIA TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( #aiba IS ( NO EXEMPL>Y VALUE TO AN EV5 MOD]ATELY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,!RE IS NO *ANCE ( ITS REPEAT+ ITSELF 9 A MOD]N SETT+4 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( AN AGRICULTURAL SY/EM ?AT DID NOT DEP5D ON ! RE/ ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY = ITS ESS5TIAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 SEV5 YE>S ( W> & CIVIL W> HAD COMPELL$ IT TO FALL BACK UPON ITSELF 5TIRELY4 ,! ,P>TY WAS ASK+ ( ?IS SY/EM ( AGRICULTURE TO SUPPLY ITS PRODUCE TO ! T[NS )\T (F]+ IT ANY?+ 9 EX*ANGE4 ,9 #aicb 9 ,RUSSIA 7& AFT] #aide 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES71 :AT HAPP5$ WAS AN ABSOLUTELY HEAL?Y RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTRY TO ! MON/R\S EXPLOITATION IMPOS$ ON IT BY A BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE ?R\< =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,9 A C\NTRY SU* AS ,FRANCE -- CLASSICALLY CONSID]$ 0BACKW>D0 AS F> AS ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ITS PEASANTRY IS CONC]N$ -- ! WORK]S' P[] WILL NOT HAVE TO FE> A 0:EAT /RIKE40 ,IT WILL NOT HAVE TO ORGANIZE PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ! PEASANT IS CONC]N$ ) HIS [N 9T]E/S1 HE WILL HAVE NO CAUSE TO QU>REL ) A ,/ATE ?AT SUPPLIES HIM ) GAS1 ELECTRICITY1 F]TILIZ]S1 9SECTICIDES1 & SP>E P>TS4 ,PEASANTS W\LD ACTIVELY OPPOSE SU* AN ADM9I/RATION ONLY IF PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 EI!R BY EXPLOITATION OR BY AN ABSURD POLICY ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY W\LD MEAN AN IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC /ATUS ( MO/ PEASANTS1 IF ONLY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ?AT SPECIFIC K9D ( EXPLOITATION !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ?R\< MIDDLEM54 ,AS = =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT IS ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ! REALM ( AGRICULTURE4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE C\LD ONLY COME AB\T AS ! RESULT ( AN ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T )9 ! PEASANTRY ITSELF1 HELP$ ALONG BY TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES C\LD IT BE IMPOS$ ?R\< DIRECT OR 9DIRECT 7ECONOMIC7 CO]CION4 

,A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL />T BY RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<TS ( ! PEASANTS TO ! WIDE/ AUTONOMY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,IT WILL 9VITE !M TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO RURAL COMMUNES1 BAS$ ON GEOGRAPHICAL OR CULTURAL UNITS & COMPRIS+ APPROXIMATELY EQUAL POPULATIONS4 ,EA* SU* COMMUNE WILL HAVE1 BO? 9 RELATION TO ! RE/ ( SOCIETY & 9 RELATION TO ITS [N ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 ! /ATUS ( AN 5T]PRISE4 ,ITS SOV]EIGN ORGAN !RE=E WILL BE ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( PEASANTS & ITS REPRES5TATIONAL UNIT1 ! PEASANT C\NCIL4 ,RURAL COMMUNES & !IR C\NCILS WILL BE 9 *>GE ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,!Y ALONE WILL DECIDE :5 & H[ !Y WANT TO =M PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES & UND] :AT CONDITIONS4 ,9 RELATION TO ! OV]ALL PLAN1 IT WILL BE ! RURAL COMMUNES & !IR C\NCILS ?AT WILL BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! GOV]NM5T1 & NOT 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS4 ,COMMUNES WILL UND]TAKE TO DELIV] A C]TA9 P]C5TAGE ( !IR PRODUCE 7OR A GIV5 AM\NT ( A SPECIFIC PRODUCT7 9 EX*ANGE = GIV5 AM\NTS ( MONEY OR MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! RURAL COMMUNES !MSELVES WILL DECIDE H[ !SE OBLIGATIONS & PAYM5TS \<T TO BE ALLOCAT$ AMONG !IR [N MEMB]S4 

7,COMPLEX BUT BY NO MEANS 9SOLUBLE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS WILL PROBABLY >ISE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,!Y BOIL D[N TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ AGRICULTURAL PRICES WILL BE DET]M9$ 9 A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! APPLICATION ( UNI=M PRICES W\LD MA9TA9 SIGNIFICANT 9COME 9EQUALITIES .<0DIFF]5TIAL R5TS0.> BETWE5 DIFF]5T RURAL COMMUNES OR EV5 BETWE5 DIFF]5T F>M]S 9 A GIV5 COMMUNE4 ,! ULTIMATE SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM W\LD REQUIRE1 ( C\RSE1 ! COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 COMPROMISES WILL BE NECESS>Y4 ,!RE MI<T P]HAPS BE SOME =M ( TAXATION ON ! WEAL?I] COMMUNES COMB9$ ) SUBSIDIES = ! POOR] ONES UNTIL ! GAP BETWE5 !M HAD BE5 SUB/ANTIALLY N>R[$ .<TO SUPPRESS 9EQUALITIES COMPLETELY BY ?IS MEANS W\LD AM\NT1 H[EV]1 TO =CIBLE SOCIALIZATION.>4 ,ONE %\LD NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT DIFF]5TIAL YIELDS TODAY /EM 9 P>T FROM ! >TIFICIAL MA9T5ANCE ( F>M+ ON POOR-YIELD SOILS ?R\< SUBSIDIES PAID BY ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE = BASICALLY POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD RAPIDLY LESS5 !SE GAPS BY REFUS+ TO SUBSIDIZE NON-PR(ITABLE F>M+ ACTIVITIES -- :ILE AT ! SAME TIME MASSIVELY HELP+ TO EQUIP POOR BUT POT5TIALLY VIABLE COMMUNES47 

,:AT AB\T GR\PS ( WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 S]VICES ( V>I\S K9DS 7FROM4 COMM]CIAL1 BANK+1 & 9SURANCE COMPANY /AFF TO WORK]S 9 5T]TA9M5T TO ALL ! EX-,/ATE ADM9I/RATORS78.<#d#g.> ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! PATT]N ( !IR SELF-ORGANIZATION %\LD NOT RESEMBLE ?AT P]TA9+ TO 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,& :AT AB\T ! ?\S&-&-ONE PETTY TRADES EXI/+ 9 T[NS 7%OPKEEP]S1 0P]SONAL S]VICES10 >TISANS1 SOME ( ! 0LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS10 ETC478 ,H]E ! PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION C\LD RESEMBLE :AT WE HAVE \TL9$ = AN 0ATOMIZ$0 OCCUPATION SU* AS AGRICULTURE4 ,A WORK+-CLASS P[] WILL NEV] SEEK TO SOCIALIZE !SE OCCUPATIONS BY =CE4 ,IT WILL ONLY REQUIRE ?AT !SE CATEGORIES GR\P !MSELVES 9TO ASSOCIATIONS OR COOP]ATIVES1 :I* WILL AT ONE & ! SAME TIME CON/ITUTE !IR REPRES5TATIVE POLITICAL ORGANS & !IR RESPONSIBLE UNITS 9 RELATION TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,!RE WILL BE NO QUE/ION1 = 9/ANCE1 ( SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY 9DIVIDUALLY SUPPLY+ EA* P>TICUL> %OP OR >TISAN4 ,9/EAD1 IT WILL SUPPLY ! COOP]ATIVES ?AT !SE %OPKEEP]S OR >TISANS WILL BE MEMB]S (1 & WILL 5TRU/ TO !SE COLLECTIVES ! JOB ( ORGANIZ+ )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL1 PEOPLE 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS WILL SEEK REPRES5TATION ?R\< C\NCILS OR !Y WON'T BE REPRES5T$ AT ALL1 = !RE WON'T BE ANY ELECTIONS ( EI!R ! ,WE/]N OR ,RUSSIAN TYPES4 

,!SE SOLUTIONS PRES5T S]I\S %ORTCOM+S :5 COMP>$ ) 9DU/RIALLY BAS$ WORK]S' C\NCILS -- OR EV5 :5 COMP>$ ) RURAL COMMUNES4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS OR RURAL COMMUNES >E NOT PRIM>ILY BAS$ ON AN OCCUPATION 7:5 !Y >E /ILL SO BAS$1 ?IS W\LD REFLECT !IR WEAKNESS RA!R ?AN !IR /R5G?74 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON A WORK+ UNITY & ON A %>$ LIFE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS & RURAL COMMUNES REPRES5T ORGANIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,A COOP]ATIVE ( >TISANS OR ( PETTY TRAD]S1 GEOGRAPHICALLY SCATT]$ & LIV+ & WORK+ SEP>ATELY FROM ONE ANO!R1 WILL ONLY BE BAS$ ON A RA!R N>R[ COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,?IS FRAGM5TATION IS A LEGACY ( CAPITALISM ?AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY \<T TO ELIM9ATE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,!SE OCCUPATIONS >E OV]CR[D$ TODAY4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 SOME ( ! MEMB]S ( !SE /RATA WILL BE ABSORB$ 9TO O!R OCCUPATIONS4 ,SOCIETY WILL GRANT FUNDS TO ! REMA9D] TO 5ABLE !M TO ORGANIZE 9TO L>G]1 SELF-MANAG$ UNITS4 

,:5 DISCUSS+ PEOPLE 9 !SE V>I\S OCCUPATIONS WE MU/ REPEAT :AT WE SAID AB\T F>M]S1 NAMELY1 ?AT WE HAVE NO EXP]I5CE ( :AT !IR ATTITUDES MI<T BE T[>D A SOCIALI/ P[]4 ,TO />T )1 & UP TO A PO9T1 !Y WILL D\BTLESS REMA9 0ATTA*$ TO PROP]TY40 ,BUT UP TO :AT PO9T8 ,ALL ?AT WE KN[ IS H[ !Y REACT$ :5 ,/AL9ISM S\<T =CIBLY TO DRIVE !M 9TO A CONC5TRATION CAMP 9/EAD ( 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,A SOCIETY ?AT WILL GRANT !M A GREAT DEAL ( AUTONOMY 9 !IR [N AFFAIRS1 ?AT WILL PEACEFULLY & RATIONALLY SEEK TO 9TEGRATE !M 9TO ! OV]ALL PATT]N ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ?AT WILL FURNI% !M A LIV+ EXAMPLE ( DEMOCRATIC SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & ?AT WILL GIVE !M POSITIVE HELP IF !Y WANT$ TO PROCE$ T[>D SOCIALIZATION WILL C]TA9LY 5JOY A DIFF]5T PRE/IGE 9 !IR EYES 7& WILL HAVE A DIFF]5T K9D ( 9FLU5CE ON !IR DEVELOPM5T7 ?AN DID AN EXPLOIT+ & TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY ?AT1 BY EV]Y ONE ( ITS ACTS1 RE9=C$ !IR 0ATTA*M5T TO PROP]TY0 & DROVE !M C5TURIES BACKW>D4 

,! ,C\NCILS3 ,UNIV]SAL ,=M ( ,ORGANIZATION = ,SOCIAL ,ACTIVITIES 

,! BASIC UNITS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 AS WE HAVE 5VISAG$ !M SO F>1 WILL NOT M]ELY MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,!Y WILL1 AT ! SAME TIME & PRIM>ILY1 BE ORGANS = POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y WILL BE ORGANS ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 & ON ! O!R H&1 !Y WILL BE ! ONLY BASES ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 :I* WILL EXI/ ONLY AS A F$]ATION OR REGR\P+ ( ALL ! C\NCILS4 

,TO SAY ?AT A WORK]S' C\NCIL WILL BE AN ORGAN ( POPUL> SELF-ADM9I/RATION 7& NOT JU/ AN ORGAN ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION7 IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT A FACTORY OR (FICE IS NOT JU/ A PRODUCTIVE UNIT1 BUT IS ALSO A SOCIAL CELL1 & ?AT IT WILL BECOME ! PRIM>Y LOCUS ( 9DIVIDUAL 0SOCIALIZATION40 ,AL?\< ?IS V>IES FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY & FROM WORKPLACE TO WORKPLACE1 MYRIAD ACTIVITIES O!R ?AN JU/ E>N+ A LIV+ TAKE PLACE >\ND IT 7CANTE5S1 COOP]ATIVES1 VACATION RETREATS1 SPORTS CLUBS1 LIBR>IES1 RE/ HOMES1 COLLECTIVE \T+S1 DANCES7 -- ACTIVITIES ?AT ALL[ ! MO/ IMPORTANT HUMAN TIES 7BO? PRIVATE & 0PUBLIC07 TO BECOME E/ABLI%$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! AV]AGE P]SON IS TODAY ACTIVE 9 0PUBLIC0 AFFAIRS1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE ?R\< SOME TRADE-UNION OR POLITICAL ACTIVITY RELAT$ TO WORK ?AN 9 A CAPACITY AS AN AB/RACT 0CITIZ510 PUTT+ A BALLOT 9TO A BOX ONCE EV]Y FEW YE>S4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ( ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK WILL 5ORM\SLY RE9=CE1 = EA* WORK]1 ! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE ( ! WORK+ COLLECTIVE TO :I* HE BELONGS4 

,WORK]S' C\NCILS & RURAL COMMUNES WILL ABSORB ALL ( TODAY'S 0MUNICIPAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y ALSO WILL TAKE OV] MANY O!RS1 :I* ! MON/R\S C5TRALIZATION ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE HAS REMOV$ FROM ! H&S ( LOCAL GR\PS ) ! SOLE AIM ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! CONTROL ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ( ITS C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY OV] ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,LOCAL C\NCILS1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL TAKE OV] SU* CITY & C\NTY S]VICES & DEP>TM5TS AS ! DIRECT APPLICATION ( 0POLIC+0 P[]S 7BY DETA*M5TS ( >M$ WORK]S ASSIGN$ 9 ROTATION71 ! ADM9I/RATION ( LOCAL JU/ICE1 & ! LOCAL CONTROL ( PRIM>Y $UCATION4 

,! TWO =MS ( REGR\PM5T -- PRODUCTIVE & GEOGRAPHICAL -- SELDOM CO9CIDE TODAY4 ,PEOPLES' HOMES >E AT V>IABLE DI/ANCES FROM :]E !Y WORK4 ,:]E ! SCATT] IS SMALL1 AS 9 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL T[NS OR 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS 7OR 9 MANY RURAL COMMUNES71 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION WILL BE UND]TAK5 BY ! SAME G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & BY ! SAME C\NCILS4 ,:]E HOME & WORKPLACE DO NOT OV]LAP1 GEOGRAPHICALLY BAS$ LOCAL C\NCILS 7SOVIETS7 WILL HAVE TO BE 9/ITUT$1 DIRECTLY REPRES5T+ BO? ! 9HABITANTS ( A GIV5 >EA & ! 5T]PRISES 9 ! >EA4 ,9ITIALLY1 SU* GEOGRAPHICALLY BAS$ LOCAL C\NCILS WILL BE NECESS>Y 9 MANY PLACES4 ,ONE MI<T 5VISAGE !M AS 0COLLAT]AL0 9/ITUTIONS 9 *>GE ( LOCAL AFFAIRS4 ,!Y WILL COLLABORATE AT ! LOCAL & NATIONAL LEVELS ) ! C\NCILS ( PRODUC]S1 :I* ALONE REPRES5T ! SEAT ( P[]4 

7,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN WORD 0SOVIET0 MEANS 0C\NCIL10 ONE %\LD NOT CONFUSE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS WE HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+ 9 ?IS TEXT ) EV5 ! E>LIE/ ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCILS >E BAS$ ON ONE'S PLACE ( WORK4 ,!Y CAN PLAY BO? A POLITICAL ROLE & A ROLE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ITS ESS5CE1 A WORK]S' C\NCIL IS A UNIV]SAL ORGAN4 ,! #aie ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET 7,C\NCIL7 ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES1 AL?\< ! PRODUCT ( A G5]AL /RIKE &1 AL?\< EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IAN 9 COMPOSITION1 REMA9$ A PURELY POLITICAL ORGAN4 ,! ,SOVIETS ( #aiag W]E AS A RULE GEOGRAPHICALLY BAS$4 ,!Y TOO W]E PURELY POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 9 :I* ALL SOCIAL LAY]S OPPOS$ TO ! OLD REGIME =M$ A UNIT$ FRONT .<SEE ,TROTSKY'S #aie & HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION.>4 ,!IR ROLE CORRESPOND$ TO ! 0BACKW>DNESS0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY AT ! TIME AS WELL AS TO ! 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 ASPECTS ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y BELONG$ TO ! PA/4 ,! NORMAL =M ( WORK+-CLASS REPRES5TATION 9 ! PRES5T AGE UND\BT$LY IS ! WORK]S' C\NCIL47 

,! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! GAPS BETWE5 !SE TWO TYPES ( C\NCILS C\LD SOON BE OV]COME IF ONE W]E TO ORGANIZE *ANGES 9 WORK]S' LIV+ PLACES4 ,?IS IS BUT A SMALL ASPECT ( AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM ?AT WILL HANG OV] ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY = DECADES TO COME4 ,UND]LY+ !SE QUE/IONS >E ALL ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & HUMAN PROBLEMS ( URBAN PLANN+ 9 ! DEEPE/ S5SE ( ! T]M &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! V]Y PROBLEM ( ! DIVISION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,IT IS NOT = US H]E TO V5TURE 9TO !SE FIELDS4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT1 FROM ! V]Y />T1 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO TACKLE !SE PROBLEMS AS TOTAL PROBLEMS1 = !Y HAVE AN EFFECT ON EV]Y ASPECT ( PEOPLES' LIVES & ON SOCIETY'S [N ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL PURPOSE4 

,:AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION ALSO APPLIES TO REGIONAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S' C\NCILS OR RURAL COMMUNES WILL BE 9 *>GE ( COORD9AT+ !SE BODIES AT A REGIONAL LEVEL & ( ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITIES BE/ TACKL$ AT SU* A LEVEL4 

,! ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION ( ! 0,/ATE0 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE 7& NOT M]ELY 0T]RITORIAL0 FUNCTIONS7 WILL BE TAK5 OV] BY LOCAL OR REGIONAL ORGANS ( POPUL> SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! TRULY 0C5TRAL0 FUNCTIONS1 ?OSE :OSE CONT5T AFFECTS 9DIVISIBLY ! TOTALITY ( ! POPULATION8 

,9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 & 9 P>TICUL> UND] CLASSICAL N9ETE5?-C5TURY 0LIB]AL0 CAPITALISM1 ! ULTIMATE FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE WAS TO GU>ANTEE ! MA9T5ANCE ( EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( A LEGAL MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,L59 WAS RI<T1 AGA9/ ! RE=MI/S ( HIS DAY1 TO ADOPT ,5GELS'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ,/ATE AS NO?+ MORE ?AN 0SPECIAL BODIES ( >M$ M51 & PRISONS40.<#d#h.> ,9 ! C\RSE ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 !RE WAS NO D\BT AS TO ! FATE ( ?IS ,/ATE3 ,ITS APP>ATUS WAS TO BE SMA%$1 ! 0SPECIAL DETA*M5TS ( >M$ M50 DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ BY ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! P]MAN5T BUREAUCRACY ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ELECT$ & REVOCABLE (FICIALS4 

,UND] TODAY'S CRISIS-RIDD5 CAPITALISM1 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION & ! 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE 7) ! CORRESPOND+ NE$ = ! RUL+ CLASS TO SUBMIT EV]Y?+ TO ITS CONTROL & SUP]VISION7 HAVE L$ S9CE ,L59'S TIME TO AN 5ORM\S GR[? ( ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 ITS FUNCTIONS1 & ITS BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] JU/ A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS ?AT HAS ELEVAT$ ITSELF 0ABOVE0 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! HUB ( A :OLE S]IES ( ME*ANISMS :]EBY SOCIETY FUNCTIONS FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,AT ! LIMIT1 ! PRES5T-DAY ,/ATE UND]LIES ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 AS 9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ BUREAUCRATIC-CAPITALI/ REGIMES ( ,RUSSIA & ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES4 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/1 ! ,/ATE GOES BEYOND ! M]E EX]CISE ( 0P[]0 9 ! N>R[ S5SE & TAKES ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ ROLE 9 ! MANAGEM5T & CONTROL NOT ONLY ( ! ECONOMY BUT ( A HO/ ( SOCIAL ACTIVITIES4 ,P>ALLEL ) ALL ?IS1 ! ,/ATE TAKES ON A L>GE NUMB] ( FUNCTIONS ?AT 9 !MSELVES C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE C>RI$ \T BY O!R BODIES1 BUT :I* EI!R HAVE BECOME USEFUL 9/RUM5TS ( CONTROL OR IMPLY ! MOBILIZATION ( CONSID]ABLE RES\RCES ?AT ! ,/ATE ALONE POSSESSES4 

,9 MANY PEOPLE'S M9DS ! MY? ( ! 0,/ATE0 AS ! 09C>NATION ( ! ,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 7:I* ,5GELS MOCK$ A C5TURY AGO7 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ANO!R MY?1 ! MY? ( ! ,/ATE AS ! 9EVITABLE 9C>NATION ( C5TRALIZATION & ( ! 0TE*NICAL RATIONALIZATION0 REQUIR$ BY MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS HAS HAD TWO MA9 EFFECTS4 ,IT HAS L$ SOME PEOPLE TO CONSID] \TMOD$1 ,UTOPIAN1 OR 9APPLICABLE ! CONCLUSIONS ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L59 HAVE DRAWN FROM !IR !ORETICAL ANALYSIS ( ! ,/ATE & FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#g#a1 OR #a#i#e4 ,IT HAS L$ O!RS TO SWALL[ ! REALITY ( ! MOD]N ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 :I* SIMULTANE\SLY EPITOMIZES 7NOT 9 :AT IT HIDES -- POLICE T]ROR & ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS -- BUT 9 :AT IT (FICIALLY PROCLAIMS1 9 ITS ,CON/ITUTION7 ! COMPLETE & TOTAL NEGATION ( PREVI\S ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( :AT ! SOCIALI/ 0,/ATE0 MI<T BE LIKE & EXHIBITS A MON/R\S 9CREASE 9 ?OSE V]Y FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT W]E CRITICIZ$ BY ,M>X OR ,L59 7! TOTAL SEP>ATION ( RUL]S & RUL$1 P]MAN5T (FICIALDOM1 GREAT] PRIVILEGES = ! FEW ?AN EV] W]E ALL[$ TO ! ELITE 9 ANY B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 ETC474 

,BUT ?IS V]Y EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE CONTA9S ! SE$ ( A SOLUTION4 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE HAS BECOME A GIGANTIC 5T]PRISE -- BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT 5T]PRISE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN EX]CISE ITS MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CREAT$ A :OLE NETWORK ( ORGANS ( EXECUTION1 )9 :I* WORK HAS BECOME COLLECTIVE1 SUBJECT TO A DIVISION ( LABOR1 & SPECIALIZ$4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ H]E IS ! SAME AS :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 P>TICUL> 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT IT HAS HAPP5$ ON A MU* VA/] SCALE4 ,9 !IR OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 TODAY'S GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS ONLY C>RY \T SPECIFIC & LIMIT$ TASKS4 ,!Y >E 05T]PRISES10 SPECIALIZ+ 9 C]TA9 TYPES ( WORK4 ,SOME >E SOCIALLY NECESS>Y4 ,O!RS >E PURELY P>ASITIC OR >E ONLY NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,! 0P[]S ?AT BE0 HAVE NO MORE 9TR9SIC CONNECTION ) ! WORK ( 0!IR0 DEP>TM5TS ?AN !Y HAVE1 SAY1 ) ! PRODUCTION ( AUTOMOBILES4 ,! NOTION ( 0P[]0 OR 0ADM9I/RATIVE RI<TS0 ?AT REMA9S APP5D$ TO :AT >E 9 FACT A S]IES ( 0PUBLIC S]VICES0 IS A JURIDICAL LEGACY1 )\T REAL CONT5T4 ,ITS ONLY PURPOSE IS TO %IELD FROM CRITICISM ! >BITR>Y & IRRESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR ( ?OSE AT ! TOP ( V>I\S BUREAUCRATIC PYRAMIDS4.<#d#i.> 

,GIV5 !SE CONDITIONS1 ! SOLUTION DOES NOT LIE 9 ! 0ELECTION & REVOCABILITY ( ALL CIVIL S]VANTS40 ,?IS IS NEI!R NECESS>Y 7!SE (FICIALS EX]CISE NO REAL P[]7 NOR POSSIBLE 7!Y >E SPECIALIZ$ WORK]S1 :OM ONE C\LD NO MORE ELECT0 ?AN ONE W\LD ELECT ELECTRICIANS OR DOCTORS74 

,! SOLUTION WILL LIE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( MO/ ( TODAY'S GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS4 ,9 MANY CASES ?IS W\LD ONLY BE GIV+ =MAL RECOGNITION TO AN EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,CONCRETELY1 SU* 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD MEAN3 

,! EXPLICIT TRANS=MATION ( !SE 0ADM9I/RATIVE0 DEP>TM5TS 9TO 5T]PRISES HAV+ ! SAME /ATUS AS ANY O!R 5T]PRISE4 ,9 MANY ( !SE NEW 5T]PRISES ! ME*ANIZATION & AUTOMATION ( WORK C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY DEVELOP$ TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE4 

,! MANAGEM5T ( !SE 5T]PRISES WILL BE ?R\< WORK]S' C\NCILS1 REPRES5T+ ?OSE :O WORK !RE4 ,!SE (FICE WORK]S1 LIKE ALL O!RS1 WILL DET]M9E AUTONOM\SLY ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N WORK4 7,! =MATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS ( ,/ATE EMPLOYES WAS ONE ( ! DEM&S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS47 

,! FUNCTION ( !SE 5T]PRISES WILL BE CONF9$ TO ! EXECUTION ( ! TASKS ASSIGN$ TO !M BY ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! 0PLAN FACTORY0 WILL BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! SAME WILL APPLY TO :ATEV] REMA9S OR C\LD BE US$ ( ANY CURR5T /RUCTURES RELAT+ TO ! ECONOMY 7=EIGN TRADE1 AGRICULTURE1 F9ANCE1 9DU/RY1 ETC474 ,CURR5T ,/ATE FUNCTIONS ?AT ALREADY >E 9DU/RIALIZ$ 7PUBLIC WORKS1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT1 COMMUNICATIONS1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 & SOCIAL SECURITY7 WILL BE SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,& ! SAME GOES = $UCATION4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,P[]3 ,! ,ASSEMBLY & ! ,GOV]NM5TAL ,C\NCIL 

,:AT REMA9S ( ! FUNCTIONS ( A MOD]N /ATE WILL BE DISCUSS$ UND] ?REE HEAD+S3 

,! MAT]IAL BASIS ( AU?ORITY & CO]CION1 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M5 & PRISONS0 79 O!R WORDS1 ! >MY & ! LAW72 

,=EIGN & DOME/IC 0POLITICS10 9 ! N>R[ S5SE 79 O!R WORDS1 ! PROBLEMS ?AT MI<T >ISE = A WORK+-CLASS P[] IF IT WAS CONFRONT$ ) 9T]NAL OPPOSITION OR ) ! P]SI/5CE ( HO/ILE EXPLOIT+ REGIMES 9 O!R C\NTRIES72 

,REAL POLITICS3 ! OV]ALL VISION1 COORD9ATION1 & G5]AL PURPOSE & DIRECTION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,CONC]N+ ! >MY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M50 WILL BE DISSOLV$ & !N REPLAC$ BY ! >M$ POPULACE4 ,WORK]S 9 FACTORIES1 (FICES1 & RURAL COMMUNES WILL CON/ITUTE ! UNITS ( A NONP]MAN5T1 T]RITORIALLY BAS$ MILITIA1 EA* C\NCIL BE+ 9 *>GE ( POLIC+ ITS [N >EA4 ,REGIONAL REGR\P+S WILL 5ABLE LOCAL UNITS TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ & WILL ALL[ ! RATIONAL USE ( HEAVI] >MAM5TS4 

,! EXT5T TO :I* 0/RATEGIC0 TYPES ( WEAPONS 7:I* CAN BE US$ ONLY ON A C5TRALIZ$ BASIS7 WILL REMA9 NECESS>Y CANNOT BE DECID$ A PRIORI4 ,IF IT PROV$ NECESS>Y1 EA* C\NCIL W\LD PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE A CONT+5T TO ! =MATION ( C]TA9 C5TRAL UNITS1 :I* W\LD BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS4 

,NEI!R ! MEANS NOR ! OV]ALL CONCEPTION ( W> CAN BE COPI$ FROM ?OSE ( AN IMP]IALI/ C\NTRY4 ,:AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS VALID = MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE3 ,!RE IS NO NEUTRAL MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE1 !RE IS NO 0,A-BOMB = SOCIALISM40 ,PHILIPPE ,GUILLAUME HAS CLE>LY %[N 79 0,LA ,GU]RE ET NOT] EPOQUE10 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 #c & #e-#f .<,JULY #aidi & ,M>* #a#i#e.>7 ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ( NECESSITY WILL HAVE TO DRAW UP ITS [N /RATEGY & ME?ODS SUITABLE TO ITS SOCIAL & HUMAN OBJECTIVES4 ,! NE$ = SO-CALL$ /RATEGIC WEAPONS DOES NOT GO )\T SAY+ = A REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 

,AS = ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 IT WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( RANK-&-FILE BODIES4 ,EA* C\NCIL WILL ACT AS A 0L[] C\RT0 9 RELATION TO 0(F5SES0 COMMITT$ 9 ITS JURISDICTION4 ,9DIVIDUAL RI<TS WILL BE GU>ANTE$ BY PROC$URAL RULES E/ABLI%$ BY ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY1 & C\LD ALSO 9CLUDE ! RI<T ( APPEAL TO ! REGIONAL C\NCILS OR TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ITSELF4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( A 0P5AL CODE0 OR ( PRISONS1 ! V]Y NOTION ( 0PUNI%M5T0 BE+ ABSURD FROM A SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,JUDGM5TS C\LD ONLY AIM AT RE$UCAT+ ! SOCIAL DEL9QU5T & AT RE9TEGRAT+ HIM 9TO HIS SOCIAL SURR\ND+S4 ,DEPRIVATION ( FRE$OM HAS A MEAN+ ONLY IF IT IS JUDG$ ?AT A P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL CON/ITUTES A P]MAN5T ?REAT TO O!RS 7& 9 ?AT CASE :AT IS NE$$ IS NOT A P5IT5TI>Y BUT 0P$AGOGICAL0 & 0M$ICAL0 -- 0PSY*IATRIC0 -- 9/ITUTIONS74 

,POLITICAL PROBLEMS -- 9 ! N>R[ AS WELL AS 9 ! BROAD] S5SE -- CONC]N ! :OLE POPULATION1 & !RE=E ONLY ! POPULATION AS A :OLE IS 9 A POSITION TO SOLVE !M4 ,BUT PEOPLE CAN SOLVE !M ONLY IF !Y >E ORGANIZ$ TO ?IS 5D4 7,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 EV]Y?+ IS DEVIS$ SO AS TO PREV5T PEOPLE FROM DEAL+ ) SU* PROBLEMS4 ,PEOPLE >E CONN$ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT ! SOLE POSSESSORS ( SOLUTIONS TO POLITICAL PROBLEMS >E ! POLITICIANS1 ?OSE SPECIALI/S ( ! UNIV]SAL1 :OSE MO/ UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE IS PRECISELY !IR IGNORANCE ( ANY P>TICUL> REALITY47 

,?IS ORGANIZATION WILL BE MADE UP FIR/ ( ALL ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( EA* P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE1 ! VITAL COLLECTIVE SETT+ )9 :I* !RE CAN BE A CONFRONTATION ( VIEWS & AN ELABORATION ( 9=M$ POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,!Y WILL BE ! ULTIMATE SOV]EIGN AU?ORITIES = ALL POLITICAL DECISIONS4 ,BUT !RE WILL ALSO BE A C5TRAL 9/ITUTION1 DIRECTLY EMANAT+ FROM !SE GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS1 NAMELY1 ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SU* A BODY IS NECESS>Y1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE SOME PROBLEMS REQUIRE AN IMM$IATE DECISION 7EV5 IF SU* A DECISION MAY SUBSEQU5TLY BE REV]S$ BY ! POPULATION71 BUT MORE P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE PRELIM9>Y *ECK+1 CL>IFICATION1 & ELABORATION ( ! FACTS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS NECESS>Y BE=E ANY MEAN+FUL DECISION CAN BE MADE4 ,TO ASK ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE TO VOICE !IR OP9IONS )\T SU* PREP>ATION W\LD (T5 BE A MY/IFICATION & A NEGATION ( DEMOCRACY 7BECAUSE IT W\LD ELIM9ATE ! POSSIBILITY ( PEOPLE DECID+ 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS74 ,!RE MU/ BE A FRAMEWORK = DISCUSS+ PROBLEMS & = SUBMITT+ !M TO POPUL> DECISION -- OR EV5 = SUGGE/+ ?AT !Y %\LD BE DISCUSS$4 ,!SE >E NOT JU/ 0TE*NICAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y >E DEEPLY POLITICAL1 & ! BODY ?AT W\LD 9ITIATE !M W\LD BE A C5TRAL P[] -- AL?\< V]Y DIFF]5T 9 ITS /RUCTURE & ROLE FROM ANY CONTEMPOR>Y C5TRAL BODY -- ?AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD NOT DO )\T4 

,! REAL PROBLEM IS NOT :E!R SU* A BODY %\LD EXI/4 ,IT IS H[ TO ORGANIZE ,IT 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT IT NO LONG] 9C>NATES ! ALI5ATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 SOCIETY & ! VE/+ ( AU?ORITY 9 ! H&S ( SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 SEP>ATE FROM ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO MAKE ANY C5TRAL BODY 9TO ! EXPRESSION & 9/RUM5T ( ! C5TRAL P[]4 ,WE ?9K ?IS IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS4 

,! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS WILL BE COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! GRASS-ROOTS ORGANS 7OR BY L>G] GEOGRAPHICAL OR F$]AT$ GR\PS ( !SE ORGANS1 5T]PRISES1 RURAL COMMUNES1 ETC474 ,!SE PEOPLE WILL BE REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES BY ! BODIES ?AT ELECT$ !M4 ,!Y WILL REMA9 AT WORK1 AS WILL DELEGATES TO ! LOCAL WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,DELEGATES TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY WILL MEET 9 PL5>Y SESSION AS (T5 AS NECESS>Y4 ,9 MEET+ TWICE A WEEK1 OR DUR+ ONE WEEK EA* MON?1 !Y WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY GET ?R\< MORE WORK ?AN ANY PRES5T LEGISLATURE 7:I* H>DLY GETS ?R\< ANY74 ,AT FREQU5T 9T]VALS 7P]HAPS ONCE A MON?7 !Y WILL HAVE TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( !IR M&ATE TO ?OSE :O HAD ELECT$ !M4 7,9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE1 SU* AN ASSEMBLY C\LD CONSI/ ( #a1 OR #b1 DELEGATES .<ONE DELEGATE P] #b1 OR #a1 WORK]S.>4 ,A COMPROMISE W\LD HAVE TO BE REA*$ BETWE5 TWO REQUIREM5TS3 ,AS A WORK+ BODY1 ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS %\LD NOT BE TOO L>GE1 BUT ON ! O!R H&1 IT MU/ AF=D ! MO/ DIRECT & MO/ BROADLY BAS$ REPRES5TATION ( ! PEOPLE1 >EAS1 & ORGANS ( :I* IT IS ! \TCOME47 

,?OSE ELECT$ TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY WILL ELECT FROM )9 !IR [N RANKS -- OR WILL APPO9T TO ACT 9 ROTATION -- A C5TRAL GOV]NM5TAL C\NCIL1 COMPOS$ P]HAPS ( A FEW DOZ5 MEMB]S4 ,! TASKS ( ?IS BODY WILL BE RE/RICT$ TO PREP>+ ! WORK ( ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS1 ACT+ 9 ITS /EAD :5 IT IS NOT 9 SESSION1 & CONV5+ ! ASSEMBLY = EM]G5CY SESSIONS IF NECESS>Y4 

,IF ?IS GOV]NM5TAL C\NCIL EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION & MADE A DECISION ?AT C\LD OR %\LD HAVE BE5 SUBMITT$ TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY1 OR IF IT MADE ANY UNACCEPTABLE DECISIONS1 !SE C\LD IMM$IATELY BE RESC9D$ BY ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* C\LD ALSO TAKE ANY O!R NECESS>Y MEASURES1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! 0DISSOLUTION0 ( ITS [N C\NCIL4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY MADE ANY DECISION ?AT EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION1 OR ?AT W5T AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! LOCAL WORK]S' C\NCILS OR ! LOCAL G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 IT WILL BE UP TO !SE BODIES TO TAKE ANY /EPS NECESS>Y1 BEG9N+ ) ! REVOCATION ( !IR DELEGATES TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY4 ,NEI!R ! C5TRAL C\NCIL NOR ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY C\LD P]SEV]E 9 UNACCEPTABLE PRACTICES 7!Y HAVE NO P[] ( !IR [N1 !Y >E REVOCABLE1 & 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! POPULATION IS >M$74 ,BUT IF ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ALL[$ ITS C\NCIL TO EXCE$ ITS RI<TS -- OR IF MEMB]S ( LOCAL ASSEMBLIES ALL[$ !IR DELEGATES TO ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY TO EXCE$ !IR AU?ORITY -- NO?+ C\LD BE DONE4 ,! POPULATION CAN EX]CISE POLITICAL P[] ONLY IF IT WANTS TO4 ,! ORGANIZATION PROPOS$ M]ELY 5SURES ?AT ! POPULATION C\LD EX]CISE SU* P[]1 IF IT WANT$ TO4 

,BUT ?IS V]Y WILL TO TAKE AFFAIRS 9TO ONE'S [N H&S IS NOT SOME OCCULT =CE1 APPE>+ & DISAPPE>+ 9 SOME MY/]I\S WAY4 ,POLITICAL ALI5ATION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DOES NOT JU/ /EM FROM ! FACT ?AT EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 BY !IR V]Y /RUCTURE1 MAKE IT 0TE*NICALLY0 IMPOSSIBLE = ! POLITICAL WILL ( ! PEOPLE TO EXPRESS OR EX]CISE ITSELF4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ALI5ATION /EMS FROM ! DE/RUCTION ( ?IS WILL AT ITS ROOTS1 ! ?W>T+ ( ITS V]Y GR[?1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE S9I/] ?AN ! UTT]ANCES ( SUNDRY LIB]ALS1 BEMOAN+ ! 0POLITICAL APA?Y ( ! PEOPLE10 AN APA?Y ?AT ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM !Y SUBSCRIBE TO W\LD RECREATE DAILY1 IF IT DID NOT ALREADY EXI/4 ,?IS SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL WILL 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES /EMS AS MU* FROM ! CONT5T ( MOD]N 0POLITICS0 AS FROM ! MEANS AVAILABLE = POLITICAL EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! UNBRIDGEABLE GULF ?AT TODAY SEP>ATES 0POLITICS0 FROM PEOPLE'S REAL LIVES4 ,! CONT5T ( MOD]N POLITICS IS ! 0BETT]0 ORGANIZATION ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,! BETT] TO EXPLOIT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,ITS ME?ODS ( EXPRESSION >E NECESS>ILY MY/IFY+3 ,!Y RESORT EI!R TO DIRECT LIES OR TO MEAN+LESS AB/RACTIONS4 ,! WORLD 9 :I* ALL ?IS TAKES PLACE IS A WORLD ( 0SPECIALI/S10 UND]H&$ DEALS1 & A SPURI\S 0TE*NICISM40 

,ALL ?IS WILL BE RADICALLY *ANG$ 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EXPLOITATION HAV+ BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ! CONT5T ( POLITICS WILL BE ! BETT] ORGANIZATION ( \R COMMON LIFE4 ,AN IMM$IATE RESULT WILL BE A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE T[>D PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,POLITICAL PROBLEMS WILL BE EV]YONE'S PROBLEMS1 :E!R !Y RELATE TO :]E ONE WORKS OR DEAL ) NATIONAL ISSUES4 ,PEOPLE WILL BEG9 TO FEEL ?AT !IR CONC]NS HAVE A REAL IMPACT1 & P]CEPTIBLE RESULTS %\LD SOON BE OBVI\S TO EV]YONE4 ,! ME?OD ( EXPRESSION ( ! NEW POLITICS WILL BE GE>$ T[>D MAK+ REAL PROBLEMS ACCESSIBLE TO EV]YONE4 ,! GULF SEP>AT+ 0POLITICAL AFFAIRS0 FROM PEOPLE'S EV]YDAY LIVES WILL BE COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$4 

,ALL ?IS W>RANTS SOME COMM5T4 ,MOD]N SOCIOLOGI/S (T5 CLAIM ?AT ! CONT5T ( MOD]N POLITICS & ITS MODES ( EXPRESSION >E 9EVITABLE4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( POLITICS FROM LIFE IS DUE TO IRREV]SIBLE TE*NICAL *ANGES ?AT MAKE ANY REAL DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4.<#e.> ,IT IS ALLEG$ ?AT ! CONT5T ( POLITICS -- NAMELY1 ! DIRECTION & MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY -- HAS BECOME HI<LY COMPLEX1 EMBRAC+ AN EXTRAORD9>Y MASS ( DATA & PROBLEMS1 EA* ( :I* CAN BE MA/]$ ONLY ?R\< ADVANC$ SPECIALIZATION4 ,ALL ?IS ALLEG$LY BE+ SO1 IT IS PROCLAIM$ AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT !SE PROBLEMS C\LD NEV] BE PUT TO ! PUBLIC 9 ANY 9TELLIGIBLE WAY -- OR ONLY BY SIMPLIFY+ !M TO A DEGREE ?AT W\LD DI/ORT !M ALTOGE!R4 ,:Y BE SURPRIS$ !N ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE TAKE NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS ?AN !Y DO 9 DIFF]5TIAL CALCULUS8 

,IF !SE 0>GUM5TS0 -- PRES5T$ AS ! V]Y LATE/ 9 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY BUT 9 FACT AS OLD AS ! WORLD 7,PLATO DISCUSSES !M AT L5G?1 & HIS ,PROTAGORAS IS 9 P>T DEVOT$ TO !M7 -- PROVE ANY?+1 IT IS NOT ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A ,UTOPIAN ILLUSION BUT ?AT ! V]Y MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY1 BY :ATEV] MEANS1 HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! POLITICIAN1 ACCORD+ TO !SE PREMISES1 W\LD HAVE TO BE ! ,9C>NATION ( ,ABSOLUTE & ,TOTAL ,KN[L$GE4 ,NO TE*NICAL SPECIALIZATION1 H[EV] ADVANC$1 5TITLES ITS POSSESSOR TO MA/] >EAS O!R ?AN HIS [N4 ,AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS1 EA* ! HI<E/ AU?ORITY 9 HIS P>TICUL> FIELD1 W\LD HAVE NO COMPET5CE 7AS AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS7 TO SOLVE ANY?+4 ,ONLY ONE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD COMM5T ON ANY SPECIFIC PO9T1 & NO ONE W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO COMM5T ON ANY G5]AL PROBLEM4 

,9DE$1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS NOT MANAG$ BY TE*NICIANS AS SU* 7& NEV] C\LD BE74 ,?OSE :O MANAGE IT DO NOT 9C>NATE ,ABSOLUTE ,KN[L$GE -- BUT RA!R G5]ALIZ$ 9COMPET5CE4 ,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS H>DLY MANAG$ AT ALL -- IT M]ELY DRIFTS4 ,JU/ LIKE ! TOP MANAGEM5T ( ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS HEAD+ UP SOME BIG FACTORY1 A MOD]N POLITICAL 0LEAD]%IP0 ONLY R5D]S V]DICTS -- & ?OR\<LY >BITR>Y ONES AT ?AT4 ,IT DECIDES BETWE5 ! OP9IONS ( ! V>I\S TE*NICAL DEP>TM5TS ?AT >E DESIGN$ TO 0ASSI/0 IT1 BUT OV] :I* IT HAS V]Y LITTLE CONTROL4 ,9 ?IS1 \R RUL]S FEEL ! REP]CUSSIONS 9 !IR [N SOCIAL SY/EM & EXP]I5CE ! SAME POLITICAL ALI5ATION !Y IMPOSE ON ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,! *AOS ( !IR [N SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ! N>R[ DEVELOPM5T ( EA* BRAN* = ITS [N EXCLUSIVE 5DS R5D] IMPOSSIBLE A RATIONAL EX]CISE ( !IR [N P[] -- EV5 9 !IR [N T]MS4.<#e#a.> 

,WE DISCUSS ?IS SOPHISM BECAUSE IT PUTS US ON ! ROAD TO AN IMPORTANT TRU?4 ,9 ! CASE ( POLITICS AS 9 ! CASE ( PRODUCTION1 PEOPLE T5D TO BLAME MOD]N TE*NIQUE & MOD]N 0TE*NICIZATION0 9 G5]AL 9/EAD ( SEE+ ?AT ! PROBLEMS /EM FROM A SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 POLITICS AS 9 PRODUCTION1 CAPITALISM DOES NOT ONLY MEAN ! USE ( TE*NICALLY 0NEUTRAL0 MEANS = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,IT ALSO MEANS ! CREATION & DEVELOPM5T ( SPECIFIC TE*NIQUES1 AIM$ AT 5SUR+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PRODUC]S -- OR ! OPPRESSION1 MY/IFICATION1 & POLITICAL ALI5ATION & MANIPULATION ( CITIZ5S 9 G5]AL4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION1 SOCIALISM WILL MEAN ! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,TE*NIQUE WILL BE PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL1 SOCIALISM WILL IMPLY A SIMIL> TRANS=MATION3 ,TE*NIQUE WILL BE PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY4 

,POLITICAL TE*NIQUE IS BAS$ ESS5TIALLY ON ! TE*NIQUES ( 9=MATION & ( COMMUNICATION4 ,WE >E H]E US+ ! T]M 0TE*NIQUE0 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE 7! MAT]IAL MEANS ( 9=MATION & COMMUNICATION COMPRISE ONLY A P>T ( ! CORRESPOND+ TE*NIQUES74 ,TO PLACE ! TE*NIQUE ( 9=MATION AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY DOES NOT ONLY MEAN TO PUT MAT]IAL MEANS ( EXPRESSION 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE 7ESS5TIAL AS ?IS MAY BE74 ,NOR DOES IT MEAN ! DISSEM9ATION ( ALL 9=MATION1 OR ( ANY 9=MATION :ATSOEV]4 ,IT MEANS FIR/ & =EMO/ TO PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( MANK9D ! ELEM5TS NECESS>Y TO 5ABLE PEOPLE TO DECIDE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT EA* P]SON WILL RECEIVE A FAI?FUL TRANSLATION ( ESS5TIAL DATA RELAT+ TO ! PROBLEMS ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE DECID$ UPON4 ,?IS 9=MATION WILL BE EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( A F9ITE NUMB] ( SUCC9CTLY /AT$ & MEAN+FUL DETAILS4 ,) RESPECT TO ! PLAN FACTORY1 WE HAVE GIV5 A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE ( H[ 9=MATION C\LD BE US$ SO AS VA/LY TO 9CREASE PEOPLE'S >EAS ( FRE$OM4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 G5U9E 9=MATION W\LD NOT 5D UP BURY+ EV]YONE UND] :OLE LIBR>IES ( TEXTBOOKS ON ECONOMICS1 TE*NOLOGY1 & /ATI/ICS3 ,! 9=MATION ?AT W\LD RESULT FROM ?IS W\LD BE /RICTLY NIL4 ,! 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! PLAN FACTORY W\LD BE COMPACT1 SIGNIFICANT1 SUFFICI5T1 & TRUE4 ,EV]YONE WILL KN[ :AT HE WILL HAVE TO CONTRIBUTE & ! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION HE WILL 5JOY IF ?IS OR ?AT V>IANT ( ! PLAN IS ADOPT$4 ,?IS IS H[ TE*NIQUE 79 ?IS 9/ANCE1 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 /ATI/ICS1 & COMPUT]S7 CAN BE PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY 9 A KEY >EA4 ,!RE IS NO 0CYB]NETIC POLITICS0 ?AT C\LD TELL US H[ TO MAKE A DECISION2 ONLY PEOPLE CAN DET]M9E ! ELEM5TS REQUIR$ TO MAKE DECISIONS4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO ! TE*NIQUE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! V]Y SIZE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES PRECLUDES ! EX]CISE ( ANY G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,DI/ANCES & NUMB]S ALLEG$LY R5D] DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ONLY FEASIBLE DEMOCRACY1 IT IS CLAIM$1 IS REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 :I* 09EVITABLY0 CONTA9S A K]NEL ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION1 NAMELY1 ! SEP>ATION ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM ?OSE !Y REPRES5T4 

,9 FACT1 !RE >E SEV]AL WAYS ( 5VISAG+ & A*IEV+ REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,A LEGISLATURE IS ONE =M4 ,C\NCILS >E ANO!R1 & IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ POLITICAL ALI5ATION C\LD >ISE 9 A C\NCIL SY/EM OP]AT+ ACCORD+ TO ITS [N RULES4 ,IF MOD]N TE*NIQUES ( COMMUNICATION W]E PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY1 ! >EAS :]E REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY W\LD REMA9 NECESS>Y W\LD N>R[ CONSID]ABLY4 ,MAT]IAL DI/ANCES >E SMALL] 9 ! MOD]N WORLD ?AN !Y W]E 9 ,ATTICA1 9 ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! VOICE RANGE ( ! ORATOR -- & H5CE ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE HE C\LD REA* -- WAS LIMIT$ BY ! FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ( HIS VOCAL CORDS4 ,TODAY IT IS UNLIMIT$4.<#e#b.> ,9 ! REALM ( COMMUNICAT+ IDEAS1 DI/ANCES HAVE NOT ONLY N>R[$ -- !Y HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,IF SOCIETY FELT IT W]E NECESS>Y1 TOMORR[ IT C\LD E/ABLI% A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! :OLE POPULATION 9 ANY MOD]N C\NTRY4 ,CLOS$-CIRCUIT RADIO & TELEVISION HOOKUPS EASILY C\LD L9K A VA/ NUMB] ( G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 9 V>I\S FACTORIES1 (FICES1 OR RURAL COMMUNES4 ,SIMIL>1 BUT MORE LIMIT$1 HOOKUPS C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 9 A VA/ NUMB] ( CASES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! SESSIONS ( ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY OR ( ITS C\NCIL EASILY C\LD BE TELEVIS$4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! REVOCABILITY ( ALL DELEGATES1 W\LD READILY 5SURE ?AT ANY C5TRAL 9/ITUTION REMA9$ UND] ! P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT W\LD PR(\NDLY ALT] ! V]Y NOTION ( 0REPRES5TATION40 7,IT C]TA9LY W\LD BE AMUS+ TO TELEVISE TODAY'S P>LIAM5T>Y SESSIONS2 ?IS W\LD BE AN EXCELL5T WAY ( L[]+ ,T,V SET SALES47 

,IT MI<T BE CLAIM$ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( NUMB]S REMA9S & ?AT PEOPLE NEV] W\LD BE ABLE TO EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 A REASONABLE AM\NT ( TIME4 ,?IS IS NOT A VALID >GUM5T4 ,!RE W\LD R>ELY BE AN ASSEMBLY ( OV] TW5TY PEOPLE :]E EV]YONE W\LD WANT TO SPEAK1 = ! V]Y GOOD REASON ?AT :5 !RE IS SOME?+ TO BE DECID$ UPON !RE >E NOT AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( OPTIONS OR AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( >GUM5TS4 ,9 UNHAMP]$ RANK-&-FILE WORK]S' GA!R+S 7CONV5$1 = 9/ANCE1 TO DECIDE ON A /RIKE7 !RE HAVE NEV] BE5 0TOO MANY0 SPEE*ES4 ,! TWO OR ?REE FUNDAM5TAL OP9IONS HAV+ BE5 VOIC$1 & V>I\S >GUM5TS HAV+ BE5 EX*ANG$1 A DECISION IS SOON REA*$4 ,! L5G? ( SPEE*ES1 MOREOV]1 (T5 V>IES 9V]SELY ) ! WEI<T ( !IR CONT5T4 ,RUSSIAN LEAD]S SOMETIMES TALK ON = F\R H\RS AT ,P>TY ,CONGRESSES )\T SAY+ ANY?+4 ,! SPEE* ( ! ,EPHOR ?AT P]SUAD$ ! ,SP>TANS TO LAUN* ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> OCCUPIES TW5TY-ONE L9ES ( ,?UCYDIDES 7,I1 #h#f74 ,= AN ACC\NT ( ! LACONICISM ( REVOLUTION>Y ASSEMBLIES1 SEE ,TROTSKY'S ACC\NTS ( ! ,PETROGRAD SOVIET ( #a#i#e.<#e#c.> -- OR ACC\NTS ( ! MEET+S ( FACTORY REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9 #aief 7,S4 \ ,B41#b .<,M>* #a#i#e#g.>1 PP4 #i#a-#i#b47 

,PEOPLE BEMOAN ! FACT ?AT ! SIZE ( ! MOD]N 0CITY0 COMP>$ ) L HOSE ( YE/]DAY 7T5S ( MILLIONS RA!R ?AN T5S ( ?\S&S7 R5D]S DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y >E D\BLY BL9D4 ,!Y DO NOT SEE1 FIR/1 ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS RECREAT$ ! V]Y MILIEU 7! WORKPLACE7 :]E SU* DEMOCRACY C\LD BE RE9/AURAT$4 ,NOR DO !Y SEE ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS CREAT$ & WILL CONT9UE TO CREATE = AN 9DEF9ITE P]IOD ( TIME ! TE*NICAL MEANS = A G5U9E DEMOCRACY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 ,!Y 5VISAGE ! ONLY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! SUP]SONIC AGE 9 ! HORSE-&-BUGGY T]MS ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL MA*9]Y4 ,& !Y !N CONCLUDE ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS BECOME 0IMPOSSIBLE40 ,!Y CLAIM TO HAVE MADE A 0NEW0 ANALYSIS -- & !Y HAVE IGNOR$ :AT IS REALLY NEW 9 \R EPO*3 ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES ( AT LA/ FREELY TRANS=M+ ! WORLD ?R\< TE*NIQUE1 & ?R\< ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS ITS LIV+ VEHICLE4 

,! 0,/ATE10 0,P>TIES10 & 0,POLITICS0 

,:AT WILL ! 0,/ATE10 0POLITICS10 & 0P>TIES0 CONSI/ ( 9 SU* A SOCIETY8 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! REMNANTS ( A 0,/ATE0 WILL /ILL EXI/ 9 ?OSE 9/ANCES :]E !RE WILL NOT IMM$IATELY BE A PURE & SIMPLE 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S10 :]E !RE /ILL WILL BE ! POSSIBILITY ( CO]CION & CON/RA9TS AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS1 :]E ! MAJORITY WILL /ILL PREVAIL OV] ! M9ORITY1 & :]E1 !RE=E1 LIMITATIONS ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM P]SI/4 ,!RE NO LONG] WILL BE A 0,/ATE0 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! BODIES EX]CIS+ P[] WILL BE NONE O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE UNITS OR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ORGANIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE WILL BE BUT ONE ASPECT ( ?AT LIFE ITSELF1 & ?AT :AT REMA9$ ( C5TRAL BODIES WILL BE UND] ! DIRECT & P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS WILL BE ! />T+ PO9T4 ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T CANNOT BUT BR+ AB\T A RAPID R$UCTION 70WI!R+ AWAY07 ( ! 0/ATI/0 FEATURES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION3 ,! REASONS = EX]CIS+ CON/RA9TS GRADUALLY WILL DISAPPE>1 & ! FIELD ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM WILL 5L>GE4 7,NE$LESS TO SAY1 WE >E NOT TALK+ H]E AB\T =MAL 0DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS10 :I* A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL IMM$IATELY & VA/LY EXP&1 BUT AB\T SUB/ANTIVE FRE$OMS3 NOT ONLY ! RI<T TO LIVE1 BUT ! RI<T TO DO :AT ONE WANTS ) ONE'S LIFE47 

,FRE$ FROM ALL ! RUBBI% & MY/IFICATIONS CURR5TLY SURR\ND+ IT1 POLITICS 9 SU* A SOCIETY WILL BE NO?+ BUT ! COLLECTIVE SE>* =1 DEBATE AB\T1 & ADOPTION ( SOLUTIONS TO ! G5]AL PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY -- :E!R !SE BE ECONOMIC OR $UCATIONAL1 :E!R !Y DEALT ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD OR ) DOME/IC RELATIONS BETWE5 V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA OR CLASSES4 ,ALL !SE DECISIONS CONC]N ! :OLE ( ! POPULATION & !Y WILL ,I,I,I !IRS TO MAKE4 

,IT IS PROBABLE1 EV5 C]TA91 ?AT !RE WILL BE DIFF]5T VIEWS AB\T1 SU* PROBLEMS4 ,EA* APPROA* WILL SEEK TO BE AS COH]5T & SY/EMATIC AS POSSIBLE4 ,PEOPLE WILL SUBSCRIBE TO P>TICUL> VIEWPO9TS1 ?\< !Y WILL BE DISP]S$ GEOGRAPHICALLY OR OCCUPATIONALLY1 ,!SE PEOPLE WILL COME TOGE!R TO DEF5D !IR VIEWS -- 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y WILL =M POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 ! C\NCILS WILL HAVE TO DECIDE :E!R !Y CONSID] ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( ?IS OR ?AT P>TY COMPATIBLE ) ! MAKE-UP ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 & !RE=E :E!R SU* >TIES WILL BE ALL[$ TO FUNCTION ON A LEGAL BASIS4 

,!RE W\LD BE NO PO9T 9 PRET5D+ ?AT A CONTRADICTION W\LD NOT EXI/ BETWE5 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* GR\PS & ! ROLE ( ! C\NCILS4 ,! TWO C\LD NOT DEVELOP SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,IF ! C\NCILS FULFILL !IR FUNCTION1 !Y WILL PROVIDE ! PR9CIPAL & VITAL SETT+ NOT ONLY = POLITICAL CONFRONTATIONS BUT ALSO = ! =MATION ( POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,POLITICAL GR\PS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E EXCLUSIVE 5VIRONM5TS = ! S*OOL+ ( !IR MEMB]S1 AS WELL AS BE+ EXCLUSIVE POLES = !IR LOYALTY4 ,! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( BO? C\NCILS & POLITICAL GR\PS WILL IMPLY ?AT A P>T ( REAL POLITICAL LIFE WILL BE TAK+ PLACE \TSIDE1 ! C\NCILS4 ,PEOPLE WILL !N T5D TO ACT 9 ! C\NCILS ACCORD+ TO DECISION ALREADY MADE ELSE:]E4 ,%\LD ?IS T5D5CY PR$OM9ATE1 IT W\LD BR+ AB\T ! RAPID ATROPHY & F9ALLY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! C\NCILS4 ,CONV]SELY1 REAL SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! PROGRESSIVE ATROPHY ( E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL GR\PS4 

,?IS CONTRADICTION C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ BY A /ROKE ( ! P5 OR BY A 0/ATUTORY0 DECREE4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( POLITICAL GR\PS W\LD REFLECT ! CONT9UATION ( *>ACT]I/ICS 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! P]SI/5CE ( DIV]G5T 9T]E/S 7& !IR CORRESPOND+ IDEOLOGIES7 EV5 AFT] !SE CAPITALI/IC TRAITS HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,PEOPLE WILL NOT =M P>TIES = OR AGA9/ QUANTUM !ORY1 OR OV] SIMPLE DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION AB\T SOME P>TICUL> PO9T4 ,! FL[]+ OR F9AL ATROPHY ( POLITICAL GR\PS WILL DEP5D ( ! ABILITY ( WORK]S' P[] TO UNITE SOCIETY4 

,! BASIS ( P>TIES IS NOT A DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION AS SU*1 BUT RA!R DIFF]5CES ON FUNDAM5TALS & ! MORE OR LESS SY/EMATIC UNITY ( EA* 0SET ( VIEWS40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 P>TIES EXPRESS A SET ORI5TATION CORRESPOND+ TO A MORE OR LESS CLE> IDEOLOGY1 9 ITS TURN FL[+ FROM ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL POSITIONS LEAD+ TO CONFLICT+ ASPIRATIONS4 ,AS LONG AS SU* POSITIONS EXI/ & LEAD TO A POLITICAL 0PROJECTION0 ( EXPECTATIONS1 ONE CANNOT ABOLI% POLITICAL GR\PS -- BUT AS !Y BEG9 TO DISAPPE> IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT GR\PS WILL BE =M$ AB\T 0DIV]G5CES0 ( OP9ION 9 G5]AL4 

,IF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESS+ ! SURVIVAL ( DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & IDEOLOGIES P]SI/1 A WORK+-CLASS SOCIALI/ P>TY1 A P>TIZAN DEF5D] ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ALSO WILL EXI/4 ,IT WILL BE OP5 TO ALL ?OSE :O FAVOR TOTAL P[] = ! C\NCILS & WILL DIFF] FROM ALL O!RS1 BO? 9 ITS PROGRAM & 9 ITS PRACTICE1 PRECISELY ON ?IS PO9T3 ,ITS FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>D ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! C\NCILS & TO !IR BECOM+ ! ONLY C5T]S ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT IT WILL /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[] BE+ HELD BY ANY P>TICUL> P>TY1 :I*EV] ONE IT MAY BE4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC P[] /RUCTURE ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( A ,P>TY 0HOLD+ P[]0 ,! V]Y WORDS W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )9 ! FRAMEWORK WE HAVE DESCRIB$4 ,9S(> AS MAJOR TR5DS ( OP9ION MI<T >ISE OR DIV]GE ON IMPORTANT ISSUES1 ! HOLD]S ( MAJORITY VIEWPO9TS MI<T BE ELECT$ AS DELEGATES TO ! C\NCILS1 ASSEMBLIES1 COMMUNES1 ETC MORE (T5 ?AN O!RS4 7,?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY FOLL[1 H[EV]1 = DELEGATES WILL BE ELECT$ MA9LY ON ! BASIS ( OV]ALL CONFID5CE1 & NOT ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO !IR OP9ION ON ?IS OR ?AT ISSUE47 ,P>TIES WILL NOT BE ORGANIZATIONS SEEK+ P[]1 & ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY ( C\NCILS WILL NOT BE A 0WORK]S' P>LIAM5T02 PEOPLE WILL NOT BE ELECT$ TO IT AS MEMB]S ( A P>TY4 ,! SAME GOES = ANY GOV]NM5T *OS5 BY ?IS ASSEMBLY4.<#e#d.> 

,! ROLE ( A WORK+-CLASS SOCIALI/ P>TY 9ITIALLY WILL BE QUITE IMPORTANT4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO DEF5D !SE CONCEPTIONS SY/EMATICALLY & COH]5TLY4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO CONDUCT AN EXT5SIVE /RUGGLE TO UNMASK & D5\NCE BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES1 NOT 9 G5]AL1 BUT :]E !Y CONCRETELY %[ !MSELVES2 ALSO1 & P]HAPS ABOVE ALL1 9ITIALLY IT WILL BE ! ONLY GR\P CAPABLE ( %[+ ! WAYS & MEANS :]EBY TE*NIQUE & TE*NICIANS C\LD BE ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ SO AS TO ALL[ WORK+-CLASS DEMOCRACY TO BO? /ABILIZE ITSELF & BLOSSOM =?4 ,! WORK ( ! P>TY C\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 HA/5 CONSID]ABLY ! SETT+-UP ( ! DEMOCRATIC PLANN+ ME*ANISMS WE ANALYZ$ E>LI]4 ,! P>TY IS 9 FACT ! ONLY =M 9 :I* A COALESC5CE ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS CAN N[ TAKE PLACE 9 \R SOCIETY ( EXPLOITATION4 ,& ?IS FUSION C\LD ALSO ALL[ ! WORK+-CLASS P[] TO MAKE RAPID USE ( TE*NIQUES ?AT W\LD ADVANCE ITS GOALS1 ,BUT IF1 SOME YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! P>TY CONT9U$ TO GR[1 IT W\LD BE ! SURE/ SIGN ?AT IT WAS DEAD -- AS A WORK+-CLASS SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,FRE$OM & ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL FRE$OM >ISES 9 TWO =MS3 FRE$OM = POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! RI<TS ( V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,NATIONALLY1 ! C\NCILS ALONE WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE TO :AT EXT5T ! ACTIVITIES ( ANY GIV5 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION C\LD BE TOL]AT$4 ,! BASIC CRIT]ION ?AT \<T TO GUIDE !IR JUDGM5T WILL BE :E!R ! ORGANIZATION 9 QUE/ION WAS SEEK+ TO REE/ABLI% AN EXPLOIT+ REGIME1 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WAS IT TRY+ TO ABOLI% ! P[] ( ! C\NCILS8 ,IF !Y JUDG$ ?IS TO BE ! CASE1 ! C\NCILS WILL HAVE ! RI<T & ! DUTY TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 AT ! ULTIMATE LIMIT ( CURTAIL+ SU* ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT ?IS Y>D/ICK WILL NOT PROVIDE AN AUTOMATIC ANSW] 9 EV]Y SPECIFIC 9/ANCE = ! V]Y GOOD REASON ?AT SU* AN AUTOMATIC ANSW] NEV] C\LD EXI/4 ,9 EA* CASE1 ! C\NCILS WILL HAVE TO BE> ! POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ANSW]1 /E]+ A C\RSE BETWE5 TWO EQUAL & V]Y S]I\S DANG]S3 EI!R TO ALL[ FRE$OM ( ACTION TO 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM :O SEEK TO DE/ROY IT -- OR TO KILL SELF-MANAGEM5T BY !MSELVES ?R\< EXTREME RE/RICTIONS ON POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NO ABSOLUTE OR AB/RACT ANSW] TO ?IS DILEMMA4 ,NOR IS IT ANY USE TRY+ TO M9IMIZE ! EXT5T ( ! PROBLEM BY SAY+ ?AT ANY IMPORTANT POLITICAL T5D5CY W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9SIDE ! C\NCILS3 ,IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE & EV5 QUITE PROBABLE ?AT !RE WILL EXI/ )9 ! C\NCILS T5D5CIES OPPOS$ TO !IR TOTAL P[]4 

,! 0LEGALITY ( SOVIET P>TIES0 -- A =MULA ?R\< :I* ,TROTSKY BELIEV$1 9 #a#i#c#f1 ?AT HE C\LD ANSW] ?IS PROBLEM -- 9 FACT ANSW]S NO?+4 ,IF ! ONLY DANG]S CONFRONT+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E ?OSE DUE TO B\RGEOIS 0RE/ORATIONI/0 P>TIES1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE TO FE>1 = SU* P>TIES W\LD NOT F9D MU* SUPPORT 9 ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES4 ,!Y W\LD AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDE !MSELVES FROM MEAN+FUL POLITICAL LIFE4 ,BUT ! MA9 DANG] ?REAT5+ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AFT] ! LIQUIDATION ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM DOES NOT >ISE FROM RE/ORATIONI/ T5D5CIES4 ,IT /EMS RA!R FROM BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,SU* T5D5CIES MAY F9D SUPPORT 9 SOME SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! MORE SO AS !IR PROGRAMS DO NOT & W\LD NOT AIM AT RE/OR+ TRADITIONAL & KN[N =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT W\LD BE PRES5T$ AS 0V>IANTS0 ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 :5 IT IS MO/ DANG]\S1 BUREAUCRATISM IS NEI!R A SOCIAL SY/EM NOR A DEF9ITE PROGRAM3 ,IT IS ONLY AN ATTITUDE 9 PRACTICE4 ,! C\NCILS WILL BE ABLE TO FI<T BUREAUCRACY ONLY AS A RESULT ( !IR [N CONCRETE EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY 9SIDE ! C\NCILS WILL ALWAYS D5\NCE 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 -- AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA -- OR ! C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T ( ! :OLE ECONOMY BY A SEP>ATE APP>ATUS -- AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL&1 OR ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,IT WILL D5\NCE !M AS V>IANTS NOT ( SOCIALISM BUT ( EXPLOITATION1 & IT WILL /RUGGLE TO \TLAW ORGANIZATIONS PROPAGAT+ SU* AIMS4 

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO ADD ?AT AL?\< IT MI<T PROVE NECESS>Y TO LIMIT ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ?IS OR ?AT ORGANIZATION1 NO LIMITATION IS CONCEIVABLE 9 ! DOMA9S ( IDEOLOGY OR ( CULTURE4 ,A G5U9E SOCIALI/ SOCIETY CAN ONLY 5TAIL A MU* GREAT] V>IETY ( T5D5CIES1 0S*OOLS10 & SO ON1 ?AN EXI/S TODAY4 

,ANO!R PROBLEM1 9DEP5D5T ( ! QUE/ION ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 >ISES3 ,%\LD ALL SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION HAVE ! SAME RI<TS FROM ! />T8 ,>E !Y EQUALLY ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICAL MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY8 ,:AT DOES ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEAN 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES8 

,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MEANS ! 9CONTROV]TIBLE FACT ?AT ! 9ITIATIVE = & ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & SUBSEQU5T TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY BELONG TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,!RE=E IT MEANS ?AT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE & ! C5T] ( SOCIALI/ P[] WILL QUITE LIT]ALLY BE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT AIM AT 9/ITUT+ A DICTATOR%IP OV] SOCIETY & OV] ! O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,ITS AIM IS ! 9/AURATION ( SOCIALISM1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* DIFF]5CES BETWE5 /RATA OR CLASSES MU/ DIM9I% RAPIDLY & SOON DISAPPE>4 ,! PROLET>IAT WILL BE ABLE TO TAKE SOCIETY 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASSOCIATES O!R SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION ) ITS AIMS4 ,OR TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT GRANTS !M ! FULLE/ AUTONOMY COMPATIBLE ) ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIETY4 ,OR ?AT IT RAISES !M TO ! RANK ( ACTIVE SUBJECTS ( POLITICAL MANAGEM5T AN DOES NOT SEE !M AS OBJECTS ( ITS [N CONTROL -- :I* W\LD BE 9 CONFLICT ) ITS :OLE \TLOOK4 ,ALL ?IS IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO C\NCILS1 9 ! EXT5SIVE AUTONOMY ( ! C\NCILS 9 !IR [N DOMA91 & 9 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL !SE C\NCILS 9 ! C5TRAL P[]1 AS WE HAVE DESCRIB$ IT 

,:AT HAPP5S IF ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT VA/LY \TNUMB] ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION8 ,OR IF ! REVOLUTION IS FROM ! />T 9 A P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT POSITION1 O!R /RATA BE+ ACTIVELY HO/ILE TO ! P[] ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS8 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL !N F9D CONCRETE EXPRESSION 9 AN UNEQUAL P>TICIPATION ( ! V>I\S /RATA ( SOCIETY 9 ! C5TRAL P[]4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PROLET>IAT MI<T HAVE TO GRANT A SMALL] VOICE TO ! PEASANTS' C\NCILS ?AN TO O!R C\NCILS1 EV5 IF IT ALL[S ?IS VOICE TO GR[ AS CLASS T5SIONS DIM9I%4 

,BUT ! REAL IMPLICATIONS ( !SE QUE/IONS >E LIMIT$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS C\LD KEEP P[] ONLY IF IT GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O WORK = A LIV+1 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 WAGE & SAL>Y E>N]S CON/ITUTE ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 & EA* DAY !IR NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE 9CREASES4 ,IF ! MAJORITY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & O!R WAGE E>N]S & SAL>I$ P]SONNEL SUPPORT$ A REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 ! REGIME C\LD NOT BE 5DANG]$ BY ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION ( ! PEASANTS1 :O >E NOT1 9DE$1 ONE HOMOG5E\S BLOC4 ,IF ! A=EM5TION$ SECTIONS DID NOT SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! REVOLUTION C\LD TRIUMPH .<S'9/AUR].>1 & EV5 MORE H[ IT C\LD LA/ = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 

,PROBLEMS ( ! 0,TRANSITION0 

,! SOCIETY WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS NOT COMMUNISM1 :I* SUPPOSES TOTAL FRE$OM1 PEOPLE'S COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ALL !IR [N ACTIVITIES1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY CON/RA9T1 TOTAL ABUNDANCE -- & HUMAN BE+S ( A TOTALLY DIFF]5T K9D4 

,! SOCIETY WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS SOCIALISM1 & SOCIALISM IS ! ONLY TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY BETWE5 A REGIME ( EXPLOITATION & COMMUNISM4 ,:AT IS NOT SOCIALISM 7AS H]E DEF9$7 IS NOT A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY BUT AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,WE MI<T SAY ?AT ANY EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY IS A 0SOCIETY 9 TRANSITION10 BUT IT IS 09 TRANSITION TO ANO!R =M ( EXPLOITATION40 ,! TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM IS ONLY POSSIBLE II EXPLOITATION IS IMM$IATELY ABOLI%$1 = O!RWISE EXPLOITATION CONT9UES & FE$S ON ITSELF4 ,! ABOLITION ( EXPLOITATION IS ONLY POSSIBLE :5 EV]Y SEP>ATE /RATUM ( DIRECTORS CEASES TO EXI/1 = 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES IT IS ! DIVISION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS ?AT IS AT ! ROOT ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! ABOLITION ( A SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS MEANS WORK]S' MANAGEM5T 9 ALL SECTORS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS ONLY POSSIBLE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS EMBODY+ ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! PRODUC]S 7AS REPRES5T$ BY ! C\NCILS74 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T CAN BE CONSOLIDAT$ & 5L>G$ ONLY 9S(> AS IT ATTACKS ! DEEPE/ ROOTS ( ALI5ATION 9 ALL FIELDS & PRIM>ILY 9 ! REALM ( WORK4 

,9 !IR ESS5CE !SE VIEWS CLOSELY CO9CIDE ) ,M>X'S & ,L59'S IDEAS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,M>X 5VISAG$ ONLY ONE K9D ( TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM1 :I* HE CALL$ 9DIFF]5TLY 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 OR 0L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM40 ,= HIM !RE WAS NO D\BT ?IS SOCIETY W\LD SIGNIFY FROM DAY ONE AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION & TO A SEP>ATE /AIR APP>ATUS4.<#e#e.> ,L59'S POSITIONS ON ?IS QUE/ION1 AS ELABORAT$ 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 M]ELY EXPLA9 & DEF5D ,M>X'S !SES AGA9/ ! RE=MI/S ( HIS DAY4 

,!SE ELEM5T>Y TRU?S HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY HIDD5 & DI/ORT$ S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION DEG5]AT$4 ,LET US LEAVE ASIDE ! ,/AL9I/S1 :OSE HI/ORIC JOB IT HAS BE5 TO PRES5T CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( FACTORY MANAG]S1 PIECE RATES1 & ,/AKHANOVISM AS ! F9I%$ PRODUCTS ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 A MORE SUBTLE1 BUT JU/ AS DANG]\S1 =M1 ! SAME MY/IFICATION HAS BE5 PROPAGAT$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S & BY ,TROTSKY HIMSELF4 ,!Y HAVE MANAG$ TO 9V5T AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES1 FITT+ MORE OR LESS COM=TABLY NEXT TO EA* O!R4 ,BETWE5 COMMUNISM & CAPITALISM !RE WAS SOCIALISM4 ,BUT BETWE5 SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM !RE WAS ! WORK]S' ,/ATE4 ,& BETWE5 ! WORK]S' ,/ATE & CAPITALISM !RE WAS ! 0DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' ,/ATE0 7DEG5]ATION BE+ A PROCESS1 !RE W]E GRADATIONS3 DEG5]AT$1 V]Y DEG5]AT$1 MON/R\SLY DEG5]AT$1 ETC474 ,AFT] ! W>1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 WE WITNESS$ ! BIR? ( A :OLE S]IES ( 0DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' ,/ATES0 7! SATELLITE C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE71 :I* W]E DEG5]AT$ )\T EV] HAV+ BE5 WORK]S' ,/ATES4 ,ALL !SE GYMNA/ICS W]E P]=M$ SO AS TO AVOID HAV+ TO ADMIT ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD BECOME AGA9 AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY )\T A %R$ ( SOCIALISM AB\T IT1 & SO AS TO AVOID DRAW+ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MADE IT IMP]ATIVE TO REEXAM9E ALL ! PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO ! PROGRAM & CONT5T ( SOCIALISM1 TO ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 ETC4 

,! IDEA ( A 0TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY0 O!R ?AN ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WE HAVE SPOK5 AB\T IS A MY/IFICATION4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY -- F> FROM IT -- ?AT PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION DO NOT EXI/4 ,9 A S5SE1 ! :OLE ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS DET]M9$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( !SE PROBLEMS & BY PEOPLE'S ATTEMPT TO SOLVE !M4 ,BUT PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION WILL ALSO EXI/ 9 A N>R[] S5SE4 ,!Y WILL FL[ FROM ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ?AT WILL CONFRONT ANY SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AT ! />T4 ,!SE 9ITIAL CONDITIONS WILL MAKE IT MORE OR LESS EASY TO BR+ AB\T SOCIALISM2 !Y WILL GUIDE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY T[>D P>TICUL> WAYS ( GIV+ CONCRETE =M TO :AT >E ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM4 

,= 9/ANCE1 ! REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BEG9 9 ONE C\NTRY1 OR 9 ONE GR\P ( C\NTRIES4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT WILL HAVE TO 5DURE PRESSURES ( EXTREMELY V>Y+ K9DS & DURATIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV] SWIFTLY ! REVOLUTION SPREADS 9T]NATIONALLY1 A C\NTRY'S LEVEL ( 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T WILL PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 H[ ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM WILL BE CONCRETELY APPLI$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AGRICULTURE MI<T CREATE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS 9 ,FRANCE -- BUT NOT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- OR ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7:]E1 9V]SELY1 ! MA9 PROBLEM W\LD BE ?AT ( ! C\NTRY'S EXTREME DEP5D5CE ON FOOD IMPORTS74 ,9 ! C\RSE ( \R ANALYSIS1 WE HAVE CONSID]$ SEV]AL PROBLEMS ( ?IS K9D & HOPE TO HAVE %[N ?AT SOLUTIONS T5D+ 9 A SOCIALI/ DIRECTION EXI/$ 9 EA* CASE4 

,WE HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO CONSID] ! SPECIAL PROBLEMS ?AT W\LD >ISE IF ! REVOLUTION REMA9$ ISOLAT$ 9 ONE C\NTRY = A LONG TIME -- & WE CAN H>DLY DO IT H]E4 ,BUT WE HOPE TO HAVE %[N ?AT IT IS WRONG TO ?9K ?AT ! PROBLEMS >IS+ FROM SU* ISOLATION >E 9SOLUBLE1 ?AT AN ISOLAT$ WORK]S' P[] MU/ LIE H]OICALLY OR DEG5]ATE1 OR ?AT AT ! MO/ IT CAN 0HOLD ON0 :ILE WAIT+4 ,! ONLY WAY TO 0HOLD ON0 IS TO />T BUILD+ SOCIALISM2 O!RWISE1 DEG5]ATION US ALREADY SET 91 & !RE IS NO?+ TO HOLD ON =4 ,= WORK]S' P[]1 ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAY IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE4 ,IF IT DOES NOT TAKE PLACE ! P[] HELD HAS ALREADY CEAS$ TO BE WORK]S' P[]4 

,ALL ! DISCUSSION AB\T 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY0 BETWE5 ! ,/AL9I/S ,HID ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 7#a#i#b#d-#b#g7 %[S TO A FRI<T5+ DEGREE H[ M5 MAKE HI/ORY ?9K+ !Y KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+1 YET UND]/& NO?+ AB\T IT4 ,/AL9 9SI/$ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BUILD SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ALONE1 MEAN+ BY SOCIALISM 9DU/RIALIZATION PLUS ! P[] ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,TROTSKY V[$ ?AT ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 MEAN+ BY SOCIALISM A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,BO? W]E RI<T 9 :AT !Y SAID1 & WRONG 9 D5Y+ ! TRU? ( ! O!R'S ALLEGATION4 ,BUT NEI!R WAS 9 FACT TALK+ AB\T SOCIALISM4 ,& NO ONE1 DUR+ ! :OLE DISCUSSION1 M5TION$ ! SY/EM ( RULE 9SIDE ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES1 ! RELATION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 OR ! RELATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 :]E ! DISCUSSION WAS TAK+ PLACE1 TO ! PROLET>IAT1 :O W]E 9 ! LONG RUN ! MA9 9T]E/$ P>TY 9 ! :OLE BUS9ESS4 

,! PROGRAM WE HAVE \TL9$ IS A PROGRAM = ! PRES5T1 CAPABLE ( BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ANY REASONABLY 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY4 ,IT DESCRIBES ! /EPS -- OR ! SPIRIT GUID+ ! /EPS -- ?AT ! C\NCILS WILL HAVE TO TAKE & ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ,!Y WILL HAVE TO ADOPT1 />T+ FROM ! V]Y FIR/ WEEKS ( !IR P[]1 :E!R ?IS P[] HAS SPREAD TO SEV]AL C\NTRIES OR IS CONF9$ TO ONE4 ,P]HAPS1 IF WE W]E TALK+ AB\T ,ALBANIA1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE WE C\LD DO4 ,BUT IF ,TOMORR[ 9 ,FRANCE1 OR EV5 9 ,POL& 7AS YE/]DAY 9 ,HUNG>Y71 WORK]S' C\NCILS EM]G$ )\T HAV+ TO FACE A =EIGN MILIT>Y 9VASION1 !Y C\LD ONLY3 

,F$]ATE 9TO A C5TRAL & DECL>E !MSELVES ! ONLY P[] 9 ! L&2 

,PROCE$ TO >M ! PROLET>IAT & ORD] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! POLICE & ( ! /&+ >MY2 

,PROCLAIM ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ! DISMISSAL ( ALL MANAG]S1 & ! TAKEOV] ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL FACTORIES BY ! WORK]S1 !MSELVES ORGANIZ$ 9TO WORK]S' C\NCILS2 

,PROCLAIM ! ABOLITION ( WORK NORMS & 9/AURATE FULL EQUALITY ( WAGES & SAL>IES2 

,5C\RAGE O!R CATEGORIES ( WAGE E>N]S TO =M C\NCILS & TO TAKE 9TO !IR [N H&S ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR RESPECTIVE 5T]PRISES2 

,ASK WORK]S 9 GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS1 9 P>TICUL>1 TO =M C\NCILS & PROCLAIM ! TRANS=MATION ( !SE ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES 9TO 5T]PRISES MANAG$ BY ?OSE :O WORK 9 !M2 

,5C\RAGE ! PEASANTS & O!R SELF-EMPLOY$ SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION TO GR\P !MSELVES 9TO C\NCILS & TO S5D !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO A C5TRAL ASSEMBLY2 

,PROCE$ TO ORGANIZE A 0PLAN FACTORY0 & PROMPTLY SUBMIT A PROVISIONAL ECONOMIC PLAN = DISCUSSION BY ! LOCAL C\NCILS2 

,CALL ON ! WORK]S ( O!R C\NTRIES & EXPLA9 TO !M ! CONT5T & MEAN+ ( !SE MEASURES4 

,ALL ?IS W\LD BE IMM$IATELY NECESS>Y4 ,& IT W\LD CONTA9 ALL ?AT IS ESS5TIAL TO ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM4 

,NOTES3 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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