,ON ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

,TEXT 3 

,)9 ! CONTEXT ( ! DEBATE ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE AMONG \R COMRADES 9 MANY C\NTRIES REG>D+ ! 
 ,DRAFT ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( 
,AN>*I/S1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S ,ABROAD1 ,I HAVE BE5 ASK$ BY A NUMB] ( COMRADES TO WRITE ONE OR TWO >TICLES SPECIFICALLY ON ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,I %ALL /RIVE TO DEAL ) ?IS S]I\S QUE/ION MO/ DILIG5TLY1 BUT1 BE=E ,I DO1 ,I ?9K ,I HAVE A DUTY TO W>N COMRADES ?AT ! PO9T REG>D+ ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION IS NOT ! C5TRAL ISSUE ( ! ,DRAFT ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AN>*I/S444 ,& S9CE ?IS PO9T IS NOT FUNDAM5TAL1 ,I DO NOT FEEL ANY PRESS+ URGE OR NECESSITY TO DEVOTE TIME & 5]GY ON DISCUSS+ IT TO ! EXT5T ?AT MANY ( \R COMRADES DO4 

,= ME P]SONALLY 7& ,I W\LD ALSO SAY = EV]Y S]I\S1 CONSCI5TI\S COMRADE7 :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ! 0,DRAFT ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( 
,AN>*I/S04 ,IT IS CORRECT1 & IT PO9TS \T ! NECESSITY = \R AN>*O-COMMUNI/ CIRCLES TO /UDY IT S]I\SLY4 ,:ATEV] IS MISS+ %\LD BE ADD$ &1 BAS$ ON ! RESULT+ WORK1 WE NE$ TO C>RY \T A REGR\P+1 9TRODUC+ A GREAT] ORGANIZATION ( \R =CES4  ,O!RWISE1 \R MOVEM5T WILL BE CONDEMN$ TO SUCCUMB ONCE & = ALL TO ! 9FLU5CES ( ! OPPORTUNI/S & LIB]ALS :O HAUNT \R CIRCLES1 IF NOT \TRI<T SPECULATORS & ALL SORTS ( POLITICAL ADV5TUR]S1 :O1 AT BE/1 CAN PRATTLE ON & ON BUT >E 9CAPABLE ( FI<T+ ON ! GR\ND = ! ATTA9M5T ( \R MOVEM5T'S GREAT OBJECTIVES4 ,! LATT] CAN ONLY HAPP5 IF WE C>RY ALONG ) US ALL :O 9/9CTIVELY BELIEVE 9 \R MOVEM5T & :O SEEK TO A*IEVE ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ?R\< REVOLUTION1 SO AS TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY1 A NEW JU/ICE1 A NEW ORD]1 :]E9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MAY AT LA/ FREELY EX]CISE HIS CREATIVE DRIVE = ! B5EFIT ( HIMSELF & HIS EQUALS4 

,AS F> AS ! QUE/ION ( DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION G5]ALLY GOES1 ,I %ALL BE RELY+ UPON MY LONG EXP]I5CES FIR/-H& DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9 ,UKRA9E1 9 ! C\RSE ( ?AT UNEQUAL1 BUT DECISIVE /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,?OSE EXP]I5CES TAU<T ME1 FIR/LY1 ?AT ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION IS DIRECTLY B\ND UP ) ! REVOLUTION'S (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,SECONDLY1 ! GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION >E AT ALL TIMES CONDITION$ BY ! RESI/ANCE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,& ?IRDLY1 :AT FOLL[S FROM ! ABOVE1 NAMELY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES >E CLOSELY DEP5D5T ON ! POLITICAL CONT5T1 /RUCTURE & ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS ADOPT$ BY ! >M$ REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS1 :O >E OBLIG$ TO CONFRONT CONV5TIONAL1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y >MIES ALONG A HUGE FRONT4 

,9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AT FIR/ BEGAN BY ORGANIZ+ ,R$ ,GU>D DETA*M5TS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT WAS V]Y QUICKLY SPOTT$ ! ,R$ ,GU>DS FAIL$ TO )/& ! PRESSURES FROM ! ORGANIZ$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 TO BE SPECIFIC1 ! ,G]MAN1 ,AU/RIAN & ,HUNG>IAN EXP$ITION>Y CORPS1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 !Y OP]AT$ )\T ANY OV]ALL OP]ATIONAL GUIDE-L9ES4 ,?AT IS :Y ! BOL%EVIKS TURN$ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( A ,R$ ,>MY 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h4 

,IT WAS !N ?AT WE ISSU$ ! CALL TO =M 0FREE BATTALIONS0 ( ,UKRA9IAN WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,IT QUICKLY TRANSPIR$ ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 0FREE BATTALIONS0 9 ! SPR+ ( #aiah WAS P[]LESS TO SURVIVE 9T]NAL PROVOCATIONS ( EV]Y SORT1 GIV5 ?AT1 )\T ADEQUATE VETT+1 POLITICAL OR SOCIAL1 IT TOOK 9 ALL VOLUNTE]S PROVID$ ONLY ?AT !Y WANT$ TO TAKE UP !IR WEAPONS & FI<T4 ,?AT WAS :Y ! >M$ UNITS E/ABLI%$ BY ?AT ORGANIZATION W]E TREA*]\SLY DELIV]$ TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,& ?IS PREV5T$ IT FROM SEE+ ?R\< ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN1 ,AU/RIAN & ,HUNG>IAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,H[EV]1 FOLL[+ ?AT 9ITIAL SET-BACK TO ! ORGANIZATION ( 0FREE BATTALIONS0 - :I* MI<T BE DESCRIB$ AS DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y COMBAT UNITS = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION - WE DID NOT LOSE \R HEADS4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( 0FREE BATTALIONS0 WAS SOME:AT OV]HAUL$ 9 ITS =MAT4 ,! BATTALIONS W]E COMPLEM5T$ BY AUXILI>IES OR LI<T P>TISAN DETA*M5TS ( A MIX$ TYPE1 ?AT IS1 COMPRIS+ 9FANTRY & CAVALRY ALIKE1 :OSE TASK WAS TO OP]ATE F> BEH9D ! 5EMY'S L9ES4 ,&1 ,I REPEAT1 IT PROV$ ITSELF DUR+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN1 ,AU/RIAN & ,HUNG>IAN EXP$ITION>Y =CES & ! B&S ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY 9 ! LATE SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#h4 

,/ICK+ TO ?AT =M ( ORGANIZ+ ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,UKRA9IAN WORK+ PEOPLE !MSELVES W]E ABLE TO WRE/ FROM ! CLUT*ES ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN ,JUNK]S ! NOOSE ?AT ! LATT] HAD ?R[N >\ND ! REVOLUTION 9 ,UKRA9E &1 NOT CONT5T ) DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION1 !Y FOLL[$ IT ?R\< AS FULLY AS !Y C\LD = A NUMB] ( MON?S1 DEF5D+ IT FROM ! ,G]MAN-,HUNG>IAN >MIES & FROM ! =CES ( ! ,UKRA9IAN DIRECTORY1 L$ BY ,PETLYURA & ,V9I*5KO1 & FROM ! =CES ( ! G5]ALS ,KAL$9 & 
,D5IK94"9 

,BUT AS ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION SPREAD 9SIDE ! C\NTRY1 IT RECEIV$ AID FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,FROM !SE O!R C\NTRIES1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION RECEIV$ SUPPORT NOT JU/ 9 ! =M ( >MS & MUNITIONS BUT ALSO 9 ! %APE ( TROOPS4 ,DESPITE ?AT1 \R ORGANIZATION ( ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION ALSO EXP&$ 9 SIZE & AT ! SAME TIME1 AS ! NE$ >OSE1 ADOPT$ A NEW =MAT & MORE SUITABLE FI<T+ ME?ODS4 

,AS IS KN[N1 ! MO/ DANG]\S C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y FRONT AT ?AT TIME WAS ?AT ( ,D5IK94 ,H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5T MOVEM5T HELD ITS [N AGA9/ ,D5IK9 = A P]IOD ( #e-#f MON?S4 ,MANY ( ! BE/ ,D5IK9I/ COMM&]S CAME TO GRIEF AGA9/ \R ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 :O HAD NOT YET S\<T ANY SUPPORT & :O W]E >M$ ONLY ) WEAPONS TAK5 FROM ! 5EMY4 ,\R ORGANIZATION MADE A L>GE CONTRIBUTION TO ?AT3 )\T TRAMPL+ ON ! 9T]NAL AUTONOMY ( ! FI<T+ UNITS1 IT 5ABL$ !M TO BE RE-ORGANIZ$ 9TO REGIM5TS & BRIGADES1 COORD9AT$ BY A COMMON OP]ATIONAL /AFF4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A G5]AL OP]ATIONAL /AFF WAS FEASIBLE ONLY ?ANKS TO ! APPRECIATION BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ MASSES1 FI<T+ ON ! FRONT AS WELL AS BEH9D HIS L9ES1 ( ! NE$ = A UNIT$ COMM&4 ,!SE WORK]S1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( \R AN>*O-COMMUNI/ PEASANT GR\P1 ALSO SAW TO IT ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL WAS AW>D$ EQUAL RI<TS TO TAKE P>T 9 ALL >EAS ( ! CON/RUCTION ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ! OBLIGATION TO DEF5D ITS GA9S4 ,?US1 :ILE ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,D5IK9I/ FRONT ?REAT5$ ! V]Y LIFE ( ! REVOLUTION 7& \R ANTI-/ATI/ IDEAS :I* W]E BEH9D IT71 :I* WAS BE+ WAT*$ ) A LIVELY 9T]E/ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 !SE WORK]S CAME TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( \R ORGANIZATIONAL NOTION ( ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION1 MAK+ IT !IR [N & BOL/]+ ! 9SURG5T >MY ) A REGUL> 9FLUX ( FRE% COMBATANTS TO RELIEVE ! W\ND$ & ! WE>Y4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ! PRACTICAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE 9DUC$ \R MOVEM5T = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION TO E/ABLI% AN OP]ATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL /AFF TO %>E ! OV]SEE+ ( ALL ACTIVE FI<T+ UNITS4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS PRACTICE ?AT ,I F9D MYSELF UNABLE TO SUBSCRIBE TO ! VIEW ?AT REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S 9 !IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITY AMONG ! RANKS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES %\LD REJECT ! NE$ = SU* A UNIT$ OP]ATIONAL COMM& ,/AFF TO /RATEGICALLY GUIDE ! >M$ =CES ( ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! =CES ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ANY REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ F9D+ HIMSELF1 DUR+ AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION ( ! WORK]S1 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES AS ?OSE WE 5C\NT]$ 9 ! CIVIL W> 9 ,UKRA9E WILL BE =C$ TO USE ! SAME MILIT>Y-REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS AS WE DID :5 WE LIV$ ?R\< ! HI/ORY ( ! CIVIL /RUGGLE 9 ,UKRA9E4 ,BUT IF1 9 ! C\RSE ( A FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !RE >E AN>*I/S :O REJECT ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES 9 SPITE ( ! EXI/5CE ( >M$ FRONTS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 !N !SE AN>*I/S WILL BE P>T ( ! MOVEM5T 9 WORD ONLY1 :]EAS 9 REALITY !Y WILL BE \TSIDE IT1 OR !Y WILL H>M IT4 

,9 RESOLV+ ! QUE/ION ( ! REVOLUTION'S DEF5SE1 AN>*I/S MU/ BE GUID$ BY ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 ,IF \R MOVEM5T IS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 WE HAVE TO ACKN[L$GE ! NE$ = IT TO BE ORGANIZ$ & 5D[ IT ) C]TA9 MEANS = SOCIAL ACTION WOR?Y ( IT1 MEAN+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 !N ?R[ \RSELVES :OLE-HE>T$LY 9TO ! PRACTICAL LIFE & /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 

,O!RWISE1 IF ?IS MOVEM5T IS A UTOPIA ( DREAM]S1 !N WE MU/ NOT HAMP] ! PA? ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ PEOPLE1 9 P>TICUL> ?OSE :O DO NOT UND]/& US & :O FOLL[ ! /ATE SOCIALI/S4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT AN>*ISM IS A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5T & ?AT IS :Y ,I /& & WILL ALWAYS /& = ITS SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION N[ & SUPPORT ! ORGANIZATION1 COME ! REVOLUTION1 ( BATTALIONS1 REGIM5TS1 BRIGADES & DIVISIONS :I* IT WILL PROVE NECESS>Y TO AMALGAMATE1 AT C]TA9 TIMES1 9TO ONE COMMON REGIONAL >MY1 UND] A UNIT$ REGIONAL COMM& 9 ! %APE ( SUP]VISORY ORGANIZATIONAL ,/AFFS1 ! TASK ( :I* WILL BE1 ACCORD+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS & CONDITIONS ( ! /RUGGLE1 TO DRAW UP A F$]ATIVE OP]ATIONAL PLAN1 CO-ORD9AT+ ! ACTIONS ( REGIONAL >MIES1 SO AS TO BR+ TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION ! FI<T+ CONDUCT$ ON ALL FRONTS AGA9/ ! >M$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION FROM ! >M$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION IS NO EASY MATT]4 ,IT MAY REQUIRE V]Y GREAT ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITM5T FROM ! >M$ REVOLUTION>Y MASSES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S MU/ REALIZE ?IS & /& BY TO ASSI/ !M 9 ?AT UND]TAK+4 

"9 ,NOTE4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! BOL%EVIKS HAD NO =CES 9 ,UKRA9E4 ,BOL%EVIK =CES >RIV$ 9 ,UKRA9E FROM ,RUSSIA SOME TIME LAT] & IMM$IATELY OCCUPI$ A P>ALLEL FRONT AGA9/ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION TO \RS1 5DEAVOR+ 9 APPE>ANCE TO UNITE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ PEOPLE :O W]E ORGANIZ$ AUTONOM\SLY & NOT ACCORD+ TO !IR /ATE-CONTROLL$ PRESCRIPTION1 BUT 9 REALITY BUSY+ !MSELVES ) ! DECOMPOSITION & DISP]SION ( ! WORK]S1 NOT DISDA9+ TO USE ME?ODS SU* AS SABOTAG+ PROMPT SUPPLIES ( C>TRIDGES & %ELLS - EXACTLY AT ! MOM5T :5 WE W]E SEEK+ TO C>RY \T AN (F5SIVE ALONG \R 5TIRE FRONT1 & :5 ! \TCOME ( ! BATTLE DEP5D$ ON ! /R5G? ( \R >TILL]Y & MA*9E-GUNS47 

,DELO ,TRUDA ,N8#b#e1 ,JUNE #a#i#b#g1 PP4 #a #c-#a#d4 

,TRANSLAT$ FROM ,RUSSIAN TO ,FR5* BY 
,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA & FROM ,FR5* TO ,5GLI% BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY4 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 
REVIS$ ) REF]5CE TO ! ,RUSSIAN BY ! ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO ,>*IVE4 

,FROM 3 ,NE/OR,MAKHNO49FO4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b#h1 #bba 3 ,ON ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,ON ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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