,ON ,CONFLICT & ,CONS5SUS 
A H&BOOK ON ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS DECISIONMAK+ 

#aihg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C4,T4 ,BUTL] 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMY ,RO?/E9 

,TEXT 3 

,IF W> IS ! VIOL5T RESOLUTION ( CONFLICT1 

!N PEACE IS NOT ! ABS5CE ( CONFLICT1 

BUT RA!R1 

! ABILITY TO RESOLVE CONFLICT 

)\T VIOL5CE4 

,C4,T4 ,BUTL] 

,CONS5SUS1 AS A DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS1 HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ = C5TURIES4 ,MANY PEOPLE1 9 DIV]SE COMMUNITIES1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,FROM !M1 WE HAVE BORR[$ G5]\SLY & ADAPT$ FREELY4 

,FRONT ,MATT] 

,C4,T4 WROTE ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK = ! ,PL$GE ( ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,BO/ON :5 IT HAD OV] #ce SIGN]S & #ae AFFNITY GR\PS4 ,ALL POLICY DECISIONS = ! ORGANIZATION W]E MADE AT MON?LY SPOKESMEET+S1 9VOLV+ AT LEA/ ONE SPOKESP]SON FROM EA* AFFNITY GR\P4 ,MEMB]S FROM ! COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE W]E *>G$ ) MANAG+ DAILY AFFAIRS4 ,SPOKESMEET+S W]E (T5 ATT5D$ BY OV] ONE HUNDR$ PEOPLE2 !Y W]E USUALLY SEV5TY /RONG4 ,= ALMO/ TWO YE>S ! PROCESS ( CONS5SUS WORK$ WELL = ! ,PL$GE1 EMP[]+ V]Y L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE TO 5GAGE CONFD5TLY 9 NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION4 ,! =]UNN] ( ! MODEL ( CONS5SUS \TL9$ 9 ?IS BOOK WAS US$ ?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD AT SPOKESMEET+S &1 P>TICUL>LY WELL1 AT ! WEEKLY COORD9ATORS MEET+S4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS NEV] SY/EMATICALLY DEFN$ & WRITT5 D[N OR =MALLY ADOPT$4 

,= OV] TWO YE>S1 ,C4,T4 ATT5D$ MON?LY SPOKESMEET+S1 WEEKLY COORD9AT+ MEET+S1 & UNC\NT$ COMMITTEE MEET+S4 ,HE SAW ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A CONSI/5T WAY TO 9TRODUCE NEW MEMB]S TO CONS5SUS4 ,AT FR/1 HE LOOK$ = EXI/+ LIT]ATURE TO AID 9 CONDUCT+ WORK%OPS ON ! CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,HE WAS UNABLE TO FND ANY SUITABLE MAT]IAL1 SO HE SET \T TO DEVELOP HIS [N4 

,! FR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK IS ! RESULT ( A YE> ( RESE>* 9TO CONS5SUS 9 G5]AL & ! ,PL$GE PROCESS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,IT WAS MO/LY DI/RIBUT$ TO 9DIVIDUALS :O BELONG$ TO V>I\S GR\PS ALREADY /RUGGL+ TO USE SOME =M ( CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,! F\R? PR9T+ 9CLUD$ AN 9TRODUCTION :I* ADD$ ! CONCEPT ( SECUL> CONS5SUS4 ,! SECUL> LABEL DI/+UI%ES ?IS MODEL ( CONS5SUS FROM BO? ! MORE TRADITIONAL MODEL F\ND 9 FAI?-BAS$ COMMUNITIES & ! RA!R 9=MAL CONS5SUS COMMONLY F\ND 9 PROGRESSIVE GR\PS4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! LABEL ( SECUL> CONS5SUS GAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT WE W]E D5Y+ ANY CONNECTION ) SPIRITUALITY4 ,WE WANT$ TO CLE>LY 9DICATE ?AT ! MODEL ( CONS5SUS WE W]E PROPOS+ WAS DI/9CT1 BUT WE DID NOT WANT TO EXCLUDE ! VALUABLE WORK ( FAI?-BAS$ COMMUNITIES4 

,!RE=E1 S9CE ! SIX? PR9T+ WE HAVE US$ ! NAME ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS BECAUSE IT ADEQUATELY DEFNES ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS WILL CONT9UE TO BE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! SE>* = AN EFFECTIVE1 MORE UNIFY+1 DEMOCRATIC DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS A SPECIFC K9D ( DECISIONMAK+4 ,IT MU/ BE DEFN$ BY ! GR\P US+ IT4 ,IT PROVIDES A F\NDATION1 /RUCTURE1 & COLLECTION ( TE*NIQUES = EFFCI5T & PRODUCTIVE GR\P DISCUSSIONS4 ,! F\NDATION IS ! COMMONLY-HELD PR9CIPLES & DECISIONS :I* CREAT$ ! GR\P ORIG9ALLY4 ,! /RUCTURE IS PR$ET]M9$1 AL?\< FEXIBLE4 ,! AG5DA IS =MAL & EXTREMELY IMPORTANT4 ,! ROLES1 TE*NIQUES1 & SKILLS NECESS>Y = SMOO? OP]ATION MU/ BE ACCESSIBLE TO & DEVELOP$ 9 ALL MEMB]S4 ,EVALUATION ( ! PROCESS MU/ HAPP5 ON A CONSI/5T & FREQU5T BASIS1 AS A TOOL = SELF-$UCATION & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS MU/ BE TAU<T4 ,IT IS UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT PEOPLE TO BE FAMILI> ) ?IS PROCESS ALREADY4 ,9 G5]AL1 COOP]ATIVE NONVIOL5T CONFICT RESOLUTION DOES NOT EXI/ 9 MOD]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,!SE SKILLS MU/ BE DEVELOP$ 9 :AT IS PRIM>ILY A COMPETITIVE 5VIRONM5T4 ,ONLY TIME WILL TELL IF1 9 FACT1 ?IS MODEL WILL F\RI% & PROVE ITSELF EFFECTIVE & WOR?:ILE4 

,WE >E N[ CONV9C$ MORE ?AN EV] ?AT ! MODEL PRES5T$ 9 ?IS BOOK IS PR(\NDLY SIGNIFCANT = ! FUTURE ( \R SPECIES4 ,WE MU/ LE>N TO LIVE TOGE!R COOP]ATIVELY1 RESOLV+ \R CONFICTS NONVIOL5TLY & MAK+ \R DECISIONS CONS5SUALLY4 ,WE MU/ LE>N TO VALUE DIV]SITY & RESPECT ALL LIFE1 NOT JU/ ON A PHYSICAL LEVEL1 BUT EMOTIONALLY1 9TELLECTUALLY1 & SPIRITUALLY4 ,WE >E ALL 9 ?IS TOGE!R4 

-- ,C4,T4 ,BUTL] & ,AMY ,RO?/E9 

-- ,AUGU/ #aiia 

,! ,ADVANTAGES ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS 

,!RE >E MANY WAYS TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,SOMETIMES1 ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY TO MAKE DECISIONS W\LD BE TO JU/ LET ! MANAG] 7OR ,C,E,O1 OR DICTATOR7 MAKE !M4 ,H[EV]1 EFFICI5CY IS NOT ! ONLY CRIT]IA4 ,:5 *OOS+ A DECISIONMAK+ ME?OD1 ONE NE$S TO ASK TWO QUE/IONS4 ,IS IT A FAIR PROCESS8 ,DOES IT PRODUCE GOOD SOLUTIONS8 

,TO JUDGE ! PROCESS1 CONSID] ! FOLL[+3 ,DOES ! MEET+ FL[ SMOO?LY8 ,IS ! DISCUSSION KEPT TO ! PO9T8 ,DOES IT TAKE TOO LONG TO MAKE EA* DECISION8 ,DOES ! LEAD]%IP DET]M9E ! \TCOME ( ! DISCUSSION8 ,>E SOME PEOPLE OV]LOOK$8 

,TO JUDGE ! QUALITY ( ! 5D RESULT1 ! DECISION1 CONSID]3 ,>E ! PEOPLE MAK+ ! DECISION1 & ALL ?OSE AFFECT$1 SATISFI$ ) ! RESULT8 ,TO :AT DEGREE IS ! 9T5T ( ! ORIG9AL PROPOSAL ACCOMPLI%$8 ,>E ! UND]LY+ ISSUES ADDRESS$8 ,IS !RE AN APPROPRIATE USE ( RES\RCES8 ,W\LD ! GR\P MAKE ! SAME DECISION AGA98 

,AUTOCRACY CAN WORK1 BUT ! IDEA ( A B5EVOL5T DICTATOR IS JU/ A DREAM4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT IT IS 9H]5TLY BETT] TO 9VOLVE EV]Y P]SON :O IS AFFECT$ BY ! DECISION 9 ! DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS4 ,?IS IS TRUE = SEV]AL REASONS4 ,! DECISION W\LD REFLECT ! WILL ( ! 5TIRE GR\P1 NOT JU/ ! LEAD]%IP4 ,! PEOPLE :O C>RY \T ! PLANS WILL BE MORE SATISFI$ ) !IR WORK4 ,&1 AS ! OLD ADAGE GOES1 TWO HEADS >E BETT] ?AN ONE4 

,?IS BOOK PRES5TS A P>TICUL> MODEL = DECISIONMAK+ WE CALL ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS4 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS HAS A CLE>LY DEF9$ /RUCTURE4 ,IT REQUIRES A COMMITM5T TO ACTIVE COOP]ATION1 DISCIPL9$ SPEAK+ & LI/5+1 & RESPECT = ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( EV]Y MEMB]4 ,LIKEWISE1 EV]Y P]SON HAS ! RESPONSIBILITY TO ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE AS A CREATIVE 9DIVIDUAL )9 ! /RUCTURE4 

,AVOIDANCE1 D5IAL1 & REPRESSION ( CONFLICT IS COMMON DUR+ MEET+S4 ,!RE=E1 US+ ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS MI<T NOT BE EASY AT FIR/4 ,UNRESOLV$ CONFLICT FROM PREVI\S EXP]I5CES C\LD COME RU%+ =? & MAKE ! PROCESS DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE4 ,PRACTICE & DISCIPL9E1 H[EV]1 WILL SMOO? ! PROCESS4 ,! B5EFIT ( EV]YONE'S P>TICIPATION & COOP]ATION IS WOR? ! /RUGGLE IT MAY 9ITIALLY TAKE TO 5SURE ?AT ALL VOICES >E HE>D4 

,IT IS (T5 SAID ?AT CONS5SUS IS TIME-CONSUM+ & DIFFICULT4 ,MAK+ COMPLEX1 DIFFICULT DECISIONS IS TIME-CONSUM+1 NO MATT] :AT ! PROCESS4 ,MANY DIFF]5T ME?ODS CAN BE EFFICI5T1 IF EV]Y P>TICIPANT %>ES A COMMON UND]/&+ ( ! RULES ( ! GAME4 ,LIKE ANY PROCESS1 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS CAN BE 9EFFICI5T IF A GR\P DOES NOT FIR/ ASS5T TO FOLL[ A P>TICUL> /RUCTURE4 

,?IS BOOK CODIFIES A =MAL /RUCTURE = DECISIONMAK+4 ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?IS BOOK & ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS W\LD BE SIMIL> TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,ROB]T'S ,RULES ( ,ORD] & ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,PROC$URE4 

,ME?ODS ( DECISIONMAK+ CAN BE SE5 ON A CONT9UUM ) ONE P]SON HAV+ TOTAL AU?ORITY ON ONE 5D TO EV]YONE %>+ P[] & RESPONSIBILITY ON ! O!R4 

,! LEVEL ( P>TICIPATION 9CREASES ALONG ?IS DECISIONMAK+ CONT9UUM4 ,OLIG>*IES & AUTOCRACIES (F] NO P>TICIPATION TO MANY ( ?OSE :O >E DIRECTLY AFFECT$4 ,REPRES5TATIVE1 MAJORITY RULE1 & CONS5SUS DEMOCRACIES 9VOLVE EV]YBODY1 TO DIFF]5T DEGREES4 

,GR\P ,DYNAMICS 

,A GR\P1 BY DEF9ITION1 IS A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS HAV+ SOME UNIFY+ RELATION%IP4 ,! GR\P DYNAMIC CREAT$ BY CONS5SUS PROCESS IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,PROC$URE1 FROM />T TO F9I%4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON DIFF]5T VALUES & USES A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE1 A DIFF]5T /RUCTURE1 & MANY DIFF]5T TE*NIQUES1 AL?\< SOME TE*NIQUES >E SIMIL>4 ,IT MI<T BE HELPFUL TO EXPLA9 SOME BROAD CONCEPTS AB\T GR\P DYNAMICS & CONS5SUS4 

,CONFLICT 

,:ILE DECISIONMAK+ IS AS MU* AB\T CONFLICT AS IT IS AB\T AGREEM5T1 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS WORKS BE/ 9 AN ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* CONFLICT IS 5C\RAG$1 SUPPORT$1 & RESOLV$ COOP]ATIVELY ) RESPECT1 NONVIOL5CE1 & CREATIVITY4 ,CONFLICT IS DESIRABLE4 ,IT IS NOT SOME?+ TO BE AVOID$1 DISMISS$1 DIM9I%$1 OR D5I$4 

,MAJORITY ,RULE & ,COMPETITION 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 :5 A GR\P VOTES US+ MAJORITY RULE OR ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,PROC$URE1 A COMPETITIVE DYNAMIC IS CREAT$ )9 ! GR\P BECAUSE IT IS BE+ ASK$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 TWO 7OR MORE7 POSSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS JU/ AS ACCEPTABLE TO ATTACK & DIM9I% ANO!R'S PO9T ( VIEW AS IT IS TO PROMOTE & 5DORSE Y\R [N IDEAS4 ,(T51 VOT+ OCCURS BE=E ONE SIDE REVEALS ANY?+ AB\T ITSELF1 BUT SP5DS TIME SOLELY ATTACK+ ! OPPON5T6 ,9 ?IS ADV]S>IAL 5VIRONM5T1 ONE'S IDEAS >E [N$ & (T5 DEF5D$ 9 ! FACE ( IMPROVEM5TS4 

,CONS5SUS & ,COOP]ATION 

,CONS5SUS PROCESS1 ON ! O!R H&1 CREATES A COOP]ATIVE DYNAMIC4 ,ONLY ONE PROPOSAL IS CONSID]$ AT A TIME4 ,EV]YONE WORKS TOGE!R TO MAKE IT ! BE/ POSSIBLE DECISION = ! GR\P4 ,ANY CONC]NS >E RAIS$ & RESOLV$1 SOMETIMES ONE BY ONE1 UNTIL ALL VOICES >E HE>D4 ,S9CE PROPOSALS >E NO LONG] ! PROP]TY ( ! PRES5T]1 A SOLUTION CAN BE CREAT$ MORE COOP]ATIVELY4 

,PROPOSALS 

,9 ! CONS5SUS PROCESS1 ONLY PROPOSALS :I* 9T5D TO ACCOMPLI% ! COMMON PURPOSE >E CONSID]$4 ,DUR+ DISCUSSION ( A PROPOSAL1 EV]YONE WORKS TO IMPROVE ! PROPOSAL TO MAKE IT ! BE/ DECISION = ! GR\P4 ,ALL PROPOSALS >E ADOPT$ UNLESS ! GR\P DECIDES IT IS CONTR>Y TO ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P4 

,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS 

,BE=E A GR\P DECIDES TO USE ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS1 IT MU/ HONE/LY ASSESS ITS ABILITY TO HONOR ! PR9CIPLES DESCRIB$ 9 ,*APT] ,?REE4 ,IF ! PR9CIPLES DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK >E NOT ALREADY PRES5T OR IF ! GR\P IS NOT WILL+ TO WORK TO CREATE !M1 !N ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE4 ,ANY GR\P :I* WANTS TO ADOPT ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS NE$S TO GIVE CONSID]ABLE ATT5TION TO ! UND]LY+ PR9CIPLES :I* SUPPORT CONS5SUS & HELP ! PROCESS OP]ATE SMOO?LY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY EA* & EV]Y ONE ( ! PR9CIPLES DESCRIB$ H]E9 MU/ BE ADOPT$ BY EV]Y GR\P1 OR ?AT EA* GR\P CANNOT ADD ITS [N PR9CIPLES SPECIFIC TO ITS GOALS1 BUT RA!R1 EA* GR\P MU/ BE V]Y CLE> AB\T ! F\NDATION ( PR9CIPLES OR COMMON PURPOSES !Y *OOSE BE=E !Y ATTEMPT ! ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS ! LEA/ VIOL5T DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS4 

,TRADITIONAL NONVIOL5CE !ORY HOLDS ?AT ! USE ( P[] TO DOM9ATE IS VIOL5T & UNDESIRABLE4 ,NONVIOL5CE EXPECTS PEOPLE TO USE !IR P[] TO P]SUADE )\T DECEPTION1 CO]CION1 OR MALICE1 US+ TRU?1 CREATIVITY1 LOGIC1 RESPECT1 & LOVE4 ,MAJORITY RULE VOT+ PROCESS & ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,PROC$URE BO? ACCEPT1 & EV5 5C\RAGE1 ! USE ( P[] TO DOM9ATE O!RS4 ,! GOAL IS ! W9N+ ( ! VOTE1 (T5 REG>DLESS ( ANO!R *OICE :I* MI<T BE 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! :OLE GR\P4 ,! WILL ( ! MAJORITY SUP]S$ES ! CONC]NS & DESIRES ( ! M9ORITY4 ,?IS IS 9H]5TLY VIOL5T4 ,CONS5SUS /RIVES TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT EV]YONE'S CONC]NS & RESOLVE !M BE=E ANY DECISION IS MADE4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS PROCESS 5C\RAGES AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* EV]YONE IS RESPECT$ & ALL CONTRIBUTIONS >E VALU$4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS4 

,GR\PS :I* DESIRE TO 9VOLVE AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE NE$ TO USE AN 9CLUSIVE PROCESS4 ,TO ATTRACT & 9VOLVE L>GE NUMB]S1 IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT ! PROCESS 5C\RAGES P>TICIPATION1 ALL[S EQUAL ACCESS TO P[]1 DEVELOPS COOP]ATION1 PROMOTES EMP[]M5T1 & CREATES A S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! GR\P'S ACTIONS4 ,ALL ( !SE >E CORN]/ONES ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS4 ,! GOAL ( CONS5SUS IS NOT ! SELECTION ( SEV]AL OPTIONS1 BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ONE DECISION :I* IS ! BE/ = ! :OLE GR\P4 ,IT IS SYN!SIS & EVOLUTION1 NOT COMPETITION & ATTRITION4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! GR\P4 

,AL?\< EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MU/ CONS5T TO A DECISION BE=E IT IS ADOPT$1 IF !RE >E ANY OBJECTIONS1 IT IS NOT ! *OICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ALONE TO DET]M9E IF AN OBJECTION PREV5TS ! PROPOSAL FROM BE+ ADOPT$4 ,EV]Y OBJECTION OR CONC]N MU/ FIR/ BE PRES5T$ BE=E ! GR\P & EI!R RESOLV$ OR VALIDAT$4 ,A VALID OBJECTION IS ONE 9 KEEP+ ) ALL PREVI\S DECISIONS ( ! GR\P & BAS$ UPON ! COMMONLY-HELD PR9CIPLES OR F\NDATION ADOPT$ BY ! GR\P4 ,! OBJECTION MU/ NOT ONLY ADDRESS ! CONC]NS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P AS A :OLE4 ,IF ! OBJECTION IS NOT BAS$ UPON ! F\NDATION1 OR IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) A PRIOR DECISION1 IT IS NOT VALID = ! GR\P1 & !RE=E1 \T ( ORD]4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS DESIRABLE 9 L>G] GR\PS4 

,IF ! /RUCTURE IS VAGUE1 DECISIONS CAN BE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE4 ,!Y WILL BECOME 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT 9 L>G] GR\PS4 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS DESIGN$ = L>GE GR\PS4 ,IT IS A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ MODEL4 ,IT HAS GUIDEL9ES & =MATS = MANAG+ MEET+S1 FACILITAT+ DISCUSSIONS1 RESOLV+ CONFLICT1 & REA*+ DECISIONS4 ,SMALL] GR\PS MAY NE$ LESS /RUCTURE1 SO !Y MAY *OOSE FROM ! MANY TE*NIQUES & ROLES SUGGE/$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS WORKS BETT] :5 MORE PEOPLE P>TICIPATE4 

,CONS5SUS IS MORE ?AN ! SUM TOTAL ( IDEAS ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! GR\P4 ,DUR+ DISCUSSION1 IDEAS BUILD ONE UPON ! NEXT1 G5]AT+ NEW IDEAS1 UNTIL ! BE/ DECISION EM]GES4 ,?IS DYNAMIC IS CALL$ ! CREATIVE 9T]PLAY ( IDEAS4 ,CREATIVITY PLAYS A MAJOR P>T AS EV]YONE /RIVES TO DISCOV] :AT IS BE/ = ! GR\P4 ,! MORE PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS COOP]ATIVE PROCESS1 ! MORE IDEAS & POSSIBILITIES >E G5]AT$4 ,CONS5SUS WORKS BE/ ) EV]YONE P>TICIPAT+4 7,?IS ASSUMES1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT EV]YONE 9 ! GR\P IS TRA9$ 9 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS & IS ACTIVELY US+ IT47 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS NOT 9H]5TLY TIME-CONSUM+4 

,DECISIONS >E NOT AN 5D 9 !MSELVES4 ,DECISIONMAK+ IS A PROCESS :I* />TS ) AN IDEA & 5DS ) ! ACTUAL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! DECISION4 ,:ILE IT MAY BE TRUE 9 AN AUTOCRATIC PROCESS ?AT DECISIONS CAN BE MADE QUICKLY1 ! ACTUAL IMPLEM5TATION WILL TAKE TIME4 ,:5 ONE P]SON OR A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE MAKES A DECISION = A L>G] GR\P1 ! DECISION NOT ONLY HAS TO BE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! O!RS1 BUT IT ALSO HAS TO BE ACCEPTABLE TO !M OR ITS IMPLEM5TATION WILL NE$ TO BE =C$ UPON !M4 ,?IS WILL C]TA9LY TAKE TIME1 P]HAPS A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( TIME4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF EV]YONE P>TICIPATES 9 ! DECISIONMAK+1 ! DECISION DOES NOT NE$ TO BE COMMUNICAT$ & ITS IMPLEM5TATION DOES NOT NE$ TO BE =C$ UPON ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,! DECISION MAY TAKE LONG] TO MAKE1 BUT ONCE IT IS MADE1 IMPLEM5TATION CAN HAPP5 9 A TIMELY MANN]4 ,! AM\NT ( TIME A DECISION TAKES TO MAKE FROM />T TO F9I% IS NOT A FACTOR ( ! PROCESS US$2 RA!R1 IT IS A FACTOR ( ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROPOSAL ITSELF4 ,AN EASY DECISION TAKES LESS TIME ?AN A DIFFICULT1 COMPLEX DECISION1 REG>DLESS ( ! PROCESS US$ OR ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,( C\RSE1 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS WORKS BETT] IF ONE PRACTICES PATI5CE1 BUT ANY PROCESS IS IMPROV$ ) A G5]\S AM\NT ( PATI5CE4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS CANNOT BE SECRETLY DISRUPT$4 

,?IS MAY NOT BE AN ISSUE = SOME GR\PS1 BUT MANY PEOPLE KN[ ?AT ! /ATE ACTIVELY SURVEILLES1 9FILTRATES1 & DISRUPTS NONVIOL5T DOME/IC POLITICAL & RELIGI\S GR\PS4 ,TO C\NT]ACT ANTI-DEMOCRATIC TACTICS BY ! /ATE1 A GR\P W\LD NE$ TO DEVELOP & 5C\RAGE A DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS :I* C\LD NOT BE COV]TLY CONTROLL$ OR MANIPULAT$4 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS1 IF PRACTIC$ AS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 IS JU/ SU* A PROCESS4 ,S9CE ! ASSUMPTION IS ONE ( COOP]ATION & GOOD WILL1 IT IS ALWAYS APPROPRIATE TO ASK = AN EXPLANATION ( H[ & :Y SOMEONE'S ACTIONS >E 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P4 ,DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR MU/ NOT BE TOL]AT$4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?IS PROCESS CANNOT PREV5T OP5LY DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR1 ! PO9T IS TO PREV5T COV]T DISRUPTION1 HIDD5 AG5DA1 & MALICI\S MANIPULATION ( ! PROCESS4 ,ANY GR\P = :I* 9FILTRATION IS A ?REAT \<T TO CONSID] ! PROCESS \TL9$ 9 ?IS BOOK IF IT WI%ES TO REMA9 OP51 DEMOCRATIC1 & PRODUCTIVE4 

,ON ,DECISIONMAK+ 

,DECISIONS >E ADOPT$ :5 ALL P>TICIPANTS CONS5T TO ! RESULT ( DISCUSSION AB\T ! ORIG9AL PROPOSAL4 ,PEOPLE :O DO NOT AGREE ) A PROPOSAL >E RESPONSIBLE = EXPRESS+ !IR CONC]NS4 ,NO DECISION IS ADOPT$ UNTIL !RE IS RESOLUTION ( EV]Y CONC]N4 ,:5 CONC]NS REMA9 AFT] DISCUSSION1 9DIVIDUALS CAN AGREE TO DISAGREE BY ACKN[L$G+ ?AT !Y HAVE UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS1 BUT CONS5T TO ! PROPOSAL ANYWAY & ALL[ IT TO BE ADOPT$4 ,!RE=E1 REA*+ CONS5SUS DOES NOT ASSUME ?AT EV]YONE MU/ BE 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T1 A HI<LY UNLIKELY SITUATION 9 A GR\P ( 9TELLIG5T1 CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALS4 

,CONS5SUS IS BECOM+ POPUL> AS A DEMOCRATIC =M ( DECISIONMAK+4 ,IT IS A PROCESS :I* REQUIRES AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ALL CONTRIBUTIONS >E VALU$ & P>TICIPATION IS 5C\RAG$4 ,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 FEW ORGANIZATIONS :I* USE A MODEL ( CONS5SUS :I* IS SPECIFIC1 CONSI/5T1 & EFFICI5T4 ,(T51 ! CONS5SUS PROCESS IS 9=MAL1 VAGUE1 & V]Y 9CONSI/5T4 ,?IS HAPP5S :5 ! CONS5SUS PROCESS IS NOT BAS$ UPON A SOLID F\NDATION & ! /RUCTURE IS UNKN[N OR NONEXI/5T4 ,TO DEVELOP A MORE =MAL TYPE ( CONS5SUS PROCESS1 ANY ORGANIZATION MU/ DEF9E ! COMMONLY HELD PR9CIPLES :I* =M ! F\NDATION ( ! GR\P'S WORK & 9T5TIONALLY *OOSE ! TYPE ( /RUCTURE )9 :I* ! PROCESS IS BUILT4 

,?IS BOOK CONTA9S ! BUILD+ MAT]IALS = JU/ SU* A PROCESS4 ,9CLUD$ IS A DESCRIPTION ( ! PR9CIPLES FROM :I* A F\NDATION IS CREAT$1 ! FL[*>T & LEVELS ( /RUCTURE :I* >E ! FRAME = ! PROCESS1 & ! O!R MAT]IALS NE$$ = DESIGN+ A V>IETY ( PROCESSES :I* CAN BE CU/OMIZ$ TO FIT ! NE$S ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS 

,MANY GR\PS REGUL>LY USE DIV]SE DISCUSSION TE*NIQUES LE>N$ FROM PRACTITION]S 9 ! FIELD ( CONFLICT RESOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ?IS BOOK DOES 9CLUDE SEV]AL TE*NIQUES1 ! BOOK IS AB\T A /RUCTURE CALL$ ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS4 ,?IS /RUCTURE CREATES A SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! ID5TIFICATION & ! RESOLUTION ( CONC]NS4 ,P]HAPS1 IF EV]YBODY 9 ! GR\P HAS NO TR\BLE SAY+ :AT !Y ?9K1 !Y WON'T NE$ ?IS /RUCTURE4 ,?IS PR$ICTABLE /RUCTURE PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES TO ?OSE :O DON'T FEEL EMP[]$ TO P>TICIPATE4 

,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS PRES5T$ 9 LEVELS OR CYCLES4 ,9 ! FIR/ LEVEL1 ! IDEA IS TO ALL[ EV]YONE TO EXPRESS !IR P]SPECTIVE1 9CLUD+ CONC]NS1 BUT GR\P TIME IS NOT SP5T ON RESOLV+ PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! SECOND LEVEL ! GR\P FOCUSES ITS ATT5TION ON ID5TIFY+ CONC]NS1 /ILL NOT RESOLV+ !M4 ,?IS REQUIRES DISCIPL9E4 ,REACTIVE COMM5TS1 EV5 FUNNY ONES1 & RESOLUTIONS1 EV5 GOOD ONES1 CAN SUPPRESS ! CREATIVE IDEAS ( O!RS4 ,NOT UNTIL ! ?IRD LEVEL DOES ! /RUCTURE ALL[ = EXPLOR+ RESOLUTIONS4 

,EA* LEVEL HAS A DIFF]5T SCOPE & FOCUS4 ,AT ! FIR/ LEVEL1 ! SCOPE IS BROAD1 ALL[+ ! DISCUSSION TO CONSID] ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS AS WELL AS ! G5]AL M]ITS & DRAWBACKS & O!R RELEVANT 9=MATION4 ,! ONLY FOCUS IS ON ! PROPOSAL AS A :OLE4 ,SOME DECISIONS CAN BE REA*$ AFT] DISCUSSION AT ! FIR/ LEVEL4 ,AT ! SECOND LEVEL1 ! SCOPE ( ! DISCUSSION IS LIMIT$ TO ! CONC]NS4 ,!Y >E ID5TIFI$ & PUBLICLY LI/$1 :I* 5ABLES EV]YONE TO GET AN OV]ALL PICTURE ( ! CONC]NS4 ,! FOCUS ( ATT5TION IS ON ID5TIFY+ ! BODY ( CONC]NS & GR\P+ SIMIL> ONES4 ,AT ! ?IRD LEVEL1 ! SCOPE IS V]Y N>R[4 ,! FOCUS ( DISCUSSION IS LIMIT$ TO A S+LE UNRESOLV$ CONC]N UNTIL IT IS RESOLV$4 

,! ,FL[ ( ! ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS ,PROCESS 

,9 AN IDEAL SITUATION1 EV]Y PROPOSAL W\LD BE SUBMITT$ 9 WRIT+ & BRIEFLY 9TRODUC$ ! FIR/ TIME IT APPE>S ON ! AG5DA4 ,AT ! NEXT MEET+1 AFT] EV]YONE HAS HAD 5\< TIME TO READ IT & C>EFULLY CONSID] ANY CONC]NS1 ! DISCUSSION W\LD BEG9 9 E>NE/4 ,(T51 IT W\LD NOT BE UNTIL ! ?IRD MEET+ ?AT A DECISION IS MADE4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS DEP5DS UPON H[ MANY PROPOSALS >E ON ! TABLE & ! URG5CY ( ! DECISION4 

,CL>IFY ! ,PROCESS 

,! FACILITATOR 9TRODUCES ! P]SON PRES5T+ ! PROPOSAL & GIVES A %ORT UPDATE ON ANY PREVI\S ACTION ON IT4 ,IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT = ! FACILITATOR TO EXPLA9 ! PROCESS :I* BR\<T ?IS PROPOSAL TO ! MEET+1 & TO DESCRIBE ! PROCESS ?AT WILL BE FOLL[$ TO MOVE ! GR\P ?R\< ! PROPOSAL TO CONS5SUS4 ,IT IS ! FACILITATOR'S JOB TO MAKE SURE ?AT EV]Y P>TICIPANT CLE>LY UND]/&S ! /RUCTURE & ! DISCUSSION TE*NIQUES BE+ EMPLOY$ :ILE ! MEET+ IS 9 PROGRESS4 

,PRES5T ,PROPOSAL OR ,ISSUE 

,:5 POSSIBLE & APPROPRIATE1 PROPOSALS \<T TO BE PREP>$ 9 WRIT+ & DI/RIBUT$ WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! MEET+ 9 :I* A DECISION IS REQUIR$4 ,?IS 5C\RAGES PRIOR DISCUSSION & CONSID]ATION1 HELPS ! PRES5T] ANTICIPATE CONC]NS1 M9IMIZES SURPRISES1 & 9VOLVES EV]YONE 9 CREAT+ ! PROPOSAL4 7,IF ! NECESS>Y GR\NDWORK HAS NOT BE5 DONE1 ! WISE/ *OICE MI<T BE TO S5D ! PROPOSAL TO COMMITTEE4 ,PROPOSAL WRIT+ IS DIFFICULT TO ACCOMPLI% 9 A L>GE GR\P4 ,! COMMITTEE W\LD DEVELOP ! PROPOSAL = CONSID]ATION AT A LAT] TIME47 ,! PRES5T] READS ! WRITT5 PROPOSAL AL\D1 PROVIDES BACKGR\ND 9=MATION1 & /ATES CLE>LY ITS B5EFITS & REASONS = ADOPTION1 9CLUD+ ADDRESS+ ANY EXI/+ CONC]NS4 

,QUE/IONS ,:I* ,CL>IFY ! ,PRES5TATION 

,QUE/IONS >E /RICTLY LIMIT$ BY ! FACILITATOR TO ?OSE :I* SEEK GREAT] COMPREH5SION ( ! PROPOSAL AS PRES5T$4 ,EV]YONE DES]VES ! OPPORTUNITY TO FULLY UND]/& :AT IS BE+ ASK$ ( ! GR\P BE=E DISCUSSION BEG9S4 ,?IS IS NOT A TIME = COMM5TS OR CONC]NS4 ,IF !RE >E ONLY A FEW QUE/IONS1 !Y CAN BE ANSW]$ ONE AT A TIME BY ! P]SON PRES5T+ ! PROPOSAL4 ,IF !RE >E MANY1 A USEFUL TE*NIQUE IS HE>+ ALL ! QUE/IONS FIR/1 !N ANSW]+ !M TOGE!R4 ,AFT] ANSW]+ ALL CL>IFY+ QUE/IONS1 ! GR\P BEG9S DISCUSSION4 

,LEVEL ,ONE3 ,BROAD ,OP5 ,DISCUSSION 

,G5]AL ,DISCUSSION 

,DISCUSSION AT ?IS LEVEL \<T TO BE ! BROADE/ 9 SCOPE4 ,TRY TO 5C\RAGE COMM5TS :I* TAKE ! :OLE PROPOSAL 9TO ACC\NT2 I4E41 :Y IT IS A GOOD IDEA1 OR G5]AL PROBLEMS :I* NE$ TO BE ADDRESS$4 ,DISCUSSION AT ?IS LEVEL (T5 HAS A PHILOSOPHICAL OR PR9CIPL$ TONE1 PURPOSELY ADDRESS+ H[ ?IS PROPOSAL MI<T AFFECT ! GR\P 9 ! LONG RUN OR :AT K9D ( PREC$5T IT MI<T CREATE1 ETC4 ,IT HELPS EV]Y PROPOSAL TO BE DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS WAY1 BE=E ! GR\P 5GAGES 9 RESOLV+ P>TICUL> CONC]NS4 ,DO NOT ALL[ ONE CONC]N TO BECOME ! FOCUS ( ! DISCUSSION4 ,:5 P>TICUL> CONC]NS >E RAIS$1 MAKE NOTE ( !M BUT 5C\RAGE ! DISCUSSION TO MOVE BACK TO ! PROPOSAL AS A :OLE4 ,5C\RAGE ! CREATIVE 9T]PLAY ( COMM5TS & IDEAS4 ,ALL[ = ! ADDITION ( ANY RELEVANT FACTUAL 9=MATION4 ,= ?OSE :O MI<T AT FIR/ FEEL OPPOS$ TO ! PROPOSAL1 ?IS DISCUSSION IS CONSID]ATION ( :Y IT MI<T BE GOOD = ! GR\P 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE4 ,!IR 9ITIAL CONC]NS MI<T1 9 FACT1 BE ( G5]AL CONC]N TO ! :OLE GR\P4 ,&1 = ?OSE :O 9ITIALLY SUPPORT ! PROPOSAL1 ?IS IS A TIME TO ?9K AB\T ! PROPOSAL BROADLY & SOME ( ! G5]AL PROBLEMS4 ,IF !RE SEEMS TO BE G5]AL APPROVAL ( ! PROPOSAL1 ! FACILITATOR1 OR SOMEONE RECOGNIZ$ TO SPEAK1 CAN REQUE/ A CALL = CONS5SUS4 

,CALL = ,CONS5SUS 

,! FACILITATOR ASKS1 0,>E !RE ANY UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS80 OR 0,>E !RE ANY CONC]NS REMA9+80 ,AFT] A P]IOD ( SIL5CE1 IF NO ADDITIONAL CONC]NS >E RAIS$1 ! FACILITATOR DECL>ES ?AT CONS5SUS IS REA*$ & ! PROPOSAL IS READ = ! RECORD4 ,! L5G? ( SIL5CE \<T TO BE DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! DEGREE ( DIFFICULTY 9 REA*+ CONS5SUS2 AN EASY DECISION REQUIRES A %ORT SIL5CE1 A DIFFICULT DECISION REQUIRES A LONG] SIL5CE4 ,?IS 5C\RAGES EV]YONE TO BE AT PEACE 9 ACCEPT+ ! CONS5SUS BE=E MOV+ ON TO O!R BUS9ESS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! FACILITATOR ASSIGNS TASK RESPONSIBILITIES OR S5DS ! DECISION TO A COMMITTEE = IMPLEM5TATION4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! QUE/ION IS NOT 0,IS !RE CONS5SUS80 OR 0,DOES EV]YONE AGREE804 ,!SE QUE/IONS DO NOT 5C\RAGE AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ALL CONC]NS CAN BE EXPRESS$4 ,IF SOME PEOPLE HAVE A CONC]N1 BUT >E %Y OR 9TIMIDAT$ BY A /RONG %[+ ( SUPPORT = A PROPOSAL1 ! QUE/ION 0,>E !RE ANY UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS80 SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO !M & PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY = !M TO SPEAK4 ,ANY CONC]NS = :I* SOMEONE /&S ASIDE >E LI/$ ) ! PROPOSAL & BECOME A P>T ( IT4 

,LEVEL ,TWO3 ,ID5TIFY ,CONC]NS 

,LI/ ,ALL ,CONC]NS 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! NEXT LEVEL1 A DISCUSSION TE*NIQUE CALL$ BRA9/ORM+ 7SEE PAGE #e#e7 IS US$ SO ?AT CONC]NS CAN BE ID5TIFI$ & WRITT5 D[N PUBLICLY BY ! SCRIBE & = ! RECORD BY ! NOTETAK]4 ,BE SURE ! SCRIBE IS AS ACCURATE AS POSSIBLE BY *ECK+ ) ! P]SON :O VOIC$ ! CONC]N BE=E MOV+ ON4 ,?IS IS NOT A TIME TO ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE CONC]NS OR DET]M9E !IR VALIDITY4 ,?AT W\LD /IFLE FREE EXPRESSION ( CONC]NS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ONLY CONC]NS >E TO BE EXPRESS$1 REASONABLE OR UNREASONABLE1 WELL ?\<T \T OR VAGUE FEEL+S4 ,! FACILITATOR WANTS TO 9T]RUPT ANY COMM5TS :I* ATTEMPT TO DEF5D ! PROPOSAL1 RESOLVE ! CONC]NS1 JUDGE ! VALUE ( ! CONC]NS1 OR 9 ANY WAY D5Y OR DISMISS ANO!R'S FEEL+S ( D\BT OR CONC]N4 ,SOMETIMES SIMPLY ALL[+ A CONC]N TO BE EXPRESS$ & WRITT5 D[N HELPS RESOLVE IT4 ,AFT] ALL CONC]NS HAVE BE5 LI/$1 ALL[ ! GR\P A MOM5T TO REFLECT ON !M AS A :OLE4 

,GR\P ,RELAT$ ,CONC]NS 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! FOCUS IS ON ID5TIFY+ PATT]NS & RELATION%IPS BETWE5 CONC]NS4 ,?IS %ORT EX]CISE MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO FOCUS UPON OR RESOLVE ANY P>TICUL> CONC]N4 

,LEVEL ,?REE3 ,RESOLVE ,CONC]NS 

,RESOLVE ,GR\PS ( ,RELAT$ ,CONC]NS 

,(T51 RELAT$ CONC]NS CAN BE RESOLV$ AS A GR\P4 

,CALL = ,CONS5SUS 

,IF MO/ ( ! CONC]NS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 RESOLV$1 CALL = CONS5SUS 9 ! MANN] DESCRIB$ E>LI]4 ,IF SOME CONC]NS HAVE NOT BE5 RESOLV$ AT ?IS TIME1 !N A MORE FOCUS$ DISCUSSION IS NE$$4 

,RE/ATE ,REMA9+ ,CONC]NS 7,ONE AT A ,TIME7 

,RETURN TO ! LI/4 ,! FACILITATOR *ECKS EA* ONE ) ! GR\P & REMOVES ONES :I* HAVE BE5 RESOLV$ OR >E1 = ANY REASON1 NO LONG] ( CONC]N4 ,EA* REMA9+ CONC]N IS RE/AT$ CLE>LY & CONCISELY & ADDRESS$ ONE AT A TIME4 ,SOMETIMES NEW CONC]NS >E RAIS$ :I* NE$ TO BE ADD$ TO ! LI/4 ,H[EV]1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS RESPONSIBLE = HONE/LY EXPRESS+ CONC]NS AS !Y ?9K ( !M4 ,IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE TO HOLD BACK A CONC]N & SPR+ IT UPON ! GR\P LATE 9 ! PROCESS4 ,?IS UND]M9ES TRU/ & LIMITS ! GR\P'S ABILITY TO ADEQUATELY DISCUSS ! CONC]N 9 ITS RELATION TO O!R CONC]NS4 

,QUE/IONS ,:I* ,CL>IFY ! ,CONC]N 

,! FACILITATOR ASKS = ANY QUE/IONS OR COMM5TS :I* W\LD FUR!R CL>IFY ! CONC]N SO EV]YONE CLE>LY UND]/&S IT BE=E DISCUSSION />TS4 

,DISCUSSION ,LIMIT$ TO ,RESOLV+ ,ONE ,CONC]N 

,USE AS MANY CREATIVE GR\P DISCUSSION TE*NIQUES AS NE$$ TO FACILITATE A RESOLUTION = EA* CONC]N4 ,KEEP ! DISCUSSION FOCUS$ UPON ! P>TICUL> CONC]N UNTIL EV]Y SUGGE/ION HAS BE5 (F]$4 ,IF NO NEW IDEAS >E COM+ =W>D & ! CONC]N CANNOT BE RESOLV$1 OR IF ! TIME ALLOTT$ = ?IS ITEM HAS BE5 5TIRELY US$1 MOVE TO ONE ( ! CLOS+ OPTIONS DESCRIB$ BEL[4 

,CALL = ,CONS5SUS 

,REPEAT ?IS PROCESS UNTIL ALL CONC]NS HAVE BE5 RESOLV$4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! GR\P %\LD BE AT CONS5SUS1 BUT IT W\LD BE APPROPRIATE TO CALL = CONS5SUS ANYWAY JU/ TO BE SURE NO CONC]N HAS BE5 OV]LOOK$4 

,CLOS+ ,OPTIONS 

,S5D TO ,COMMITTEE 

,IF A DECISION ON ! PROPOSAL CAN WAIT UNTIL ! :OLE GR\P MEETS AGA91 !N S5D ! PROPOSAL TO A COMMITTEE :I* CAN CL>IFY ! CONC]NS & BR+ NEW1 CREATIVE RESOLUTIONS = CONSID]ATION BY ! GR\P4 ,IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO 9CLUDE ON ! COMMITTEE REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! MAJOR CONC]NS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE MO/ SUPPORTIVE ( ! PROPOSAL SO !Y CAN WORK \T SOLUTIONS 9 A LESS =MAL SETT+4 ,SOMETIMES1 IF ! DECISION IS NE$$ BE=E ! NEXT MEET+1 A SMALL] GR\P CAN BE EMP[]$ TO MAKE ! DECISION = ! L>G] GR\P1 BUT AGA91 ?IS COMMITTEE %\LD 9CLUDE ALL PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,*OOSE ?IS OPTION ONLY IF IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y & ! :OLE GR\P CONS5TS4 

,/& ,ASIDE 7,DECISION ,ADOPT$ ) ,UNRESOLV$ ,CONC]NS ,LI/$7 

,:5 A CONC]N HAS BE5 FULLY DISCUSS$ & CANNOT BE RESOLV$1 IT IS APPROPRIATE = ! FACILITATOR TO ASK ?OSE P]SONS ) ?IS CONC]N IF !Y >E WILL+ TO /& ASIDE2 ?AT IS1 ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! CONC]N /ILL EXI/S1 BUT ALL[ ! PROPOSAL TO BE ADOPT$4 ,IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT = ! :OLE GR\P TO UND]/& ?AT ?IS UNRESOLV$ CONC]N IS !N WRITT5 D[N ) ! PROPOSAL 9 ! RECORD &1 9 ESS5CE1 BECOMES A P>T ( ! DECISION4 ,?IS CONC]N CAN BE RAIS$ AGA9 & DES]VES MORE DISCUSSION TIME AS IT HAS NOT YET BE5 RESOLV$4 ,9 CONTRA/1 A CONC]N :I* HAS BE5 RESOLV$ 9 PA/ DISCUSSION DOES NOT DES]VE ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION1 UNLESS SOME?+ NEW HAS DEVELOP$4 ,FILIBU/]+ IS NOT APPROPRIATE 9 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS4 

,DECL>E ,BLOCK 

,AFT] HAV+ SP5T ! ALLOTT$ AG5DA TIME MOV+ ?R\< ! ?REE LEVELS ( DISCUSSION TRY+ TO A*IEVE CONS5SUS & CONC]NS REMA9 :I* >E UNRESOLV$1 ! FACILITATOR IS OBLIGAT$ TO DECL>E ?AT CONS5SUS CANNOT BE REA*$ AT ?IS MEET+1 ?AT ! PROPOSAL IS BLOCK$1 & MOVE ON TO ! NEXT AG5DA ITEM4 ,! ,RULES ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS ,! GUIDEL9ES & TE*NIQUES 9 ?IS BOOK >E FLEXIBLE & MEANT TO BE MODIFI$4 ,SOME ( ! GUIDEL9ES1 H[EV]1 SEEM ALMO/ ALWAYS TO BE TRUE4 ,!SE >E ! ,RULES ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS3 #a4 ,ONCE A DECISION HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY CONS5SUS1 IT CANNOT BE *ANG$ )\T REA*+ A NEW CONS5SUS4 ,IF A NEW CONS5SUS CANNOT BE REA*$1 ! OLD DECISION /&S4 #b4 ,9 G5]AL1 ONLY ONE P]SON HAS P]MISSION TO SPEAK AT ANY MOM5T4 ,! P]SON ) P]MISSION TO SPEAK IS DET]M9$ BY ! GR\P DISCUSSION TE*NIQUE 9 USE &_/OR ! FACILITATOR4 7,! ROLE ( ,PEACEKEEP] IS EXEMPT FROM ?IS RULE47 #c4 ,ALL /RUCTURAL DECISIONS 7I4E41 :I* ROLES TO USE1 :O FILLS EA* ROLE1 & :I* FACILITATION TE*NIQUE &_/OR GR\P DISCUSSION TE*NIQUE TO USE7 >E ADOPT$ BY CONS5SUS )\T DEBATE4 ,ANY OBJECTION AUTOMATICALLY CAUSES A NEW SELECTION TO BE MADE4 ,IF A ROLE CANNOT BE FILL$ )\T OBJECTION1 ! GR\P PROCE$S )\T ?AT ROLE BE+ FILL$4 ,IF MU* TIME IS SP5T TRY+ TO FILL ROLES OR F9D ACCEPTABLE TE*NIQUES1 !N ! GR\P NE$S A DISCUSSION AB\T ! UNITY ( PURPOSE ( ?IS GR\P & :Y IT IS HAV+ ?IS PROBLEM1 A DISCUSSION :I* MU/ BE PUT ON ! AG5DA = ! NEXT MEET+1 IF NOT HELD IMM$IATELY4#d4 ,ALL CONT5T DECISIONS 7I4E41 ! AG5DA CONTRACT1 COMMITTEE REPORTS1 PROPOSALS1 ETC47 >E ADOPT$ BY CONS5SUS AFT] DISCUSSION4 ,EV]Y CONT5T DECISION MU/ BE OP5LY DISCUSS$ BE=E IT CAN BE TE/$ = CONS5SUS4 #e4 ,A CONC]N MU/ BE BAS$ UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! GR\P TO JU/IFY A BLOCK TO CONS5SUS4 #f4 ,EV]Y MEET+ :I* USES ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS MU/ HAVE AN EVALUATION4 

,ON ,CONFLICT & ,CONS5SUS 

,CONFLICT IS USUALLY VIEW$ AS AN IMP$IM5T TO REA*+ AGREEM5TS & DISRUPTIVE TO PEACEFUL RELATION%IPS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ! UND]LY+ !SIS ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS ?AT NONVIOL5T CONFLICT IS NECESS>Y & DESIRABLE4 ,IT PROVIDES ! MOTIVATIONS = IMPROVEM5T4 ,! *ALL5GE IS ! CREATION ( AN UND]/&+ 9 ALL :O P>TICIPATE ?AT CONFLICT1 OR DIFF]+ OP9IONS AB\T PROPOSALS1 IS TO BE EXPECT$ & ACCEPTABLE4 ,DO NOT AVOID OR REPRESS CONFLICT4 ,CREATE AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* DISAGREEM5T CAN BE EXPRESS$ )\T FE>4 ,OBJECTIONS & CRITICISMS CAN BE HE>D NOT AS ATTACKS1 NOT AS ATTEMPTS TO DEFEAT A PROPOSAL1 BUT AS A CONC]N :I*1 :5 RESOLV$1 WILL MAKE ! PROPOSAL /RONG]4 

,?IS UND]/&+ ( CONFLICT MAY NOT BE EASILY ACCEPT$ BY ! MEMB]S ( A GR\P4 ,\R TRA9+ BY SOCIETY UND]M9ES ?IS CONCEPT4 ,!RE=E1 IT WILL NOT BE EASY TO CREATE ! K9D ( 5VIRONM5T :]E DIFF]5CES CAN BE EXPRESS$ )\T FE> OR RES5TM5T4 ,BUT IT CAN BE DONE4 ,IT WILL REQUIRE TOL]ANCE & A WILL+NESS TO EXP]IM5T4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! VALUES & PR9CIPLES :I* =M ! BASIS ( COMMITM5T TO WORK TOGE!R TO RESOLVE CONFLICT NE$ TO BE CLE>LY DEF9$1 & ACCEPT$ BY ALL 9VOLV$4 

,IF A GR\P DESIRES TO ADOPT ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS AS ITS DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS1 ! FIR/ /EP IS ! CREATION ( A ,/ATEM5T ( ,PURPOSE OR ,CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS DOCUM5T W\LD DESCRIBE NOT ONLY ! COMMON PURPOSE1 BUT W\LD ALSO 9CLUDE ! DEF9ITION ( ! GR\P'S PR9CIPLES & VALUES4 ,IF ! GR\P DISCUSSES & WRITES D[N ITS F\NDATION ( PR9CIPLES AT ! />T1 IT IS MU* EASI] TO DET]M9E GR\P V]SUS 9DIVIDUAL CONC]NS LAT] ON4 

,! FOLL[+ >E PR9CIPLES :I* =M ! F\NDATION ( ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS4 ,A COMMITM5T TO !SE PR9CIPLES &_/OR A WILL+NESS TO DEVELOP !M IS NECESS>Y4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ONES LI/$ H]E91 ! GR\P MI<T ADD PR9CIPLES & VALUES :I* >E SPECIFIC TO ITS PURPOSE4 

,F\NDATION ,UPON ,:I* ,CONS5SUS ,IS ,BUILT 

,= CONS5SUS TO WORK WELL1 ! PROCESS MU/ BE CONDUCT$ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T :I* PROMOTES TRU/1 RESPECT1 & SKILL %>+4 ,! FOLL[+ >E PR9CIPLES :I*1 :5 VALU$ & RESPECT$1 5C\RAGE & BUILD CONS5SUS4 

,TRU/ 

,=EMO/ IS ! NE$ = TRU/4 ,)\T SOME AM\NT ( TRU/1 !RE WILL BE NO COOP]ATION OR NONVIOL5T RESOLUTION TO CONFLICT4 ,= TRU/ TO FL\RI%1 IT IS DESIRABLE = 9DIVIDUALS TO BE WILL+ TO EXAM9E !IR ATTITUDES & BE OP5 TO NEW IDEAS4 ,ACKN[L$GM5T & APPRECIATION ( P]SONAL & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES PROMOTE TRU/4 ,NEI!R APPROVAL NOR FRI5D%IP >E NECESS>Y = A GOOD WORK+ RELATION%IP4 ,BY DEVELOP+ TRU/1 ! PROCESS ( CONS5SUS 5C\RAGES ! 9TELLECTUAL & EMOTIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUALS )9 A GR\P4 

,RESPECT 

,IT IS EV]YONE'S RESPONSIBILITY TO %[ RESPECT TO ONE ANO!R4 ,PEOPLE FEEL RESPECT$ :5 EV]YONE LI/5S1 :5 !Y >E NOT 9T]RUPT$1 :5 !IR IDEAS >E TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,RESPECT = EMOTIONAL AS WELL AS LOGICAL CONC]NS PROMOTES ! K9D ( 5VIRONM5T NECESS>Y = DEVELOP+ CONS5SUS4 ,TO PROMOTE RESPECT1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 AN ACTION :I* CAUSES A PROBLEM & ! P]SON :O DID ! ACTION1 BETWE5 ! DE$ & ! DO]4 ,WE MU/ CRITICIZE ! ACT1 NOT ! P]SON4 ,EV5 IF Y\ ?9K ! P]SON IS ! PROBLEM1 RESPOND+ ?AT WAY NEV] RESOLVES ANY?+4 7,SEE PAGES #g- #h47 

,UNITY ( ,PURPOSE 

,UNITY ( PURPOSE IS A BASIC UND]/&+ AB\T ! GOALS & PURPOSE ( ! GR\P4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE WILL BE V>Y+ OP9IONS ON ! BE/ WAY TO ACCOMPLI% !SE GOALS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE MU/ BE A UNIFY+ BASE1 A COMMON />T+ PO9T1 :I* IS RECOGNIZ$ & ACCEPT$ BY ALL4 

,NONVIOL5CE 

,NONVIOL5T DECISIONMAK]S USE !IR P[] TO A*IEVE GOALS :ILE RESPECT+ DIFF]5CES & COOP]AT+ ) O!RS4 ,9 ?IS 5VIRONM5T1 IT IS CONSID]$ VIOL5T TO USE P[] TO DOM9ATE OR CONTROL ! GR\P PROCESS4 ,IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT ! P[] ( REVEAL+ Y\R TRU? IS ! MAXIMUM =CE ALL[$ TO P]SUADE O!RS TO Y\R PO9T ( VIEW4 

,SELF ,EMP[]M5T 

,IT IS EASY = PEOPLE TO UNQUE/ION+LY RELY ON AU?ORITIES & EXP]TS TO DO !IR ?9K+ & DECISIONMAK+ = !M4 ,IF MEMB]S ( A GR\P DELEGATE !IR AU?ORITY1 9T5TIONALLY OR NOT1 !Y FAIL TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY = ! GR\P'S DECISIONS4 ,CONS5SUS PROMOTES & DEP5DS UPON SELF EMP[]M5T4 ,ANYONE CAN EXPRESS CONC]NS4 ,EV]YONE SEEKS CREATIVE SOLUTIONS & IS RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y DECISION4 ,:5 ALL >E 5C\RAG$ TO P>TICIPATE1 ! DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! PROCESS 9CREASES4 

,COOP]ATION 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,WE/]N SOCIETY IS SATURAT$ 9 COMPETITION4 ,:5 W9N+ >GUM5TS BECOMES MORE IMPORTANT ?AN A*IEV+ ! GR\P'S GOALS1 COOP]ATION IS DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ADV]S>IAL ATTITUDES T[>D PROPOSALS OR PEOPLE FOCUS ATT5TION ON WEAKNESS RA!R ?AN /R5G?4 ,AN ATTITUDE ( HELPFULNESS & SUPPORT BUILDS COOP]ATION4 ,COOP]ATION IS A %>$ RESPONSIBILITY 9 F9D+ SOLUTIONS TO ALL CONC]NS4 ,IDEAS (F]$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( COOP]ATION HELP RESOLVE CONFLICT4 ,! BE/ DECISIONS >ISE ?R\< AN OP5 & CREATIVE 9T]PLAY ( IDEAS4 

,CONFLICT ,RESOLUTION 

,! FREE FL[ ( IDEAS1 EV5 AMONG FRI5DS1 9EVITABLY LEADS TO CONFLICT4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 CONFLICT IS SIMPLY ! EXPRESSION ( DISAGREEM5T4 ,DISAGREEM5T ITSELF IS NEI!R GOOD NOR BAD4 ,DIV]SE VIEWPO9TS BR+ 9TO FOCUS & EXPLORE ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES ( ATTITUDES1 ASSUMPTIONS1 & PLANS4 ,)\T CONFLICT1 ONE IS LESS LIKELY TO ?9K AB\T & EVALUATE ONE'S VIEWS & PREJUDICES4 ,!RE IS NO RI<T DECISION1 ONLY ! BE/ ONE = ! :OLE GR\P4 ,! TASK IS TO WORK TOGE!R TO DISCOV] :I* *OICE IS MO/ ACCEPTABLE TO ALL MEMB]S4 

,AVOID BLAM+ ANYONE = CONFLICT4 ,BLAME IS 9H]5TLY VIOL5T4 ,IT ATTACKS DIGNITY & EMP[]M5T4 ,IT 5C\RAGES PEOPLE TO FEEL GUILTY1 DEF5SIVE1 & ALI5AT$4 ,! GR\P WILL LOSE ITS ABILITY TO RESOLVE CONFLICT4 ,PEOPLE WILL HIDE !IR TRUE FEEL+S TO AVOID BE+ BLAM$ = ! CONFLICT4 

,AVOIDANCE ( CONFLICT+ IDEAS IMP$ES RESOLUTION = FAILURE TO EXPLORE & DEVELOP ! FEEL+S ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! CONFLICT4 ,! PRES5CE ( CONFLICT CAN CREATE AN OCCASION = GR[?4 ,LE>N TO USE IT AS A CATALY/ = DISCOV]+ CREATIVE RESOLUTIONS & = DEVELOP+ A BETT] UND]/&+ ( EA* O!R4 ,) PATI5CE1 ANYONE CAN LE>N TO RESOLVE CONFLICT CREATIVELY1 )\T DEF5SIV5ESS OR GUILT4 ,GR\PS CAN LE>N TO NURTURE & SUPPORT !IR MEMB]S 9 ?IS EF=T BY ALL[+ CREATIVITY & EXP]IM5TATION4 ,?IS PROCESS NECESSITATES ?AT ! GR\P CONT9UALLY EVALUATE & IMPROVE !SE SKILLS4 

,COMMITM5T TO ! ,GR\P 

,9 JO9+ A GR\P1 ONE ACCEPTS A P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO BEHAVE ) RESPECT1 GOOD WILL1 & HONE/Y4 ,EA* ONE IS EXPECT$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! GR\P'S NE$S HAVE A C]TA9 PRIORITY OV] ! DESIRES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MANY PEOPLE P>TICIPATE 9 GR\P WORK 9 A V]Y EGOC5TRIC WAY4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO ACCEPT ! %>$ RESPONSIBILITY = HELP+ TO F9D SOLUTIONS TO O!R'S CONC]NS4 

,ACTIVE ,P>TICIPATION 

,WE ALL HAVE AN 9ALI5ABLE RI<T TO EXPRESS \R [N BE/ ?\<TS4 ,WE DECIDE = \RSELVES :AT IS RI<T & WRONG4 ,S9CE CONS5SUS IS A PROCESS ( SYN!SIS1 NOT COMPETITION1 ALL S9C]E COMM5TS >E IMPORTANT & VALUABLE4 ,IF IDEAS >E PUT =? AS ! SPEAK]'S PROP]TY & 9DIVIDUALS >E /RONGLY ATTA*$ TO !IR OP9IONS1 CONS5SUS WILL BE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT4 ,/UBBORNNESS1 CLOS$M9D$NESS1 & POSSESSIV5ESS LEAD TO DEF5SIVE & >GUM5TATIVE BEHAVIOR ?AT DISRUPTS ! PROCESS4 ,= ACTIVE P>TICIPATION TO OCCUR1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO PROMOTE TRU/ BY CREAT+ AN ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* EV]Y CONTRIBUTION IS CONSID]$ VALUABLE4 ,) 5C\RAGEM5T1 EA* P]SON CAN DEVELOP KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE1 A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY & COMPET5CY1 & ! ABILITY TO P>TICIPATE4 

,EQUAL ,ACCESS TO ,P[] 

,BECAUSE ( P]SONAL DIFF]5CES 7EXP]I5CE1 ASS]TIV5ESS1 SOCIAL CONDITION+1 ACCESS TO 9=MATION1 ETC47 & POLITICAL DISP>ITIES1 SOME PEOPLE 9EVITABLY HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE P[] ?AN O!RS4 ,TO BALANCE ?IS 9EQUITY1 EV]YONE NE$S TO CONSCI\SLY ATTEMPT TO CREATIVELY %>E P[]1 SKILLS1 & 9=MATION4 ,AVOID HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ?AT ALL[ SOME 9DIVIDUALS TO ASSUME UNDEMOCRATIC P[] OV] O!RS4 ,EGALIT>IAN & ACC\NTABLE /RUCTURES PROMOTE UNIV]SAL ACCESS TO P[]4 

,PATI5CE 

,CONS5SUS CANNOT BE RU%$4 ,(T51 IT FUNCTIONS SMOO?LY1 PRODUC+ EFFECTIVE1 /ABLE RESULTS4 ,SOMETIMES1 :5 DIFFICULT SITUATIONS >ISE1 CONS5SUS REQUIRES MORE TIME TO ALL[ = ! CREATIVE 9T]PLAY ( IDEAS4 ,DUR+ !SE TIMES1 PATI5CE IS MORE ADVANTAGE\S ?AN T5SE1 URG5T1 OR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,CONS5SUS IS POSSIBLE AS LONG AS EA* 9DIVIDUAL ACTS PATI5TLY & RESPECTFULLY4 

,IMP$IM5TS ,TO ,CONS5SUS ,LACK ( ,TRA9+ 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO TRA9 PEOPLE 9 ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( CONS5SUS4 ,UNTIL CONS5SUS IS A COMMON =M ( DECISIONMAK+ 9 \R SOCIETY1 NEW MEMB]S WILL NE$ SOME WAY ( LE>N+ AB\T ! PROCESS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO (F] REGUL> OPPORTUNITIES = TRA9+4 ,IF LE>N+ AB\T ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS IS NOT MADE EASILY ACCESSIBLE1 IT WILL LIMIT FULL P>TICIPATION & CREATE 9EQUITIES :I* UND]M9E ?IS PROCESS4 ,ALSO1 TRA9+ PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES = PEOPLE TO IMPROVE !IR SKILLS1 P>TICUL>LY FACILITATION SKILLS1 9 A SETT+ :]E EXP]IM5TATION & ROLE-PLAYS CAN OCCUR4 

,EXT]NAL ,HI]>*ICAL ,/RUCTURES 

,IT CAN BE DIFFICULT = A GR\P TO REA* CONS5SUS 9T]NALLY :5 IT IS P>T ( A L>G] GR\P :I* DOES NOT RECOGNIZE OR P>TICIPATE 9 ! CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,IT CAN BE EXTREMELY FRU/RAT+ IF ?OSE EXT]NAL TO ! GR\P CAN DISRUPT ! DECISIONMAK+ BY 9T]F]+ ) ! PROCESS BY PULL+ RANK4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS DESIRABLE = 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y CAN BE AUTONOM\S 9 RELATION TO EXT]NAL P[] IF !Y >E WILL+ TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTIONS4 

,SOCIAL ,PREJUDICE 

,EV]YONE HAS BE5 EXPOS$ TO BIASES1 ASSUMPTIONS1 & PREJUDICES :I* 9T]F]E ) ! SPIRIT ( COOP]ATION & EQUAL P>TICIPATION4 ,ALL PEOPLE >E 9FLU5C$ BY !SE ATTITUDES1 EV5 ?\< !Y MAY DEPLORE !M4 ,PEOPLE >E NOT G5]ALLY 5C\RAG$ TO CONFRONT !SE PREJUDICES 9 !MSELVES OR O!RS4 ,MEMB]S ( A GR\P (T5 REFLECT SOCIAL BIASES )\T REALIZ+ OR ATTEMPT+ TO CONFRONT & *ANGE !M4 ,IF ! GR\P VIEWS A PREJUDICIAL ATTITUDE AS JU/ ONE 9DIVIDUAL'S PROBLEM1 !N ! GR\P WILL NOT ADDRESS ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL ATTITUDES :I* CREATE SU* PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS APPROPRIATE TO EXPOSE1 CONFRONT1 ACKN[L$GE1 & ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE SOCIALLY PREJUDICIAL ATTITUDES1 BUT ONLY 9 ! SPIRIT ( MUTUAL RESPECT & TRU/4 ,MEMB]S >E RESPONSIBLE = ACKN[L$G+ :5 !IR ATTITUDES >E 9FLU5C$ BY DISRUPTIVE SOCIAL TRA9+ & = *ANG+ !M4 ,:5 A SUPPORTIVE ATMOSPH]E = RECOGNIZ+ & *ANG+ UNDESIRABLE ATTITUDES EXI/S1 ! GR\P AS A :OLE B5EFITS4 

,ON ,DEGREES ( ,CONFLICT 

,CONS5SUS IS A PROCESS ( NONVIOL5T CONFICT RESOLUTION4 ,! EXPRESSION ( CONC]NS & CONFICT+ IDEAS IS CONSID]$ DESIRABLE & IMPORTANT4 ,:5 A GR\P CREATES AN ATMOSPH]E :I* NURTURES & SUPPORTS DISAGREEM5T )\T HO/ILITY & FE>1 IT BUILDS A F\NDATION = /RONG]1 MORE CREATIVE DECISIONS4 

,EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS RESPONSIBLE = EXPRESS+ ONE'S [N CONC]NS4 ,IT IS BE/ IF EA* CONC]N IS EXPRESS$ AS IF IT WILL BE RESOLV$4 ,! GR\P !N RESPONDS BY TRY+ TO RESOLVE ! CONC]N ?R\< GR\P DISCUSSION4 ,IF ! CONC]N REMA9S UNRESOLV$ AFT] A FULL & OP5 DISCUSSION1 !N ! FACILITATOR ASKS H[ ! CONC]N IS BAS$ UPON ! F\NDATION ( ! GR\P4 ,IF IT IS1 !N ! GR\P ACCEPTS ?AT ! PROPOSAL IS BLOCK$4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS NOT DECID$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL ALONE IF A P>TICUL> CONC]N IS BLOCK+ CONS5SUS2 IT IS DET]M9$ 9 COOP]ATION ) ! :OLE GR\P4 ,! GR\P DET]M9ES A CONC]N'S LEGITIMACY4 ,A CONC]N IS LEGITIMATE IF IT IS BAS$ UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! GR\P & !RE=E RELEVANT TO ! GR\P AS A :OLE4 ,IF ! CONC]N IS DET]M9$ TO BE UNPR9CIPL$ OR NOT ( CONSEQU5CE1 ! GR\P CAN DECIDE ! CONC]N IS 9APPROPRIATE & DROP IT FROM DISCUSSION4 ,IF A REASONABLE SOLUTION (F]$ IS NOT ACCEPT$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! GR\P MAY DECIDE ! CONC]N HAS BE5 RESOLV$ & ! 9DIVIDUAL IS \T ( ORD] = FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE IT4 

,H]E9 LIES A SUBTLE PITFALL4 ,= CONS5SUS TO WORK WELL1 IT IS HELPFUL = 9DIVIDUALS TO RECOGNIZE ! GR\P'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 DET]M9+ :I* CONC]NS >E ABLE TO BE RESOLV$1 :I* NE$ MORE ATT5TION1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 :I* >E BLOCK+ CONS5SUS4 ,! PITFALL IS FAILURE TO ACCEPT ! LIMIT ON AN 9DIVIDUAL'S P[] TO DET]M9E :I* CONC]NS >E PR9CIPL$ OR BAS$ UPON ! F\NDATION ( ! GR\P & :I* ONES >E RESOLV$4 ,AFT] DISCUSSION1 IF ! CONC]N IS VALID & UNRESOLV$1 IT AGA9 FALLS UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL TO *OOSE :E!R TO /& ASIDE OR BLOCK CONS5SUS4 

,! 9DIVIDUAL IS RESPONSIBLE = EXPRESS+ CONC]NS2 ! GR\P IS RESPONSIBLE = RESOLV+ !M4 ,! GR\P DECIDES :E!R A CONC]N IS LEGITIMATE2 ! 9DIVIDUAL DECIDES :E!R TO BLOCK OR /& ASIDE4 

,ALL CONC]NS >E IMPORTANT & NE$ TO BE RESOLV$4 ,IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE = A P]SON TO COME TO A MEET+ PLANN+ TO BLOCK A PROPOSAL OR1 DUR+ DISCUSSION1 TO EXPRESS !IR CONC]NS AS MAJOR OBJECTIONS OR BLOCK+ CONC]NS4 ,(T51 DUR+ DISCUSSION1 ! P]SON LE>NS ADDITIONAL 9=MATION :I* RESOLVES ! CONC]N4 ,SOMETIMES1 AFT] EXPRESS+ ! CONC]N1 SOMEONE IS ABLE TO CREATIVELY RESOLVE IT BY ?9K+ ( SOME?+ NEW4 ,IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT A CONC]N :I* SEEMS TO BE EXTREMELY PROBLEMATIC :5 IT IS FR/ M5TION$ TURNS \T TO BE EASILY RESOLV$4 ,SOMETIMES ! REV]SE HAPP5S & A SEEM+LY M9OR CONC]N BR+S =? MU* L>G] CONC]NS4 

,! FOLL[+ IS A DESCRIPTION ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( CONC]NS & H[ !Y AFFECT 9DIVIDUALS & ! GR\P4 

,CONC]NS :I* CAN BE ADDRESS$ & RESOLV$ BY MAK+ SMALL *ANGES 9 ! PROPOSAL CAN BE CALL$ M9OR CONC]NS4 ,! P]SON SUPPORTS ! PROPOSAL1 BUT HAS AN IDEA = IMPROVEM5T4 

,:5 A P]SON DISAGREES ) ! PROPOSAL 9 P>T1 BUT CONS5TS TO ! OV]ALL IDEA1 ! P]SON HAS A RES]VATION4 ,! P]SON IS NOT COMPLETELY SATISF$ ) ! PROPOSAL1 BUT IS G5]ALLY SUPPORTIVE4 ,?IS K9D ( CONC]N CAN USUALLY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< DISCUSSION4 ,SOMETIMES1 IT IS 5\< = ! P]SON TO EXPRESS ! CONC]N & FEEL ?AT IT WAS HE>D1 )\T ANY ACTUAL RESOLUTION4 

,:5 A P]SON DOES NOT AGREE ) ! PROPOSAL1 ! GR\P ALL[S ?AT P]SON TO TRY & P]SUADE IT TO SEE ! WISDOM ( ! DISAGREEM5T4 ,IF ! GR\P IS NOT P]SUAD$ OR ! DISAGREEM5T CANNOT BE RESOLV$1 ! P]SON MI<T *OOSE TO /& ASIDE & ALL[ ! GR\P TO GO =W>D4 ,! P]SON & ! GR\P >E AGREE+ TO DISAGREE1 REG>D+ EA* PO9T ( VIEW ) MUTUAL RESPECT4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 IT IS A CONC]N :I* HAS NO RESOLUTION2 ! P]SON DOES NOT FEEL ! NE$ TO BLOCK ! DECISION1 BUT WANTS TO EXPRESS ! CONC]N & LACK ( SUPPORT = ! PROPOSAL4 

,A BLOCK+ CONC]N MU/ BE BAS$ ON A G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ PR9CIPLE1 NOT P]SONAL PREF]5CE1 OR IT MU/ BE ESS5TIAL TO ! 5TIRE GR\P'S WELL-BE+4 ,BE=E A CONC]N IS CONSID]$ TO BE BLOCK+1 ! GR\P MU/ HAVE ALREADY ACCEPT$ ! VALIDITY ( ! CONC]N & A REASONABLE ATTEMPT MU/ HAVE BE5 MADE TO RESOLVE IT4 ,IF LEGITIMATE CONC]NS REMA9 UNRESOLV$ & ! P]SON HAS NOT AGRE$ TO /& ASIDE1 CONS5SUS IS BLOCK$4 

,! ,>T ( ,EVALUATION 

,MEET+S CAN (T5 BE A TIME :5 SOME PEOPLE EXP]I5CE FEEL+S ( FRU/RATION OR CONFUSION4 ,!RE IS ALWAYS ROOM = IMPROVEM5T 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! PROCESS &_/OR 9 ! DYNAMICS ( ! GR\P4 ,(T51 !RE IS NO TIME TO TALK DIRECTLY AB\T GR\P 9T]ACTION DUR+ ! MEET+4 ,RES]VE TIME AT ! 5D ( ! MEET+ TO ALL[ SOME ( !SE ISSUES & FEEL+S TO BE EXPRESS$4 

,EVALUATION IS V]Y USEFUL :5 US+ CONS5SUS4 ,IT IS WOR? ! TIME4 ,EVALUATIONS NE$ NOT TAKE LONG1 FIVE TO T5 M9UTES IS (T5 5\<4 ,IT IS NOT A DISCUSSION1 NOR IS IT AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMM5T ON EA* O!R'S /ATEM5TS4 ,DO NOT REOP5 DISCUSSION ON AN AG5DA ITEM4 ,EVALUATION IS A SPECIAL TIME TO LI/5 TO EA* O!R & LE>N AB\T EA* O!R4 ,?9K AB\T H[ ! GR\P 9T]ACTS & H[ TO IMPROVE ! PROCESS4 

,BE SURE TO 9CLUDE ! EVALUATION COMM5TS 9 ! NOTES ( ! MEET+4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT = TWO REASONS4 ,OV] TIME1 IF ! SAME EVALUATION COMM5TS >E MADE AGA9 & AGA91 ?IS IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! ISSUE BEH9D ! COMM5TS NE$S TO BE ADDRESS$4 ,?IS CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY PLAC+ ?IS ISSUE ON ! AG5DA = ! NEXT MEET+4 ,ALSO1 :5 LOOK+ BACK AT NOTES FROM MEET+S LONG AGO1 EVALUATION COMM5TS CAN (T5 REVEAL A GREAT DEAL AB\T :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$1 BEYOND :AT DECISIONS W]E MADE & REPORTS GIV54 ,!Y GIVE A GLIMPSE 9TO COMPLEX 9T]P]SONAL DYNAMICS4 

,PURPOSE ( ,EVALUATION 

,EVALUATION PROVIDES A =UM TO ADDRESS PROC$URAL FLAWS1 9APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR1 FACILITATION PROBLEMS1 LOGI/ICAL DIFFICULTIES1 OV]ALL TONE1 ETC4 ,EVALUATION IS NOT A TIME TO REOP5 DISCUSSION1 MAKE DECISIONS OR ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS1 BUT RA!R1 TO MAKE /ATEM5TS1 EXPRESS FEEL+S1 HI<LI<T PROBLEMS1 & SUGGE/ SOLUTIONS 9 A SPIRIT ( COOP]ATION & TRU/4 ,TO HELP FO/] COMMUNICATION1 IT IS BETT] IF EA* CRITICISM IS C\PL$ ) A SPECIFIC SUGGE/ION = IMPROVEM5T4 ,ALSO1 ALWAYS SPEAK = ONESELF4 ,DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REPRES5T ANYONE ELSE4 

,5C\RAGE EV]YONE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! MEET+ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! EVALUATION4 ,MAKE COMM5TS ON :AT WORK$ & :AT DID NOT4 ,EXPECT DIFF]+ OP9IONS4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY NOT USEFUL TO REPEAT O!R'S COMM5TS4 ,EVALUATIONS PREP>E ! GR\P = BETT] FUTURE MEET+S4 ,:5 ! PROCESS WORKS WELL1 ! GR\P RESPONDS SUPPORTIVELY 9 A DIFFICULT SITUATION1 OR ! FACILITATOR DOES AN ESPECIALLY GOOD JOB1 NOTE IT1 & APPRECIATE WORK WELL DONE4 

,DO NOT ATTEMPT TO =CE EVALUATION4 ,?IS WILL CAUSE SUP]FICIAL OR IRRELEVANT COMM5TS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DO NOT ALL[ EVALUATIONS TO RUN ON4 ,BE SURE TO TAKE EA* COMM5T S]I\SLY & MAKE AN ATTEMPT1 AT A LAT] TIME1 TO RESOLVE OR IMPLEM5T !M4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O FEEL !IR SUGGE/IONS >E IGNOR$ OR DISRESPECT$ WILL LOSE TRU/ & 9T]E/ 9 ! GR\P4 

,= GA!R+S1 CONF]5CES1 CONV5TIONS OR L>GE MEET+S1 ! GR\P MI<T CONSID] HAV+ %ORT EVALUATIONS AFT] EA* SECTION1 9 ADDITION TO ! ONE AT ! 5D ( ! EV5T4 ,DI/9CT ASPECTS ON :I* ! GR\P MI<T FOCUS 9CLUDE3 ! PROCESS ITSELF1 A SPECIFIC ROLE1 A P>TICUL> TE*NIQUE1 FE>S & FEEL+S1 GR\P DYNAMICS1 ETC4 

,AT L>GE MEET+S1 WRITT5 EVALUATIONS PROVIDE A MEANS = EV]YONE TO RESPOND & RECORD COMM5TS & SUGGE/IONS :I* MI<T O!RWISE BE LO/4 ,SOME PEOPLE FEEL MORE COM=TABLE WRIT+ !IR EVALUATIONS RA!R ?AN SAY+ !M4 ,PLAN ! QUE/IONS WELL1 /RESS+ :AT WAS LE>N$1 :AT WAS VALUABLE1 & :AT C\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] & H[4 ,AN EVALUATION COMMITTEE ALL[S AN OPPORTUNITY = ! PRES5T]S1 FACILITATORS1 &_/OR COORD9ATORS TO GET TOGE!R AFT] ! MEET+ TO REVIEW EVALUATION COMM5TS1 CONSID] SUGGE/IONS = IMPROVEM5T1 & POSSIBLY PREP>E AN EVALUATION REPORT4 

,REVIEW & EVALUATION BR+ A S5SE ( COMPLETION TO ! MEET+4 ,A GOOD EVALUATION WILL PULL ! EXP]I5CE TOGE!R1 REM9D EV]YONE ( ! GR\P'S UNITY ( PURPOSE1 & PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY = CLOS+ COMM5TS4 

,USES ( ,EVALUATION 

,!RE >E AT LEA/ T5 WAYS 9 :I* EVALUATION HELPS IMPROVE MEET+S4 ,EVALUATIONS3 

,IMPROVE ! PROCESS BY ANALYSIS ( :AT HAPP5$1 :Y IT HAPP5$1 & H[ IT MI<T BE IMPROV$ 

,EXAM9E H[ C]TA9 ATTITUDES & /ATEM5TS MI<T HAVE CAUS$ V>I\S PROBLEMS & 5C\RAGE SPECIAL C>E TO PREV5T !M FROM RECURR+ 

,FO/] A GREAT] UND]/&+ ( GR\P DYNAMICS & 5C\RAGE A ME?OD ( GR\P LE>N+ OR LE>N+ FROM EA* O!R 

,ALL[ ! FREE EXPRESSION ( FEEL+S 

,EXPOSE UNCONSCI\S BEHAVIOR OR ATTITUDES :I* 9T]F]E ) ! PROCESS 

,5C\RAGE ! %>+ ( OBS]VATIONS & ACKN[L$GE ASSOCIATIONS ) SOCIETY 

,*ECK ! USEFULNESS & EFFECTIV5ESS ( TE*NIQUES & PROC$URES 

,ACKN[L$GE GOOD WORK & GIVE APPRECIATION TO EA* O!R 

,REFLECT ON ! GOALS SET = ! MEET+ & :E!R !Y W]E ATTA9$ 

,EXAM9E V>I\S ROLES1 SUGGE/ WAYS TO IMPROVE !M1 & CREATE NEW ONES AS NE$$ 

,PROVIDE AN OV]ALL S5SE ( COMPLETION & CLOSURE TO ! MEET+ 

,TYPES ( ,EVALUATION ,QUE/IONS 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO BE AW>E ( ! WAY 9 :I* QUE/IONS >E ASK$ DUR+ EVALUATION4 ,! SPECIFIC WORD+ CAN CONTROL ! SCOPE & FOCUS ( CONSID]ATION & AFFECT ! LEVEL ( P>TICIPATION4 ,IT CAN CAUSE RESPONSES :I* FOCUS ON :AT WAS GOOD & BAD1 OR RI<T & WRONG1 RA!R ?AN ON :AT WORK$ & :AT NE$$ IMPROVEM5T4 ,FOCUS ON LE>N+ & GR[+4 ,AVOID BLAM+4 ,5C\RAGE DIV]SE OP9IONS4 

,SOME SAMPLE QUE/IONS = AN EVALUATION3 

,W]E MEMB]S UN9T]E/$ OR BOR$ ) ! AG5DA1 REPORTS1 OR DISCUSSION8 

,DID MEMB]S )DRAW OR FEEL ISOLAT$8 

,IS ATT5DANCE L[8 ,IF SO1 :Y8 

,>E PEOPLE >RIV+ LATE OR LEAV+ E>LY8 ,IF SO1 :Y8 

,H[ WAS ! OV]ALL TONE OR ATMOSPH]E8 

,WAS !RE AN APPROPRIATE USE ( RES\RCES8 

,W]E ! LOGI/ICS 7SU* AS DATE1 TIME1 OR LOCATION7 ACCEPTABLE8 

,:AT WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT EXP]I5CE ( ! EV5T8 

,:AT WAS ! LEA/ IMPORTANT EXP]I5CE ( ! EV5T8 

,:AT WAS ! HI< PO9T8 ,:AT WAS ! L[ PO9T8 

,:AT DID Y\ LE>N8 

,:AT EXPECTATIONS DID Y\ HAVE AT ! BEG9N+ & TO :AT DEGREE W]E !Y MET8 ,H[ DID !Y *ANGE8 

,:AT GOALS DID Y\ HAVE & TO :AT DEGREE W]E !Y ACCOMPLI%$8 

,:AT WORK$ WELL8 ,:Y8 

,:AT DID NOT WORK SO WELL8 ,H[ C\LD IT HAVE BE5 IMPROV$8 

,:AT ELSE W\LD Y\ SUGGE/ BE *ANG$ OR IMPROV$1 & H[8 

,:AT WAS OV]LOOK$ OR LEFT \T8 

,ROLES 

,A ROLE IS A FUNCTION ( PROCESS1 NOT CONT5T4 ,ROLES >E US$ DUR+ A MEET+ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! SITUATION4 ,NOT ALL ROLES >E USEFUL AT EV]Y MEET+1 NOR DOES EA* ROLE HAVE TO BE FILL$ BY A SEP>ATE P]SON4 ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS FUNCTIONS MORE SMOO?LY IF ! P]SON FILL+ A ROLE HAS SOME EXP]I5CE1 !RE=E IS DESIRABLE TO ROTATE ROLES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ONE :O HAS EXP]I5C$ A ROLE IS MORE LIKELY TO BE SUPPORTIVE ( :OMEV] CURR5TLY HAS ?AT ROLE4 ,EXP]I5CE 9 EA* ROLE ALSO 5C\RAGES CONFID5CE & P>TICIPATION4 ,IT IS BE/1 !RE=E1 = ! GR\P TO 5C\RAGE EV]YONE TO EXP]I5CE EA* ROLE4 

,AG5DA ,PLANN]S 

,A WELL PLANN$ AG5DA IS AN IMPORTANT TOOL = A SMOO? MEET+1 AL?\< IT DOES NOT GU>ANTEE IT4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT !RE IS A DEF9ITE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! FL[ & PACE ( A MEET+ IF SEV]AL PEOPLE GET TOGE!R PRIOR TO ! />T ( ! MEET+ & PROPOSE AN AG5DA4 ,9 SMALL] GR\PS1 ! FACILITATOR (T5 PROPOSES AN AG5DA4 ,! AG5DA PLANN+ COMMITTEE HAS SIX TASKS3 

COLLECT AG5DA ITEMS 

>RANGE !M 

ASSIGN PRES5T]S 

BRA9/ORM DISCUSSION TE*NIQUES 

ASSIGN TIME LIMITS 

WRITE UP ! PROPOS$ AG5DA 

,!RE >E AT LEA/ F\R S\RCES ( AG5DA ITEMS3 

SUGGE/IONS FROM MEMB]S 

REPORTS OR PROPOSALS FROM COMMITTEES 

BUS9ESS FROM ! LA/ MEET+ 

/&>D AG5DA ITEMS1 9CLUD+3 

9TRODUCTION 

AG5DA REVIEW 

REVIEW NOTES 

BREAK 

ANN\NCEM5TS 

DECISION REVIEW 

EVALUATION 

,ONCE ALL ! AG5DA ITEMS HAVE BE5 COLLECT$1 !Y >E LI/$ 9 AN ORD] :I* SEEMS EFFICI5T & APPROPRIATE4 ,PLANN]S NE$ TO BE CAUTI\S ?AT ITEMS AT ! TOP ( ! AG5DA T5D TO USE MORE ?AN !IR %>E ( TIME1 !REBY LIMIT+ ! TIME AVAILABLE = ! RE/4 ,EA* GR\P HAS DIFF]5T NE$S4 ,SOME GR\PS WORK BE/ TAK+ C>E ( BUS9ESS FIR/1 !N ADDRESS+ ! DIFFICULT ITEMS4 ,O!R GR\PS MI<T F9D IT USEFUL TO TAKE ON ! MO/ DIFFICULT WORK FIR/ & /RICTLY LIMIT ! TIME OR LET IT TAKE ALL IT NE$S4 ,! FOLL[+ >E RECOMM5DATIONS = KEEP+ ! FOCUS ( ATT5TION ON ! AG5DA3 

ALT]NATE LONG & %ORT1 HEAVY & LI<T ITEMS 

PLACE REPORTS BE=E !IR RELAT$ PROPOSALS 

TAKE C>E ( OLD BUS9ESS BE=E ADDRESS+ NEW ITEMS 

CONSID] PLAC+ ITEMS :I* MI<T G5]ATE A S5SE ( ACCOMPLI%M5T E>LY 9 ! MEET+ 

ALT]NATE PRES5T]S 

BE FLEXIBLE 

,USUALLY1 EA* ITEM ALREADY HAS A PRES5T]4 ,IF NOT1 ASSIGN ONE4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT IS NOT WISE = FACILITATORS TO PRES5T REPORTS OR PROPOSALS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS CONV5I5T = FACILITATORS TO PRES5T SOME ( ! /&>D AG5DA ITEMS4 

,= COMPLEX OR ESPECIALLY CONTROV]SIAL ITEMS1 ! AG5DA PLANN]S C\LD SUGGE/ V>I\S OPTIONS = GR\P DISCUSSION TE*NIQUES4 ,?IS MAY BE HELPFUL TO ! FACILITATOR4 

,NEXT1 ASSIGN TIME LIMITS = EA* ITEM4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE REALI/IC1 BE+ C>EFUL TO GIVE EA* ITEM 5\< TIME TO BE FULLY ADDRESS$ )\T BE+ UNFAIR TO O!R ITEMS4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT IS NOT DESIRABLE TO PROPOSE AN AG5DA :I* EXCE$S ! DESIR$ OV]ALL MEET+ TIME LIMIT4 

,! LA/ TASK IS ! WRIT+ ( ! PROPOS$ AG5DA SO ALL CAN SEE IT & REF] TO IT DUR+ ! MEET+4 ,EA* ITEM IS LI/$ 9 ORD]1 ALONG ) ITS PRES5T] & TIME LIMIT4 

,! FOLL[+ AG5DA IS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ AN AG5DA IS /RUCTUR$ & :AT 9=MATION IS 9CLUD$ 9 IT4 ,IT %[S ! /&>D AG5DA ITEMS1 ! PRES5T]S1 ! TIME LIMITS & ! ORD] 9 :I* !Y WILL BE CONSID]$4 ,IT ALSO %[S ONE WAY 9 :I* REPORTS & PROPOSALS CAN BE PRES5T$1 BUT EA* GR\P CAN /RUCTURE ?IS P>T ( ! MEET+ 9 :ATEV] WAY SUITS ITS NE$S4 ,?IS MODEL DOES NOT %[ ! *OICES ( TE*NIQUES = GR\P DISCUSSION :I* ! AG5DA PLANN]S MI<T HAVE CONSID]$4 

,/&>D ,AG5DA 

 ,AG5DA ,ITEM             
    
    
 ,PRES5T]              
    
    
 ,TIME 
    
   
 ,T,O,T,A,L   
    
    
   
    
    
  #b H\RS 
    
   
 ,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N   
    
    
  ,FACILITATOR   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,A,G,5,D,A ,R,E,V,I,E,W   
    
    
  ,FACILITATOR   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,R,E,V,I,E,W ,N,O,T,E,S   
    
    
  ,NOTETAK]   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,R,E,P,O,R,T,S   
    
    
   
    
    
  #b M9 
    
   
 ,PREVI\S ACTIVITIES   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,/&+ COMMITTEES   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,P,R,O,P,O,S,A,L,S   
    
    
   
    
    
  #ae M9 
    
   
 ,OLD BUS9ESS  
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,BREAK   
    
    
   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,R,E,P,O,R,T,S   
    
    
   
    
    
  #a M9 
    
   
 ,9=MATIONAL   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,PROPOSALS   
    
    
   
    
    
  #c M9 
    
   
 ,NEW BUS9ESS   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,A,N,N,\,N,C,E,M,5,T,S   
    
    
   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,PASS HAT   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,NEXT MEET+   
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
   
 ,R,E,V,I,E,W ,D,E,C,I,S,I,O,N,S   
    
    
  ,NOTETAK]   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
   
 ,E,V,A,L,U,A,T,I,O,N   
    
    
   
    
    
  #a M9 
    
   
 ,C,L,O,S,+   
    
    
  ,FACILITATOR   
    
    
  #e M9 
    
  ,FACILITATOR 

,! WORD FACILITATE MEANS TO MAKE EASY4 ,A FACILITATOR CONDUCTS GR\P BUS9ESS & GUIDES ! ,=MAL ,CONS5SUS PROCESS SO ?AT IT FL[S SMOO?LY4 ,ROTAT+ FACILITATION FROM MEET+ TO MEET+ %>ES IMPORTANT SKILLS AMONG ! MEMB]S4 ,IF EV]YONE HAS FIR/H& KN[L$GE AB\T FACILITATION1 IT WILL HELP ! FL[ ( ALL MEET+S4 ,CO-FACILITATION1 OR HAV+ TWO 7OR MORE7 PEOPLE FACILITATE A MEET+1 IS RECOMM5D$4 ,HAV+ A WOMAN & A MAN %>E ! RESPONSIBILITIES 5C\RAGES A MORE BALANC$ MEET+4 ,ALSO1 AN 9EXP]I5C$ FACILITATOR MAY APPR5TICE ) A MORE EXP]I5C$ ONE4 ,TRY TO USE A V>IETY ( TE*NIQUES ?R\<\T ! MEET+4 ,& REMEMB]1 A LITTLE BIT ( HUMOR CAN GO A LONG WAY 9 EAS+ T5SION DUR+ A LONG1 DIFFICULT MEET+4 

,GOOD FACILITATION IS BAS$ UPON ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLES3 

,NON-,DIRECTIVE ,LEAD]%IP 

,FACILITATORS ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY = MOV+ ?R\< ! AG5DA 9 ! ALLOTT$ TIME1 GUID+ ! PROCESS1 & SUGGE/+ ALT]NATE OR ADDITIONAL TE*NIQUES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y DO LEAD ! GR\P4 ,H[EV]1 !Y DO NOT GIVE !IR P]SONAL OP9IONS NOR DO !Y ATTEMPT TO DIRECT ! CONT5T ( ! DISCUSSION4 ,IF !Y WANT TO P>TICIPATE1 !Y MU/ CLE>LY REL9QUI% ! ROLE & SPEAK AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,DUR+ A MEET+1 9DIVIDUALS >E RESPONSIBLE = EXPRESS+ !IR [N CONC]NS & ?\<TS4 ,FACILITATORS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E RESPONSIBLE = ADDRESS+ ! NE$S ( ! GR\P4 ,!Y NE$ TO BE AW>E ( ! GR\P DYNAMICS & CON/ANTLY EVALUATE :E!R ! DISCUSSION IS FL[+ WELL4 ,!RE MAY BE A NE$ = A *ANGE 9 ! DISCUSSION TE*NIQUE4 ,!Y NE$ TO BE DILIG5T AB\T ! FAIR DI/RIBUTION ( ATT5TION1 BE+ SURE TO LIMIT ?OSE :O >E SPEAK+ (T5 & (F]+ OPPORTUNITIES TO ?OSE :O >E NOT SPEAK+ MU* OR AT ALL4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ONE P]SON CANNOT SIMULTANE\SLY GIVE ATT5TION TO ! NE$S ( ! GR\P & ?9K AB\T A P]SONAL RESPONSE TO A GIV5 SITUATION4 ,ALSO1 IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE = ! FACILITATOR TO GIVE A P>TICUL> PO9T ( VIEW OR DOM9ATE ! DISCUSSION4 ,?IS DOES NOT BUILD TRU/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE :O DO NOT AGREE ) ! FACILITATOR4 

,CL>ITY ( ,PROCESS 

,! FACILITATOR IS RESPONSIBLE = LEAD+ ! MEET+ OP5LY SO ?AT EV]YONE PRES5T IS AW>E ( ! PROCESS & H[ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,?IS MEANS IT IS IMPORTANT TO CON/ANTLY REVIEW :AT JU/ HAPP5$1 :AT IS AB\T TO HAPP51 & H[ IT WILL HAPP54 ,EV]Y TIME A NEW DISCUSSION TE*NIQUE IS 9TRODUC$1 EXPLA9 H[ IT WILL WORK & :AT IS TO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,?IS IS BO? $UCATIONAL & HELPS NEW MEMB]S P>TICIPATE MORE FULLY4 

,AG5DA ,CONTRACT 

,! FACILITATOR IS RESPONSIBLE = HONOR+ ! AG5DA CONTRACT4 ,! FACILITATOR KEEPS ! QUE/IONS & DISCUSSION FOCUS$ ON ! AG5DA ITEM4 ,BE G5TLE1 BUT FIRM1 BECAUSE FAIRNESS DICTATES ?AT EA* AG5DA ITEM GETS ONLY ! TIME ALLOTT$4 ,! AG5DA CONTRACT IS MADE :5 ! AG5DA IS REVIEW$ & ACCEPT$4 ,?IS AGREEM5T 9CLUDES ! ITEMS ON ! AG5DA1 ! ORD] 9 :I* !Y >E CONSID]$1 & ! TIME ALLOTT$ TO EA*4 ,UNLESS ! :OLE GR\P AGREES TO *ANGE ! AG5DA1 ! FACILITATOR IS OBLIGAT$ TO KEEP ! CONTRACT4 ,! DECISION TO *ANGE ! AG5DA MU/ BE A CONS5SUS1 ) LITTLE OR NO DISCUSSION4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MEET+1 ! AG5DA IS PRES5T$ TO ! :OLE GR\P & REVIEW$1 ITEM BY ITEM4 ,ANY MEMB] CAN ADD AN ITEM IF IT HAS BE5 OMITT$4 ,:ILE EV]Y AG5DA SUGGE/ION MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! AG5DA1 IT DOES NOT NECESS>ILY GET AS MU* TIME AS ! PRES5T] WANTS4 ,TIME \<T TO BE DIVID$ FAIRLY1 ) 9DIVIDUALS RECOGNIZ+ ! FAIRNESS ( OLD ITEMS G5]ALLY GETT+ MORE TIME ?AN NEW ITEMS & URG5T ITEMS GETT+ MORE TIME ?AN ITEMS :I* CAN WAIT UNTIL ! NEXT MEET+1 ETC4 ,ALSO1 REVIEW ! SUGGE/$ PRES5T]S & TIME LIMITS4 ,IF ANY?+ SEEMS 9APPROPRIATE OR UNREASONABLE1 ADJU/M5TS MAY BE MADE4 ,ONCE ! :OLE AG5DA HAS BE5 REVIEW$ & CONS5T$ TO1 ! AG5DA BECOMES A CONTRACT4 ,! FACILITATOR IS OBLIGAT$ TO FOLL[ ! ORD] & TIME LIMITS4 ,?IS 5C\RAGES MEMB]S TO BE ON TIME TO MEET+S4 

,GOOD ,WILL 

,ALWAYS TRY TO ASSUME GOOD WILL4 ,ASSUME EV]Y /ATEM5T & ACTION IS S9C]ELY 9T5D$ TO B5EFIT ! GR\P4 ,ASSUME ?AT EA* MEMB] UND]/&S ! GR\P'S PURPOSE & ACCEPTS ! AG5DA AS A CONTRACT4 

,(T51 :5 WE PROJECT \R FEEL+S & EXPECTATIONS ONTO O!RS1 WE 9FLU5CE !IR ACTIONS4 ,IF WE TREAT O!RS AS ?\< !Y >E TRY+ TO GET ATT5TION1 DISRUPT MEET+S1 OR PICK FI<TS1 !Y WILL (T5 FULFILL \R EXPECTATIONS4 ,A RESOLUTION TO CONFLICT IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IF WE ACT AS ?\< !RE WILL BE ONE4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IF SOMEONE IS 9T5TIONALLY TRY+ TO CAUSE TR\BLE OR :O IS EMOTIONALLY UNHEAL?Y4 ,DO NOT ATTACK ! P]SON1 BUT RA!R1 ASSUME GOOD WILL & ASK ! P]SON TO EXPLA9 TO ! GR\P H[ ?AT P]SON'S /ATEM5TS OR ACTIONS >E 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P4 ,IT IS ALSO HELPFUL TO REMEMB] TO SEP>ATE ! ACTOR FROM ! ACTION4 ,:ILE ! BEHAVIOR MAY BE UNACCEPTABLE1 ! P]SON IS NOT BAD4 ,AVOID ACCUS+ ! P]SON ( BE+ ! WAY !Y BEHAVE4 ,REMEMB]1 NO ONE HAS ! ANSW]4 ,! GR\P'S WORK IS ! SE>* = ! BE/ & MO/ CREATIVE PROCESS1 ONE :I* FO/]S A MUTUALLY SATISFY+ RESOLUTION TO ANY CONC]N :I* MAY >ISE4 

,PEACEKEEP] 

,! ROLE ( PEACEKEEP] IS MO/ USEFUL 9 L>GE GR\PS OR :5 V]Y T\*Y1 CONTROV]SIAL TOPICS >E BE+ DISCUSS$4 ,A P]SON :O IS WILL+ TO REMA9 SOME:AT ALO( & IS NOT P]SONALLY 9VE/$ 9 ! CONT5T ( ! DISCUSSION W\LD BE A GOOD C&IDATE = PEACEKEEP]4 ,?IS P]SON IS SELECT$ )\T DISCUSSION BY ALL PRES5T AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MEET+4 ,IF NO ONE WANTS ?IS ROLE1 OR IF NO ONE CAN BE SELECT$ )\T OBJECTION1 PROCE$ )\T ONE1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! FACILITATOR'S JOB WILL MO/ LIKELY BE MORE DIFFICULT4 

,?IS TASK 5TAILS PAY+ ATT5TION TO ! OV]ALL MOOD OR TONE ( ! MEET+4 ,:5 T5SIONS 9CREASE DRAMATICALLY & ANG]S FL>E \T ( CONTROL1 ! PEACEKEEP] 9T]RUPTS BRIEFLY TO REM9D ! GR\P ( ITS COMMON GOALS & COMMITM5T TO COOP]ATION4 ,! MO/ COMMON WAY TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS IS A CALL = A FEW MOM5TS ( SIL5CE4 

,! PEACEKEEP] IS ! ONLY P]SON ) PRIOR P]MISSION TO 9T]RUPT A SPEAK] OR SPEAK )\T FIR/ BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY ! FACILITATOR4 ,ALSO1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! PEACEKEEP]'S COMM5TS >E ALWAYS DIRECT$ AT ! :OLE GR\P1 NEV] AT ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR SMALL GR\P )9 ! L>G] GR\P4 ,KEEP COMM5TS %ORT & TO ! PO9T4 

,! PEACEKEEP] MAY ALWAYS1 ( C\RSE1 PO9T \T :5 ! GR\P DID SOME?+ WELL4 ,PEOPLE ALWAYS LIKE TO BE ACKN[L$G$ = POSITIVE BEHAVIOR4 

,ADVOCATE 

,LIKE ! PEACEKEEP]1 ADVOCATES >E SELECT$ )\T DISCUSSION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MEET+4 ,IF1 BECAUSE ( /RONG EMOTIONS1 SOMEONE IS UNABLE TO BE UND]/OOD1 ! ADVOCATE IS CALL$ UPON TO HELP4 ,! ADVOCATE W\LD 9T]RUPT ! MEET+1 & 9VITE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO LIT]ALLY /EP \TSIDE ! MEET+ = SOME ONE-ON-ONE DISCUSSION4 ,AN UPSET P]SON CAN TALK TO SOMEONE ) :OM !Y FEEL COM=TABLE4 ,?IS (T5 HELPS !M MAKE CLE> :AT ! CONC]N IS & H[ IT RELATES TO ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P4 ,ASSUME ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ACT+ 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,ASSUME ! CONC]N IS 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P4 ,:ILE !Y >E DO+ ?IS1 EV]YONE ELSE MI<T TAKE A %ORT BREAK1 OR CONT9UE ) O!R AG5DA ITEMS4 ,:5 !Y RETURN1 ! MEET+ 7AFT] COMPLET+ ! CURR5T AG5DA ITEM7 HE>S FROM ! ADVOCATE4 ,! 9T5T H]E IS ! PRES5TATION ( ! CONC]N BY ! ADVOCATE RA!R ?AN ! UPSET P]SON SO ! O!R GR\P MEMB]S MI<T HE> IT )\T ! EMOTIONAL *>GE4 ,?IS PROC$URE IS A LA/ RESORT1 TO BE US$ ONLY :5 EMOTIONS >E \T ( CONTROL & ! P]SON FEELS UNABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY EXPRESS AN IDEA4 

,TIMEKEEP] 

,! ROLE ( TIMEKEEP] IS V]Y USEFUL 9 ALMO/ ALL MEET+S4 ,ONE IS SELECT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MEET+ TO ASSI/ ! FACILITATOR 9 KEEP+ )9 ! TIME LIMITS SET 9 ! AG5DA CONTRACT4 ,! SKILL 9 KEEP+ TIME IS ! PREV5TION ( AN UNNECESS>Y TIME PRESSURE :I* MI<T 9T]F]E ) ! PROCESS4 ,?IS CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY KEEP+ EV]YONE AW>E ( ! /ATUS ( TIME REMA9+ DUR+ ! DISCUSSION4 ,BE SURE TO GIVE AMPLE W>N+ T[>DS ! 5D ( ! TIME LIMIT SO ! GR\P CAN />T TO BR+ ! DISCUSSION TO A CLOSE OR DECIDE TO RE>RANGE ! AG5DA TO ALL[ MORE TIME = ! CURR5T TOPIC4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY WRONG ) GO+ OV] TIME AS LONG AS EV]YONE CONS5TS4 

,PUBLIC ,SCRIBE 

,! ROLE ( PUBLIC SCRIBE IS SIMPLY ! WRIT+1 ON PAP] OR BLACKBO>D1 ( 9=MATION = ! :OLE GR\P TO SEE4 ,?IS P]SON PRIM>ILY ASSI/S ! FACILITATOR BY TAK+ A TASK :I* MI<T O!RWISE DI/RACT ! FACILITATOR & 9T]F]E ) ! OV]ALL FL[ ( ! MEET+4 ,?IS ROLE IS P>TICUL>LY USEFUL DUR+ BRA9/ORMS1 REPORTBACKS FROM SMALL GR\PS1 OR :5EV] IT W\LD HELP ! GR\P = ALL TO SEE WRITT5 9=MATION4 

,NOTETAK] 

,! IMPORTANCE ( A WRITT5 RECORD ( ! MEET+S CANNOT BE OV]/AT$4 ,! WRITT5 RECORD1 SOMETIMES CALL$ NOTES OR M9UTES1 CAN HELP SETTLE DISPUTES ( MEMORY OR V]IFY PA/ DECISIONS4 ,ACCESSIBLE NOTES ALL[ ABS5T MEMB]S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ONGO+ WORK4 ,USEFUL ITEMS TO 9CLUDE 9 ! NOTES >E3 

DATE & ATT5DANCE 

AG5DA 

BRIEF NOTES 7HI<LI<TS1 /ATI/ICS4447 

REPORTS 

DISCUSSION 

V]BATIM NOTES 

PROPOSALS 7) REVISIONS7 

DECISIONS 7) CONC]NS LI/$7 

ANN\NCEM5TS 

NEXT MEET+ TIME & PLACE 

EVALUATION COMM5TS 

,AFT] EA* DECISION IS MADE1 IT IS USEFUL TO HAVE ! NOTETAK] READ ! NOTES AL\D TO 5SURE ACCURACY4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! MEET+1 IT IS ALSO HELPFUL TO HAVE ! NOTETAK] PRES5T TO ! GR\P A REVIEW ( ALL DECISIONS4 ,9 L>G] GR\PS1 IT IS (T5 USEFUL TO HAVE TWO NOTETAK]S SIMULTANE\SLY1 BECAUSE EV]YONE1 NO MATT] H[ SKILL$1 HE>S 9=MATION & EXPRESSES IT DIFF]5TLY4 ,NOTETAK]S >E RESPONSIBLE = MAK+ SURE ! NOTES >E RECORD$ ACCURATELY1 & >E REPRODUC$ & DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! DESIRES ( ! GR\P 7E4G41 MAIL$ TO EV]YONE1 H&$ \T AT ! NEXT MEET+1 FIL$1 ETC474 

,DOORKEEP] 

,DOORKEEP]S >E SELECT$ 9 ADVANCE ( ! MEET+ & NE$ TO >RIVE E>LY 5\< TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ! PHYSICAL LAY\T ( ! SPACE & TO RECEIVE ANY LA/ M9UTE 9/RUCTIONS FROM ! FACILITATOR4 ,!Y NE$ TO BE PREP>$ TO MISS ! FIR/ HALF H\R ( ! MEET+4 ,PRIOR TO ! />T ( ! MEET+1 ! DOORKEEP] WELCOMES PEOPLE1 DI/RIBUTES ANY LIT]ATURE CONNECT$ TO ! BUS9ESS ( ! MEET+1 & 9=MS !M ( ANY P]T95T 9=MATION 7! MEET+ WILL />T FIFTE5 M9UTES LATE1 ! BA?ROOMS >E NOT :EEL*AIR ACCESSIBLE1 ETC474 

,A DOORKEEP] IS USEFUL1 ESPECIALLY IF PEOPLE T5D TO BE LATE4 ,:5 ! MEET+ BEG9S1 !Y CONT9UE TO BE AVAILABLE = LATECOM]S4 ,!Y MI<T BRIEFLY EXPLA9 :AT HAS HAPP5$ SO F> & :]E ! MEET+ IS CURR5TLY ON ! AG5DA4 ,! DOORKEEP] MI<T SUGGE/ TO ! LATECOM]S ?AT !Y REFRA9 FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! CURR5T AG5DA ITEM & WAIT UNTIL ! NEXT ITEM BE=E P>TICIPAT+4 ,?IS AVOIDS WA/+ TIME1 REPEAT+ DISCUSSION1 OR ADDRESS+ ALREADY RESOLV$ CONC]NS4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS NOT A RIGID RULE4 ,USE DISCRETION & BE RESPECTFUL ( ! GR\P'S TIME4 

,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?IS ROLE TO BE F> MORE USEFUL ?AN IT MI<T AT FIR/ APPE>1 SO EXP]IM5T ) IT & DISCOV] IF MEET+S CAN BECOME MORE PLEASANT & PRODUCTIVE BECAUSE ( ! FRI5D%IP & C>E :I* IS EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! SIMPLE ACT ( GREET+ PEOPLE AS !Y >RIVE AT ! MEET+4 

,TE*NIQUES 

,FACILITATION ,TE*NIQUES 

,!RE >E A GREAT MANY TE*NIQUES TO ASSI/ ! FACILITATOR 9 MANAG+ ! AG5DA & GR\P DYNAMICS4 ,! FOLL[+ >E JU/ A FEW ( ! MORE COMMON & FREQU5TLY US$ TE*NIQUES AVAILABLE TO ! FACILITATOR4 ,BE CREATIVE & ADAPTIVE4 ,DIFF]5T SITUATIONS REQUIRE DIFF]5T TE*NIQUES4 ,) EXP]I5CE WILL COME AN UND]/&+ ( H[ !Y AFFECT GR\P DYNAMICS & :5 IS ! BE/ TIME TO USE !M4 

,EQUALIZ+ ,P>TICIPATION 

,! FACILITATOR IS RESPONSIBLE = ! FAIR DI/RIBUTION ( ATT5TION DUR+ MEET+S4 ,FACILITATORS CALL ! ATT5TION ( ! GR\P TO ONE SPEAK] AT A TIME4 ,! GRAMM> S*OOL ME?OD IS ! MO/ COMMON TE*NIQUE = *OOS+ ! NEXT SPEAK]4 ,! FACILITATOR RECOGNIZES EA* P]SON 9 ! ORD] 9 :I* H&S >E RAIS$4 ,(T51 9EQUITIES OCCUR BECAUSE ! ATT5TION IS DOM9AT$ BY AN 9DIVIDUAL OR CLASS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS CAN OCCUR BECAUSE ( SOCIALIZ$ BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS SU* AS RACISM1 SEXISM1 OR ! LIKE1 OR 9T]NAL DYNAMICS SU* AS EXP]I5CE1 S5IORITY1 FE>1 %YNESS1 DISRESPECT1 IGNORANCE ( ! PROCESS1 ETC4 ,9EQUITIES CAN BE CORRECT$ 9 MANY CREATIVE WAYS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF M5 >E SPEAK+ MORE (T5 ?AN WOM51 ! FACILITATOR CAN SUGGE/ A PAUSE AFT] EA* SPEAK]1 ! WOM5 C\NT+ TO FIVE BE=E SPEAK+1 ! M5 C\NT+ TO T54 ,9 CONTROV]SIAL SITUATIONS1 ! FACILITATOR CAN REQUE/ ?AT ?REE SPEAK]S SPEAK = ! PROPOSAL1 & ?REE SPEAK AGA9/ IT4 ,IF ! GR\P W\LD LIKE TO AVOID HAV+ ! FACILITATOR SELECT :O SPEAKS NEXT1 ! GR\P CAN SELF-SELECT BY ASK+ ! LA/ SPEAK] TO PASS AN OBJECT1 A TALK+ /ICK1 TO ! NEXT4 ,EV5 MORE *ALL5G+1 HAVE EA* SPEAK] /& BE=E SPEAK+1 & BEG9 :5 !RE IS ONLY ONE P]SON /&+4 ,!SE >E ONLY A H&FUL ( ! MANY POSSIBLE PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS ?AT EXI/4 ,BE CREATIVE4 ,9V5T Y\R [N4 

,LI/+ 

,TO HELP ! DISCUSSION FL[ MORE SMOO?LY1 ?OSE :O WANT TO SPEAK CAN SIL5TLY SIGNAL ! FACILITATOR1 :O W\LD ADD ! P]SON'S NAME TO A LI/ ( ?OSE WI%+ TO SPEAK1 & CALL ON !M 9 ?AT ORD]4 

,/ACK+ 

,IF MANY PEOPLE WANT TO SPEAK AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS USEFUL TO ASK ALL ?OSE :O W\LD LIKE TO SPEAK TO RAISE !IR H&S4 ,HAVE !M C\NT (F1 & !N HAVE !M SPEAK 9 ?AT ORD]4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! /ACK1 ! FACILITATOR MI<T CALL = ANO!R /ACK OR TRY ANO!R TE*NIQUE4 

,PAC+ 

,! PACE OR FL[ ( ! MEET+ IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! FACILITATOR4 ,IF ! ATMOSPH]E />TS TO BECOME T5SE1 *OOSE TE*NIQUES :I* 5C\RAGE BALANCE & COOP]ATION4 ,IF ! MEET+ IS GO+ SL[LY & PEOPLE >E BECOM+ RE/LESS1 SUGGE/ A /RET* OR RE>RANGE ! AG5DA4 

,*ECK+ ! ,PROCESS 

,IF ! FL[ ( ! MEET+ IS BREAK+ D[N OR IF ONE P]SON OR SMALL GR\P SEEMS TO BE DOM9AT+1 ANYONE CAN CALL 9TO QUE/ION ! TE*NIQUE BE+ US$ & SUGGE/ AN ALT]NATIVE4 

,SIL5CE 

,IF ! PACE IS TOO FA/1 IF 5]GIES & T5SIONS >E HI<1 IF PEOPLE >E SPEAK+ \T ( TURN OR 9T]RUPT+ ONE ANO!R1 IT IS APPROPRIATE = ANYONE TO SUGGE/ A MOM5T ( SIL5CE TO CALM & REFOCUS 5]GY4 

,TAK+ A ,BREAK 

,9 ! HEAT ( DISCUSSION1 PEOPLE >E USUALLY RESI/ANT TO 9T]RUPT+ ! FL[ TO TAKE A BREAK1 BUT A WISE FACILITATOR KN[S1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ?AT A FIVE M9UTE BREAK WILL SAVE A FRU/RAT+ HALF H\R OR MORE ( CIRCUL> DISCUSSION & FRUITLESS DEBATE4 

,CALL ,= ,CONS5SUS 

,! FACILITATOR1 OR ANY MEMB] RECOGNIZ$ TO SPEAK BY ! FACILITATOR1 CAN CALL = A TE/ = CONS5SUS4 ,TO DO ?IS1 ! FACILITATOR ASKS IF !RE >E ANY UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS :I* REMA9 UNADDRESS$4 7,SEE PAGE #a#c47 

,SUMM>IZ+ 

,! FACILITATOR MI<T *OOSE TO FOCUS :AT HAS BE5 SAID BY SUMM>IZ+4 ,! SUMM>Y MI<T BE MADE BY ! FACILITATOR1 ! NOTETAK]1 OR ANYONE ELSE APPROPRIATE4 ,?IS PREEMPTS A COMMON PROBLEM1 9 :I* ! DISCUSSION BECOMES CIRCUL>1 & ONE AFT] ANO!R1 SPEAK]S REPEAT EA* O!R4 

,RE=MULAT+ ! ,PROPOSAL 

,AFT] A LONG DISCUSSION1 IT SOMETIMES HAPP5S ?AT ! PROPOSAL BECOMES MODIFI$ )\T ANY =MAL DECISION4 ,! FACILITATOR NE$S TO RECOGNIZE ?IS & TAKE TIME TO RE=MULATE ! PROPOSAL ) ! NEW 9=MATION1 MODIFICATIONS1 OR DELETIONS4 ,!N ! PROPOSAL IS PRES5T$ TO ! GR\P SO ?AT EV]YONE CAN BE CLE> AB\T :AT IS BE+ CONSID]$4 ,AGA91 ?IS MI<T BE DONE BY ! FACILITATOR1 ! NOTETAK]1 OR ANYONE ELSE4 

,/EPP+ \T ( ,ROLE 

,IF ! FACILITATOR WANTS TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ! DISCUSSION OR HAS /RONG FEEL+S AB\T A P>TICUL> AG5DA ITEM1 ! FACILITATOR CAN /EP \T ( ! ROLE & P>TICIPATE 9 ! DISCUSSION1 ALL[+ ANO!R MEMB] TO FACILITATE DUR+ ?AT TIME4 

,PASS+ ! ,CLIPBO>D 

,SOMETIMES 9=MATION NE$S TO BE COLLECT$ DUR+ ! MEET+4 ,TO SAVE TIME1 CIRCULATE A CLIPBO>D TO COLLECT ?IS 9=MATION4 ,ONCE COLLECT$1 IT CAN BE 5T]$ 9TO ! WRITT5 RECORD &_/OR PRES5T$ TO ! GR\P BY ! FACILITATOR4 

,POLL+ 7,/RAW ,POLLS7 

,! USEFULNESS ( POLL+ )9 CONS5SUS IS PRIM>ILY CL>IFICATION ( ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( SEV]AL ISSUES4 ,IT IS AN ESPECIALLY USEFUL TE*NIQUE :5 ! FACILITATOR IS CONFUS$ OR UNC]TA9 AB\T ! /ATUS ( A PROPOSAL & WANTS SOME CL>ITY TO BE ABLE TO SUGGE/ :AT MI<T BE ! NEXT PROCESS TE*NIQUE4 ,POLLS >E NOT DECISIONS1 !Y >E NON-B9D+ REF]5DA4 ,ALL TOO (T51 /RAW POLLS >E US$ :5 ! ISSUES >E COMPLETELY CLE> & ! MAJORITY WANTS TO 9TIMIDATE ! M9ORITY 9TO SUBMISSION BY %[+ OV]:ELM+ SUPPORT RA!R ?AN TO DISCUSS ! ISSUES & RESOLVE ! CONC]NS4 ,CLE> & SIMPLE QUE/IONS >E BE/4 ,POLLS ?AT 9VOLVE ?REE OR MORE *OICES CAN BE ESPECIALLY MANIPULATIVE4 ,USE ) DISCRETION4 

,C5SOR+ 

7,?IS TE*NIQUE & ! NEXT >E SOME:AT DIFF]5T FROM ! O!RS4 ,!Y MAY NOT BE APPROPRIATE = SOME GR\PS47 ,IF SOMEONE SPEAKS \T ( TURN CONSI/5TLY1 ! FACILITATOR W>NS ! 9DIVIDUAL AT LEA/ TWICE ?AT IF ! 9T]RUPTIONS DO NOT /OP1 ! FACILITATOR WILL DECL>E ?AT P]SON C5SOR$4 ,?IS MEANS ! P]SON WILL NOT BE P]MITT$ TO SPEAK = ! RE/ ( ?IS AG5DA ITEM4 ,IF ! 9T]RUPT+ BEHAVIOR HAS BE5 EXHIBIT$ OV] SEV]AL AG5DA ITEMS1 !N ! C5SOR+ C\LD BE = A LONG] P]IOD ( TIME4 ,?IS TE*NIQUE IS MEANT TO BE US$ AT ! DISCRETION ( ! FACILITATOR4 ,IF ! FACILITATOR C5SORS SOMEONE & O!RS 9 ! MEET+ VOICE DISAPPROVAL1 IT IS BETT] = ! FACILITATOR TO /EP D[N FROM ! ROLE & LET SOMEONE ELSE FACILITATE1 RA!R ?AN GET 9TO A DISCUSSION AB\T ! ABILITY & JUDGM5T ( ! FACILITATOR4 ,! RATIONALE IS ! DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR MAKES FACILITATION V]Y DIFFICULT1 IS DISRESPECTFUL &1 S9CE IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT EV]YONE OBS]V$ ! BEHAVIOR1 ! VOIC+ ( DISAPPROVAL AB\T A C5SOR+ 9DICATES LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 ! FACILITATION RA!R ?AN SUPPORT = ! DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR4 

,EXPULSION 

,IF AN 9DIVIDUAL /ILL ACTS V]Y DISRUPTIVELY1 ! FACILITATOR MAY CONFRONT ! BEHAVIOR4 ,ASK ! P]SON TO EXPLA9 ! REASONS = ?IS BEHAVIOR1 H[ IT IS 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! GR\P1 H[ IT RELATES TO ! GR\P'S PURPOSE1 & H[ IT IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! GOALS & PR9CIPLES4 ,IF ! P]SON IS UNABLE TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS OR IF ! ANSW]S 9DICATE DISAGREEM5T ) ! COMMON PURPOSE1 !N ! FACILITATOR CAN ASK ! 9DIVIDUAL TO )DRAW FROM ! MEET+4 

,GR\P ,DISCUSSION ,TE*NIQUES 

,IT IS (T5 ASSUM$ ?AT ! BE/ =M ( GR\P DISCUSSION IS ?AT :I* HAS ONE P]SON AT A TIME SPEAK TO ! :OLE GR\P4 ,?IS IS TRUE = SOME DISCUSSIONS4 ,BUT1 SOMETIMES1 O!R TE*NIQUES ( GR\P DISCUSSION CAN BE MORE PRODUCTIVE & EFFICI5T ?AN :OLE GR\P DISCUSSION4 ,! FOLL[+ >E SOME ( ! MORE COMMON & FREQU5TLY US$ TE*NIQUES4 ,!SE C\LD BE SUGGE/$ BY ANYONE AT ! MEET+4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS A GOOD IDEA IF EV]YONE IS FAMILI> ) !SE TE*NIQUES4 ,AGA91 BE CREATIVE & ADAPTIVE4 ,DIFF]5T SITUATIONS REQUIRE DIFF]5T TE*NIQUES4 ,ONLY EXP]I5CE REVEALS H[ EA* ONE AFFECTS GR\P DYNAMICS OR ! BE/ TIME TO USE IT4 

,ID5TIFICATION 

,IT IS GOOD TO ADDRESS EA* O!R BY NAME4 ,ONE WAY TO LE>N NAMES IS TO DRAW A SEAT+ PLAN1 & AS PEOPLE GO >\ND & 9TRODUCE !MSELVES1 WRITE !IR NAMES ON IT4 ,LAT]1 REF] TO ! PLAN & ADDRESS PEOPLE BY !IR NAMES4 ,9 L>GE GR\PS1 NAME TAGS CAN BE HELPFUL4 ,ALSO1 :5 PEOPLE SPEAK1 IT IS USEFUL = !M TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES SO ALL CAN GRADUALLY LE>N EA* O!RS' NAMES4 

,:OLE ,GR\P 

,! VALUE ( :OLE GR\P DISCUSSION IS ! EVOLUTION ( A GR\P IDEA4 ,A GR\P IDEA IS NOT SIMPLY ! SUM ( 9DIVIDUAL IDEAS1 BUT ! RESULT ( ! 9T]ACTION ( IDEAS DUR+ DISCUSSION4 ,:OLE GR\P DISCUSSION CAN BE UN/RUCTUR$ & PRODUCTIVE4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE V]Y /RUCTUR$1 US+ V>I\S FACILITATION TE*NIQUES TO FOCUS IT4 ,(T51 :OLE GR\P DISCUSSION DOES NOT PRODUCE MAXIMUM P>TICIPATION OR A DIV]SITY ( IDEAS4 ,DUR+ :OLE GR\P DISCUSSION1 FEW] PEOPLE GET TO SPEAK1 &1 AT TIMES1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! GR\P CAN BE DOM9AT$ BY AN IDEA1 A MOOD1 OR A H&FUL ( PEOPLE4 

,SMALL ,GR\P 

,BREAK+ 9TO SMALL] GR\PS CAN BE V]Y USEFUL4 ,!SE SMALL GR\PS CAN BE DIADS OR TRIADS OR EV5 L>G]4 ,!Y CAN BE SELECT$ R&OMLY OR SELF-SELECT$4 ,IF US$ WELL1 9 A RELATIVELY %ORT AM\NT ( TIME ALL P>TICIPANTS HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO %>E !IR [N PO9T ( VIEW4 ,BE SURE TO SET CLE> TIME LIMITS & SELECT A NOTETAK] = EA* GR\P4 ,:5 ! L>G] GR\P RECONV5ES1 ! NOTETAK]S RELATE ! MAJOR PO9TS & CONC]NS ( !IR GR\P4 ,SOMETIMES1 NOTETAK]S CAN BE REQUE/$ TO ADD ONLY NEW IDEAS OR CONC]NS & NOT REPEAT SOME?+ ALREADY COV]$ 9 ANO!R REPORT4 ,IT IS ALSO HELPFUL = ! SCRIBE TO WRITE !SE REPORTS SO ALL CAN SEE ! CUMULATIVE RESULT & BE SURE EV]Y IDEA & CONC]N GETS ON ! LI/4 

,BRA9/ORM+ 

,?IS IS A V]Y USEFUL TE*NIQUE :5 IDEAS NE$ TO BE SOLICIT$ FROM ! :OLE GR\P4 ,! NORMAL RULE ( WAIT+ TO SPEAK UNTIL ! FACILITATOR RECOGNIZES Y\ IS SUSP5D$ & EV]YONE IS 5C\RAG$ TO CALL \T IDEAS TO BE WRITT5 BY ! SCRIBE = ALL TO SEE4 ,IT IS HELPFUL IF ! ATMOSPH]E CREAT$ IS ONE 9 :I* ALL IDEAS1 NO MATT] H[ UNUSUAL OR 9COMPLETE1 >E APPROPRIATE & WELCOM$4 ,?IS IS A SITUATION 9 :I* SUGGE/IONS CAN BE US$ AS CATALY/S1 ) IDEAS BUILD+ ONE UPON ! NEXT1 G5]AT+ V]Y CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES4 ,AVOID EVALUAT+ EA* O!R'S IDEAS DUR+ ?IS TIME4 

,GO-R\NDS 

,?IS IS A SIMPLE TE*NIQUE ?AT 5C\RAGES P>TICIPATION4 ,! FACILITATOR /ATES A QUE/ION & !N GOES >\ND ! ROOM 9VIT+ EV]YONE TO ANSW] BRIEFLY4 ,?IS IS NOT AN OP5 DISCUSSION4 ,?IS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO 9DIVIDUALLY RESPOND TO SPECIFIC QUE/IONS1 NOT TO COMM5T ON EA* O!R'S RESPONSES OR MAKE UNRELAT$ REM>KS4 

,FI%B[L 

,! FI%B[L IS A SPECIAL =M ( SMALL GR\P DISCUSSION4 ,SEV]AL MEMB]S REPRES5T+ DIFF]+ PO9TS ( VIEW MEET 9 AN 9N] CIRCLE TO DISCUSS ! ISSUE :ILE EV]YONE ELSE =MS AN \T] CIRCLE & LI/5S4 ,AT ! 5D ( A PR$ET]M9$ TIME1 ! :OLE GR\P RECONV5ES & EVALUATES ! FI%B[L DISCUSSION4 ,AN 9T]E/+ V>IATION3 FIR/1 PUT ALL ! M5 9 ! FI%B[L1 !N ALL ! WOM51 & !Y DISCUSS ! SAME TOPICS4 

,ACTIVE ,LI/5+ 

,IF ! GR\P IS HAV+ A H>D TIME UND]/&+ A PO9T ( VIEW1 SOMEONE MI<T HELP BY ACTIVE LI/5+4 ,LI/5 TO ! SPEAK]1 !N REPEAT BACK :AT WAS HE>D & ASK ! SPEAK] IF ?IS ACCURATELY REFLECTS :AT WAS MEANT4 

,CAUCUS+ 

,A CAUCUS MI<T BE USEFUL TO HELP A MULTIFACET$ CONFLICT BECOME CLE>] BY UNIFY+ SIMIL> P]SPECTIVES OR DEF9+ SPECIFIC PO9TS ( DEP>TURE )\T ! FOCUS ( ! :OLE GR\P4 ,IT MI<T BE ?AT ONLY SOME PEOPLE ATT5D A CAUCUS1 OR IT MI<T BE ?AT ALL >E EXPECT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 A CAUCUS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CAUCUSES & SMALL GR\PS IS ?AT CAUCUSES >E COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE ) SIMIL> VIEWPO9TS1 :]EAS SMALL GR\P DISCUSSIONS >E MORE USEFUL IF !Y >E MADE UP ( PEOPLE ) DIV]SE VIEWPO9TS OR EV5 A R&OM SELECTION ( PEOPLE4 

,GLOSS>Y 

AG5DA CONTRACT 

,! AG5DA CONTRACT IS MADE :5 ! AG5DA IS REVIEW$ & ACCEPT$4 ,?IS AGREEM5T 9CLUDES ! ITEMS ON ! AG5DA1 ! ORD] 9 :I* !Y >E CONSID]$1 & ! TIME ALLOTT$ TO EA*4 ,UNLESS ! :OLE GR\P AGREES TO *ANGE ! AG5DA1 ! FACILITATOR IS OBLIGAT$ TO KEEP TO ! CONTRACT4 ,! DECISION TO *ANGE ! AG5DA MU/ BE A CONS5SUS1 ) LITTLE OR NO DISCUSSION4 

AGREEM5T 

,COMPLETE AGREEM5T1 ) NO UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS4 

BLOCK 

,IF ! ALLOTT$ AG5DA TIME HAS BE5 SP5T TRY+ TO A*IEVE CONS5SUS1 & UNRESOLV$ LEGITIMATE CONC]NS REMA91 ! PROPOSAL MAY BE CONSID]$ BLOCK$1 OR NOT ABLE TO BE ADOPT$ AT ?IS MEET+4 

CONC]N 

,A PO9T ( DEP>TURE OR DISAGREEM5T ) A PROPOSAL4 

CONFLICT 

,! EXPRESSION ( DISAGREEM5T1 :I* BR+S 9TO FOCUS DIV]SE VIEWPO9TS1 & PROVIDES ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE !IR /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES4 

CONS5SUS 

,A DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS :]EBY DECISIONS >E REA*$ :5 ALL MEMB]S PRES5T CONS5T TO A PROPOSAL4 ,?IS PROCESS DOES NOT ASSUME EV]YONE MU/ BE 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T4 ,:5 DIFF]5CES REMA9 AFT] DISCUSSION1 9DIVIDUALS CAN AGREE TO DISAGREE1 ?AT IS1 GIVE !IR CONS5T BY /&+ ASIDE1 & ALL[ ! PROPOSAL TO BE ACCEPT$ BY ! GR\P4 

CONS5T 

,ACCEPTANCE ( ! PROPOSAL1 NOT NECESS>ILY AGREEM5T4 ,9DIVIDUALS >E RESPONSIBLE = EXPRESS+ !IR IDEAS1 CONC]NS & OBJECTIONS4 ,SIL5CE1 9 RESPONSE TO A CALL = CONS5SUS1 SIGNIFIES CONS5T4 ,SIL5CE IS NOT COMPLETE AGREEM5T2 IT IS ACCEPTANCE ( ! PROPOSAL4 

DECISION 

,! 5D PRODUCT ( AN IDEA ?AT />T$ AS A PROPOSAL & EVOLV$ TO BECOME A PLAN ( ACTION ACCEPT$ BY ! :OLE GR\P4 

EVALUATION 

,A GR\P ANALYSIS AT ! 5D ( A MEET+ AB\T 9T]P]SONAL DYNAMICS DUR+ DECISIONMAK+4 ,?IS IS A TIME TO ALL[ FEEL+S TO BE EXPRESS$1 ) ! GOAL ( IMPROV+ ! FUNCTION+ ( FUTURE MEET+S4 ,IT IS NOT A DISCUSSION OR DEBATE1 NOR %\LD ANYONE COMM5T ON ANO!R'S EVALUATION4 

MEET+ 

,AN OCCASION 9 :I* PEOPLE COME TOGE!R &1 9 AN ORD]LY WAY1 MAKE DECISIONS4 

ME?ODS ( DECISIONMAK+3 

AUTOCRACY 

ONE P]SON MAKES ! DECISIONS = EV]YONE 

OLIG>*Y 

A FEW PEOPLE MAKE ! DECISIONS = EV]YONE 

REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY 

A FEW PEOPLE >E ELECT$ TO MAKE ! DECISIONS = EV]YONE MAJORITY RULE DEMOCRACY ! MAJORITY MAKES ! DECISIONS = EV]YONE 

CONS5SUS 

EV]YONE MAKES ! DECISIONS = EV]YONE 

PROPOSAL 

,A WRITT5 PLAN ?AT SOME MEMB]S ( A GR\P PRES5T TO ! :OLE GR\P = DISCUSSION & ACCEPTANCE4 

/& ASIDE 

,TO AGREE TO DISAGREE1 TO BE WILL+ TO LET A PROPOSAL BE ADOPT$ DESPITE UNRESOLV$ CONC]NS4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

A MANUAL = GR\P FACILITATORS 

,BRIAN ,AUV9E1 ,BETSY ,D5SMORE1 ,M>Y ,EXTROM1 

,SCOTT ,POOLE1 ,MI*EL ,%ANKL9 

,! ,C5T] = ,CONFICT ,RESOLUTION3 #aigg 

#gca ,/ATE ,/REET1 ,MADISON1 ,W,I #ecgc 

,A ,MANUAL ON ,NONVIOL5CE & ,*ILDR5 

,/EPHANIE ,JUDSON 

,YE>LY ,MEET+ ( ! ,RELIGI\S ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS 

,PEACE ,COMMITTEE1 ,PHILADELPHIA 

,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S3 #aigg 

#dgbb ,BALTIMORE ,AVE41 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A #aiadc 

,BEYOND ,MAJORITY ,RULE 

,MI*AEL ,J4 ,%E]AN 

,PHILADELPHIA ,YE>LY ,MEET+ ( ! 

,RELIGI\S ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS3 #aihc 

#aeae ,*]RY ,/REET1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A #aiab 

,BUILD+ ,UNIT$ ,JUDGM5T3 ,A ,H&BOOK = ,CONS5SUS ,DECISION ,MAK+ 

,BRIAN ,AUV9E1 ,MI*EL ,AV]Y1 

,B>B>A ,/REIBEL1 ,LONNIE ,WEISS 

,! ,C5T] = ,CONFICT ,RESOLUTION3 #aiha 

#gca ,/ATE ,/REET1 ,MADISON1 ,W,I #ecgc 

,CIVIL ,DISOB$I5CE3 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

,HUGO ,A4 ,B$AU 

,PEGASUS3 #aifi 

,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y 

,CLE>NESS3 ,PROCESSES = ,SUPPORT+ ,9DIVIDUALS @& ,GR\PS 9 ,DECISION-,MAK+ 

,PET] ,WOODR[ 

,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S3 #a#i#g#g1 #aihd 

#dgbb ,BALTIMORE ,AVE41 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A #aiadc 

,9 ,PLACE ( ,W> 

,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE 

,GROSSMAN1 ,N,Y3 #aifg 

,MEET+ ,FACILITATION3 ,! ,NO ,MAGIC ,ME?OD 

,B]IT ,LAKEY 

,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S 

#dgbb ,BALTIMORE ,AVE41 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A #aiadc 

,MORE ,P[] ,?AN ,WE ,KN[3 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,MOVEM5T ,T[>D ,DEMOCRACY 

,DAVE ,DELL+] 

,AN*OR ,PRESS_/,D\BL$AY3 #aigf 

,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N,Y 

,NO ,BOSSES ,H]E6 A MANUAL ON WORK+ COLLECTIVELY & COOP]ATIVELY 7#bND $47 

,K>5 ,BR&[1 ,JIM ,MC,DONNELL1 & 

,VOCATIONS = ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE 

,ALYSON ,PUBLICATIONS #aiha 

,P4,O4 ,BOX #b<c ,BO/ON1 ,M,A #bbh 

,VOCATIONS = ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE 

,P,O ,BOX #b#a#a1 ,ESSEX ,/ATION1 ,BO/ON1 ,M,A #baab 

,NONVIOL5CE ,9 ,AM]ICA3 ,A ,DOCUM5T>Y ,HI/ORY 

,/AU<TON ,LYND1 $4 

,BOBBS-,M]RILL1 ,N,Y3 #aiff 

,NONVIOL5T ,DIRECT ,ACTION 

,A4 ,PAUL ,H>E & ,H]B]T ,H4 ,BLUMB]G 

,CORPUS1 ,WA%+TON3 #aifh 

,NONVIOL5T ,RESI/ANCE 

,MOH&AS ,<&I 

,S*OCK53 #aifa 

,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y 

,PEACE @& ,P[] 

,*>L5E ,ELDRIDGE ,:EEL]1 ,PEGGY ,L4 ,*9N 

,BUFFALO1 ,N,Y1 #aihd 

,PEOPLE ,) ,PEOPLE3 ,A ,COMP5DIUM ( ,GR\P ,PROCESS ,!ORIES 

,JOHN ,D4 ,SWANSON1 $4 

,HUMANITAS3 #aigg 

,P,O ,BOX #a#i#f1 ,JAME/[N1 ,R,I #bhce 

,RES\RCE ,MANUAL = A ,LIV+ ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,H&BOOK ( ,SKILLS & ,TOOLS = ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE ,ACTIVI/S 

,VIRG9IA ,COOV]1 ,ELL5 ,DEACON1 

,*>LES ,ESS]1 ,*RI/OPH] ,MOORE 

,NEW ,SOCIETY ,PUBLI%]S3 #aihe 

#dgbb ,BALTIMORE ,AVE41 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A #aiadc 

,! ,POLITICS ( ,NONVIOL5T ,ACTION 

,G5E ,%>P 

,PORT] ,S>G5T3 #aigc 

,BO/ON1 ,M,A 

,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE ,ORGANIZ]'S ,MANUAL 

,$IT$ BY ,$ ,H$EMANN 

,W> ,RESI/]S ,LEAGUE3 #aiha 

#cci ,LAFAYETTE ,/REET1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y #aab 

,WE ,CANNOT ,LIVE ,)\T ,\R ,LIVES 

,B>B>A ,DEM+ 

,GROSSMAN3 #aigd 

,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihf 3 ,ON ,CONFLICT & ,CONS5SUS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#i1 #bb 3 ,ON ,CONFLICT & ,CONS5SUS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ON ,CONFLICT & ,CONS5SUS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/