,*APT] #e 
,LANGUAGE & ,FRE$OM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

#e4 ,LANGUAGE & ,FRE$OM 

  

,:5 ,I WAS 9VIT$ TO SPEAK ON ! TOPIC 0LANGUAGE & FRE$OM10 ,I WAS PUZZL$ & 9TRIGU$4 ,MO/ ( MY PR(ESSIONAL LIFE HAS BE5 DEVOT$ TO ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ A TOPIC TO DISCUSS 9 ?AT DOMA94 ,& !RE IS MU* TO SAY AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & LIB]ATION AS !Y POSE !MSELVES TO US & TO O!RS 9 ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:AT IS TR\BLESOME 9 ! TITLE ( ?IS LECTURE IS ! CONJUNCTION4 ,9 :AT WAY >E LANGUAGE & FRE$OM TO BE 9T]CONNECT$8 

,AS A PRELIM9>Y1 LET ME SAY JU/ A WORD AB\T ! CONTEMPOR>Y /UDY ( LANGUAGE1 AS ,I SEE IT4 ,!RE >E MANY ASPECTS ( LANGUAGE & LANGUAGE USE ?AT RAISE 9TRIGU+ QUE/IONS1 BUT--9 MY JUDGM5T--ONLY A FEW HAVE SO F> L$ TO PRODUCTIVE !ORETICAL WORK4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 \R DEEPE/ 9SI<TS >E 9 ! >EA ( =MAL GRAMMATICAL /RUCTURE4 ,A P]SON :O KN[S A LANGUAGE HAS ACQUIR$ A SY/EM ( RULES & PR9CIPLES--A 0G5]ATIVE GRAMM>10 9 TE*NICAL T]MS--?AT ASSOCIATES S\ND & MEAN+ 9 SOME SPECIFIC FA%ION4 ,!RE >E MANY REASONABLY WELL-F\ND$ &1 ,I ?9K1 RA!R 5LI<T5+ HYPO!SES AS TO ! *>ACT] ( SU* GRAMM>S1 = QUITE A NUMB] ( LANGUAGES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE HAS BE5 A R5EWAL ( 9T]E/ 9 0UNIV]SAL GRAMM>10 9T]PRET$ N[ AS ! !ORY ?AT TRIES TO SPECIFY ! G5]AL PROP]TIES ( !SE LANGUAGES ?AT CAN BE LE>N$ 9 ! NORMAL WAY BY HUMANS4 ,H]E TOO1 SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BE5 A*IEV$4 ,! SUBJECT IS ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE4 ,IT IS APPROPRIATE TO REG>D UNIV]SAL GRAMM> AS ! /UDY ( ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL FACULTIES ( M9D4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ TO DISCOV]1 AS ,I BELIEVE WE DO1 ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( UNIV]SAL GRAMM> >E RI*1 AB/RACT1 & RE/RICTIVE1 & CAN BE US$ TO CON/RUCT PR9CIPL$ EXPLANATIONS = A V>IETY ( PH5OM5A4 ,AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( \R UND]/&+1 IF LANGUAGE IS TO PROVIDE A SPR+BO>D = ! 9VE/IGATION ( O!R PROBLEMS ( MAN1 IT IS !SE ASPECTS ( LANGUAGE TO :I* WE WILL HAVE TO TURN \R ATT5TION1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT IT IS ONLY !SE ASPECTS ?AT >E REASONABLY WELL UND]/OOD4 ,9 ANO!R S5SE1 ! /UDY ( =MAL PROP]TIES ( LANGUAGE REVEALS SOME?+ ( ! NATURE ( MAN 9 A NEGATIVE WAY3 IT UND]SCORES1 ) GREAT CL>ITY1 ! LIMITS ( \R UND]/&+ ( ?OSE QUALITIES ( M9D ?AT >E APP>5TLY UNIQUE TO MAN & ?AT MU/ 5T] 9TO HIS CULTURAL A*IEVEM5TS 9 AN 9TIMATE1 IF /ILL QUITE OBSCURE1 MANN]4 

,9 SE>*+ = A PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 ONE TURNS NATURALLY TO A P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N ?\<T :5 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BELIEVE ?AT 0! ?\<T ( MAK+ FRE$OM ! SUM & SUB/ANCE ( PHILOSOPHY HAS EMANCIPAT$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT 9 ALL ITS RELATION%IPS1 & 444 HAS GIV5 TO SCI5CE 9 ALL ITS P>TS A MORE P[]FUL REORI5TATION ?AN ANY E>LI] REVOLUTION40.<#a#c#f.> ,! WORD 0REVOLUTION0 BE>S MULTIPLE ASSOCIATIONS 9 ?IS PASSAGE1 = ,S*ELL+ ALSO PROCLAIMS ?AT 0MAN IS BORN TO ACT & NOT TO SPECULATE02 & :5 HE WRITES ?AT 0! TIME HAS COME TO PROCLAIM TO A NOBL] HUMANITY ! FRE$OM ( ! SPIRIT1 & NO LONG] TO HAVE PATI5CE ) M5'S TE>FUL REGRETS = !IR LO/ *A9S10 WE HE> ! E*OES ( ! LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & REVOLUTION>Y ACTS ( ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,S*ELL+ WRITES ?AT 0! BEG9N+ & 5D ( ALL PHILOSOPHY IS--,FRE$OM40 ,!SE WORDS >E 9VE/$ ) MEAN+ & URG5CY AT A TIME :5 M5 >E /RUGGL+ TO CA/ (F !IR *A9S1 TO RESI/ AU?ORITY ?AT HAS LO/ ITS CLAIM TO LEGITIMACY1 TO CON/RUCT MORE HUMANE & MORE DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS AT SU* A TIME ?AT ! PHILOSOPH] MAY BE DRIV5 TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! NATURE ( HUMAN FRE$OM & ITS LIMITS1 & P]HAPS TO CONCLUDE1 ) ,S*ELL+1 ?AT ) RESPECT TO ! HUMAN EGO1 0ITS ESS5CE IS FRE$OM02 & ) RESPECT TO PHILOSOPHY1 0! HI<E/ DIGNITY ( ,PHILOSOPHY CONSI/S PRECISELY !RE91 ?AT IT /AKES ALL ON HUMAN FRE$OM40 

,WE >E LIV+1 ONCE AGA91 AT SU* A TIME4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T IS SWEEP+ ! SO-CALL$ ,?IRD ,WORLD1 AWAK5+ 5ORM\S MASSES FROM TORPOR & ACQUIESC5CE 9 TRADITIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O FEEL ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES AS WELL >E RIPE = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE--& ,I DO NOT REF] ONLY TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,SEE = EXAMPLE1 ! REM>KS ( ,PAUL ,RICOEUR CIT$ 9 *APT] #f .<( ,= ,REASONS ( ,/ATE.>1 PAGES #c#h-#i4 

,! ?REAT ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE BR+S =? REPRESSION & REACTION4 ,ITS SIGNS >E EVID5T 9 V>Y+ =MS1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--NOT LEA/1 9 ! CITY :]E WE >E MEET+4 ,IT IS NATURAL1 !N1 ?AT WE %\LD CONSID]1 AB/RACTLY1 ! PROBLEMS ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 & TURN ) 9T]E/ & S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! ?9K+ ( AN E>LI] P]IOD :5 >*AIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E SUBJECT$ TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS & SU/A9$ ATTACK4 ,IT IS NATURAL & APPROPRIATE1 SO LONG AS WE BE> 9 M9D ,S*ELL+'S ADMONITION1 ?AT MAN IS BORN NOT M]ELY TO SPECULATE BUT ALSO TO ACT4 

,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ & MO/ REM>KABLE ( ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY 9VE/IGATIONS ( FRE$OM & S]VITUDE IS ,R\SSEAU'S ,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY 7#a#g#e#e71 9 MANY WAYS A REVOLUTION>Y TRACT4 ,9 IT1 HE SEEKS TO 0SET =? ! ORIG9 & PROGRESS ( 9EQUALITY1 ! E/ABLI%M5T & ABUSE ( POLITICAL SOCIETIES1 9S(> AS !SE ?+S CAN BE D$UC$ FROM ! NATURE ( MAN BY ! LI<T ( REASON ALONE40 ,HIS CONCLUSIONS W]E SUFFICI5TLY %OCK+ ?AT ! JUDGES ( ! PRIZE COMPETITION ( ! ,ACADEMY ( ,DIJON1 TO :OM ! WORK WAS ORIG9ALLY SUBMITT$1 REFUS$ TO HE> ! MANUSCRIPT ?R\<4.<#a#c#g.> ,9 IT1 ,R\SSEAU *ALL5GES ! LEGITIMACY ( VIRTUALLY EV]Y SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL CONTROL ( PROP]TY & WEAL?4 ,!SE >E 0USURPATIONS 444 E/ABLI%$ ONLY ON A PREC>I\S & ABUSIVE RI<T4444 HAV+ BE5 ACQUIR$ ONLY BY =CE1 =CE C\LD TAKE !M AWAY )\T .<! RI*.> HAV+ GR\NDS = COMPLA9T40 ,NOT EV5 PROP]TY ACQUIR$ BY P]SONAL 9DU/RY IS HELD 0UPON BETT] TITLES40 ,AGA9/ SU* A CLAIM1 ONE MI<T OBJECT3 0,DO Y\ NOT KN[ ?AT A MULTITUDE ( Y\R BRE?R5 DIE OR SUFF] FROM NE$ ( :AT Y\ HAVE 9 EXCESS1 & ?AT Y\ NE$$ EXPRESS & UNANIM\S CONS5T ( ! HUMAN RACE TO APPROPRIATE = Y\RSELF ANY?+ FROM COMMON SUBSI/5CE ?AT EXCE$$ Y\R [N80 ,IT IS CONTR>Y TO ! LAW ( NATURE ?AT 0A H&FUL ( M5 BE GLUTT$ ) SUP]FLUITIES :ILE ! />V+ MULTITUDE LACKS NECESSITIES40 

,R\SSEAU >GUES ?AT CIVIL SOCIETY IS H>DLY MORE ?AN A CONSPIRACY BY ! RI* TO GU>ANTEE !IR PLUND]4 ,HYPOCRITICALLY1 ! RI* CALL UPON !IR NEI<BORS TO 09/ITUTE REGULATIONS ( JU/ICE & PEACE TO :I* ALL >E OBLIG$ TO CON=M1 :I* MAKE AN EXCEPTION ( NO ONE1 & :I* COMP5SATE 9 SOME WAY = ! CAPRICES ( =TUNE BY EQUALLY SUBJECT+ ! P[]FUL & ! WEAK TO MUTUAL DUTIES0--?OSE LAWS :I*1 AS ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE WAS TO SAY1 9 !IR MAJE/Y D5Y TO ! RI* & ! POOR EQUALLY ! RI<T TO SLEEP UND] ! BRIDGE AT NI<T4 ,BY SU* >GUM5TS1 ! POOR & WEAK W]E S$UC$3 0,ALL RAN TO MEET !IR *A9S ?9K+ !Y SECUR$ !IR FRE$OM44440 ,?US SOCIETY & LAWS 0GAVE NEW FETT]S TO ! WEAK & NEW =CES TO ! RI*1 DE/ROY$ NATURAL FRE$OM = ALL TIME1 E/ABLI%$ =EV] ! LAW ( PROP]TY & 9EQUALITY1 *ANG$ A CLEV] USURPATION 9TO AN IRREVOCABLE RI<T1 & = ! PR(IT ( A FEW AMBITI\S M5 H5CE=? SUBJECT$ ! :OLE HUMAN RACE TO WORK1 S]VITUDE & MIS]Y40 ,GOV]NM5TS 9EVITABLY T5D T[>DS >BITR>Y P[]1 AS 0!IR CORRUPTION & EXTREME LIMIT40 ,?IS P[] IS 0BY ITS NATURE ILLEGITIMATE10 & NEW REVOLUTIONS MU/  
  

DISSOLVE ! GOV]NM5T ALTOGE!R OR BR+ IT CLOS] TO ITS LEGITIMATE 9/ITUTION4444 ,! UPRIS+ ?AT 5DS BY /RANGL+ OR DE?RON+ A SULTAN IS AS LAWFUL AN ACT AS ?OSE BY :I* HE DISPOS$1 ! DAY BE=E1 ( ! LIVES & GOODS ( HIS SUBJECTS4 ,=CE ALONE MA9TA9$ HIM1 =CE ALONE OV]?R[S HIM4  
  

,:AT IS 9T]E/+1 9 ! PRES5T CONNECTION1 IS ! PA? ?AT ,R\SSEAU FOLL[S TO REA* !SE CONCLUSIONS 0BY ! LI<T ( REASON ALONE10 BEG9N+ ) HIS IDEAS AB\T ! NATURE ( MAN4 ,HE WANTS TO SEE MAN 0AS NATURE =M$ HIM40 ,IT IS FROM ! NATURE ( MAN ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL RI<T & ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE MU/ BE D$UC$4  
  

,?IS SAME /UDY ( ORIG9AL MAN1 ( HIS TRUE NE$S1 & ( ! PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ HIS DUTIES1 IS ALSO ! ONLY GOOD MEANS ONE C\LD USE TO REMOVE ?OSE CR[DS ( DIFFICULTIES :I* PRES5T !MSELVES CONC]N+ ! ORIG9 ( MORAL 9EQUALITY1 ! TRUE F\NDATION ( ! BODY POLITIC1 ! RECIPROCAL RI<TS ( ITS MEMB]S1 & A ?\S& SIMIL> QUE/IONS AS IMPORTANT AS !Y >E ILL EXPLA9$4  
  

,TO DET]M9E ! NATURE ( MAN1 ,R\SSEAU PROCE$S TO COMP>E MAN & ANIMAL4 ,MAN IS 09TELLIG5T1 FREE 444 ! SOLE ANIMAL 5D[$ ) REASON40 ,ANIMALS >E 0DEVOID ( 9TELLECT & FRE$OM40  
  

,9 EV]Y ANIMAL ,I SEE ONLY AN +5I\S MA*9E TO :I* NATURE HAS GIV5 S5SES 9 ORD] TO REVITALIZE ITSELF & GU>ANTEE ITSELF1 TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 FROM ALL ?AT T5DS TO DE/ROY OR UPSET IT4 ,I P]CEIVE PRECISELY ! SAME ?+S 9 ! HUMAN MA*9E1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT NATURE ALONE DOES EV]Y?+ 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( A BEA/1 :]EAS MAN CONTRIBUTES TO HIS OP]ATIONS BY BE+ A FREE AG5T4 ,! =M] *OOSES OR REJECTS BY 9/9CT & ! LATT] BY AN ACT ( FRE$OM1 SO ?AT A BEA/ CANNOT DEVIATE FROM ! RULE ?AT IS PRESCRIB$ TO IT EV5 :5 IT W\LD BE ADVANTAGE\S = IT TO DO SO1 & A MAN DEVIATES FROM IT (T5 TO HIS DETRIM5T 444 IT IS NOT SO MU* UND]/&+ :I* CON/ITUTES ! DI/9CTION ( MAN AMONG ! ANIMALS AS IT IS HIS BE+ A FREE AG5T4 ,NATURE COMM&S EV]Y ANIMAL1 & ! BEA/ OBEYS4 ,MAN FEELS ! SAME IMPETUS1 BUT HE REALIZES ?AT HE IS FREE TO ACQUIESCE OR RESI/2 & IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS FRE$OM ?AT ! SPIRITUALITY ( HIS S\L IS %[N4 ,= PHYSICS EXPLA9S 9 SOME WAY ! ME*ANISM ( ! S5SES & ! =MATION ( IDEAS2 BUT 9 ! P[] ( WILL+1 OR RA!R ( *OOS+1 & 9 ! S5TIM5T ( ?IS P[] >E F\ND ONLY PURELY SPIRITUAL ACTS AB\T :I* ! LAWS ( ME*ANICS EXPLA9 NO?+4  
  

,?US ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE IS MAN'S FRE$OM & HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS FRE$OM4 ,SO ,R\SSEAU CAN SAY ?AT 0! JURI/S1 :O HAVE GRAVELY PRON\NC$ ?AT ! *ILD ( A SLAVE W\LD BE BORN A SLAVE1 HAVE DECID$ 9 O!R T]MS ?AT A MAN W\LD NOT BE BORN A MAN40.<#a#c#h.> 

,SOPHI/IC POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS SE>* = WAYS TO OBSCURE ! FACT ?AT ! ESS5TIAL & DEF9+ PROP]TY ( MAN IS HIS FRE$OM3 0!Y ATTRIBUTE TO M5 A NATURAL 9CL9ATION TO S]VITUDE1 )\T ?9K+ ?AT IT IS ! SAME = FRE$OM AS = 9NOC5CE & VIRTUE--!IR VALUE IS FELT ONLY AS LONG AS ONE 5JOYS !M ONESELF & ! TA/E = !M IS LO/ AS SOON AS ONE HAS LO/ !M40 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,R\SSEAU ASKS RHETORICALLY 0:E!R1 FRE$OM BE+ ! MO/ NOBLE ( MAN'S FACULTIES1 IT IS NOT DEGRAD+ ONE'S NATURE1 PUTT+ ONESELF ON ! LEVEL ( BEA/S 5SLAV$ BY 9/9CT1 EV5 (F5D+ ! AU?OR ( ONE'S BE+1 TO R5\NCE )\T RES]VATION ! MO/ PRECI\S ( ALL HIS GIFTS & SUBJECT \RSELVES TO COMMITT+ ALL ! CRIMES HE =BIDS US 9 ORD] TO PLEASE A F]OCI\S OR 9SANE MA/]0--A QUE/ION ?AT HAS BE5 ASK$1 9 SIMIL> T]MS1 BY MANY AN ,AM]ICAN DRAFT RESI/] 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 & BY MANY O!RS :O >E BEG9N+ TO RECOV] FROM ! CATA/ROPHE ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 :I* HAS SO TRAGICALLY CONFIRM$ ,R\SSEAU'S JUDGM5T3  
  

,H5CE >OSE ! NATIONAL W>S1 BATTLES1 MURD]S1 & REPRISALS :I* MAKE NATURE TREMBLE & %OCK REASON1 & ALL ?OSE HORRIBLE PREJUDICES :I* RANK ! HONOR ( %$D+ HUMAN BLOOD AMONG ! VIRTUES4 ,! MO/ DEC5T M5 LE>N$ TO CONSID] IT ONE ( !IR DUTIES TO MURD] !IR FELL[M52 AT L5G? M5 W]E SE5 TO MASSACRE EA* O!R BY ! ?\S&S )\T KN[+ :Y2 MORE MURD]S W]E COMMITT$ ON A S+LE DAY ( FI<T+ & MORE HORRORS 9 ! CAPTURE ( A S+LE CITY ?AN W]E COMMITT$ 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE DUR+ :OLE C5TURIES OV] ! 5TIRE FACE ( ! E>?4  
  

,! PRO( ( HIS DOCTR9E ?AT ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM IS AN ESS5TIAL HUMAN ATTRIBUTE1 ?AT ! VALUE ( FRE$OM IS FELT ONLY AS LONG AS ONE 5JOYS IT1 ,R\SSEAU SEES 9 0! M>VELS DONE BY ALL FREE PEOPLES TO GU>D !MSELVES FROM OPPRESSION40 ,TRUE1 ?OSE :O HAVE AB&ON$ ! LIFE ( A FREE MAN  
  

DO NO?+ BUT BOA/ 9CESSANTLY ( ! PEACE & REPOSE !Y 5JOY 9 !IR *A9S4444 ,BUT :5 ,I SEE ! O!RS SACRIFICE PLEASURES1 REPOSE1 WEAL?1 P[]1 & LIFE ITSELF = ! PRES]VATION ( ?IS SOLE GOOD :I* IS SO DISDA9$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE LO/ IT2 :5 ,I SEE ANIMALS BORN FREE & DESPIS+ CAPTIVITY BREAK !IR HEADS AGA9/ ! B>S ( !IR PRISON2 :5 ,I SEE MULTITUDES ( 5TIRELY NAK$ SAVAGES SCORN ,EUROPEAN VOLUPTU\SNESS & 5DURE HUNG]1 FIRE1 ! SWORD1 & DEA? TO PRES]VE ONLY !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 ,I FEEL ?AT IT DOES NOT BEHOOVE SLAVES TO REASON AB\T FRE$OM4  
  

,RA!R SIMIL> ?\<TS W]E EXPRESS$ BY ,KANT1 =TY YE>S LAT]4 ,HE CANNOT1 HE SAYS1 ACCEPT ! PROPOSITION ?AT C]TA9 PEOPLE 0>E NOT RIPE = FRE$OM10 = EXAMPLE1 ! S]FS ( SOME L&LORD4  
  

,IF ONE ACCEPTS ?IS ASSUMPTION1 FRE$OM WILL NEV] BE A*IEV$2 = ONE CAN NOT >RIVE AT ! MATURITY = FRE$OM )\T HAV+ ALREADY ACQUIR$ IT2 ONE MU/ BE FREE TO LE>N H[ TO MAKE USE ( ONE'S P[]S FREELY & USEFULLY4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPTS WILL SURELY BE BRUTAL & WILL LEAD TO A /ATE ( AFFAIRS MORE PA9FUL & DANG]\S ?AN ! =M] CONDITION UND] ! DOM9ANCE BUT ALSO ! PROTECTION ( AN EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4 ,H[EV]1 ONE CAN A*IEVE REASON ONLY ?R\< ONE'S [N EXP]I5CES & ONE MU/ BE FREE TO BE ABLE TO UND]TAKE !M4444 ,TO ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE ?AT FRE$OM IS WOR?LESS = ?OSE UND] ONE'S CONTROL & ?AT ONE HAS ! RI<T TO REFUSE IT TO !M =EV]1 IS AN 9FR+EM5T ON ! RI<TS ( ,GOD HIMSELF1 :O HAS CREAT$ MAN TO BE FREE4.<#a#c#i.>  
  

,! REM>K IS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ BECAUSE ( ITS CONTEXT4 ,KANT WAS DEF5D+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 DUR+ ! ,T]ROR1 AGA9/ ?OSE :O CLAIM$ ?AT IT %[$ ! MASSES TO BE UNREADY = ! PRIVILEGE ( FRE$OM4 ,KANT'S REM>KS HAVE CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE4 ,NO RATIONAL P]SON WILL APPROVE ( VIOL5CE & T]ROR4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! T]ROR ( ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE1 FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( A GRIM AUTOCRACY1 HAS MORE ?AN ONCE REA*$ 9DESCRIBABLE LEVELS ( SAVAG]Y4 ,YET NO P]SON ( UND]/&+ OR HUMANITY WILL TOO QUICKLY CONDEMN ! VIOL5CE ?AT (T5 OCCURS :5 LONG-SUBDU$ MASSES RISE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS1 OR TAKE !IR FIR/ /EPS T[>DS LIB]TY & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,LET ME RETURN N[ TO ,R\SSEAU'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! LEGITIMACY ( E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY1 :E!R ?AT ( POLITICAL P[] OR ( WEAL?4 ,IT IS /RIK+ ?AT HIS >GUM5T1 UP TO ?IS PO9T1 FOLL[S A FAMILI> ,C>TESIAN MODEL4 ,MAN IS UNIQUELY BEYOND ! B\NDS ( PHYSICAL EXPLANATION2 ! BEA/1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS M]ELY AN +5I\S MA*9E1 COMM&$ BY NATURAL LAW4 ,MAN'S FRE$OM & HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS FRE$OM DI/+UI% HIM FROM ! BEA/-MA*9E4 ,! PR9CIPLES ( ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION >E 9CAPABLE ( ACC\NT+ = !SE HUMAN PROP]TIES1 ?\< !Y CAN ACC\NT = S5SATION & EV5 ! COMB9ATION ( IDEAS1 9 :I* REG>D 0MAN DIFF]S FROM A BEA/ ONLY 9 DEGREE40 

,TO ,DESC>TES & HIS FOLL[]S1 SU* AS ,CORDEMOY1 ! ONLY SURE SIGN ?AT ANO!R ORGANISM HAS A M9D1 & H5CE ALSO LIES BEYOND ! B\NDS ( ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION1 IS ITS USE ( LANGUAGE 9 ! NORMAL1 CREATIVE HUMAN FA%ION1 FREE FROM CONTROL BY ID5TIFIABLE /IMULI1 NOVEL & 9NOVATIVE1 APPROPRIATE TO SITUATIONS1 COH]5T1 & 5G5D]+ 9 \R M9DS NEW ?\<TS & IDEAS4.<#a#d.> ,TO ! ,C>TESIANS1 IT IS OBVI\S BY 9TROSPECTION ?AT EA* MAN POSSESSES A M9D1 A SUB/ANCE :OSE ESS5CE IS ?\<T2 HIS CREATIVE USE ( LANGUAGE REFLECTS ?IS FRE$OM ( ?\<T & CONCEPTION4 ,:5 WE HAVE EVID5CE ?AT ANO!R ORGANISM TOO USES LANGUAGE 9 ?IS FREE & CREATIVE FA%ION1 WE >E L$ TO ATTRIBUTE TO IT AS WELL A M9D LIKE \RS4 ,FROM SIMIL> ASSUMPTIONS REG>D+ ! 9TR9SIC LIMITS ( ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION1 ITS 9ABILITY TO ACC\NT = MAN'S FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS FRE$OM1 ,R\SSEAU PROCE$S TO DEVELOP HIS CRITIQUE ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* D5Y TO MAN HIS ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTE ( FRE$OM1 9 V>Y+ DEGREE4 

,W]E WE TO COMB9E !SE SPECULATIONS1 WE MI<T DEVELOP AN 9T]E/+ CONNECTION BETWE5 LANGUAGE & FRE$OM4 ,LANGUAGE1 9 ITS ESS5TIAL PROP]TIES & ! MANN] ( ITS USE1 PROVIDES ! BASIC CRIT]ION = DET]M9+ ?AT ANO!R ORGANISM IS A BE+ ) A HUMAN M9D & ! HUMAN CAPACITY = FREE ?\<T & SELF-EXPRESSION1 & ) ! ESS5TIAL HUMAN NE$ = FRE$OM FROM ! EXT]NAL CON/RA9TS ( REPRESSIVE AU?ORITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE MI<T TRY TO PROCE$ FROM ! DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION ( LANGUAGE & ITS USE TO A DEEP] & MORE SPECIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,PROCE$+ ON ?IS MODEL1 WE MI<T FUR!R ATTEMPT TO /UDY O!R ASPECTS ( ?AT HUMAN NATURE :I*1 AS ,R\SSEAU RI<TLY OBS]VES1 MU/ BE CORRECTLY CONCEIV$ IF WE >E TO BE ABLE TO DEVELOP1 9 !ORY1 ! F\NDATIONS = A RATIONAL SOCIAL ORD]4 

,I WILL RETURN TO ?IS PROBLEM1 BUT FIR/ ,I W\LD LIKE TO TRACE FUR!R ,R\SSEAU'S ?9K+ AB\T ! MATT]4 ,R\SSEAU DIV]GES FROM ! ,C>TESIAN TRADITION 9 SEV]AL RESPECTS4 ,HE DEF9ES ! 0SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/IC ( ! HUMAN SPECIES0 AS MAN'S 0FACULTY ( SELF-P]FECTION10 :I*1 0) ! AID ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 SUCCESSIVELY DEVELOPS ALL ! O!RS1 & RESIDES AMONG US AS MU* 9 ! SPECIES AS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL40 ,! FACULTY ( SELF-P]FECTION & ( P]FECTION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES ?R\< CULTURAL TRANSMISSION IS NOT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 DISCUSS$ 9 ANY SIMIL> T]MS BY ! ,C>TESIANS4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K ?AT ,R\SSEAU'S REM>KS MI<T BE 9T]PRET$ AS A DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,C>TESIAN TRADITION 9 AN UNEXPLOR$ DIRECTION1 RA!R ?AN AS A D5IAL & REJECTION ( IT4 ,!RE IS NO 9CONSI/5CY 9 ! NOTION ?AT ! RE/RICTIVE ATTRIBUTES ( M9D UND]LIE A HI/ORICALLY EVOLV+ HUMAN NATURE ?AT DEVELOPS )9 ! LIMITS ?AT !Y SET2 OR ?AT !SE ATTRIBUTES ( M9D PROVIDE ! POSSIBILITY = SELF-P]FECTION2 OR ?AT1 BY PROVID+ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( FRE$OM1 !SE ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES ( HUMAN NATURE GIVE MAN ! OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE SOCIAL CONDITIONS & SOCIAL =MS TO MAXIMIZE ! POSSIBILITIES = FRE$OM1 DIV]SITY1 & 9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION4 ,TO USE AN >I?METICAL ANALOGY1 ! 9TEG]S DO NOT FAIL TO BE AN 9F9ITE SET M]ELY BECAUSE !Y DO NOT EXHAU/ ! RATIONAL NUMB]S4 ,ANALOG\SLY1 IT IS NO D5IAL ( MAN'S CAPACITY = 9F9ITE 0SELF-P]FECTION0 TO HOLD ?AT !RE >E 9TR9SIC PROP]TIES ( M9D ?AT CON/RA9 HIS DEVELOPM5T4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE ?AT 9 A S5SE ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE1 ?AT )\T A SY/EM ( =MAL CON/RA9TS !RE >E NO CREATIVE ACTS2 SPECIFICALLY1 9 ! ABS5CE ( 9TR9SIC & RE/RICTIVE PROP]TIES ( M9D1 !RE CAN BE ONLY 0%AP+ ( BEHAVIOR0 BUT NO CREATIVE ACTS ( SELF-P]FECTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,R\SSEAU'S CONC]N = ! EVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( SELF-P]FECTION BR+S US BACK1 FROM ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW1 TO A CONC]N = HUMAN LANGUAGE1 :I* W\LD APPE> TO BE A PR]EQUISITE = SU* EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY & CULTURE1 = ,R\SSEAU'S P]FECTION ( ! SPECIES1 BEYOND ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y =MS4 

,R\SSEAU HOLDS ?AT 0AL?\< ! ORGAN ( SPEE* IS NATURAL TO MAN1 SPEE* ITSELF IS NONE!LESS NOT NATURAL TO HIM40 ,AGA91 ,I SEE NO 9CONSI/5CY BETWE5 ?IS OBS]VATION & ! TYPICAL ,C>TESIAN VIEW ?AT 9NATE ABILITIES >E 0DISPOSITIONAL10 FACULTIES ?AT LEAD US TO PRODUCE IDEAS 7SPECIFICALLY1 9NATE IDEAS7 9 A P>TICUL> MANN] UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS ( EXT]NAL /IMULATION1 BUT ?AT ALSO PROVIDE US ) ! ABILITY TO PROCE$ 9 \R ?9K+ )\T SU* EXT]NAL FACTORS4 ,LANGUAGE TOO1 !N1 IS NATURAL TO MAN ONLY 9 A SPECIFIC WAY4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT &1 ,I BELIEVE1 QUITE FUNDAM5TAL 9SI<T ( ! RATIONALI/ L+UI/S ?AT WAS DISREG>D$1 V]Y L>GELY1 UND] ! IMPACT ( EMPIRICI/ PSY*OLOGY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & S9CE4.<#a#d#a.> 

,R\SSEAU DISCUSSES ! ORIG9 ( LANGUAGE AT SOME L5G?1 ?\< HE CONFESSES HIMSELF TO BE UNABLE TO COME TO GRIPS ) ! PROBLEM 9 A SATISFACTORY WAY4 ,?US  
  

IF M5 NE$$ SPEE* 9 ORD] TO LE>N TO ?9K1 !Y HAD EV5 GREAT] NE$ ( KN[+ H[ TO ?9K 9 ORD] TO DISCOV] ! >T ( SPEE*4444 ,SO ?AT ONE CAN H>DLY =M T5ABLE CONJECTURES AB\T ?IS >T ( COMMUNICAT+ ?\<TS & E/ABLI%+ 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 M9DS2 A SUBLIME >T :I* IS N[ V]Y F> FROM ITS ORIG94444  
  

,HE HOLDS ?AT 0G5]AL IDEAS CAN COME 9TO ! M9D ONLY ) ! AID ( WORDS1 & ! UND]/&+ GRASPS !M ONLY ?R\< PROPOSITIONS0--A FACT :I* PREV5TS ANIMALS1 DEVOID ( REASON1 FROM =MULAT+ SU* IDEAS OR EV] ACQUIR+ 0! P]FECTIBLITY :I* DEP5DS UPON !M40 ,?US HE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! MEANS BY :I* 0\R NEW GRAMM>IANS BEGAN TO EXT5D !IR IDEAS & TO G5]ALIZE !IR WORDS10 OR TO DEVELOP ! MEANS 0TO EXPRESS ALL ! ?\<TS ( M503 0NUMB]S1 AB/RACT WORDS1 AORI/S1 & ALL ! T5SES ( V]BS1 P>TICLES1 SYNTAX1 ! L9K+ ( PROPOSITIONS1 REASON+1 & ! =M+ ( ALL ! LOGIC ( DISC\RSE40 ,HE DOES SPECULATE AB\T LAT] /AGES ( ! P]FECTION ( ! SPECIES1 0:5 ! IDEAS ( M5 BEGAN TO SPREAD & MULTIPLY1 & :5 CLOS] COMMUNICATION WAS E/ABLI%$ AMONG !M1 .<&.> !Y S\<T MORE NUM]\S SIGNS & A MORE EXT5SIVE LANGUAGE40 ,BUT HE MU/1 UNHAPPILY1 AB&ON 0! FOLL[+ DIFFICULT PROBLEM3 :I* WAS MO/ NECESS>Y1 PREVI\SLY =M$ SOCIETY = ! 9/ITUTION ( LANGUAGES1 OR PREVI\SLY 9V5T$ LANGUAGES = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIETY80 

,! ,C>TESIANS CUT ! ,GORDIAN KNOT BY PO/ULAT+ ! EXI/5CE ( A SPECIES-SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/IC1 A SECOND SUB/ANCE ?AT S]VES AS :AT WE MI<T CALL A 0CREATIVE PR9CIPLE0 ALONGSIDE ! 0ME*ANICAL PR9CIPLE0 ?AT DET]M9ES TOTALLY ! BEHAVIOR ( ANIMALS4 ,!RE WAS1 = !M1 NO NE$ TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( LANGUAGE 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION4 ,RA!R1 MAN'S NATURE IS QUALITATIVELY DI/9CT3 !RE IS NO PASSAGE FROM BODY TO M9D4 ,WE MI<T RE9T]PRET ?IS IDEA 9 MORE CURR5T T]MS BY SPECULAT+ ?AT RA!R SUDD5 & DRAMATIC MUTATIONS MI<T HAVE L$ TO QUALITIES ( 9TELLIG5CE ?AT >E1 SO F> AS WE KN[1 UNIQUE TO MAN1 POSSESSION ( LANGUAGE 9 ! HUMAN S5SE BE+ ! MO/ DI/9CTIVE 9DEX ( !SE QUALITIES4.<#a#d#b.> ,IF ?IS IS CORRECT1 AS AT LEA/ A FIR/ APPROXIMATION TO ! FACTS1 ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO (F] AN 5T]+ W$GE1 OR P]HAPS A MODEL1 = AN 9VE/IGATION ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT W\LD PROVIDE ! GR\ND+ = A MU* BROAD] !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,TO CONCLUDE !SE HI/ORICAL REM>KS1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO TURN1 AS ,I HAVE ELSE:]E1.<#a#d#c.> TO ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT1 ONE ( ! MO/ /IMULAT+ & 9TRIGU+ ?9K]S ( ! P]IOD4 ,HUMBOLDT WAS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\ND !ORI/S ( G5]AL L+UI/ICS1 & ON ! O!R1 AN E>LY & =CEFUL ADVOCATE ( LIB]T>IAN VALUES4 ,! BASIC CONCEPT ( HIS PHILOSOPHY IS ,BILDUNG1 BY :I*1 AS ,J4 ,W4 ,BURR[ EXPRESSES IT1 0HE MEANT ! FULLE/1 RI*E/ & MO/ H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! COMMUNITY OR ! HUMAN RACE40.<#a#d#d.> ,HIS [N ?\<T MI<T S]VE AS AN EXEMPL>Y CASE4 ,?\< HE DOES NOT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 EXPLICITLY RELATE HIS IDEAS AB\T LANGUAGE TO HIS LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL ?\<T1 !RE IS QUITE CLE>LY A COMMON GR\ND FROM :I* !Y DEVELOP1 A CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT 9SPIRES EA*4 ,MILL'S ESSAY ,ON ,LIB]TY TAKES AS ITS EPIGRAPH ,HUMBOLDT'S =MULATION ( ! 0LEAD+ PR9CIPLE0 ( HIS ?\<T3 0! ABSOLUTE & ESS5TIAL IMPORTANCE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS RI*E/ DIV]SITY40 ,HUMBOLDT CONCLUDES HIS CRITIQUE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE BY SAY+3 0,I HAVE FELT MYSELF ANIMAT$ ?R\<\T ) A S5SE ( ! DEEPE/ RESPECT = ! 9H]5T DIGNITY ( HUMAN NATURE1 & = FRE$OM1 :I* ALONE BEFITS ?AT DIGNITY40 ,BRIEFLY PUT1 HIS CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE IS ?IS3  
  

,! TRUE 5D ( ,MAN1 OR ?AT :I* IS PRESCRIB$ BY ! ET]NAL & IMMUTABLE DICTATES ( REASON1 & NOT SUGGE/$ BY VAGUE & TRANSI5T DESIRES1 IS ! HI<E/ & MO/ H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T ( HIS P[]S TO A COMPLETE & CONSI/5T :OLE4 ,FRE$OM IS ! FIR/ & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION :I* ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* A DEVELOPM5T PRESUPPOSES2 BUT !RE IS BESIDES ANO!R ESS5TIAL--9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) FRE$OM1 IT IS TRUE--A V>IETY ( SITUATIONS4.<#a#d#e.>  
  

,LIKE ,R\SSEAU & ,KANT1 HE HOLDS ?AT  
  

NO?+ PROMOTES ?IS RIP5ESS = FRE$OM SO MU* AS FRE$OM ITSELF4 ,?IS TRU?1 P]HAPS1 MAY NOT BE ACKN[L$G$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE SO (T5 US$ ?IS UNRIP5ESS AS AN EXCUSE = CONT9U+ REPRESSION4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME TO FOLL[ UNQUE/IONABLY FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( MAN4 ,! 9CAPACITY = FRE$OM CAN ONLY >ISE FROM A WANT ( MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL P[]2 TO HEI<T5 ?IS P[] IS ! ONLY WAY TO SUPPLY ?IS WANT2 BUT TO DO ?IS PRESUPPOSES ! EX]CISE ( ! P[]1 & ?IS EX]CISE PRESUPPOSES ! FRE$OM :I* AWAK5S SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY4 ,ONLY IT IS CLE> WE CANNOT CALL IT GIV+ FRE$OM1 :5 BONDS >E RELAX$ :I* >E NOT FELT AS SU* BY HIM :O WE>S !M4 ,BUT ( NO MAN ON E>?--H[EV] NEGLECT$ BY NATURE1 & H[EV] DEGRAD$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES--IS ?IS TRUE ( ALL ! BONDS :I* OPPRESS HIM4 ,LET US UNDO !M ONE BY ONE1 AS ! FEEL+ ( FRE$OM AWAK5S 9 M5'S HE>TS1 & WE %ALL HA/5 PROGRESS AT EV]Y /EP4  
  

,?OSE :O DO NOT COMPREH5D ?IS 0MAY JU/LY BE SUSPECT$ ( MISUND]/&+ HUMAN NATURE1 & ( WI%+ TO MAKE M5 9TO MA*9ES40 

,MAN IS FUNDAM5TALLY A CREATIVE1 SE>*+1 SELF-P]FECT+ BE+3 0TO 9QUIRE & TO CREATE--!SE >E ! C5T]S >\ND :I* ALL HUMAN PURSUITS MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY REVOLVE40 ,BUT FRE$OM ( ?\<T & 5LI<T5M5T >E NOT ONLY = ! ELITE4 ,ONCE AGA9 E*O+ ,R\SSEAU1 ,HUMBOLDT /ATES3 0,!RE IS SOME?+ DEGRAD+ TO HUMAN NATURE 9 ! IDEA ( REFUS+ TO ANY MAN ! RI<T TO BE A MAN40 ,HE IS1 !N1 OPTIMI/IC AB\T ! EFFECTS ON ALL ( 0! DIFFUSION ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE BY FRE$OM & 5LI<T5M5T40 ,BUT 0ALL MORAL CULTURE SPR+S SOLELY & IMM$IATELY FROM ! 9N] LIFE ( ! S\L1 & CAN ONLY BE /IMULAT$ 9 HUMAN NATURE1 & NEV] PRODUC$ BY EXT]NAL & >TIFICIAL CONTRIVANCES40 0,! CULTIVATION ( ! UND]/&+1 AS ( ANY ( MAN'S O!R FACULTIES1 IS G5]ALLY A*IEV$ BY HIS [N ACTIVITY1 HIS [N +5UITY1 OR HIS [N ME?ODS ( US+ ! DISCOV]IES ( O!RS44440 ,$UCATION1 !N1 MU/ PROVIDE ! OPPORTUNITIES = SELF-FULFILLM5T2 IT CAN AT BE/ PROVIDE A RI* & *ALL5G+ 5VIRONM5T = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO EXPLORE1 9 HIS [N WAY4 ,EV5 A LANGUAGE CANNOT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 BE TAU<T1 BUT ONLY 0AWAK5$ 9 ! M9D3 ONE CAN ONLY PROVIDE ! ?READ ALONG :I* IT WILL DEVELOP ( ITSELF40 ,I ?9K ?AT ,HUMBOLDT W\LD HAVE F\ND CONG5IAL MU* ( ,DEWEY'S ?9K+ AB\T $UCATION4 ,& HE MI<T ALSO HAVE APPRECIAT$ ! REC5T REVOLUTION>Y EXT5SION ( SU* IDEAS1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ! RADICAL ,CA?OLICS ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA :O >E CONC]N$ ) ! 0AWAK5+ ( CONSCI\SNESS10 REF]R+ TO 0! TRANS=MATION ( ! PASSIVE EXPLOIT$ L[] CLASSES 9TO CONSCI\S & CRITICAL MA/]S ( !IR [N DE/9IES0.<#a#d#f.> MU* 9 ! MANN] ( ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTION>IES ELSE:]E4 ,HE W\LD1 ,I AM SURE1 HAVE APPROV$ ( !IR CRITICISM ( S*OOLS ?AT >E  
  

MORE PREOCCUPI$ ) ! TRANSMISSION ( KN[L$GE ?AN ) ! CREATION1 AMONG O!R VALUES1 ( A CRITICAL SPIRIT4 ,FROM ! SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! $UCATIONAL SY/EMS >E ORI5T$ TO MA9TA9+ ! EXI/+ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES 9/EAD ( TRANS=M+ !M4.<#a#d#g.>  
  

,BUT ,HUMBOLDT'S CONC]N = SPONTANEITY GOES WELL BEYOND $UCATIONAL PRACTICE 9 ! N>R[ S5SE4 ,IT T\*ES ALSO ! QUE/ION ( LABOR & EXPLOITATION4 ,! REM>KS1 JU/ QUOT$1 AB\T ! CULTIVATION ( UND]/&+ ?R\< SPONTANE\S ACTION CONT9UE AS FOLL[S3  
  

444 MAN NEV] REG>DS :AT HE POSSESSES AS SO MU* HIS [N1 AS :AT HE DOES2 & ! LABOR] :O T5DS A G>D5 IS P]HAPS 9 A TRU] S5SE ITS [N]1 ?AN ! LI/LESS VOLUPTU>Y :O 5JOYS ITS FRUITS4444 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS CONSID]ATION1.<#a#d#h.> IT SEEMS AS IF ALL PEASANTS & CRAFTSM5 MI<T BE ELEVAT$ 9TO >TI/S2 ?AT IS1 M5 :O LOVE !IR LABOR = ITS [N SAKE1 IMPROVE IT BY !IR [N PLA/IC G5IUS & 9V5TIVE SKILL1 & !REBY CULTIVATE !IR 9TELLECT1 5NOBLE !IR *>ACT]1 & EXALT & REF9E !IR PLEASURES4 ,& SO HUMANITY W\LD BE 5NOBL$ BY ! V]Y ?+S :I* N[1 ?\< BEAUTIFUL 9 !MSELVES1 SO (T5 S]VE TO DEGRADE IT4444 ,BUT1 /ILL1 FRE$OM IS UND\BT$LY ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION1 )\T :I* EV5 ! PURSUITS MO/ CONG5IAL TO 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN NATURE1 CAN NEV] SUCCE$ 9 PRODUC+ SU* SALUT>Y 9FLU5CES4 ,:ATEV] DOES NOT SPR+ FROM A MAN'S FREE *OICE1 OR IS ONLY ! RESULT ( 9/RUCTION & GUIDANCE1 DOES NOT 5T] 9TO HIS V]Y BE+1 BUT REMA9S ALI5 TO HIS TRUE NATURE2 HE DOES NOT P]=M IT ) TRULY HUMAN 5]GIES1 BUT M]ELY ) ME*ANICAL EXACTNESS4  
  

,IF A MAN ACTS 9 A PURELY ME*ANICAL WAY1 REACT+ TO EXT]NAL DEM&S OR 9/RUCTION RA!R ?AN 9 WAYS DET]M9$ BY HIS [N 9T]E/S & 5]GIES & P[]1 0WE MAY ADMIRE :AT HE DOES1 BUT WE DESPISE :AT HE IS40.<#a#d#i.> 

,ON SU* CONCEPTIONS ,HUMBOLDT GR\NDS HIS IDEAS CONC]N+ ! ROLE ( ! /ATE1 :I* T5DS TO 0MAKE MAN AN 9/RUM5T TO S]VE ITS >BITR>Y 5DS1 OV]LOOK+ HIS 9DIVIDUAL PURPOSES40 ,HIS DOCTR9E IS CLASSICAL LIB]AL1 /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO ALL BUT ! MO/ M9IMAL =MS ( /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 P]SONAL OR SOCIAL LIFE4 

,WRIT+ 9 ! #a#g#iS1 ,HUMBOLDT HAD NO CONCEPTION ( ! =MS ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM W\LD TAKE4 ,H5CE HE IS NOT OV]LY CONC]N$ ) ! DANG]S ( PRIVATE P[]4  
  

,BUT :5 WE REFLECT 7/ILL KEEP+ !ORY DI/9CT FROM PRACTICE7 ?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( A PRIVATE P]SON IS LIABLE TO DIM9UTION & DECAY1 FROM COMPETITION1 DISSIPATION ( =TUNE1 EV5 DEA?2 & ?AT CLE>LY NONE ( !SE CONT+5CIES CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! ,/ATE2 WE >E /ILL LEFT ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! LATT] IS NOT TO M$DLE 9 ANY?+ :I* DOES NOT REF] EXCLUSIVELY TO SECURITY4444  
  

,HE SPEAKS ( ! ESS5TIAL EQUALITY ( ! CONDITION ( PRIVATE CITIZ5S1 & ( C\RSE HAS NO IDEA ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ! NOTION 0PRIVATE P]SON0 W\LD COME TO BE RE9T]PRET$ 9 ! ]A ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,HE DID NOT =ESEE ?AT 0,DEMOCRACY ) ITS MOTTO ( EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW & ,LIB]ALISM ) ITS RI<T ( MAN OV] HIS [N P]SON BO? .<W\LD BE.> WRECK$ ON REALITIES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY40.<#a#e.> ,HE DID NOT =ESEE ?AT 9 A PR$ATORY CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 /ATE 9T]V5TION W\LD BE AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY TO PRES]VE HUMAN EXI/5CE & TO PREV5T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T--,I SPEAK OPTIMI/ICALLY4 ,AS ,K>L ,POLANYI1 = ONE1 HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! SELF-ADJU/+ M>KET 0C\LD NOT EXI/ = ANY L5G? ( TIME )\T ANNIHILAT+ ! HUMAN & NATURAL SUB/ANCE ( SOCIETY2 IT W\LD HAVE PHYSICALLY DE/ROY$ MAN & TRANS=M$ HIS SURR\ND+S 9TO A WILD]NESS40.<#a#e#a.> ,HUMBOLDT DID NOT =ESEE ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR1 ! DOCTR9E 79 ,POLANYI'S WORDS7 ?AT 0IT IS NOT = ! COMMODITY TO DECIDE :]E IT %\LD BE (F]$ = SALE1 TO :AT PURPOSE IT %\LD BE US$1 AT :AT PRICE IT %\LD BE ALL[$ TO *ANGE H&S1 & 9 :AT MANN] IT %\LD BE CONSUM$ OR DE/ROY$40 ,BUT ! COMMODITY1 9 ?IS CASE1 IS A HUMAN LIFE1 & SOCIAL PROTECTION WAS !RE=E A M9IMAL NECESSITY TO CON/RA9 ! IRRATIONAL & DE/RUCTIVE WORK+S ( ! CLASSICAL FREE M>KET4 ,NOR DID ,HUMBOLDT UND]/& ?AT CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC RELATIONS P]PETUAT$ A =M ( BONDAGE :I*1 AS E>LY AS #a#g#f#g1 ,SIMON ,L+UET HAD DECL>$ TO BE EV5 WORSE ?AN SLAV]Y4  
  

,IT IS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( LIV+ BY ANY O!R MEANS ?AT COMPELS \R F>M LABOR]S TO TILL ! SOIL :OSE FRUITS !Y WILL NOT EAT1 & \R MASONS TO CON/RUCT BUILD+S 9 :I* !Y WILL NOT LIVE4 ,IT IS WANT ?AT DRAGS !M TO ?OSE M>KETS :]E !Y AWAIT MA/]S :O WILL DO !M ! K9DNESS ( BUY+ !M4 ,IT IS WANT ?AT COMPELS !M TO GO D[N ON !IR KNEES TO ! RI* MAN 9 ORD] TO GET FROM HIM P]MISSION TO 5RI* HIM4444 ,:AT EFFECTIVE GA9 HAS ! SUPPRESSION ( SLAV]Y BR\<T HIM8 444 ,HE IS FREE1 Y\ SAY4 ,AH6 ,?AT IS HIS MIS=TUNE4 ,! SLAVE WAS PRECI\S TO HIS MA/] BECAUSE ( ! MONEY HE HAD CO/ HIM4 ,BUT ! H&ICRAFTSMAN CO/S NO?+ TO ! RI* VOLUPTU>Y :O EMPLOYS HIM4444 ,!SE M51 IT IS SAID1 HAVE NO MA/]--!Y HAVE ONE1 & ! MO/ T]RIBLE1 ! MO/ IMP]I\S ( MA/]S1 ?AT IS NE$4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT R$UCES !M TO ! MO/ CRUEL DEP5D5CE4.<#a#e#b.>  
  

,IF !RE IS SOME?+ DEGRAD+ TO HUMAN NATURE 9 ! IDEA ( BONDAGE1 !N A NEW EMANCIPATION MU/ BE AWAIT$1 ,F\RI]'S 0?IRD & LA/ EMANCIPATORY PHASE ( HI/ORY10 :I* WILL TRANS=M ! PROLET>IAT TO FREE M5 BY ELIM9AT+ ! COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR1 5D+ WAGE SLAV]Y1 & BR++ ! COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL1 & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS UND] DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4.<#a#e#c.> 

,P]HAPS ,HUMBOLDT MI<T HAVE ACCEPT$ !SE CONCLUSIONS4 ,HE DOES AGREE ?AT /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE IS LEGITIMATE IF 0FRE$OM W\LD DE/ROY ! V]Y CONDITIONS )\T :I* NOT ONLY FRE$OM BUT EV5 EXI/5CE ITSELF W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE0--PRECISELY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT >ISE 9 AN UNCON/RA9$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 HIS CRITICISM ( BUREAUCRACY & ! AUTOCRATIC /ATE /&S AS AN ELOQU5T =EW>N+ ( SOME ( ! MO/ DISMAL ASPECTS ( MOD]N HI/ORY1 & ! BASIS ( HIS CRITIQUE IS APPLICABLE TO A BROAD] RANGE ( CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ?AN HE IMAG9$4 

,?\< EXPRESS+ A CLASSICAL LIB]AL DOCTR9E1 ,HUMBOLDT IS NO PRIMITIVE 9DIVIDUALI/ 9 ! /YLE ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,R\SSEAU EXTOLS ! SAVAGE :O 0LIVES )9 HIMSELF02 HE HAS LITTLE USE = 0! SOCIABLE MAN1 ALWAYS \TSIDE ( HIMSELF1 .<:O.> KN[S H[ TO LIVE ONLY 9 ! OP9ION ( O!RS 444 FROM .<:OSE.> JUDGM5T ALONE 444 HE DRAWS ! S5TIM5T ( HIS [N EXI/5CE40.<#a#e#d.> ,HUMBOLDT'S VISION IS QUITE DIFF]5T3  
  

444 ! :OLE T5OR ( ! IDEAS & >GUM5TS UNFOLD$ 9 ?IS ESSAY MI<T FAIRLY BE R$UC$ TO ?IS1 ?AT :ILE !Y W\LD BREAK ALL FETT]S 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 !Y W\LD ATTEMPT TO F9D AS MANY NEW SOCIAL BONDS AS POSSIBLE4 ,! ISOLAT$ MAN IS NO MORE ABLE TO DEVELOP ?AN ! ONE :O IS FETT]$4  
  

,?US HE LOOKS =W>D TO A COMMUNITY ( FREE ASSOCIATION )\T CO]CION BY ! /ATE OR O!R AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS1 9 :I* FREE M5 CAN CREATE & 9QUIRE1 & A*IEVE ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( !IR P[]S--F> AHEAD ( HIS TIME1 HE PRES5TS AN AN>*I/ VISION ?AT IS APPROPRIATE1 P]HAPS1 TO ! NEXT /AGE ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN P]HAPS LOOK =W>D TO A DAY :5 !SE V>I\S /R&S WILL BE BR\<T TOGE!R )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 A SOCIAL =M ?AT B>ELY EXI/S TODAY ?\< ITS ELEM5TS CAN BE P]CEIV$3 9 ! GU>ANTEE ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?AT HAS A*IEV$ ITS HI<E/ =M--?\< /ILL TRAGICALLY FLAW$--9 ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES2 9 ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM2 9 ! EXP]IM5TS ) WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA2 9 ! EF=T TO AWAK5 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS & CREATE A NEW 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! SOCIAL PROCESS :I* IS A FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTIONS1 COEXI/+ UNEASILY ) 9DEF5SIBLE AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICE4 

,A SIMIL> CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE UND]LIES ,HUMBOLDT'S WORK ON LANGUAGE4 ,LANGUAGE IS A PROCESS ( FREE CREATION2 ITS LAWS & PR9CIPLES >E FIX$1 BUT ! MANN] 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLES ( G5]ATION >E US$ IS FREE & 9F9ITELY V>I$4 ,EV5 ! 9T]PRETATION & USE ( WORDS 9VOLVES A PROCESS ( FREE CREATION4 ,! NORMAL USE ( LANGUAGE & ! ACQUISITION ( LANGUAGE DEP5D ON :AT ,HUMBOLDT CALLS ! FIX$ =M ( LANGUAGE1 A SY/EM ( G5]ATIVE PROCESSES ?AT IS ROOT$ 9 ! NATURE ( ! HUMAN M9D & CON/RA9S BUT DOES NOT DET]M9E ! FREE CREATIONS ( NORMAL 9TELLIG5CE OR1 AT A HI<] & MORE ORIG9AL LEVEL1 ( ! GREAT WRIT] OR ?9K]4 ,HUMBOLDT IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 A ,PLATONI/ :O 9SI/S ?AT LE>N+ IS A K9D ( REM9ISC5CE1 9 :I* ! M9D1 /IMULAT$ BY EXP]I5CE1 DRAWS FROM ITS [N 9T]NAL RES\RCES & FOLL[S A PA? ?AT IT ITSELF DET]M9ES2 & HE IS ALSO A ROMANTIC1 ATTUN$ TO CULTURAL V>IETY1 & ! 5DLESS POSSIBILITIES = ! SPIRITUAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! CREATIVE G5IUS4 ,!RE IS NO CONTRADICTION 9 ?IS1 ANY MORE ?AN !RE IS A CONTRADICTION 9 ! 9SI/5CE ( ES!TIC !ORY ?AT 9DIVIDUAL WORKS ( G5IUS >E CON/RA9$ BY PR9CIPLE & RULE4 ,! NORMAL1 CREATIVE USE ( LANGUAGE1 :I* TO ! ,C>TESIAN RATIONALI/ IS ! BE/ 9DEX ( ! EXI/5CE ( ANO!R M9D1 PRESUPPOSES A SY/EM ( RULES & G5]ATIVE PR9CIPLES ( A SORT ?AT ! RATIONALI/ GRAMM>IANS ATTEMPT$1 ) SOME SUCCESS1 TO DET]M9E & MAKE EXPLICIT4 

,! MANY MOD]N CRITICS :O S5SE AN 9CONSI/5CY 9 ! BELIEF ?AT FREE CREATION TAKES PLACE )9--PRESUPPOSES1 9 FACT--A SY/EM ( CON/RA9TS & GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES >E QUITE MI/AK52 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 !Y SPEAK ( 0CONTRADICTION0 9 ! LOOSE & METAPHORIC S5SE ( ,S*ELL+1 :5 HE WRITES ?AT 0)\T ! CONTRADICTION ( NECESSITY & FRE$OM NOT ONLY PHILOSOPHY BUT EV]Y NOBL] AMBITION ( ! SPIRIT W\LD S9K TO ?AT DEA? :I* IS PECULI> TO ?OSE SCI5CES 9 :I* ?AT CONTRADICTION S]VES NO FUNCTION40 ,)\T ?IS T5SION BETWE5 NECESSITY & FRE$OM1 RULE & *OICE1 !RE CAN BE NO CREATIVITY1 NO COMMUNICATION1 NO MEAN+FUL ACTS AT ALL4 

,I HAVE DISCUSS$ !SE TRADITIONAL IDEAS AT SOME L5G?1 NOT \T ( ANTIQU>IAN 9T]E/1 BUT BECAUSE ,I ?9K ?AT !Y >E VALUABLE & ESS5TIALLY CORRECT1 & ?AT !Y PROJECT A C\RSE WE CAN FOLL[ ) PR(IT4 ,SOCIAL ACTION MU/ BE ANIMAT$ BY A VISION ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 & BY EXPLICIT JUDGM5TS ( VALUE CONC]N+ ! *>ACT] ( ?IS FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,!SE JUDGM5TS MU/ D]IVE FROM SOME CONCEPT ( ! NATURE ( MAN1 & ONE MAY SEEK EMPIRICAL F\NDATIONS BY 9VE/IGAT+ MAN'S NATURE AS IT IS REVEAL$ BY HIS BEHAVIOR & HIS CREATIONS1 MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & SOCIAL4 ,WE HAVE1 P]HAPS1 REA*$ A PO9T 9 HI/ORY :5 IT IS POSSIBLE TO ?9K S]I\SLY AB\T A SOCIETY 9 :I* FREELY CON/ITUT$ SOCIAL BONDS REPLACE ! FETT]S ( AUTOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 RA!R 9 ! S5SE CONVEY$ BY ! REM>KS ( ,HUMBOLDT ?AT ,I QUOT$1 & ELABORAT$ MORE FULLY 9 ! TRADITION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM 9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$4.<#a#e#e.> 

,PR$ATORY CAPITALISM CREAT$ A COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL SY/EM & AN ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY2 IT P]MITT$ A CONSID]ABLE EXT5SION ( DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE & FO/]$ C]TA9 LIB]AL VALUES1 BUT )9 LIMITS ?AT >E N[ BE+ PRESS$ & MU/ BE OV]COME4 ,IT IS NOT A FIT SY/EM = ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT IS 9CAPABLE ( MEET+ HUMAN NE$S ?AT CAN BE EXPRESS$ ONLY 9 COLLECTIVE T]MS1 & ITS CONCEPT ( COMPETITIVE MAN :O SEEKS ONLY TO MAXIMIZE WEAL? & P[]1 :O SUBJECTS HIMSELF TO M>KET RELATION%IPS1 TO EXPLOITATION & EXT]NAL AU?ORITY1 IS ANTIHUMAN & 9TOL]ABLE 9 ! DEEPE/ S5SE4 ,AN AUTOCRATIC /ATE IS NO ACCEPTABLE SUB/ITUTE2 NOR CAN ! MILIT>IZ$ /ATE CAPITALISM EVOLV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ! BUREAUCRATIZ$1 C5TRALIZ$ WELF>E /ATE BE ACCEPT$ AS ! GOAL ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,! ONLY JU/IFICATION = REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS IS MAT]IAL & CULTURAL DEFICIT4 ,BUT SU* 9/ITUTIONS1 AT C]TA9 /AGES ( HI/ORY1 P]PETUATE & PRODUCE SU* A DEFICIT1 & EV5 ?REAT5 HUMAN SURVIVAL4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY CAN RELIEVE M5 ( ! NECESSITY = SPECIALIZ$1 IMBECILE LABOR4 ,!Y MAY1 9 PR9CIPLE1 PROVIDE ! BASIS = A RATIONAL SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON FREE ASSOCIATION & DEMOCRATIC CONTROL1 IF WE HAVE ! WILL TO CREATE IT4 

,A VISION ( A FUTURE SOCIAL ORD] IS 9 TURN BAS$ ON A CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IF 9 FACT MAN IS AN 9DEF9ITELY MALLEABLE1 COMPLETELY PLA/IC BE+1 ) NO 9NATE /RUCTURES ( M9D & NO 9TR9SIC NE$S ( A CULTURAL OR SOCIAL *>ACT]1 !N HE IS A FIT SUBJECT = ! 0%AP+ ( BEHAVIOR0 BY ! /ATE AU?ORITY1 ! CORPORATE MANAG]1 ! TE*NOCRAT1 OR ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,?OSE ) SOME CONFID5CE 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL HOPE ?IS IS NOT SO & WILL TRY TO DET]M9E ! 9TR9SIC HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK = 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! GR[? ( MORAL CONSCI\SNESS1 CULTURAL A*IEVEM5T1 & P>TICIPATION 9 A FREE COMMUNITY4 ,9 A P>TLY ANALOG\S WAY1 A CLASSICAL TRADITION SPOKE ( >TI/IC G5IUS ACT+ )9 & 9 SOME WAYS *ALL5G+ A FRAMEWORK ( RULE4 ,H]E WE T\* ON MATT]S ?AT >E LITTLE UND]/OOD4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT WE MU/ BREAK AWAY1 %>PLY & RADICALLY1 FROM MU* ( MOD]N SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE IF WE >E TO MOVE T[>DS A DEEP] UND]/&+ ( !SE MATT]S4.<#a#e#f.> 

,H]E TOO1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! TRADITION ,I HAVE BRIEFLY REVIEW$ HAS A CONTRIBUTION TO (F]4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 ?OSE :O W]E CONC]N$ ) HUMAN DI/9CTIV5ESS & POT5TIAL REPEAT$LY W]E L$ TO A CONSID]ATION ( ! PROP]TIES ( LANGUAGE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE CAN PROVIDE SOME GLIMM]+S ( UND]/&+ ( RULE-GOV]N$ BEHAVIOR & ! POSSIBILITIES = FREE & CREATIVE ACTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A SY/EM ( RULES ?AT 9 P>T1 AT LEA/1 REFLECT 9TR9SIC PROP]TIES ( HUMAN M5TAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME FAIR TO REG>D ! CONTEMPOR>Y /UDY ( LANGUAGE AS 9 SOME WAYS A RETURN TO ! ,HUMBOLDTIAN CONCEPT ( ! =M ( LANGUAGE3 A SY/EM ( G5]ATIVE PROCESSES ROOT$ 9 9NATE PROP]TIES ( M9D BUT P]MITT+1 9 ,HUMBOLDT'S PHRASE1 AN 9F9ITE USE ( F9ITE MEANS4 ,LANGUAGE CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ AS A SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION ( BEHAVIOR4 ,RA!R1 TO UND]/& H[ LANGUAGE IS US$1 WE MU/ DISCOV] ! AB/RACT ,HUMBOLDTIAN =M ( LANGUAGE--ITS G5]ATIVE GRAMM>1 9 MOD]N T]MS4 ,TO LE>N A LANGUAGE IS TO CON/RUCT = ONESELF ?IS AB/RACT SY/EM1 ( C\RSE UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,! L+UI/ & PSY*OLOGI/ CAN PROCE$ TO /UDY ! USE & ACQUISITION ( LANGUAGE ONLY 9S(> AS HE HAS SOME GRASP ( ! PROP]TIES ( ! SY/EM ?AT HAS BE5 MA/]$ BY ! P]SON :O KN[S ! LANGUAGE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT A GOOD CASE CAN BE MADE 9 SUPPORT ( ! EMPIRICAL CLAIM ?AT SU* A SY/EM CAN BE ACQUIR$1 UND] ! GIV5 CONDITIONS ( TIME & ACCESS1 ONLY BY A M9D ?AT IS 5D[$ ) C]TA9 SPECIFIC PROP]TIES ?AT WE CAN N[ T5TATIVELY DESCRIBE 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,AS LONG AS WE RE/RICT \RSELVES1 CONCEPTUALLY1 TO ! 9VE/IGATION ( BEHAVIOR1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS DEVELOPM5T ?R\< 9T]ACTION ) ! 5VIRONM5T1 WE >E B\ND TO MISS !SE *>ACT]I/ICS ( LANGUAGE & M9D4 ,O!R ASPECTS ( HUMAN PSY*OLOGY & CULTURE MI<T1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BE /UDI$ 9 A SIMIL> WAY4 

,CONCEIVABLY1 WE MI<T 9 ?IS WAY DEVELOP A SOCIAL SCI5CE BAS$ ON EMPIRICALLY WELL-F\ND$ PROPOSITIONS CONC]N+ HUMAN NATURE4 ,JU/ AS WE /UDY ! RANGE ( HUMANLY ATTA9ABLE LANGUAGES1 ) SOME SUCCESS1 WE MI<T ALSO TRY TO /UDY ! =MS ( >TI/IC EXPRESSION OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ?AT HUMANS CAN CONCEIVE1 & P]HAPS EV5 ! RANGE ( E?ICAL SY/EMS & SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 :I* HUMANS CAN LIVE & FUNCTION1 GIV5 !IR 9TR9SIC CAPACITIES & NE$S4 ,P]HAPS ONE MI<T GO ON TO PROJECT A CONCEPT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD--UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL CULTURE--BE/ 5C\RAGE & ACCOMMODATE ! FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN NE$--IF SU* IT IS--= SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE1 CREATIVE WORK1 SOLID>ITY1 PURSUIT ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,I DO NOT WANT TO EXAGG]ATE1 AS ,I NO D\BT HAVE1 ! ROLE ( 9VE/IGATION ( LANGUAGE4 ,LANGUAGE IS ! PRODUCT ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE ?AT IS1 = ! MOM5T1 MO/ ACCESSIBLE TO /UDY4 ,A RI* TRADITION HELD LANGUAGE TO BE A MIRROR ( M9D4 ,TO SOME EXT5T1 !RE IS SURELY TRU? & USEFUL 9SI<T 9 ?IS IDEA4 

,I AM NO LESS PUZZL$ BY ! TOPIC 0LANGUAGE & FRE$OM0 ?AN :5 ,I BEGAN--& NO LESS 9TRIGU$4 ,9 !SE SPECULATIVE & SKET*Y REM>KS !RE >E GAPS SO VA/ ?AT ONE MI<T QUE/ION :AT W\LD REMA91 :5 METAPHOR & UNSUB/ANTIAT$ GUESS >E REMOV$4 ,IT IS SOB]+ TO REALIZE--AS ,I BELIEVE WE MU/--H[ LITTLE WE HAVE PROGRESS$ 9 \R KN[L$GE ( MAN & SOCIETY1 OR EV5 9 =MULAT+ CLE>LY ! PROBLEMS ?AT MI<T BE S]I\SLY /UDI$4 ,BUT !RE >E1 ,I ?9K1 A FEW FOO?OLDS ?AT SEEM FAIRLY FIRM4 ,I LIKE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! 9T5SIVE /UDY ( ONE ASPECT ( HUMAN PSY*OLOGY--HUMAN LANGUAGE--MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A HUMANI/IC SOCIAL SCI5CE ?AT WILL S]VE1 AS WELL1 AS AN 9/RUM5T = SOCIAL ACTION4 ,IT MU/1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 BE /RESS$ ?AT SOCIAL ACTION CANNOT AWAIT A FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ !ORY ( MAN & SOCIETY1 NOR CAN ! VALIDITY ( ! LATT] BE DET]M9$ BY \R HOPES & MORAL JUDGM5TS4 ,! TWO--SPECULATION & ACTION--MU/ PROGRESS AS BE/ !Y CAN1 LOOK+ =W>D TO ! DAY :5 !ORETICAL 9QUIRY WILL PROVIDE A FIRM GUIDE TO ! UN5D+1 (T5 GRIM1 BUT NEV] HOPELESS /RUGGLE = FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

.<#a.> ,OCTAVE ,MIRBEAU1 QUOT$ 9 ,JAMES ,JOLL1 ,! ,AN>*I/S 7,BO/ON3 ,LITTLE1 ,BR[N @& ,CO41 #a#i#f#d71 PP4 #a#d#e-#d#f4 

.<#b.> ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM 7,LONDON3 ,SECK] @& ,W>BURG1 #a#i#c#h71 P4 #c#a4 

.<#c.> ,CIT$ 9 IBID41 P4 #g#g4 ,?IS QUOTATION & ?AT 9 ! NEXT S5T5CE >E FROM ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE10 9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 & TRANS4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#d.> ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,GRE5B]G1 #a#i#c#g71 P4 #h#f4 ,9 ! LA/ *APT]1 WRITT5 SEV]AL MON?S AFT] ! REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN1 HE EXPRESSES HIS DISSATISFACTION ) :AT HAD SO F> BE5 A*IEV$ ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,ON ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 SEE MY ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#i71 *AP4 #a1 & REF]5CES CIT$ !RE2 ! IMPORTANT /UDY BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME HAS S9CE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 ,SEV]AL O!R IMPORTANT /UDIES HAVE APPE>$ S9CE1 9 P>TICUL>3 ,FRANK ,M9TZ1 ,L',AUTOGE/ION DANS L',ESPAGNE REVOLUTIONNAIRE 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS ,BELIBA/E1 #a#i#g#a72 ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 ,LES ,AN>*I/ES ESPAGNOLS ET LA P\VOIR1 #a#h#f#h-#a#i#f#i 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DU ,SEUIL1 #a#i#f#i72 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,ESPAGNE LIB]TAIRE1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i3 ,L',OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE 7,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DU ,C]CLE1 #a#i#g#a74 ,SEE ALSO ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 5L>G$ $ITION 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#e.> ,CIT$ BY ,ROB]T ,C4 ,TUCK]1 ,! ,M>XIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON @& ,CO41 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#f.> ,BAKUN91 9 A LETT] TO ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EFF1 #a#h#f#f4 ,CIT$ BY ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISM LIB]ATIRE 7,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,M>CEL ,RIVI]E1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#g.> ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 CIT$ 9 ,JOLL1 ,AN>*I/S4 ,! S\RCE IS 0,L',AN>*ISME ET LES SYNDICATS \VRI]S10 ,LES ,TEMPS N\VEAUX1 #a#h#i#e1 REPR9T$ 9 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MAITRE1 $4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 7,LAUSANNE3 ,LA ,CITE ,$ITEUR1 N4D474 

.<#h.> ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA 7,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#i.> 0,NO /ATE1 H[EV] DEMOCRATIC10 ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 0NOT EV5 ! R$DE/ REPUBLIC--CAN EV] GIVE ! PEOPLE :AT !Y REALLY WANT1 I4E41 ! FREE SELF-ORGANIZATION & ADM9I/RATION ( !IR [N AFFAIRS FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D1 )\T ANY 9T]F]5CE OR VIOL5CE FROM ABOVE1 BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE1 EV5 ! PSEUDO-,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE CONCOCT$ BY ,MR4 ,M>X1 IS 9 ESS5CE ONLY A MA*9E RUL+ ! MASSES FROM ABOVE1 ?R\< A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ( CONCEIT$ 9TELLECTUALS1 :O IMAG9E ?AT !Y KN[ :AT ! PEOPLE NE$ & WANT BETT] ?AN DO ! PEOPLE !MSELVES44440 0,BUT ! PEOPLE WILL FEEL NO BETT] IF ! /ICK ) :I* !Y >E BE+ BEAT5 IS LABEL$ '! PEOPLE'S /ICK' 0 7,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y .<#a#h#g#c.>1 9 ,DOLG(F1 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 P4 #c#c#h7--0! PEOPLE'S /ICK0 BE+ ! DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC4  

 ,M>X1 ( C\RSE1 SAW ! MATT] DIFF]5TLY4  

 ,= DISCUSSION ( ! IMPACT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ON ?IS DISPUTE1 SEE ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S COMM5TS 9 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MAITRE2 !SE ALSO APPE>1 SLI<TLY EXT5D$1 9 HIS ,P\R UN M>XISME LIB]TAIRE 7,P>IS3 ,ROB]T ,LAFFONT1 #a#i#f#i74 ,SEE ALSO NOTE #b#d4 

.<#a.> ,ON ,L59'S 09TELLECTUAL DEVIATION0 TO ! LEFT DUR+ #a#i#a#g1 SEE ,ROB]T ,V9C5T ,DANIELS1 0,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CASE ,/UDY 9 ! ,G5ESIS & ,TRANS=MATION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,IDEOLOGY10 ,AM]ICAN ,SLAVIC & ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN ,REVIEW #a#b1 NO4 #a 7#a#i#e#c74 

.<#a#a.> ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES3 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,MIX$ ,ECONOMY 7,BO/ON3 ,PORT] ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #b#i#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,LA ,COMMUNE DE ,P>IS ET LA NOTION DE L'ETAT10 REPR9T$ 9 ,GU]91 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MAITRE4 ,BAKUN9'S F9AL REM>K ON ! LAWS ( 9DIVIDUAL NATURE AS ! CONDITION ( FRE$OM CAN BE COMP>$ ) ! APPROA* TO CREATIVE ?\<T DEVELOP$ 9 ! RATIONALI/ & ROMANTIC TRADITIONS1 DISCUSS$ 9 *APT] #i ( MY ,= ,REASONS ( ,/ATE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#c74 ,SEE MY ,C>TESIAN ,L+UI/ICS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#f#f7 & ,LANGUAGE & ,M9D 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE @& ,WORLD1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#c.> ,%LOMO ,AV9]I1 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,K>L ,M>X 7,LONDON3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h71 P4 #a#d#b1 REF]R+ TO COMM5TS 9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY4 ,AV9]I /ATES ?AT )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ONLY ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM 0HAVE P]CEIV$ ?AT ! MODES & =MS ( PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WILL DET]M9E ! /RUCTURE ( FUTURE SOCIETY40 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS A *>ACT]I/IC POSITION ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 AS NOT$ E>LI]4 

.<#a#d.> ,ROCK]1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 P4 #b#h4 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE ,GU]9'S WORKS CIT$ E>LI]4 

.<#a#f.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM4 

.<#a#g.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE D] ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OKONOMIE1 CIT$ BY ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 P4 #c#f4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 SEE ALSO ,MATTICK'S ESSAY 0,WORK]S' ,CONTROL10 9 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT1 $4 ,PRISCILLA ,LONG 7,BO/ON3 ,P4 ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i72 & ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X4 

.<#a#h.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 QUOT$ BY ,ROB]T ,TUCK]1 :O RI<TLY EMPHASIZES ?AT ,M>X SEES ! REVOLUTION>Y MORE AS A 0FRU/RAT$ PRODUC]0 ?AN A 0DISSATISFI$ CONSUM]0 7,M>XIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA74 ,?IS MORE RADICAL CRITIQUE ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION IS A DIRECT \TGR[? ( ! LIB]T>IAN ?\<T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

.<#a#i.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 CIT$ BY ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X1 P4 #b#c#c4 

.<#b.> ,PELL\TI]1 0,L',AN>*ISME40 

.<#b#a.> 0,QU'E/-CE QUE LA PROPRIETE80 ,! PHRASE 0PROP]TY IS !FT0 DISPLEAS$ ,M>X1 :O SAW 9 ITS USE A LOGICAL PROBLEM1 !FT PRESUPPOS+ ! LEGITIMATE EXI/5CE ( PROP]TY4 ,SEE ,AV9]I1 ,SOCIAL & ,POLITICAL ,?\<T ( ,M>X4 

.<#b#b.> ,CIT$ 9 ,BUB]'S ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA1 P4 #a#i4 

.<#b#c.> ,CIT$ 9 ,J4 ,HAMPD5 ,JACKSON1 ,M>X1 ,PR\DHON & ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLLI] ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#b#d.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#d#a71 P4 #b#d4 ,AV9]I OBS]VES ?AT ?IS & O!R COMM5TS ( ,M>X AB\T ! ,COMMUNE REF] PO9T$LY TO 9T5TIONS & PLANS4 ,AS ,M>X MADE PLA9 ELSE:]E1 HIS CONSID]$ ASSESSM5T WAS MORE CRITICAL ?AN 9 ?IS ADDRESS4 

.<#b#e.> ,= SOME BACKGR\ND1 SEE ,WALT] ,K5DALL1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA91 #a#i-#a#i#b#a 7,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NICOLSON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#b#f.> ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS3 ,L',OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE1 P4 #h4 

.<#b#g.> ,= DISCUSSION1 SEE ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 & ,MI*AEL ,KIDRON1 ,WE/]N ,CAPITALISM ,S9CE ! ,W> 7,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD @& ,NICOLSON1 #a#i#f#h74 ,SEE ALSO DISCUSSION & REF]5CES CIT$ 9 MY ,AT ,W> ) ,ASIA 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g71 *AP4 #a1 PP4 #b#c-#b#f4 

.<#b#h.> ,SEE ,HU< ,SCANLON1 ,! ,WAY ,=W>D = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 ,9/ITUTE = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ,PAMPHLET ,S]IES1 NO4 #a 7,NOTT+HAM1 ,5GL&1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#b#i.> ,GU]91 ,NI ,DIEU1 NI ,MAITRE1 9TRODUCTION4 

.<#c.> ,IBID4 

.<#c#a.> ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM FROM ,M>X TO ! ,FIR/ ,FIVE ,YE>S' ,PLAN1 TRANS4 ,IAN ,F4 ,MORR[ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#c#b.> ,M>X1 ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 PP4 #f#b-#f#c4 

.<#c#c.> ,CIT$ 9 ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #i#c-#i#d4 ,A REC5T RE=MULATION ( ?IS VIEW IS GIV5 BY ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ! ,DUT* SCI5TI/ & SPOKESMAN = LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 9 HIS ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 7,MELB\RNE1 #a#i#e71 PP4 #c#f-#c#g3  

 ,IT IS NOT = ! FIR/ TIME ?AT A RUL+ CLASS TRIES TO EXPLA91 & SO TO P]PETUATE1 ITS RULE AS ! CONSEQU5CES ( AN 9BORN DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TWO K9DS ( PEOPLE1 ONE DE/9$ BY NATURE TO RIDE1 ! O!R TO BE RIDD54 ,! L&[N+ >I/OCRACY ( =M] C5TURIES DEF5D$ !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITION BY BOA/+ !IR EXTRACTION FROM A NOBL] RACE ( CONQU]ORS ?AT HAD SUBDU$ ! L[] RACE ( COMMON PEOPLE4 ,BIG CAPITALI/S EXPLA9 !IR DOM9AT+ PLACE BY ! ASS]TION ?AT !Y HAVE BRA9S & O!R PEOPLE HAVE NONE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY N[ ESPECIALLY ! 9TELLECTUALS1 CONSID]+ !MSELVES ! RI<TFUL RUL]S ( TO-MORR[1 CLAIM !IR SPIRITUAL SUP]IORITY4 ,!Y =M ! RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ CLASS ( UNIV]SITY-TRA9$ (FICIALS & FREE PR(ESSIONS1 SPECIALIZ$ 9 M5TAL WORK1 9 /UDY ( BOOKS & ( SCI5CE1 & !Y CONSID] !MSELVES AS ! PEOPLE MO/ GIFT$ ) 9TELLECT4 ,H5CE !Y >E DE/9$ TO BE LEAD]S ( ! PRODUCTION1 :]EAS ! UNGIFT$ MASS %ALL EXECUTE ! MANUAL WORK1 = :I* NO BRA9S >E NE$$4 ,!Y >E NO DEF5D]S ( CAPITALISM2 NOT CAPITAL1 BUT 9TELLECT %\LD DIRECT LABOR4 ,! MORE SO1 S9CE N[ SOCIETY IS SU* A COMPLICAT$ /RUCTURE1 BAS$ ON AB/RACT & DIFFICULT SCI5CE1 ?AT ONLY ! HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL ACUM5 IS CAPABLE ( EMBRAC+1 GRASP+ & H&L+ IT4 ,%\LD ! WORK+ MASSES1 FROM LACK ( 9SI<T1 FAIL TO ACKN[L$GE ?IS NE$ ( SUP]IOR 9TELLECTUAL LEAD1 %\LD !Y /UPIDLY TRY TO TAKE ! DIRECTION 9TO !IR [N H&S1 *AOS & RU9 WILL BE ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE4 

.<#c#d.> ,SEE ,DANIEL ,BELL1 0,NOTES ON ! ,PO/-,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY3 ,P>T ,I10 ,PUBLIC ,9T]E/1 NO4 #f 7#a#i#f#g71 PP4 #b#d-#c#e4 ,ALB]T ,P>RY HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT !RE >E IMPORTANT SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! EM]G5CE ( A SCI5TIFIC ELITE 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 !IR GR[+ ROLE 9 DECISION MAK+1 CIT+ ,BELL'S !SIS 9 SUPPORT4 ,SEE ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,M>* #b#g1 #a#i#f#f1 REPORT+ ON ! ,MIDWE/ ,SLAVIC ,CONF]5CE4 

.<#c#e.> ,LETT] TO ,H]Z5 & ,OG>EFF1 #a#h#f#f1 CIT$ 9 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISM LIB]TOIRE 7,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,M>CEL ,RIVI]E1 #a#i#e#i71 P4 #a#a#i4 

.<#c#f.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TRANS4 ,B]TRAM ,D4 ,WOLFE 7,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #g#a4 

.<#c#g.> ,LUXEMBURG1 CIT$ BY ,GU]91 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE1 PP4 #a#f-#g4 

.<#c#h.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMB]G1 ,L59ISM OR ,M>XISM1 9 ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#b4 

.<#c#i.> ,= A V]Y 5LI<T5+ /UDY ( ?IS MATT]1 EMPHASIZ+ DOME/IC ISSUES1 SEE ,MI*AEL ,PAUL ,ROG91 ,! ,9TELLECTUALS & ,MC,C>?Y3 ,! ,RADICAL ,SPECT] 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g74 

.<#d.> ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON1 ,! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#i 7,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#d#a.> ,RESPECTIVELY1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,PRIME ,M9I/] FROM ,MAY UNTIL ! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION1 & MEMB] ( ! CONS]VATIVE W+ ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT SELECT$ BY ,AZANA TO TRY TO SET UP A COMPROMISE GOV]NM5T AFT] ! 9SURRECTION4 

.<#d#b.> ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ,D\GLAS ,PIKE'S V]Y HO/ILE ACC\NT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT1 CIT$ E>LI]1 EMPHASIZES ! POPUL> & VOLUNT>Y ELEM5T 9 ITS /RIK+ ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESSES4 ,:AT HE DESCRIBES1 :E!R ACCURATELY OR NOT ONE CANNOT TELL1 IS A /RUCTURE ( 9T]LOCK+ SELF-HELP ORGANIZATIONS1 LOOSELY COORD9AT$ & DEVELOP$ ?R\< P]SUASION RA!R ?AN =CE--9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 ( A *>ACT] ?AT W\LD HAVE APPEAL$ TO AN>*I/ ?9K]S4 ,?OSE :O SPEAK SO FREELY ( ! 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,VIETCONG0 MAY BE CORRECT1 BUT !Y HAVE PRES5T$ LITTLE EVID5CE TO SUPPORT !IR JUDGM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT ,PIKE REG>DS ! ELEM5T ( VOLUNT>Y MASS P>TICIPATION 9 SELF-HELP ASSOCIATIONS AS ! MO/ DANG]\S & 9SIDI\S FEATURE ( ! ,N,L,F ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE4  

 ,ALSO RELEVANT IS ! HI/ORY ( COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,*9A1 :I*1 AS COMP>$ ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 %[S A MU* HI<] RELIANCE ON P]SUASION & MUTUAL AID ?AN ON =CE & T]ROR1 & APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 MORE SUCCESSFUL4 ,SEE ,?OMAS ,P4 ,B]N/E91 0,LEAD]%IP & ,MASS ,MOBILIZATION 9 ! ,SOVIET & ,*9ESE ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,CAMPAIGNS ( #a#i#b#i-#c & #a#i#e#e-#e#f3 ,A ,COMP>ISON10 ,*9A ,QU>T]LY1 NO4 #ca 7,JULY-,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #a-#d#g1 = SOME 9T]E/+ & SUGGE/IVE COMM5TS & ANALYSIS4  

 ,! SCALE ( ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION IS SO GREAT & REPORTS 9 DEP? >E SO FRAGM5T>Y ?AT IT W\LD NO D\BT BE FOOLH>DY TO ATTEMPT A G5]AL EVALUATION4 ,/ILL1 ALL ! REPORTS ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO /UDY SUGGE/ ?AT 9S(> AS REAL SUCCESSES W]E A*IEV$ 9 ! SEV]AL /AGES ( L& RE=M1 MUTUAL AID1 COLLECTIVIZATION1 & =MATION ( COMMUNES1 !Y W]E TRACEABLE 9 L>GE P>T TO ! COMPLEX 9T]ACTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY CADRES & ! GRADUALLY EVOLV+ PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS1 A RELATION :I* SEEMS TO /RAY F> FROM ! ,L59I/ MODEL ( ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY EVID5T 9 ,WILLIAM ,H9TON'S MAGNIFIC5T /UDY ,FAN%5 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f71 :I* IS UNP>ALLEL$1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 AS AN ANALYSIS ( A MOM5T ( PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,:AT SEEMS TO ME P>TICUL>LY /RIK+ 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! E>LY /AGES ( REVOLUTION 9 ONE ,*9ESE VILLAGE IS NOT ONLY ! EXT5T TO :I* P>TY CADRES SUBMITT$ !MSELVES TO POPUL> CONTROL1 BUT ALSO1 & MORE SIGNIFICANT1 ! WAYS 9 :I* EX]CISE ( CONTROL OV] /EPS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS A FACTOR 9 DEVELOP+ ! CONSCI\SNESS & 9SI<T ( ?OSE :O TOOK P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION1 NOT ONLY FROM A POLITICAL & SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT ALSO ) RESPECT TO ! HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT W]E CREAT$4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 TO NOTE ! /RONG POPULI/ ELEM5T 9 E>LY ,*9ESE ,M>XISM4 ,= SOME V]Y ILLUM9AT+ OBS]VATIONS AB\T ?IS G5]AL MATT]1 SEE ,MAURICE ,MEISN]1 ,LI ,TA-*AO & ! ,ORIG9S ( ,*9ESE ,M>XISM 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g74  

 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9--) ITS BACKGR\ND ( MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S ( $UCATION & /RUGGLE--IS BE+ RELIV$ 9 ,ASIA1 BUT RA!R ?AT ! SPONTANE\S & VOLUNT>Y ELEM5TS 9 POPUL> MASS MOVEM5TS HAVE PROBABLY BE5 S]I\SLY MISUND]/OOD BECAUSE ( ! 9/9CTIVE ANTIPA?Y T[>DS SU* PH5OM5A AMONG 9TELLECTUALS1 & MORE REC5TLY1 BECAUSE ( ! 9SI/5CE ON 9T]PRET+ !M 9 T]MS ( ,COLD ,W> MY?OLOGY4 

.<#d#c.> ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM1 0,! ,SPANI% ,BACKGR\ND10 ,NEW ,LEFT ,REVIEW1 NO4 #d 7,NOVEMB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#f#f71 PP4 #h#e-#i4 

.<#d#d.> ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 ,LA ,C4,N4,T4 5 LA REVOLUCION ESPANOLA1 #c VOLS4 7,T\L\SE3 ,$ICIONES ,C4,N4,T41 #a#i#e#a-#e#b74 ,JACKSON MAKES ONE PASS+ REF]5CE TO IT4 ,PEIRATS HAS S9CE PUBLI%$ A G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! P]IOD1 ,LOS AN>QUI/AS 5 LA CRISIS POLITICA ESPANOLA 7,BU5OS ,AIRES3 ,$ITORIAL ,ALFA-,>G5T9A1 #a#i#f#d74 ,?IS HI<LY 9=MATIVE BOOK %\LD C]TA9LY BE MADE AVAILABLE TO AN ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ AUDI5CE4 

.<#d#e.> ,AN EXCEPTION TO ! RA!R G5]AL FAILURE TO DEAL ) ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION IS ,HU< ,?OMAS'S 0,AN>*I/ ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 9 ,A ,C5TURY ( ,CONFLICT1 #a#h#e-#a#i#e3 ,ESSAYS = ,A4,J4,P4 ,TAYLOR1 $4 ,M>T9 ,GILB]T 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,A!NEUM ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #b#d#e-#f#c4 ,SEE NOTE #f BEL[ = SOME DISCUSSION4 ,!RE IS ALSO MU* USEFUL 9=MATION 9 :AT TO MY M9D IS ! BE/ G5]AL HI/ORY ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 BY ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME 7,P>IS3 ,LES ,$ITIONS DE ,M9UIT1 #a#i#f#a74 ,A CONCISE & 9=MATIVE REC5T ACC\NT IS CONTA9$ 9 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,L',AN>*ISME 7,P>IS3 ,GALLIM>D1 #a#i#f#e74 ,9 HIS EXT5SIVE /UDY1 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#a2 PAP]BACK $41 #a#i#f#c71 ,HU< ,?OMAS B>ELY REF]S TO ! POPUL> REVOLUTION1 & SOME ( ! MAJOR EV5TS >E NOT M5TION$ AT ALL--SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 NOTE #ea BEL[4 

.<#d#f.> ,COLLECTIVIZATIONS3 L'OEUVRE CON/RUCTIVE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ESPAGNOLE1 #bND $4 7,T\L\SE3 ,$ITIONS ,C4,N4,T41 #a#i#f#e74 ,! FIR/ $ITION WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA 7,$ITIONS ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I41 #a#i#c#g74 ,!RE IS AN EXCELL5T & SYMPA!TIC SUMM>Y BY ! ,M>XI/ S*OL> ,K>L ,KORS*1 0,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA910 9 ,LIV+ ,M>XISM #d 7,APRIL #a#i#c#i71 PP4 #a#g#i-#h#b4 ,9 ! SAME ISSUE 7PP4 #a#g-#g#a71 ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ REACTION TO ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS SUMM>IZ$ SUCC9CTLY1 & ,I BELIEVE ACCURATELY1 AS FOLL[S3 0,) !IR EMPTY *ATT] AS TO ! WOND]S ( ,BOL%EVIK DISCIPL9E1 ! G5IALITY ( ,CABALL]O1 & ! PASSIONS ( ! ,PASION>IA1 ! 'MOD]N LIB]ALS' M]ELY COV]$ UP !IR REAL DESIRE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 & !IR PREP>ATION = ! POSSIBLE W> OV] ! ,SPANI% ISSUE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( !IR DIV]SE FA!RL&S 444 :AT WAS TRULY REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> RESULT$ FROM ! DIRECT ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S & PAUP]IZ$ PEASANTS1 & NOT BECAUSE ( A SPECIFIC =M ( LABOR ORGANIZATION NOR AN ESPECIALLY GIFT$ LEAD]%IP40 ,I ?9K ?AT ! RECORD BE>S \T ?IS ANALYSIS1 & ,I ALSO ?9K ?AT IT IS ?IS FACT ?AT ACC\NTS = ! DI/A/E = ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ITS NEGLECT 9 HI/ORICAL S*OL>%IP4 

.<#d#g.> ,AN ILLUM9AT+ EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( ?IS P]IOD IS ?AT ( ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 ,! ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT 7#a#i#c#h2 REPR9T$ ,ANN ,>BOR3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#d#h.> ,FIGURES FROM ,GU]91 ,L',AN>*ISME1 P4 #a#e#d4 

.<#d#i.> ,A USEFUL ACC\NT ( ?IS P]IOD IS GIV5 BY ,FELIX ,MORR[1 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#h2 REPR9T$ ,LONDON3 ,NEW ,P>K ,PUBLICATIONS1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#e.> ,CIT$ BY ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 9 HIS 0,LETTRE \V]TE A LA CAM>ADE ,FR$]ICA .<SIC.> ,MONTS5Y10 ,GU]RE DE CLASSES 5 ,ESPAGNE 7,P>IS1 #a#i#d#f71 A COLLECTION ( ITEMS TRANSLAT$ FROM HIS J\RNAL ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE4 ,B]N]I WAS ! \T/&+ AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUAL 9 ,SPA94 ,HE OPPOS$ ! POLICY ( JO9+ ! GOV]NM5T & >GU$ = AN ALT]NATIVE1 MORE TYPICALLY AN>*I/ /RATEGY TO :I* ,I WILL RETURN BEL[4 ,HIS [N VIEW T[>DS JO9+ ! GOV]NM5T WAS /AT$ SUCC9CTLY BY A ,CATALAN WORK] :OM HE QUOTES1 ) REF]5CE TO ! ,REPUBLIC ( #a#i#c#a3 0,IT IS ALWAYS ! OLD DOG ) A NEW COLL>40 ,EV5TS W]E TO PROVE ! ACCURACY ( ?IS ANALYSIS4  

 ,B]N]I HAD BE5 A LEAD+ SPOKESMAN ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM4 ,HE LEFT ,ITALY AFT] ,MUSSOL9I'S RISE TO P[]1 & CAME TO ,B>CELONA ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,HE =M$ ! FIR/ ,ITALIAN UNITS = ! ANTIFASCI/ W>1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 7,! ,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA9 .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,/IMME1 #a#i#c#g.>1 P4 #d#d74 ,HE WAS MURD]$1 ALONG ) HIS OLD] COMRADE ,B>BI]I1 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 7,>RE/$ ON ,MAY #e BY ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ POLICE1 HE WAS %OT DUR+ ! FOLL[+ NI<T47 ,HU< ,?OMAS1 9 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#b#h1 SUGGE/S ?AT 0! ASSASS9S MAY HAVE BE5 ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/S0 RA!R ?AN ! POLICE4 ,?OMAS'S BOOK1 :I* IS L>GELY DEVOT$ TO MILIT>Y HI/ORY1 M5TIONS ,B]N]I'S MURD] BUT MAKES NO O!R REF]5CE TO HIS IDEAS OR ROLE4  

 ,B]N]I'S NAME DOES NOT APPE> 9 ,JACKSON'S HI/ORY4 

.<#e#a.> ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,CONSPIRACY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FR$]ICK ,A4 ,PRAEG]1 ,9C41 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #h#f4 ,?IS BOOK1 BY A ,U,P CORRESPOND5T 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 CONTA9S A GREAT DEAL ( IMPORTANT DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE BE>+ ON ! QUE/IONS CONSID]$ H]E4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! WEAL?Y F>M]S ( ?IS >EA1 MO/ ( !M =M] SUPPORT]S ( ! RI<T-W+ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAD N[ DISAPPE>$1 IS WELL DESCRIB$ BY ! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION1 ,JULIO ,MATEU3 0,SU* IS ! SYMPA?Y = US .<?AT IS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY.> 9 ! ,VAL5CIA C\NTRYSIDE ?AT HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( F>M]S W\LD JO9 \R P>TY IF WE W]E TO LET !M4 ,!SE F>M]S 444 LOVE \R P>TY LIKE A SACR$ ?+ 444 !Y .<SAY.> ',! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS \R P>TY4' ,COMRADES1 :AT EMOTION ! PEASANTS DISPLAY :5 !Y UTT] !SE WORDS0 7CIT$ 9 IBID41 P4 #h#f74 ,!RE IS SOME 9T]E/+ SPECULATION AB\T ! BACKGR\NDS = ! WRIT+ ( ?IS V]Y IMPORTANT BOOK 9 ,H4,R4 ,S\?WOR?1 ,LE MY! DE LA CROISADE DE ,FRANCO 7,P>IS3 ,RU$O ,IB]ICO1 #a#i#f#d2 ,SPANI% $ITION1 SAME PUBLI%]1 #a#i#f#c74  

 ,! ,COMMUNI/ HEADQU>T]S 9 ,VAL5CIA HAD ON ! WALL TWO PO/]S3 0,RESPECT ! PROP]TY ( ! SMALL PEASANT0 & 0,RESPECT ! PROP]TY ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIALI/0 7,BORK5AU1 ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT1 P4 #a#a#g74 ,ACTUALLY1 IT WAS ! RI* F>M] AS WELL :O S\<T PROTECTION FROM ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :OM ,BORK5AU DESCRIBES AS CON/ITUT+ ! EXTREME RI<T W+ ( ! ,REPUBLICAN =CES4 ,BY E>LY #a#i#c#g1 ACCORD+ TO ,BORK5AU1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS 0TO A L>GE EXT5T 444 ! P>TY ( ! MILIT>Y & ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL1 9 ! SECOND PLACE ! P>TY ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & C]TA9 WELL-TO-DO PEASANT GR\PS1 9 ! ?IRD PLACE ! P>TY ( ! EMPLOYES1 & ONLY 9 ! F\R? PLACE ! P>TY ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S0 7P4 #a#i#b74 ,! P>TY ALSO ATTRACT$ MANY POLICE & >MY (FIC]S4 ,! POLICE *IEF 9 ,MADRID & ! *IEF ( 9TELLIG5CE1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E P>TY MEMB]S4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 9SIGNIFICANT BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 0GAVE ! URBAN & RURAL MIDDLE CLASSES A P[]FUL ACCESS ( LIFE & VIGOR0 AS IT DEF5D$ !M FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 7,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #h#f74 ,G]ALD ,BR5AN DESCRIBES ! SITUATION AS FOLL[S1 9 ,! ,SPANI% ,LABYR9? 7#a#i#d#c2 REPR9T$ ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f71 P4 #c#b#e3  

 ,UNABLE TO DRAW TO !MSELVES ! MANUAL WORK]S1 :O REMA9$ FIRMLY FIX$ 9 !IR UNIONS1 ! ,COMMUNI/S F\ND !MSELVES ! REFUGE = ALL ?OSE :O HAD SUFF]$ FROM ! EXCESSES ( ! ,REVOLUTION OR :O FE>$ :]E IT MI<T LEAD !M4 ,WELL-TO-DO ,CA?OLIC ORANGE-GR[]S 9 ,VAL5CIA1 PEASANTS 9 ,CATALONIA1 SMALL %OPKEEP]S & BUS9ESS M51 ,>MY (FIC]S & ,GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 5ROLL$ 9 !IR RANKS4444 ,?US .<9 ,CATALONIA.> ONE HAD A /RANGE & NOVEL SITUATION3 ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! HUGE COMPACT PROLET>IAT ( ,B>CELONA ) ITS LONG REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 & ON ! O!R ! :ITE-COLL> WORK]S & PETITE B\RGEOISIE ( ! CITY1 ORGANIZ$ & >M$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY AGA9/ IT4  

 ,ACTUALLY1 ! SITUATION ?AT ,BR5AN DESCRIBES IS NOT AS /RANGE A ONE AS HE SUGGE/S4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ,BOL%EVIK ELITISM ?AT ! 0,R$ BUREAUCRACY0 %\LD ACT AS A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CE EXCEPT UND] ! CONDITIONS :]E ITS PRES5T OR FUTURE REPRES5TATIVES >E ATTEMPT+ TO SEIZE P[] = !MSELVES1 9 ! NAME ( ! MASSES :OM !Y PRET5D TO REPRES5T4 

.<#e#b.> ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #a#h#i4 ,! LEGALIZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ALREADY UND]TAK5 & COMPLET$ RECALLS ! BEHAVIOR ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D0 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,CF4 ,>?UR ,ROS5B]G1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM 7#a#i#c#b2 REPUBLI%$ 9 TRANSLATION FROM ! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#f#e71 *AP4 #f4 ,HE DESCRIBES H[ ! EXPROPRIATIONS1 0ACCOMPLI%$ AS ! RESULT ( SPONTANE\S ACTION ON ! P>T ( WORK]S & AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS10 W]E RELUCTANTLY LEGALIZ$ BY ,L59 MON?S LAT] & !N PLAC$ UND] C5TRAL P>TY CONTROL4 ,ON ! RELATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ! AN>*I/S 9 PO/REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 9T]PRET$ FROM A PRO-AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 SEE ,GU]91 ,L',AN>*ISME1 PP4 #i#f-#a#b#e4 ,SEE ALSO ,AVRI*1 ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 ,P>T ,I,I1 PP4 #a#b#c-#b#e#d4 

.<#e#c.> ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #a#i#a4 

.<#e#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#i#d4 

.<#e#e.> ,= SOME DETAILS1 SEE ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#c71 PP4 #h#c-#h#h4 

.<#e#f.> ,= A MOV+ EYEWITNESS ACC\NT1 SEE ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA 7#a#i#c#h2 REPR9T$ ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE @& ,WORLD1 #a#i#e#b1 & ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#e2 QUOTATIONS 9 ?IS BOOK FROM ,BEACON ,PRESS $ITION74 ,?IS BRILLIANT BOOK RECEIV$ LITTLE NOTICE AT ! TIME ( ITS FIR/ PUBLICATION1 NO D\BT BECAUSE ! PICTURE ,ORWELL DREW WAS 9 %>P CONFLICT ) E/ABLI%$ LIB]AL DOGMA4 ,! ATT5TION ?AT IT HAS RECEIV$ AS A COLD-W> DOCUM5T S9CE ITS REPUBLICATION 9 #aieb W\LD1 ,I SUSPECT1 HAVE BE5 ( LITTLE COM=T TO ! AU?OR4 

.<#e#g.> ,CIT$ BY ,ROCK]1 ,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #b#h4 

.<#e#h.> ,SEE IBID4 = A BRIEF REVIEW4 ,IT WAS A GREAT ANNOYANCE TO ,HITL] ?AT !SE 9T]E/S W]E1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 PROTECT$ BY ,FRANCO4 

.<#e#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #c#e4 

.<#f.> ,BR5AN1 ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?1 PP4 #c#b#dF4 

.<#f#a.> ,BORK5AU1 ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT1 PP4 #b#h#i-#i#b4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ! ESS5TIAL ACCURACY ( ,BORK5AU'S ACC\NT ?AT ,I ?9K ,HOBSBAWM 70,SPANI% ,BACKGR\ND07 IS QUITE MI/AK5 9 BELIEV+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY 0WAS UND\BT$LY ! ONLY ONE :I* C\LD HAVE WON ! ,CIVIL ,W>40 ,9 FACT1 ! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY WAS B\ND TO FAIL1 BECAUSE IT WAS PR$ICAT$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES W\LD JO9 ! ANTIFASCI/ EF=T IF ONLY ,SPA9 C\LD BE PRES]V$ AS1 9 EFFECT1 A ,WE/]N COLONY4 ,ONCE ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S SAW ! FUTILITY ( ?IS HOPE1 !Y AB&ON$ ! /RUGGLE1 :I* WAS NOT 9 !IR EYES AN EF=T TO W9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 BUT ONLY TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY4 ,I ALSO DISAGREE ) ,HOBSBAWM'S ANALYSIS ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 CIT$ E>LI]1 = REASONS ?AT >E IMPLICIT 9 ?IS 5TIRE DISCUSSION4 

.<#f#b.> ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 PP4 #a#d#c-#d#d4 

.<#f#c.> ,CIT$ BY ,ROS5B]G1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM1 PP4 #a#f#h-#f#i4 

.<#f#d.> ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #h#d4 

.<#f#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #h#e4 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ! 0SMALL F>M]0 9CLUD$ ! PROSP]\S ORANGE GR[]S1 ETC4 7SEE NOTE #e#a74 

.<#f#f.> ,BR5AN1 ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?1 P4 #c#b#a4 

.<#f#g.> ,CORRESPOND5CE FROM ,COMPANYS TO ,PRIETO1 #a#i#c#i4 ,:ILE ,COMPANYS1 AS A ,CATALONIAN ) SEP>ATI/ IMPULSES1 W\LD NATURALLY BE 9CL9$ TO DEF5D ,CATALONIAN A*IEVEM5TS1 HE WAS SURELY NOT SYMPA!TIC TO COLLECTIVIZATION1 DESPITE HIS COOP]ATIVE ATTITUDE DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! AN>*I/S1 ) REAL P[] 9 !IR H&S1 P]MITT$ HIM TO RETA9 NOM9AL AU?ORITY4 ,I KN[ ( NO ATTEMPT TO *ALL5GE ! ACCURACY ( HIS ASSESSM5T4 ,MORR[ 7,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 P4 #g#g7 QUOTES ! ,CATALONIAN ,PREMI]1 ! 5TREPR5EUR ,JUAN ,T>RADELLAS1 AS DEF5D+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ W> 9DU/RIES AGA9/ A ,COMMUNI/ 7,P,S,U,C7 ATTACK1 :I* HE T]M$ ! 0MO/ >BITR>Y FALSEHOODS40 ,!RE >E MANY O!R REPORTS COMM5T+ ON ! FUNCTION+ ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES BY NONAN>*I/ FIR/H& OBS]V]S1 ?AT T5D TO SUPPORT ,COMPANYS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,SWISS SOCIALI/ ,&RES ,OLTM>ES IS QUOT$ BY ,ROCK] 7,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #b#d7 AS SAY+ ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION ! ,CATALONIAN WORK]S' SYNDICATES 09 SEV5 WEEKS ACCOMPLI%$ FULLY AS MU* AS ,FRANCE DID 9 F\RTE5 MON?S AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W>40 ,CONT9U+1 HE SAYS3  

 0,9 ! MID/ ( ! CIVIL W> ! ,AN>*I/S HAVE PROV$ !MSELVES TO BE POLITICAL ORGANIZ]S ( ! FIR/ RANK4 ,!Y K9DL$ 9 EV]YONE ! REQUIR$ S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 & KNEW H[ BY ELOQU5T APPEALS TO KEEP ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE = ! G5]AL WELF>E ( ! PEOPLE4  

 0,AS A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,I SPEAK H]E ) 9N] JOY & S9C]E ADMIRATION ( MY EXP]I5CE 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ANTI-CAPITALI/ TRANS=MATION TOOK PLACE H]E )\T !IR HAV+ TO RESORT TO A DICTATOR%IP4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! SYNDICATES >E !IR [N MA/]S1 & C>RY ON PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR UND] !IR [N MANAGEM5T ) ! ADVICE ( TE*NICAL EXP]TS 9 :OM !Y HAVE CONFID5CE4 ,! 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S IS SO GREAT ?AT !Y SCORN ANY P]SONAL ADVANTAGE & >E CONC]N$ ONLY = ! WELF>E ( ALL40  

 ,EV5 ,BORK5AU CONCLUDES1 RA!R GRUDG+LY1 ?AT 9DU/RY WAS FUNCTION+ FAIRLY WELL1 AS F> AS HE C\LD SEE4 ,! MATT] DES]VES A S]I\S /UDY4 

.<#f#h.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #d#f-#d#g4 

.<#f#i.> ,! QUOT$ TE/IMONY IS FROM ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#c#g2 PRESUMABLY1 ! REF]5CE IS TO ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 

.<#g.> ,IBID4 ,RI*>DS SUGGE/S ?AT ! REFUSAL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TO SUPPORT ! ,>AGON FRONT MAY HAVE BE5 MOTIVAT$ 9 P>T BY ! G5]AL POLICY ( C\NT]REVOLUTION4 0,?IS FRONT1 L>GELY MANN$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I41 WAS CONSID]$ ( GREAT /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE BY ! AN>*I/S1 HAV+ AS ITS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ! L9K+ ( ,CATALONIA ) ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY & ,A/URIAS1 I4E41 A L9K+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL REGION .<( ,CATALONIA.> ) AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS40 ,AGA91 IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO UND]TAKE A DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION ( ?IS TOPIC4  

 ,?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S )HELD >MS FROM ! ,>AGON FRONT SEEMS E/ABLI%$ BEYOND QUE/ION1 & IT CAN H>DLY BE D\BT$ ?AT ! MOTIVATION WAS POLITICAL4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,D4,T4 ,CATTELL1 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#e#e2 REPR9T$ ,NEW ,YORK3 ,RUSSELL @& ,RUSSELL1 #a#i#f#e71 P4 #a#a4 ,CATTELL1 :O 9 G5]AL B5DS OV] BACKW>DS TO TRY TO JU/IFY ! BEHAVIOR ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 CONCLUDES ?AT 9 ?IS CASE !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! REFUSAL ( AID WAS POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$4 ,BR5AN TAKES ! SAME VIEW1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S 0KEPT ! ,>AGON FRONT )\T >MS TO SPITE ! ,AN>*I/S40 ,! ,COMMUNI/S RESORT$ TO SOME ( ! MO/ GROTESQUE SL&]S TO EXPLA9 ! LACK ( >MS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT2 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,DAILY ,WORK] ATTRIBUT$ ! >MS %ORTAGE TO ! FACT ?AT 0! ,TROTSKYI/ ,G5]AL ,KOPP HAD BE5 C>T+ 5ORM\S SUPPLIES ( >MS & AMMUNITION ACROSS NO-MAN'S L& TO ! FASCI/S0 7CIT$ BY ,MORR[1 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 P4 #a#d#e74 ,AS ,MORR[ PO9TS \T1 ,GEORGE ,KOPP IS A P>TICUL>LY BAD *OICE AS A T>GET = SU* ACCUSATIONS4 ,HIS RECORD IS WELL KN[N1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM ! ACC\NT GIV5 BY ,ORWELL1 :O S]V$ UND] HIS COMM& 7SEE ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 PP4 #b#iF74 ,ORWELL WAS ALSO ABLE TO REFUTE1 FROM FIR/H& OBS]VATION1 MANY ( ! O!R ABSURDITIES ?AT W]E APPE>+ 9 ! LIB]AL PRESS AB\T ! ,>AGON FRONT1 = EXAMPLE1 ! /ATEM5T BY ,RALPH ,BATES 9 ! ,NEW ,REPUBLIC ?AT ! ,P,\,M TROOPS W]E 0PLAY+ FOOTBALL ) ! ,FASCI/S 9 NO MAN'S L&40 ,AT ?AT MOM5T1 AS ,ORWELL OBS]VES1 0! ,P4,O4,U4,M4 TROOPS W]E SUFF]+ HEAVY CASUALTIES & A NUMB] ( MY P]SONAL FRI5DS W]E KILL$ & W\ND$40 

.<#g#a.> ,CIT$ 9 ,LIV+ ,M>XISM1 P4 #a#g#b4 

.<#g#b.> ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #d#i1 COMM5TS ON ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! DAIRY TRADE 9 ,B>CELONA1 AS FOLL[S3 0,! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ELIM9AT$ AS UNHYGI5IC OV] =TY PA/EURIZ+ PLANTS1 PA/EURIZ$ ALL ! MILK 9 ! REMA9+ N9E1 & PROCE$$ TO DISPLACE ALL DEAL]S BY E/ABLI%+ !IR [N DAIRIES4 ,MANY ( ! RETAIL]S 5T]$ ! COLLECTIVE1 BUT SOME REFUS$ TO DO SO3 ',!Y ASK$ = A MU* HI<] WAGE ?AN ?AT PAID TO ! WORK]S 4441 CLAIM+ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT MANAGE ON ! ONE ALLOTT$ TO !M' .<,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#i#c#g--! NEWSPAP] ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S.>40 ,HIS 9=MATION IS PRIM>ILY FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES1 :I* HE USES MU* MORE EXT5SIVELY ?AN ANY HI/ORIAN O!R ?AN ,PEIRATS4 ,HE DOES NOT PRES5T ANY EVALUATION ( !SE S\RCES1 :I*--LIKE ALL O!RS--MU/ BE US$ CRITICALLY4 

.<#g#c.> ,MORR[1 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 P4 #a#c#f4 

.<#g#d.> ,BORK5AU1 ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT1 P4 #a#h#b4 

.<#g#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#h#c4 

.<#g#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#h#d4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BORK5AU1 0IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R ,COMOR]A IS P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ?IS SC>CITY2 IT MI<T HAVE >IS5 ANYWAY1 9 PACE ) ! CONSUMPTION ( ! H>VE/40 ,?IS SPECULATION MAY OR MAY NOT BE CORRECT4 ,LIKE ,BORK5AU1 WE CAN ONLY SPECULATE AS TO :E!R ! VILLAGE & WORK]S' COMMITTEES W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONT9UE TO PROVISION ,B>CELONA1 ) OR )\T C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! POLICY ( 0AB/RACT LIB]ALISM10 :I* WAS ( A PIECE ) ! G5]AL ,COMMUNI/-DIRECT$ ATTEMPTS TO DE/ROY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & ! /RUCTURES DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 

.<#g#g.> ,ORWELL HAD JU/ RETURN$ FROM ! ,>AGON FRONT1 :]E HE HAD BE5 S]V+ ) ! ,P,\,M MILITIA 9 AN >EA HEAVILY DOM9AT$ BY LEFT-W+ 7,P,\,M & AN>*I/7 TROOPS4 

.<#g#h.> ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 PP4 #a#i-#a#a4 ,ORWELL'S DESCRIPTION ( ,B>CELONA 9 ,DECEMB] 7PP4 #d-#e71 :5 HE >RIV$ = ! FIR/ TIME1 DES]VES MORE EXT5SIVE QUOTATION3  

 0,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ,I HAD EV] BE5 9 A T[N :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ! SADDLE4 ,PRACTICALLY EV]Y BUILD+ ( ANY SIZE HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S & WAS DRAP$ ) R$ FLAGS OR ) ! R$ & BLACK FLAG ( ! ,AN>*I/S2 EV]Y WALL WAS SCRAWL$ ) ! HAMM] & SICKLE & ) ! 9ITIALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES2 ALMO/ EV]Y *UR* HAD BE5 GUTT$ & ITS IMAGES BURNT4 ,*UR*ES H]E & !RE W]E BE+ SY/EMATICALLY DEMOLI%$ BY GANGS ( WORKM54 ,EV]Y %OP & CAFE HAD AN 9SCRIPTION SAY+ ?AT IT HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$2 EV5 ! BOOTBLACKS HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ & !IR BOXES PA9T$ R$ & BLACK4 ,WALT]S & %OP-WALK]S LOOK$ Y\ 9 ! FACE & TREAT$ Y\ AS AN EQUAL4 ,S]VILE & EV5 C]EMONIAL =MS ( SPEE* HAD TEMPOR>ILY DISAPPE>$4 ,NOBODY SAID 0,S5OR0 OR 0,DON0 OR EV5 0,U/$02 EV]YONE CALL$ EV]YONE ELSE 0,COMRADE0 & 0,?\10 & SAID 0,SALUD60 9/EAD ( 0,BU5OS DIAS40 ,TIPP+ HAD BE5 =BIDD5 BY LAW S9CE ! TIME ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A2 ALMO/ MY FIR/ EXP]I5CE WAS RECEIV+ A LECTURE FROM AN HOTEL MANAG] = TRY+ TO TIP A LIFT-BOY4 ,!RE W]E NO PRIVATE MOTOR C>S1 !Y HAD ALL BE5 COMM&E]$1 & ALL ! TRAMS & TAXIS & MU* ( ! O!R TRANSPORT W]E PA9T$ R$ & BLACK4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PO/]S W]E EV]Y:]E1 FLAM+ FROM ! WALLS 9 CLEAN R$S & BLUES ?AT MADE ! FEW REMA9+ ADV]TISEM5TS LOOK LIKE DAUBS ( MUD4 ,D[N ! ,RAMBLAS1 ! WIDE C5TRAL >T]Y ( ! T[N :]E CR[DS ( PEOPLE /REAM$ CON/ANTLY TO & FRO1 ! L\D-SPEAK]S W]E BELL[+ REVOLUTION>Y SONGS ALL DAY & F> 9TO ! NI<T4 ,& IT WAS ! ASPECT ( ! CR[DS ?AT WAS ! QUE]E/ ?+ ( ALL4 ,9 \TW>D APPE>ANCE IT WAS A T[N 9 :I* ! WEAL?Y CLASSES HAD PRACTICALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,EXCEPT = A SMALL NUMB] ( WOM5 & =EIGN]S !RE W]E NO 0WELL-DRESS$0 PEOPLE AT ALL4 ,PRACTICALLY EV]YONE WORE R\< WORK+-CLASS CLO!S1 OR BLUE OV]ALLS OR SOME V>IANT ( ! MILITIA UNI=M4 ,ALL ?IS WAS QUE] & MOV+4 ,!RE WAS MU* 9 IT ?AT ,I DID NOT UND]/&1 9 SOME WAYS ,I DID NOT EV5 LIKE IT1 BUT ,I RECOGNIZ$ IT IMM$IATELY AS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS WOR? FI<T+ =4 ,ALSO ,I BELIEV$ ?AT ?+S W]E AS !Y APPE>$1 ?AT ?IS WAS REALLY A WORK]S' ,/ATE & ?AT ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE HAD EI!R FL$1 BE5 KILL$1 OR VOLUNT>ILY COME OV] TO ! WORK]S' SIDE2 ,I DID NOT REALIZE ?AT GREAT NUMB]S ( WELL-TO-DO B\RGEOIS W]E SIMPLY LY+ L[ & DISGUIS+ !MSELVES AS PROLET>IANS = ! TIME BE+ 444  

 0444 WAIT+ = ?AT HAPPY DAY :5 ,COMMUNI/ P[] W\LD RE9TRODUCE ! OLD /ATE ( SOCIETY & DE/ROY POPUL> 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! W>40  

 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION WAS /ILL AS DESCRIB$ 9 ! FOLL[+ REM>KS 7P4 #f73  

 0,YET SO F> AS ONE CAN JUDGE ! PEOPLE W]E CONT5T$ & HOPEFUL4 ,!RE WAS NO UNEMPLOYM5T1 & ! PRICE ( LIV+ WAS /ILL EXTREMELY L[2 Y\ SAW V]Y FEW CONSPICU\SLY DE/ITUTE PEOPLE1 & NO BEGG>S EXCEPT ! GYPSIES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !RE WAS A BELIEF 9 ! REVOLUTION & ! FUTURE1 A FEEL+ ( HAV+ SUDD5LY EM]G$ 9TO AN ]A ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,HUMAN BE+S W]E TRY+ TO BEHAVE AS HUMAN BE+S & NOT AS COGS 9 ! CAPITALI/ MA*9E4 ,9 ! B>B]S' %OPS W]E ,AN>*I/ NOTICES 7! B>B]S W]E MO/LY ,AN>*I/S7 SOLEMNLY EXPLA9+ ?AT B>B]S W]E NO LONG] SLAVES4 ,9 ! /REETS W]E COLOR$ PO/]S APPEAL+ TO PRO/ITUTES TO /OP BE+ PRO/ITUTES4 ,TO ANYONE FROM ! H>D-BOIL$1 SNE]+ CIVILIZATION ( ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ RACES !RE WAS SOME?+ RA!R PA!TIC 9 ! LIT]ALNESS ) :I* !SE IDEALI/IC ,SPANI>DS TOOK ! HACKNEY$ PHRASES ( REVOLUTION4 ,AT ?AT TIME REVOLUTION>Y BALLADS ( ! NAIVE/ K9D1 ALL AB\T PROLET>IAN BRO!RHOOD & ! WICK$NESS ( ,MUSSOL9I1 W]E BE+ SOLD ON ! /REETS = A FEW C5TIMES EA*4 ,I HAVE (T5 SE5 AN ILLIT]ATE MILITIAMAN BUY ONE ( !SE BALLADS1 LABORI\SLY SPELL \T ! WORDS1 & !N1 :5 HE HAD GOT ! HANG ( IT1 BEG9 S++ IT TO AN APPROPRIATE TUNE40  

 ,RECALL ! DATES4 ,ORWELL >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 LATE ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,COMOR]A'S DECREE ABOLI%+ ! WORK]S' SUPPLY COMMITTEES & ! BREAD COMMITTEES WAS ON ,JANU>Y #g4 ,BORK5AU RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA 9 MID-,JANU>Y2 ,ORWELL1 9 ,APRIL4 

.<#g#i.> ,SEE ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #g#d1 CIT+ ! AN>*I/ SPOKESMAN ,JUAN ,PEIRO1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,LIKE O!R AN>*I/S & LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/S1 ,PEIRO %>PLY CONDEMNS ! USE ( =CE TO 9TRODUCE COLLECTIVIZATION1 TAK+ ! POSITION ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ BY MO/ AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS BY LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/S SU* AS ,RIC>DO ,ZABALZA1 G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S1 :O /AT$1 ON ,JANU>Y #h1 #a#i#c#g3 0,I PREF] A SMALL1 5?USIA/IC COLLECTIVE1 =M$ BY A GR\P ( ACTIVE & HONE/ WORK]S1 TO A L>GE COLLECTIVE SET UP BY =CE & COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS )\T 5?USIASM1 :O W\LD SABOTAGE IT UNTIL IT FAIL$4 ,VOLUNT>Y COLLECTIVIZATION MAY SEEM ! LONG] C\RSE1 BUT ! EXAMPLE ( ! SMALL1 WELL-MANAG$ COLLECTIVE WILL ATTRACT ! 5TIRE PEASANTRY1 :O >E PR(\NDLY REALI/IC & PRACTICAL1 :]EAS =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION W\LD 5D BY DISCR$IT+ SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE0 7CIT$ BY ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #e#i74 ,H[EV]1 !RE SEEMS NO D\BT ?AT ! PRECEPTS ( ! AN>*I/ & LEFT-SOCIALI/ SPOKESM5 W]E (T5 VIOLAT$ 9 PRACTICE4 

.<#h.> ,BORK5AU1 ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT1 PP4 #b#a#i-#b4 ,( ?IS (FIC]1 ,JACKSON SAYS ONLY ?AT HE WAS 0A DEP5DABLE PR(ESSIONAL (FIC]40 ,AFT] ! FALL ( ,MALAGA1 ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA WAS TRI$ = TREASON1 = HAV+ DES]T$ ! HEADQU>T]S & AB&ON$ HIS TROOPS4 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME REM>K ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E :AT JU/ICE !RE WAS 9 ! *>GE4 

.<#h#a.> ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ & ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 ,SPA9 ,ORGANIZES = ,VICTORY3 ,! ,POLICY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 ,EXPLA9$ 7,LONDON3 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA91 N4D471 CIT$ BY ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #i#i-#a4 ,!RE WAS NO ACCUSATION ?AT ! PHONE S]VICE WAS RE/RICT$1 BUT ONLY ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S C\LD MA9TA9 0A CLOSE *ECK ON ! CONV]SATIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! POLITICIANS40 ,AS ,RI*>DS FUR!R OBS]VES1 0,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 A QUITE DIFF]5T MATT] :5 ! '9DISCREET E>' IS ?AT ( ! ,O4,G4,P4,U40 

.<#h#b.> ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #b#f#f4 

.<#h#c.> ,JACKSON1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #c#g4 ,?OMAS SUGGE/S ?AT ,SESE WAS PROBABLY KILL$ ACCID5TALLY 7,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#b#h74 

.<#h#d.> ,! AN>*I/ MAYOR ( ! BORD] T[N ( ,PUIGC]DA HAD BE5 ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,APRIL1 AFT] ,NEGR9'S C>AB9]OS HAD TAK5 OV] ! BORD] PO/S4 ,?AT SAME DAY A PROM95T ,U,G,T MEMB]1 ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA1 WAS MURD]$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 IT IS PRESUM$ BY ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,?IS PRESUMPTION IS DISPUT$ BY ,PEIRATS 7,LOS ,AN>QUI/OS3 SEE NOTE #a#b71 :O >GUES1 ) SOME EVID5CE1 ?AT ! MURD] MAY HAVE BE5 A ,/AL9I/ PROVOCATION4 ,9 REPRISAL1 A ,C,N,T MAN WAS KILL$4 ,ORWELL1 :OSE EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS IS UN=GETTABLE1 PO9TS \T ?AT 0,ONE CAN GAUGE ! ATTITUDE ( ! =EIGN CAPITALI/ ,PRESS T[>DS ! ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/ FEUD BY ! FACT ?AT ,ROLDAN'S MURD] WAS GIV5 WIDE PUBLICITY1 :ILE ! ANSW]+ MURD] WAS C>EFULLY UNM5TION$0 7,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 P4 #a#a#i74 ,SIMIL>LY1 ONE CAN GAUGE ,JACKSON'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ?IS /RUGGLE BY HIS CITATION ( ,SESE'S MURD] AS A CRITICAL EV5T1 :ILE ! MURD] ( ,B]N]I GOES UNM5TION$ 7CF4 NOTES #ah & #d#i74 ,ORWELL REM>KS ELSE:]E ?AT 0,9 ! ,5GLI% PRESS1 9 P>TICUL>1 Y\ W\LD HAVE TO SE>* = A LONG TIME BE=E F9D+ ANY FAVORABLE REF]5CE1 AT ANY P]IOD ( ! W>1 TO ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY D5IGRAT$1 &1 AS ,I KN[ BY MY [N EXP]I5CE1 IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO GET ANYONE TO PR9T ANY?+ 9 !IR DEF5SE0 7P4 #a#e#i74 ,LITTLE HAS *ANG$ S9CE4 

.<#h#e.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,ORWELL 7,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 PP4 #a#e#c-#e#d71 0,A ,BRITI% CRUIS] & TWO ,BRITI% DE/ROY]S HAD CLOS$ 9 UPON ! H>BOR1 & NO D\BT !RE W]E O!R W>%IPS NOT F> AWAY4 ,! ,5GLI% NEWSPAP]S GAVE IT \T ?AT !SE %IPS W]E PROCE$+ TO ,B>CELONA 'TO PROTECT ,BRITI% 9T]E/S1' BUT 9 FACT !Y MADE NO MOVE TO DO SO2 ?AT IS1 !Y DID NOT L& ANY M5 OR TAKE (F ANY REFUGEES4 ,!RE CAN BE NO C]TA9TY AB\T ?IS1 BUT IT WAS AT LEA/ 9H]5TLY LIKELY ?AT ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD NOT RAIS$ A F+] TO SAVE ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T FROM ,FRANCO1 W\LD 9T]V5E QUICKLY 5\< TO SAVE IT FROM ITS [N WORK+ CLASS40 ,?IS ASSUMPTION MAY WELL HAVE 9FLU5C$ ! LEFT-W+ LEAD]%IP TO RE/RA9 ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S FROM SIMPLY TAK+ CONTROL ( ! :OLE CITY1 AS APP>5TLY !Y C\LD EASILY HAVE DONE 9 ! 9ITIAL /AGES ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS4  

 ,HU< ,?OMAS COMM5TS 7,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#b#h7 ?AT !RE WAS 0NO REASON0 = ,ORWELL'S 0APPREH5SION0 ON ?IS MATT]4 ,9 ! LI<T ( ! ,BRITI% RECORD ) REG>D TO ,SPA91 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,?OMAS IS SIMPLY UNREALI/IC1 AS COMP>$ ) ,ORWELL1 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

.<#h#f.> ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 PP4 #a#d#c-#d#d4 

.<#h#g.> ,CONTROV]SY1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g1 CIT$ BY ,MORR[1 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 P4 #a#g#c4 ,! PR$ICTION WAS 9CORRECT1 ?\< NOT UNREASONABLE4 ,HAD ! ,WE/]N P[]S & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WI%$1 COMPROMISE W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 IT APPE>S1 & ,SPA9 MI<T HAVE BE5 SAV$ ! T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES ( A ,FRANCO VICTORY4 ,SEE ,BR5AN1 ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?1 P4 #c#c#a4 ,HE ATTRIBUTES ! ,BRITI% FAILURE TO SUPPORT AN >MI/ICE & POSSIBLE RECONCILIATION TO ! FACT ?AT ,*AMB]LA9 0SAW NO?+ DI/URB+ 9 ! PROSPECT ( AN ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN VICTORY40 ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO EXPLORE MORE FULLY ! ATTITUDE ( ,W9/ON ,*UR*ILL4 ,9 ,APRIL #aicg HE /AT$ ?AT A ,FRANCO VICTORY W\LD NOT H>M ,BRITI% 9T]E/S4 ,RA!R1 ! DANG] WAS A 0SUCCESS ( ! TROTSKYI/S & AN>*I/S0 7CIT$ BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #a#g#b74 ,( SOME 9T]E/1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 IS ! REC5T DISCOV]Y ( AN UNPUBLI%$ ,*UR*ILL ESSAY WRITT5 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#i--SIX MON?S AFT] ,MUNI*--9 :I* HE SAID ?AT ,5GL& 0W\LD WELCOME & AID A G5U9E ,HITL] ( PEACE & TOL]ATION0 7SEE ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,DECEMB] #a#b1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#h#h.> ,I F9D NO M5TION AT ALL 9 ,HU< ,?OMAS1 ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! ACC\NT H]E IS L>GELY TAK5 FROM ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 PP4 #b#g#i-#h4 

.<#h#i.> ,JACKSON1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#e4 ,A FOOTNOTE COMM5TS ON ! 0L5I5CY0 ( ! GOV]NM5T TO ?OSE >RE/$4 ,JACKSON HAS NO?+ TO SAY AB\T ! *>GES AGA9/ ,ASCASO & O!RS1 OR ! MANN] 9 :I* ! OLD ORD] WAS RE/OR$ 9 ,>AGON4  

 ,TO APPRECIATE !SE EV5TS MORE FULLY1 ONE %\LD CONSID]1 BY COMP>ISON1 ! CONC]N = CIVIL LIB]TIES %[N BY ,NEGR9 ON ! SECOND1 ANTIFASCI/ FRONT4 ,9 AN 9T]VIEW AFT] ! W> HE EXPLA9$ TO ,JOHN ,:ITAK] 7,WE ,CANNOT ,ESCAPE ,HI/ORY .<,NEW ,YORK3 ,MACMILLAN ,COMPANY1 #a#i#d#c.>1 PP4 #a#a#f-#a#h7 :Y HIS GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 SO 9EFFECTIVE 9 COP+ ) ! FIF? COLUMN1 EV5 9 ! CASE ( KN[N FASCI/ AG5TS4 ,NEGR9 EXPLA9$ ?AT 0WE C\LDN'T >RE/ A MAN ON SUSPICION2 WE C\LDN'T BREAK ) ! RULES ( EVID5CE4 ,Y\ CAN'T RISK >RE/+ AN 9NOC5T MAN BECAUSE Y\ >E POSITIVE 9 Y\R [N M9D ?AT HE IS GUILTY4 ,Y\ PROSECUTE A W>1 YES2 BUT Y\ ALSO LIVE ) Y\R CONSCI5CE40 ,EVID5TLY1 !SE SCRUPLES DID NOT P]TA9 :5 IT WAS ! RI<TS ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ WORK]S1 RA!R ?AN FASCI/ AG5TS1 ?AT W]E AT /AKE4 

.<#i.> ,CF4 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #b#f#b4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T =CES 9CLUD$ SOME AN>*I/ TROOPS1 ! ONLY ONES TO 5T] ,B>CELONA4 

.<#i#a.> ,SEE ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #e#e1 N4 #a1 = AN EXT5SIVE LI/ ( S\RCES4 

.<#i#b.> ,BR\E & ,TEMIME CITE ! SOCIALI/S ,AL>DO ,PRATS1 ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 & ,C>LO ,ROSSELLI4 ,BORK5AU1 ON ! O!R H&1 SUSPECT$ ?AT ! ROLE ( T]ROR WAS GREAT 9 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,HE CITES V]Y LITTLE TO SUB/ANTIATE HIS FEEL+1 ?\< SOME EVID5CE IS AVAILABLE FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES4 ,SEE NOTE #de ABOVE4 ,SOME G5]AL REM>KS ON COLLECTIVIZATION BY ,ROSSELLI & ,BROCKWAY >E CIT$ BY ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 9 HIS ESSAY 0,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM10 9 N4 #a1 ,AN>*ISM1 $4 ,PAUL ,ELTZBA*] 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f71 P4 #b#f#f3  

 0,ROSSELLI3 ,9 ?REE MON?S ,CATALONIA HAS BE5 ABLE TO SET UP A NEW SOCIAL ORD] ON ! RU9S ( AN ANCI5T SY/EM4 ,?IS IS *IEFLY DUE TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 :O HAVE REVEAL$ A QUITE REM>KABLE S5SE ( PROPORTION1 REALI/IC UND]/&+1 & ORGANIZ+ ABILITY4444 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ,CATALONIA HAVE UNIT$ 9 A PROGRAM ( ,SYNDICALI/-,SOCIALI/ *>ACT] 444 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 HI!RTO SO DESPIS$1 HAS REVEAL$ ITSELF AS A GREAT CON/RUCTIVE =CE4 ,I AM NO ,AN>*I/1 BUT ,I REG>D IT AS MY DUTY TO EXPRESS H]E MY OP9ION ( ! ,AN>*I/S ( ,CATALONIA1 :O HAVE ALL TOO (T5 BE5 REPRES5T$ AS A DE/RUCTIVE IF NOT A CRIM9AL ELEM5T4  

 0,BROCKWAY3 ,I WAS IMPRESS$ BY ! /R5G? ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,IT WAS UNNECESS>Y TO TELL ME ?AT IT IS ! L>GE/ & MO/ VITAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,?AT WAS EVID5T ON ALL SIDES4 ,! L>GE 9DU/RIES W]E CLE>LY 9 ! MA9 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4--RAILWAYS1 ROAD TRANSPORT1 %IPP+1 5G9E]+1 TEXTILES1 ELECTRICITY1 BUILD+1 AGRICULTURE4444 ,I WAS IMM5SELY IMPRESS$ BY ! CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y WORK :I* IS BE+ DONE BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,!IR A*IEVEM5TS ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 9DU/RY IS AN 9SPIRATION4444 ,!RE >E /ILL SOME ,BRITI%]S & ,AM]ICANS :O REG>D ! ,AN>*I/S ( ,SPA9 AS IMPOSSIBLE1 UNDISCIPL9$ UNCONTROLLABLES4 ,?IS IS POLES AWAY FROM ! TRU?4 ,! ,AN>*I/S ( ,SPA91 ?R\< ! ,C4,N4,T41 >E DO+ ONE ( ! BIGGE/ CON/RUCTIVE JOBS EV] DONE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AT ! FRONT !Y >E FI<T+ ,FASCISM4 ,BEH9D ! FRONT !Y >E ACTUALLY CON/RUCT+ ! NEW WORK]S' SOCIETY4 ,!Y SEE ?AT ! W> AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ! C>RY+ ?R\< ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,?OSE :O HAVE SE5 !M & UND]/OOD :AT !Y >E DO+ MU/ HONOR !M & BE GRATEFUL TO !M4444 ,?AT IS SURELY ! BIGGE/ ?+ :I* HAS HI!RTO BE5 DONE BY ! WORK]S 9 ANY P>T ( ! WORLD40 

.<#i#c.> ,CIT$ BY ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #g#f-#h#a1 :]E LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUOTATIONS >E GIV54 

.<#i#d.> ,SEE ,HU< ,?OMAS1 0,AN>*I/ ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 7NOTE #a#c74 ,HE CITES FIGURES %[+ ?AT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION W5T UP 9 ,>AGON & ,CA/ILE1 :]E COLLECTIVIZATION WAS EXT5SIVE1 & D[N 9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANT1 :]E PEASANT PROPRIETORS W]E ! DOM9ANT ELEM5T4  

 ,?OMAS'S IS1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 ! ONLY ATTEMPT BY A PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORIAN TO ASSESS ! DATA ON AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 9 A SY/EMATIC WAY4 ,HE CONCLUDES ?AT ! COLLECTIVES W]E PROBABLY 0A CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL SUCCESS0 & MU/ HAVE HAD /RONG POPUL> SUPPORT1 BUT HE IS MORE D\BTFUL AB\T !IR ECONOMIC VIABILITY4 ,HIS SUGGE/ION ?AT 0,COMMUNI/ PRESSURE ON ! COLLECTIVES MAY HAVE GIV5 !M ! NECESS>Y URGE TO SURVIVE0 SEEMS QUITE UNW>RANT$1 AS DOES HIS SUGGE/ION ?AT 0! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! W> 444 MAY HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = SOME ( ! SUCCESS ! COLLECTIVES HAD40 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !IR SUCCESS & SPONTANE\S CREATION ?R\<\T ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 SUGGE/ ?AT !Y ANSW]$ TO DEEPLY FELT POPUL> S5TIM5TS1 & BO? ! W> & ,COMMUNI/ PRESSURE APPE> TO HAVE BE5 HI<LY DISRUPTIVE FACTORS--ULTIMATELY1 ( C\RSE1 DE/RUCTIVE FACTORS4  

 ,O!R DUBI\S CONCLUSIONS >E ?AT 09 RESPECT ( R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES W]E H>DLY MU* IMPROVEM5T OV] CAPITALISM0 S9CE 0NO EFFECTIVE WAY ( LIMIT+ CONSUMPTION 9 RI*] COLLECTIVES WAS DEVIS$ TO HELP POOR] ONES10 & ?AT !RE WAS NO POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ L>GE-SCALE PLANN+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,BOLLOT5 7,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 PP4 #a#g#f-#g#i7 PO9TS \T ?AT 0,9 ORD] TO REM$Y ! DEFECTS ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 AS WELL AS TO IRON \T DISCREPANCIES 9 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK]S 9 FL\RI%+ & IMPOV]I%$ 5T]PRISES1 ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 AL?\< ROOT$LY OPPOS$ TO NATIONALIZATION1 ADVOCAT$ ! C5TRALIZATION--OR1 SOCIALIZATION1 AS !Y CALL$ IT--UND] TRADE UNION CONTROL1 ( 5TIRE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION40 ,HE M5TIONS A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES ( P>TIAL SOCIALIZATION ?AT HAD SOME SUCCESS1 CIT+ AS ! MAJOR DIFFICULTY ?AT PREV5T$ /ILL GREAT] PROGRESS ! 9SI/5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY & ! ,U,G,T LEAD]%IP--?\< APP>5TLY NOT ALL ( ! RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S ( ! ,U,G,T--ON GOV]NM5T [N]%IP & CONTROL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RI*>DS 7,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #h#b73 0,9 ,JUNE1 #aicg 444 A ,NATIONAL ,PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ,PEASANTS WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA TO DISCUSS ! =MATION ( A ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS = ! COORD9ATION & EXT5SION ( ! COLLECTIVI/ MOVEM5T & ALSO TO 5SURE AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCE ( ! L&1 NOT ONLY BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVES BUT = ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,AGA9 9 ,CA/ILLE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#g1 A M]G+ ( ! #a1 MEMB]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS & ! #a#c1 MEMB]S 9 ! FOOD DI/RIBUTIVE TRADES TOOK PLACE4 ,IT REPRES5T$ A LOGICAL /EP 9 5SUR+ BETT] CO-ORD9ATION1 & WAS ACCEPT$ = ! :OLE ( ,SPA9 AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,COLLECTIVES HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g40 ,/ILL O!R PLANS W]E UND] CONSID]ATION = REGIONAL & NATIONAL COORD9ATION--SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,D4,A4 DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,GRE5B]G1 #a#i#c#g71 = SOME IDEAS4  

 ,?OMAS FEELS ?AT COLLECTIVES C\LD NOT HAVE SURVIV$ MORE ?AN 0A FEW YE>S :ILE PRIMITIVE MIS]Y WAS BE+ OV]COME40 ,I SEE NO?+ 9 HIS DATA TO SUPPORT ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,! ,PALE/9IAN EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT COLLECTIVES CAN REMA9 BO? A SOCIAL & AN ECONOMIC SUCCESS OV] A LONG P]IOD4 ,! SUCCESS ( ,SPANI% COLLECTIVIZATION1 UND] W> CONDITIONS1 SEEMS AMAZ+4 ,ONE CAN OBVI\SLY NOT BE C]TA9 :E!R !SE SUCCESSES C\LD HAVE BE5 SECUR$ & EXT5D$ HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! COMB9$ FASCI/1 ,COMMUNI/1 & LIB]AL ATTACK1 BUT ,I CAN F9D NO OBJECTIVE BASIS = ! ALMO/ UNIV]SAL SKEPTICISM4 ,AGA91 ?IS SEEMS TO ME M]ELY A MATT] ( IRRATIONAL PREJUDICE4 

.<#i#e.> ,! FOLL[+ IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION BY ! AN>*I/ WRIT] ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,NE ,FRANCO1 ,NE ,/AL91 LE COLLETTIVITA AN>*I*E SPAGNOLE NELLA LOTTA CONTRO ,FRANCO E LA REAZIONE /AL9IANA 7,MILAN3 ,I/ITUTO ,$ITORIALE ,ITALIANO1 #a#i#e#b71 PP4 #c#cF2 SECTIONS REPR9T$ 9 ,COLLECTIVITES AN>*I/ES 5 ,ESPAGNE REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 UNDAT$4 

 0,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! MON? ( ,JUNE1 ! ATTACK BEGAN 9 ,>AGON ON A GR& SCALE & ) HI!RTO UNKN[N ME?ODS4 ,! H>VE/ WAS APPROA*+4 ,RIFLES 9 H&1 TREASURY GU>DS UND] ,COMMUNI/ ORD]S /OPP$ TRUCKS LOAD$ ) PROVISIONS ON ! HI<WAYS & BR\<T !M TO !IR (FICES4 ,A LITTLE LAT]1 ! SAME GU>DS P\R$ 9TO ! COLLECTIVES & CONFISCAT$ GREAT QUANTITIES ( :EAT UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! G5]AL /AFF ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ,B>BA/RO4444 ,LAT] OP5 ATTACKS BEGAN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,LI/] ) TROOPS )DRAWN FROM ! FRONT AT ,BEL*ITE MORE ?AN #e KILOMET]S AWAY1 9 ! MON? ( ,AUGU/4444 ,! F9AL RESULT WAS ?AT #c P]C5T ( ! COLLECTIVES W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,9 ,ALCOLEA1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ?AT GOV]N$ ! COLLECTIVE WAS >RE/$2 ! PEOPLE :O LIV$ 9 ! ,HOME = ! ,AG$ 444 W]E ?R[N \T ON ! /REET4 ,9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 9 ,MONZON1 9 ,B>BA/RO1 ON ALL SIDES1 !RE W]E >RE/S4 ,PLUND]+ TOOK PLACE EV]Y:]E4 ,! /ORES ( ! COOP]ATIVES & !IR GRA9 SUPPLIES W]E RIFL$2 FURNI%+S W]E DE/ROY$4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,>AGON1 :O WAS APPO9T$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON--:I* APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 ! SIGNAL = ! >M$ ATTACK AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVES--PROTE/$4 ,HE WAS TOLD TO GO TO ! DEVIL4  

 0,ON ,OCTOB] #b#b1 AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANTS1 ! DELEGATION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,>AGON PRES5T$ A REPORT ( :I* ! FOLL[+ IS ! SUMM>Y3 0',MORE ?AN #f ORGANIZ]S ( COLLECTIVES HAVE BE5 >RE/$4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS APPO9T$ MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES ?AT SEIZ$ ! W>EH\SES & DI/RIBUT$ !IR CONT5TS AT R&OM4 ,L&1 DRAFT ANIMALS1 & TOOLS W]E GIV5 TO 9DIVIDUAL FAMILIES OR TO ! FASCI/S :O HAD BE5 SP>$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,! H>VE/ WAS DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,! ANIMALS RAIS$ BY ! COLLECTIVES SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( COLLECTIVIZ$ PIG F>MS1 /ABLES1 & DAIRIES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,9 C]TA9 COMMUNES1 SU* AS ,BORDON & ,CALACEITE1 EV5 SE$ WAS CONFISCAT$ & ! PEASANTS >E N[ UNABLE TO WORK ! L&4'  

 0,! E/IMATE ?AT #c P]C5T ( ! COLLECTIVES W]E DE/ROY$ IS CONSI/5T ) FIGURES REPORT$ BY ,PEIRATS 7,LOS AN>QUI/AS 5 LA CRISIS POLITICA ESPANOLA1 P4 #c74 ,HE PO9TS \T ?AT ONLY #b DELEGATES ATT5D$ ! CONGRESS ( COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicg 70HELD UND] ! %AD[ ( ! BAYONETS ( ! ,ELEV5? ,DIVISION0 ( ,LI/]7 AS COMP>$ ) #e DELEGATES AT ! CONGRESS ( ! PREC$+ ,FEBRU>Y4 ,PEIRATS /ATES ?AT AN >MY DIVISION ( ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/S & ANO!R DIVISION ( ! ,P,S,U,C ALSO OCCUPI$ P>TS ( ,>AGON DUR+ ?IS OP]ATION1 :ILE ?REE AN>*I/ DIVISIONS REMA9$ AT ! FRONT1 UND] ORD]S FROM ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP4 ,COMP>E ,JACKSON'S EXPLANATION ( ! OCCUPATION ( ,>AGON3 ',! PEASANTS W]E KN[N TO HATE ! ,CONSEJO1 ! AN>*I/S HAD DES]T$ ! FRONT DUR+ ! ,B>CELONA FI<T+1 & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,CONSEJO WAS A /&+ *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T'0 7ITALICS M9E74 

.<#i#f.> ,REG>D+ ,BOLLOT5'S WORK1 ,JACKSON HAS ?IS TO SAY3 0,?R\<\T ! PRES5T *APT]1 ,I HAVE DRAWN HEAVILY ON ?IS C>EFULLY DOCUM5T$ /UDY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 ,IT IS UNRIVAL$ 9 ITS COV]AGE ( ! W>TIME PRESS1 ( :I* ,BOLLOT51 HIMSELF A ,U,P CORRESPOND5T 9 ,SPA91 MADE A L>GE COLLECTION0 7P4 #c#f#c1 N4 #d74 

.<#i#g.> ,SEE NOTE #e4 ,A NUMB] ( CITATIONS FROM ,B]N]I'S WRIT+S >E GIV5 BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME4 ,MORR[ ALSO PRES5TS SEV]AL PASSAGES FROM HIS J\RNAL1 ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE4 ,A COLLECTION ( HIS WORKS W\LD BE A V]Y USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TO \R UND]/&+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & TO ! PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION>Y W> 9 G5]AL4 

.<#i#h.> ,CATTELL1 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #b#h4 ,SEE ALSO ! REM>KS BY ,BORK5AU1 ,BR5AN1 & ,BOLLOT5 CIT$ E>LI]4 ,NEI!R ,CATTELL NOR ,BORK5AU REG>DS ?IS DECL9E ( FI<T+ SPIRIT AS A MAJOR FACTOR1 H[EV]4 

.<#i#i.> ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #a#i#e1 N4 #g4 

.<#a.> ,TO ?IS EXT5T1 ,TROTSKY TOOK A SIMIL> POSITION4 ,SEE HIS ,LESSON ( ,SPA9 7,LONDON3 ,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#g74 

.<#a#a.> ,CIT$ 9 ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #b#c4 

.<#a#b.> ,H4,E4 ,KAM9SKI1 ,CEUX DE ,B>CELONE 7,P>IS3 ,LES ,$ITIONS ,D5OEL1 #a#i#c#g71 P4 #a#h#a4 ,?IS BOOK CONTA9S V]Y 9T]E/+ OBS]VATIONS ON AN>*I/ ,SPA9 BY A SKEPTICAL ?\< SYMPA!TIC EYEWITNESS4 

.<#a#c.> ,MAY #a#e1 #a#i#c#g4 ,CIT$ BY ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#f4 

.<#a#d.> ,CIT$ BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #b#e#h1 N4 #c#d4 ,! CONQUE/ ( ,S>AGOSSA WAS ! GOAL1 NEV] REALIZ$1 ( ! AN>*I/ MILITIA 9 ,>AGON4 

.<#a#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#g#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#i#c4 

.<#a#g.> ,! FACT WAS NOT LO/ ON =EIGN J\RNALI/S4 ,MORR[ 7,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 P4 #f#h7 QUOTES ,JAMES ,M9IFIE 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,H]ALD ,TRIBUNE1 ,APRIL #b#h1 #a#i#c#g3 0,A RELIABLE POLICE =CE IS BE+ BUILT UP QUIETLY BUT SURELY4 ,! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T DISCOV]$ AN IDEAL 9/RUM5T = ?IS PURPOSE 9 ! ,C>AB9]OS4 ,!SE W]E =M]LY CU/OMS (FIC]S & GU>DS1 & ALWAYS HAD A GOOD REPUTATION = LOYALTY4 ,IT IS REPORT$ ON GOOD AU?ORITY ?AT #d1 HAVE BE5 RECRUIT$ = ?IS =CE1 & ?AT #b1 HAVE ALREADY BE5 >M$ & EQUIPP$4444 ,! AN>*I/S HAVE ALREADY NOTIC$ & COMPLA9$ AB\T ! 9CREAS$ /R5G? ( ?IS =CE AT A TIME :5 WE ALL KN[ !RE'S LITTLE 5\< TRAFFIC COM+ OV] ! FRONTI]S1 L& OR SEA4 ,!Y REALIZE ?AT IT WILL BE US$ AGA9/ !M40 ,CONSID] :AT !SE SOLDI]S1 AS WELL AS ,LI/]'S DIVISION OR ! ASALTOS DESCRIB$ BY ,ORWELL1 MI<T HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 = EXAMPLE4 ,CONSID] ALSO ! EFFECT ON ! MILITIAM51 DEPRIV$ ( >MS BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ( ! KN[L$GE ?AT !SE WELL->M$1 HI<LY TRA9$ TROOPS W]E LIQUIDAT+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( !IR REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#h.> ,CIT$ 9 ,ROCK]1 ,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #c#g4 

.<#a#i.> ,= REF]5CES1 SEE ,BOLLOT51 ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 P4 #a#i#b1 N4 #a#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,CIT$ 9 ,ROCK]1 ,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #c#g4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,LI/ON ,M4 ,OAK1 0,BALANCE ,%EET ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION10 ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW #f 7,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#g71 PP4 #g-#i1 #b#f4 ,?IS REF]5CE WAS BR\<T TO MY ATT5TION BY ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,WATSON4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ! DI/ORTION 9TRODUC$ BY ! PROPAG&A EF=TS ( ! #a#i#cS IS ! /RANGE /ORY ( ! 9FLU5TIAL FILM ,! ,SPANI% ,E>?1 FILM$ 9 #aicg BY ,JORIS ,IV5S ) A TEXT 7WRITT5 AFT]W>DS7 BY ,HEM+WAY--A PROJECT ?AT WAS APP>5TLY 9TITIAT$ BY ,DOS ,PASSOS4 ,A V]Y REVEAL+ ACC\NT ( ?IS MATT]1 & ( ! P]CEPTION ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> BY ,HEM+WAY & ,DOS ,PASSOS1 IS GIV5 9 ,W4,B4 ,WATSON & ,B>TON ,:ALEY1 0,! ,SPANI% ,E>? ( ,DOS ,PASSOS & ,HEM+WAY10 UNPUBLI%$1 #a#i#f#g4 ,! FILM DEALT ) ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE ( ,FU5TIDU5A 9 ,VAL5CIA 7A VILLAGE COLLECTIVIZ$ BY ! ,U,G,T1 9CID5TALLY74 ,= ! LIB]T>IAN ,DOS ,PASSOS1 ! REVOLUTION WAS ! DOM9ANT !ME2 IT WAS ! ANTIFASCI/ W>1 H[EV]1 ?AT WAS TO PREOCCUPY ,HEM+WAY4 ,! ROLE ( ,DOS ,PASSOS WAS QUICKLY =GOTT51 BECAUSE ( ! FACT 7AS ,WATSON & ,:ALEY PO9T \T7 ?AT 0,DOS ,PASSOS HAD BECOME ANA!MA TO ! ,LEFT = HIS CRITICISMS ( COMMUNI/ POLICIES 9 ,SPA940 

.<#a#a#b.> ,AS F> AS ! ,EA/ IS CONC]N$1 ,ROCK] 7,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #b#e7 CLAIMS ?AT 0! ,RUSSIAN PRESS1 = REASONS ?AT >E EASILY UND]/OOD1 NEV] UTT]$ ONE LEA/ LITTLE WORD AB\T ! EF=TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS AT SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION40 ,I CANNOT *ECK ! ACCURACY ( ?IS CLAIM1 BUT IT W\LD H>DLY BE SURPRIS+ IF IT W]E CORRECT4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,SEE ,PATRICIA ,A4,M4 ,VAN D] ,ES*1 ,PRELUDE TO ,W>3 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REP]CUSSIONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#c#e-#a#i#c#i7 7,! ,HAGUE3 ,M>T9US ,NIJH(F1 #a#i#e#a71 P4 #d#g1 & ,BR5AN1 ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?1 P4 #c#b#i1 N4 #a4 ,! CONS]VATIVE *>ACT] ( ! ,BASQUE GOV]NM5T WAS ALSO1 APP>5TLY1 L>GELY A RESULT ( ,FR5* PRESSURE4 ,SEE ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 P4 #a#g#b1 N4 #h4 

.<#a#a#d.> ,SEE ,DANTE ,A4 ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S3 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#d#a 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#b71 PP4 #h#fF4 ,?IS BOOK GIVES A DETAIL$ & V]Y 9SI<TFUL ANALYSIS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BACKGR\ND ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,JULES ,SAU]WE91 DISPAT* TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES DAT$ ,JULY #b#f4 ,CIT$ BY ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 P4 #h#d4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,TO BE MORE PRECISE1 PRO-,FRANCO (FIC]S W]E KILL$1 & ! SEAM5 REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 MANY 9/ANCES4 

.<#a#a#g.> ,CF41 = EXAMPLE1 ,JACKSON1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 PP4 #b#d#hF4 

.<#a#a#h.> ,AS REPORT$ BY ,H]S*EL ,V4 ,JOHNSON ( ! ,AM]ICAN EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON2 CIT$ BY ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 P4 #a4 

.<#a#a#i.> ,SEE ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ET LA GU]RE D',ESPAGNE1 PP4 #b#h#h-#h#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,CIT$ BY ,?OMAS1 ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #e#c#a1 N4 #c4 ,ROCK]1 ,TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 P4 #a#d1 QUOTES 7)\T REF]5CE7 A PROPOSAL BY ,*UR*ILL = A FIVE-YE> 0NEUTRAL DICTATOR%IP0 TO 0TRANQUILIZE0 ! C\NTRY1 AFT] :I* !Y C\LD 0P]HAPS LOOK = A REVIVAL ( P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS40 

.<#a#b#a.> ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 P4 #a#a#f4 

.<#a#b#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#d#g4 ,$5 IS REF]R+1 ( C\RSE1 TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,= AN ANALYSIS ( ,RUSSIAN ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 SEE ,CATTELL1 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 *AP4 #h4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,CF4 ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 PP4 #a#d#g-#d#h4 

.<#a#b#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#a#b4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #i#c4 

.<#a#b#f.> ,JACKSON1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #b#d#h4 

.<#a#b#g.> ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 PP4 #a#e#aF4 

.<#a#b#h.> ,IBID41 PP4 #a#e#d-#e#e & N4 #b#g4 

.<#a#b#i.> ,= SOME REF]5CES1 SEE ,ALL5 ,GUTTMANN1 ,! ,W\ND 9 ! ,HE>T3 ,AM]ICA & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#b71 PP4 #a#c#g-#c#h4 ,! E>LIE/ QUASI-(FICIAL REF]5CE ?AT ,I KN[ ( IS 9 ,H]B]T ,FEIS1 ,! ,SPANI% ,/ORY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#d#h71 :]E DATA IS GIV5 9 AN APP5DIX4 ,JACKSON 7,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #b#e#f7 REF]S TO ?IS MATT]1 )\T NOT+ ?AT ,TEXACO WAS VIOLAT+ A PRIOR AGREEM5T ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,HE /ATES ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T C\LD DO NO?+ AB\T ?IS1 S9CE 0OIL WAS NOT CONSID]$ A W> MAT]IAL UND] ! ,NEUTRALITY ,ACT40 ,HE DOES NOT PO9T \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,ROB]T ,CUSE1 ! ,M>T9 ,COMPANY1 & ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T W]E PUT UND] HEAVY PRESSURE TO )HOLD SUPPLIES FROM ! ,REPUBLIC1 AL?\< ?IS TOO WAS QUITE LEGAL4 ,AS NOT$1 ! ,TEXACO ,COMPANY WAS NEV] EV5 BR&$ 0UNE?ICAL0 OR 0UNPATRIOTIC10 !SE EPI!TS ( ,ROOSEVELT'S BE+ RES]V$ = ?OSE :O TRI$ TO ASSI/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! CYNIC MI<T ASK JU/ :Y OIL WAS EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,NEUTRALITY ,ACT ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g1 NOT+ ?AT :ILE ,G]MANY & ,ITALY W]E CAPABLE ( SUPPLY+ >MS TO ,FRANCO1 !Y C\LD NOT MEET HIS DEM&S = OIL4  

 ,! ,TEXACO ,OIL ,COMPANY CONT9U$ TO ACT UPON ! PRO-,NAZI SYMPA?IES ( ITS HEAD1 ,CAPTA9 ,?ORKILD ,RIEB]1 UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#i#d1 :5 ! PUBLICITY BEGAN TO BE A ?REAT TO BUS9ESS4 ,SEE ,FEIS1 ,SPANI% ,/ORY1 = FUR!R DETAILS4 ,= MORE ON !SE MATT]S1 SEE ,RI*>D ,P4 ,TRA9A1 ,AM]ICAN ,DIPLOMACY & ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h71 PP4 #a#f#fF4 

.<#a#c.> ,PUZZO1 ,SPA9 & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S1 P4 #a#f4 ,HE REM>KS3 0,A GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID 9 :I* ,SOCIALI/S1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & AN>*I/S SAT WAS NOT )\T M5ACE TO ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS 9T]E/S BO? 9 ,SPA9 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA0 7P4 #a#f#e74 ,HULL1 9CID5TALLY1 WAS 9 ]ROR AB\T ! ACTS ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T4 ,! IRRESPONSIBLE LEFT-W+ ELEM5TS HAD NOT BE5 GIV5 >MS BUT HAD SEIZ$ !M1 ?US PREV5T+ AN IMM$IATE ,FRANCO VICTORY4 

.<#a#c#a.> ,SEE ,JACKSON1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#e#h4 

.<#a#c#b.> ,CF4 ,GUTTMANN1 ,W\ND 9 ! ,HE>T1 P4 #a#i#g4 ,( C\RSE1 ,AM]ICAN LIB]ALISM WAS ALWAYS PRO-LOYALI/1 & OPPOS$ BO? TO ,FRANCO & TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ATTITUDE T[>DS ! LATT] IS 9DICAT$ ) ACCURACY BY ?IS COMP>ISON1 NOT$ BY ,GUTTMANN1 P4 #a#f#e3 0#c PEOPLE MET 9 ,UNION ,SQU>E TO HE> ,LI/ON ,OAK .<SEE NOTE #g#g.> EXPOSE ! ,/AL9I/S' ROLE 9 ,SPA92 #b1 MET 9 ,MADISON ,SQU>E ,G>D5 TO HELP ,E>L ,BR[D] & ,NORMAN ,?OMAS CELEBRATE ! PRES]VATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY10 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#g4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#i#h4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,TO CONCLUDE !SE OBS]VATIONS AB\T ! 9T]NATIONAL REACTION1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! ,VATICAN RECOGNIZ$ ! ,FRANCO GOV]NM5T DE FACTO 9 ,AUGU/ #aicg & DE JURE 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#h4 ,IMM$IATELY UPON ,FRANCO'S F9AL VICTORY1 ,POPE ,PIUS ,X,I,I MADE ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 0,PEACE & VICTORY HAVE BE5 WILL$ BY ,GOD TO ,SPA9 444 :I* HAS N[ GIV5 TO PROSELYTES ( ! MAT]IALI/IC A!ISM ( \R AGE ! HI<E/ PRO( ?AT ABOVE ALL ?+S /&S ! ET]NAL VALUE ( RELIGION & ( ! ,SPIRIT40 ,( C\RSE1 ! POSITION ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAS S9CE UND]GONE IMPORTANT %IFTS--SOME?+ ?AT CANNOT BE SAID ( ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T4 

.<#a#c#e.> ,SEE NOTE #d#f4 

.<#a#c#f.> ,F4,W4,J4 ,S*ELL+1 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9QUIRIES 9TO ! ,NATURE ( ,HUMAN ,FRE$OM1 TRANS4 & $4 ,JAMES ,GUTMANN 7,*ICAGO3 ,OP5 ,C\RT ,PUBLI%+ ,CO41 #a#i#c#f74 

.<#a#c#g.> ,R4,D4 ,MA/]S1 9TRODUCTION TO HIS $ITION ( ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,DISC\RSES1 BY ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d74 

.<#a#c#h.> ,COMP>E ,PR\DHON1 A C5TURY LAT]3 0,NO LONG DISCUSSION IS NECESS>Y TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! P[] ( D5Y+ A MAN HIS ?\<T1 HIS WILL1 HIS P]SONALITY1 IS A P[] ( LIFE & DEA?1 & ?AT TO MAKE A MAN A SLAVE IS TO ASSASS9ATE HIM40 

.<#a#c#i.> ,CIT$ 9 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,ETATISME ET AN>*IE1 $4 ,>?UR ,LEHN+ 7,LEID53 ,E4,J4 ,BRILL1 #a#i#f#g71 $ITOR'S NOTE #e1 FROM ,P4 ,S*RECK]1 0,KANT ET LA REVOLUTION FRANCAISE10 ,REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE1 ,SEPTEMB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#c#i4 

.<#a#d.> ,I HAVE DISCUSS$ ?IS MATT] 9 ,C>TESIAN ,L+UI/ICS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#f#f7 & ,LANGUAGE & ,M9D 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE @& ,WORLD1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#d#a.> ,SEE ! REF]5CES ( NOTE #e & ALSO MY ,ASPECTS ( ! ,!ORY ( ,SYNTAX 7#a#i#f#e2 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,M,I,T ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 *AP4 #a1 SEC4 #h4 

.<#a#d#b.> ,I NE$ H>DLY ADD ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! PREVAIL+ VIEW4 ,= DISCUSSION1 SEE ,]IC ,H4 ,L5NEB]G1 ,BIOLOGICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ,LANGUAGE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,JOHN ,WILEY @& ,SONS1 #a#i#f#g72 MY ,LANGUAGE & ,M9D2 ,E4,A4 ,DREWE1 ,G4 ,ETTL+]1 ,A4,D4 ,MILN]1 & ,R4,E4 ,PASS+HAM1 0,A ,COMP>ATIVE ,REVIEW ( ! ,RESULTS ( ,BEHAVIORAL ,RESE>* ON ,MAN & ,MONKEY10 ,9/ITUTE ( ,PSY*IATRY1 ,LONDON1 UNPUBLI%$ DRAFT1 #a#i#f#i2 ,P4,H4 ,LIEB]MAN1 ,D4,H4 ,KLATT1 & ,W4,H4 ,WILSON1 0,VOCAL ,TRACT ,LIMITATIONS ON ! ,V[EL ,REP]TOIRES ( ,RHESUS ,MONKEY & ,O!R ,NONHUMAN ,PRIMATES10 ,SCI5CE1 ,JUNE #f1 #a#i#f#i2 & ,P4,H4 ,LIEB]MAN1 0,PRIMATE ,VOCALIZATIONS & ,HUMAN ,L+UI/IC ,ABILITY10 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,AC\/ICAL ,SOCIETY ( ,AM]ICA #d#d1 NO4 #f 7#a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#d#c.> ,9 ! BOOKS CIT$ ABOVE & 9 MY ,CURR5T ,ISSUES 9 ,L+UI/IC ,!ORY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,HUMANITIES ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d74 

.<#a#d#d.> ,J4,W4 ,BURR[1 9TRODUCTION TO HIS $ITION ( ,! ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 BY ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT 7,LONDON3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 FROM :I* MO/ ( ! FOLL[+ QUOTES >E TAK54 

.<#a#d#e.> ,COMP>E ! REM>KS ( ,KANT1 QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,KANT'S ESSAY APPE>$ 9 #a#g#i#c2 ,HUMBOLDT'S WAS WRITT5 9 #a#g#i#a-#a#g#i#b4 ,P>TS APPE>$ BUT IT DID NOT APPE> 9 FULL DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,SEE ,BURR[1 9TRODUCTION TO ,HUMBOLDT1 ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,?OMAS ,G4 ,S&]S1 0,! ,*UR* 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA10 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS #d#h1 NO4 #b 7#a#i#g74 

.<#a#d#g.> ,IBID4 ,! S\RCE IS SAID TO BE ! IDEAS ( ,PAULO ,FREIRE4 ,SIMIL> CRITICISM IS WIDESPREAD 9 ! /UD5T MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MIT*ELL ,COH5 & ,D5NIS ,HALE1 $S41 ,! ,NEW ,/UD5T ,LEFT1 REV4 $4 7,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g71 *AP4 #c4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,NAMELY1 ?AT A MAN 0ONLY ATTA9S ! MO/ MATUR$ & GRACEFUL CONSUMMATION ( HIS ACTIVITY1 :5 HIS WAY ( LIFE IS H>MONI\SLY 9 KEEP+ ) HIS *>ACT]0--?AT IS1 :5 HIS ACTIONS FL[ FROM 9N] IMPULSE4 

.<#a#d#i.> ,! LATT] QUOTE IS FROM ,HUMBOLDT'S COMM5TS ON ! ,FR5* ,CON/ITUTION1 #a#g#i#a--P>TS TRANSLAT$ 9 ,HUMANI/ ,)\T ,PORTFOLIO3 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY1 TRANS4 & $4 ,M>IANNE ,C[AN 7,DETROIT3 ,WAYNE ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#a#e.> ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 0,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 9 ,PAUL ,ELTZBA*]1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,EXPON5TS ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,PHILOSOPHY 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f74 ,9 HIS BOOK ,NATIONALISM & ,CULTURE 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#g71 ,ROCK] DESCRIBES ,HUMBOLDT AS 0! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,G]MANY0 ( ! DOCTR9E ( NATURAL RI<TS & ! OPPOSITION TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE4 ,R\SSEAU HE REG>DS AS A PRECURSOR ( AU?ORIT>IAN DOCTR9E1 BUT HE CONSID]S ONLY ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 NOT ! F> MORE LIB]T>IAN ,DISC\RSE ON ,9EQUALITY4 ,BURR[ OBS]VES ?AT ,HUMBOLDT'S ESSAY ANTICIPATES 0MU* N9ETE5? C5TURY POLITICAL !ORY ( A POPULI/1 AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ K9D0 & NOTES ! H9TS ( ! E>LY ,M>X4 ,SEE ALSO MY ,C>TESIAN ,L+UI/ICS1 N4 #e#a1 = SOME COMM5TS4 

.<#a#e#a.> ,K>L ,POLANYI1 ,! ,GREAT ,TRANS=MATION3 ,! ,POLITICAL & ,ECONOMIC ,ORIG9S ( ,\R ,TIME 7,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#g74 

.<#a#e#b.> ,CIT$ BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 0,WORK]S' ,CONTROL10 9 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT1 $4 ,PRISCILLA ,LONG 7,BO/ON3 ,P4 ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #c#g#g4 ,SEE ALSO MY ,= ,REASONS ( ,/ATE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,PAN!ON ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#c71 *AP4 #h4 

.<#a#e#c.> ,CIT$ 9 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA 7,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#e#d.> ,YET ,R\SSEAU D$ICATES HIMSELF1 AS A MAN :O HAS LO/ HIS 0ORIG9AL SIMPLICITY0 & CAN NO LONG] 0DO )\T LAWS & *IEFS10 TO RESPECT ! SACR$ BONDS0 ( HIS SOCIETY & 0SCRUPUL\SLY OBEY ! LAWS1 & ! M5 :O >E !IR AU?ORS & M9I/]S10 :ILE SCORN+ 0A CON/ITUTION ?AT CAN BE MA9TA9$ ONLY ) ! HELP ( SO MANY RESPECTABLE PEOPLE 444 & FROM :I*1 DESPITE ALL !IR C>E1 ALWAYS >ISE MORE REAL CALAMITIES ?AN APP>5T ADVANTAGES40 

.<#a#e#e.> ,SEE MY ,= ,REASONS ( ,/ATE1 *AP4 #h4 

.<#a#e#f.> ,SEE IBID41 *AP4 #g1 = A DISCUSSION ( ! FRAUDUL5T CLAIMS 9 ?IS REG>D ( C]TA9 V>IETIES ( BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/