,*APT] #c 
,P>T ,I,I ( ,OBJECTIVITY & ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,P>T ,I,I ( ,OBJECTIVITY & ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP 

  

,IF IT IS PLAUSIBLE ?AT IDEOLOGY WILL 9 G5]AL S]VE AS A MASK = SELF-9T]E/1 !N IT IS A NATURAL PRESUMPTION ?AT 9TELLECTUALS1 9 9T]PRET+ HI/ORY OR =MULAT+ POLICY1 WILL T5D TO ADOPT AN ELITI/ POSITION1 CONDEMN+ POPUL> MOVEM5TS & MASS P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION MAK+1 & EMPHASIZ+ RA!R ! NECESSITY = SUP]VISION BY ?OSE :O POSSESS ! KN[L$GE & UND]/&+ ?AT IS REQUIR$ 7SO !Y CLAIM7 TO MANAGE SOCIETY & CONTROL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?IS IS H>DLY A NOVEL ?\<T4 ,ONE MAJOR ELEM5T 9 ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM A C5TURY AGO WAS ! PR$ICTION ?AT1 AS ,BAKUN9 =MULAT$ IT3  
  

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ,MR4 ,M>X1 ! PEOPLE NOT ONLY MU/ NOT DE/ROY .<! /ATE.> BUT MU/ /R5G!N IT & PLACE IT AT ! COMPLETE DISPOSAL ( !IR B5EFACTORS1 GU>DIANS1 & TEA*]S--! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 NAMELY ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS1 :O WILL PROCE$ TO LIB]ATE .<MANK9D.> 9 !IR [N WAY4 ,!Y WILL CONC5TRATE ! RE9S ( GOV]NM5T 9 A /RONG H&1 BECAUSE ! IGNORANT PEOPLE REQUIRE AN EXCE$+LY FIRM GU>DIAN%IP2 !Y WILL E/ABLI% A S+LE /ATE BANK1 CONC5TRAT+ 9 ITS H&S ALL COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL1 AGRICULTURAL & EV5 SCI5TIFIC PRODUCTION1 & !N DIVIDE ! MASSES 9TO TWO >MIES--9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL--UND] ! DIRECT COMM& ( ! /ATE 5G9E]S1 :O WILL CON/ITUTE A NEW PRIVILEG$ SCI5TIFIC-POLITICAL E/ATE4.<#c#c.>  
  

,ONE CANNOT FAIL TO BE /RUCK BY ! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ?IS PR$ICTION & ?AT ( ,DANIEL ,BELL--! PR$ICTION ?AT 9 ! NEW PO/9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 0NOT ONLY ! BE/ TAL5TS1 BUT EV5TUALLY ! 5TIRE COMPLEX ( SOCIAL PRE/IGE & SOCIAL /ATUS1 WILL BE ROOT$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITIES40.<#c#d.> ,PURSU+ ! P>ALLEL = A MOM5T1 IT MI<T BE ASK$ :E!R ! LEFT-W+ CRITIQUE ( ,L59I/ ELITISM CAN BE APPLI$1 UND] V]Y DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 TO ! LIB]AL IDEOLOGY ( ! 9TELLECTUAL ELITE ?AT ASPIRES TO A DOM9ANT ROLE 9 MANAG+ ! WELF>E /ATE4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 9 #a#i#a#h1 >GU$ ?AT ,BOL%EVIK ELITISM W\LD LEAD TO A /ATE ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ! BUREAUCRACY ALONE W\LD REMA9 AN ACTIVE ELEM5T 9 SOCIAL LIFE--?\< N[ IT W\LD BE ! 0R$ BUREAUCRACY0 ( ?AT ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD LONG BE=E DESCRIB$ AS 0! MO/ VILE & T]RIBLE LIE ?AT \R C5TURY HAS CREAT$40.<#c#e.> ,A TRUE SOCIAL REVOLUTION REQUIRES A 0SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! MASSES DEGRAD$ BY C5TURIES ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE02.<#c#f.> 0IT IS ONLY BY EXTIRPAT+ ! HABITS ( OB$I5CE & S]VILITY TO ! LA/ ROOT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ACQUIRE ! UND]/&+ ( A NEW =M ( DISCIPL9E1 SELF-DISCIPL9E >IS+ FROM FREE CONS5T40.<#c#g.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#d1 %E PR$ICT$ ?AT ,L59'S ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS W\LD 05?RALL$ A Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T TO AN 9TELLECTUAL ELITE HUNGRY = P[] 444 & TURN IT 9TO AN AUTOMATON MANIPULAT$ BY A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE40.<#c#h.> ,9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ELITI/ DOCTR9E ( #aiah %E SAW A DISP>AGEM5T ( ! CREATIVE1 SPONTANE\S1 SELF-CORRECT+ =CE ( MASS ACTION1 :I* ALONE1 %E >GU$1 C\LD SOLVE ! ?\S& PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION & PRODUCE ! SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION ?AT IS ! ESS5CE ( A TRUE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AS ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE H>D5$ 9TO DOGMA1 ! FE> ( POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & SPONTANE\S MASS ACTION1 NOT UND] ! DIRECTION & CONTROL ( ! PROP]LY DESIGNAT$ VANGU>D1 BECAME A DOM9ANT ELEM5T ( SO-CALL$ 0,COMMUNI/0 IDEOLOGY4 

,ANTAGONISM TO MASS MOVEM5TS & TO SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT ESCAPES ! CONTROL ( PRIVILEG$ ELITES IS ALSO A PROM95T FEATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]AL IDEOLOGY4.<#c#i.> ,EXPRESS$ AS =EIGN POLICY1 IT TAKES ! =M DESCRIB$ E>LI]4 ,TO CONCLUDE ?IS DISCUSSION ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO 9VE/IGATE H[1 9 ONE RA!R CRUCIAL CASE1 ?IS P>TICUL> BIAS 9 ,AM]ICAN LIB]AL IDEOLOGY CAN BE DETECT$ EV5 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( EV5TS ( ! PA/ 9 :I* ,AM]ICAN 9VOLVEM5T WAS RA!R SLI<T1 & 9 HI/ORICAL WORK ( V]Y HI< CALIB]4 

,9 #a#i#f#f1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,ASSOCIATION GAVE ITS BI5NIAL AW>D = ! MO/ \T/&+ WORK ON ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY TO ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON1 = HIS /UDY ( ,SPA9 9 ! #a#i#cS4.<#d.> ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT ( ! DOZ5S ( BOOKS ON ?IS P]IOD1 ,JACKSON'S IS AMONG ! BE/1 & ,I DO NOT D\BT ?AT ! AW>D WAS WELL DES]V$4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS ONE ( ! CRUCIAL EV5TS ( MOD]N HI/ORY1 & ONE ( ! MO/ EXT5SIVELY /UDI$ AS WELL4 ,9 IT1 WE F9D ! 9T]PLAY ( =CES & IDEAS ?AT HAVE DOM9AT$ ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY S9CE ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! RELATION%IP ( ,SPA9 TO ! GREAT P[]S WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS LIKE ?AT ( ! C\NTRIES ( :AT IS N[ CALL$ ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,9 SOME WAYS1 !N1 ! EV5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> GIVE A =ETA/E ( :AT ! FUTURE MAY HOLD1 AS ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTIONS UPROOT TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 ?REAT5 IMP]IAL DOM9ANCE1 EXAC]BATE GREAT-P[] RIVALRIES1 & BR+ ! WORLD P]IL\SLY CLOSE TO A W> :I*1 IF NOT AV]T$1 WILL SURELY BE ! F9AL CATA/ROPHE ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,MY REASON = WANT+ TO 9VE/IGATE AN \T/&+ LIB]AL ANALYSIS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS !RE=E TW(OLD3 FIR/1 BECAUSE ( ! 9TR9SIC 9T]E/ ( !SE EV5TS2 & SECOND1 BECAUSE ( ! 9SI<T ?AT ?IS ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE ) RESPECT TO ! UND]LY+ ELITI/ BIAS :I* ,I BELIEVE TO BE AT ! ROOT ( ! PH5OM5ON ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION4 

,9 HIS /UDY ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 ,JACKSON MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO HIDE HIS [N COMMITM5T 9 FAVOR ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY1 AS REPRES5T$ BY SU* FIGURES AS ,AZANA1 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO1.<#d#a.> & ! O!R 0RESPONSIBLE NATIONAL LEAD]S40 ,9 TAK+ ?IS POSITION1 HE SPEAKS = MU* ( LIB]AL S*OL>%IP2 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT FIGURES SIMIL> TO ?OSE JU/ M5TION$ W\LD BE SUPPORT$ BY ,AM]ICAN LIB]ALS1 W]E ?IS POSSIBLE1 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,ASIA1 OR ,AFRICA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,JACKSON MAKES LITTLE ATTEMPT TO DISGUISE HIS ANTIPA?Y T[>DS ! =CES ( POPUL> REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 OR !IR GOALS4 

,IT IS NO CRITICISM ( ,JACKSON'S /UDY ?AT HIS PO9T ( VIEW & SYMPA?IES >E EXPRESS$ ) SU* CL>ITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! VALUE ( ?IS WORK AS AN 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS IS 5HANC$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! AU?OR'S COMMITM5TS >E MADE SO CLE> & EXPLICIT4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT CAN BE %[N ?AT ,JACKSON'S ACC\NT ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,SPA9 IS MISLEAD+ & 9 P>T QUITE UNFAIR1 & ?AT ! FAILURE ( OBJECTIVITY IT REVEALS IS HI<LY SIGNIFICANT 9 ?AT IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ATTITUDE TAK5 BY LIB]AL 7& ,COMMUNI/7 9TELLECTUALS T[>DS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT >E L>GELY SPONTANE\S & ONLY LOOSELY ORGANIZ$1 :ILE ROOT$ 9 DEEPLY FELT NE$S & IDEALS ( DISPOSSESS$ MASSES4 ,IT IS A CONV5TION ( S*OL>%IP ?AT ! USE ( SU* T]MS AS ?OSE ( ! PREC$+ PHRASE DEMON/RATES NAIVETE & MUDDLE-HEAD$ S5TIM5TALITY4 ,! CONV5TION1 H[EV]1 IS SUPPORT$ BY IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTION RA!R ?AN HI/ORY OR 9VE/IGATION ( ! PH5OM5A ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS CONVICTION IS1 ,I ?9K1 BELI$ BY SU* EV5TS AS ! REVOLUTION ?AT SWEPT OV] MU* ( ,SPA9 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f4 

,! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ,SPA9 9 ! #a#i#cS >E NOT DUPLICAT$ ELSE:]E 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD TODAY1 TO BE SURE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! LIMIT$ 9=MATION ?AT WE HAVE AB\T POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ,ASIA1 SPECIFICALLY1 SUGGE/S C]TA9 SIMIL> FEATURES ?AT DES]VE MU* MORE S]I\S & SYMPA!TIC /UDY ?AN !Y HAVE SO F> RECEIV$4.<#d#b.> ,9ADEQUATE 9=MATION MAKES IT HAZ>D\S TO TRY TO DEVELOP ANY SU* P>ALLEL1 BUT ,I ?9K IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO NOTE LONG-/&+ T5D5CIES 9 ! RESPONSE ( LIB]AL AS WELL AS ,COMMUNI/ 9TELLECTUALS TO SU* MASS MOVEM5TS4 

,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY REM>K$1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS NOT ONLY ONE ( ! CRITICAL EV5TS ( MOD]N HI/ORY BUT ONE ( ! MO/ 9T5SIVELY /UDI$ AS WELL4 ,YET !RE >E SURPRIS+ GAPS4 ,DUR+ ! MON?S FOLL[+ ! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( UNPREC$5T$ SCOPE TOOK PLACE ?R\<\T MU* ( ,SPA94 ,IT HAD NO 0REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D0 & APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 L>GELY SPONTANE\S1 9VOLV+ MASSES ( URBAN & RURAL LABOR]S 9 A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT P]SI/$1 ) REM>KABLE SUCCESS1 UNTIL IT WAS CRU%$ BY =CE4 ,?IS PR$OM9ANTLY AN>*I/ REVOLUTION & ! MASSIVE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION TO :I* IT GAVE RISE >E TREAT$1 9 REC5T HI/ORICAL /UDIES1 AS A K9D ( AB]RATION1 A NUISANCE ?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( ! W> TO SAVE ! B\RGEOIS REGIME FROM ! ,FRANCO REBELLION4 ,MANY HI/ORIANS W\LD PROBABLY AGREE ) ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM.<#d#c.> ?AT ! FAILURE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 0WAS DUE TO ! AN>*I/S10 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS 0A DISA/]10 A K9D ( 0MORAL GYMNA/ICS0 ) NO 0CONCRETE RESULTS10 AT BE/ 0A PR(\NDLY MOV+ SPECTACLE = ! /UD5T ( POPUL> RELIGION40 ,! MO/ EXT5SIVE HI/ORICAL /UDY ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION.<#d#d.> IS RELATIVELY 9ACCESSIBLE1 & NEI!R ITS AU?OR1 N[ LIV+ 9 S\!RN ,FRANCE1 NOR ! MANY REFUGEES :O WILL NEV] WRITE MEMOIRS BUT :O MI<T PROVIDE 9VALUABLE P]SONAL TE/IMONY HAVE BE5 CONSULT$1 APP>5TLY1 BY WRIT]S ( ! MAJOR HI/ORICAL WORKS4.<#d#e.> ,! ONE PUBLI%$ COLLECTION ( DOCUM5TS DEAL+ ) COLLECTIVIZATION.<#d#f.> HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ ONLY BY AN AN>*I/ PRESS & H5CE IS B>ELY ACCESSIBLE TO ! G5]AL READ]1 & HAS ALSO R>ELY BE5 CONSULT$--IT DOES NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 APPE> 9 ,JACKSON'S BIBLIOGRAPHY1 ?\< ,JACKSON'S ACC\NT IS 9T5D$ TO BE A SOCIAL & POLITICAL1 NOT M]ELY A MILIT>Y1 HI/ORY4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS A/ONI%+ SOCIAL UPHEAVAL SEEMS TO HAVE L>GELY PASS$ FROM MEMORY4 ,! DRAMA & PA?OS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> HAVE BY NO MEANS FAD$2 WITNESS ! IMPACT A FEW YE>S AGO ( ! FILM ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID4 ,YET 9 ?IS FILM 7AS ,DANIEL ,GU]9 PO9TS \T7 ONE F9DS NO REF]5CE TO ! POPUL> REVOLUTION ?AT HAD TRANS=M$ MU* ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 

,I WILL BE CONC]N$ H]E ) ! EV5TS ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g1.<#d#g.> & ) ONE P>TICUL> ASPECT ( ! COMPLEX /RUGGLE 9VOLV+ ,FRANCO ,NATIONALI/S1 ,REPUBLICANS 79CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY71 AN>*I/S1 & SOCIALI/ WORK]S' GR\PS4 ,! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION 9 ,JULY #aicf CAME AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( SEV]AL MON?S ( /RIKES1 EXPROPRIATIONS1 & BATTLES BETWE5 PEASANTS & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,! LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/ LEAD] ,L>GO ,CABALL]O HAD DEM&$ 9 ,JUNE ?AT ! WORK]S BE >M$1 BUT WAS REFUS$ BY ,AZANA4 ,:5 ! C\P CAME1 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WAS P>ALYZ$4 ,WORK]S >M$ !MSELVES 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA1 ROBB+ GOV]NM5T >MORIES & EV5 %IPS 9 ! H>BOR1 & PUT D[N ! 9SURRECTION :ILE ! GOV]NM5T VACILLAT$1 TORN BETWE5 ! TW9 DANG]S ( SUBMITT+ TO ,FRANCO & >M+ ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,9 L>GE >EAS ( ,SPA9 EFFECTIVE AU?ORITY PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ WORK]S :O HAD PLAY$ A SUB/ANTIAL1 G5]ALLY DOM9ANT ROLE 9 PUTT+ D[N ! 9SURRECTION4 

,! NEXT FEW MON?S HAVE FREQU5TLY BE5 DESCRIB$ AS A P]IOD ( 0DUAL P[]40 ,9 ,B>CELONA 9DU/RY & COMM]CE W]E L>GELY COLLECTIVIZ$1 & A WAVE ( COLLECTIVIZATION SPREAD ?R\< RURAL >EAS1 AS WELL AS T[NS & VILLAGES1 9 ,>AGON1 ,CA/ILE1 & ! ,LEVANT1 & TO A LESS] BUT /ILL SIGNIFICANT EXT5T 9 MANY P>TS ( ,CATALONIA1 ,A/URIAS1 ,E/REMADURA1 & ,&ALUSIA4 ,MILIT>Y P[] WAS EX]CIS$ BY DEF5SE COMMITTEES2 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION TOOK MANY =MS1 FOLL[+ 9 MA9 \TL9ES ! PROGRAM ( ! ,S>AGOSSA ,CONGRESS ( ! AN>*I/ ,C,N,T 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS 0APOLITICAL10 9 ! S5SE ?AT ITS ORGANS ( P[] & ADM9I/RATION REMA9$ SEP>ATE FROM ! C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T &1 EV5 AFT] SEV]AL AN>*I/ LEAD]S 5T]$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#c#f1 CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION FAIRLY 9DEP5D5TLY UNTIL ! REVOLUTION WAS F9ALLY CRU%$ BETWE5 ! FASCI/ & ,COMMUNI/-L$ ,REPUBLICAN =CES4 ,! SUCCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE 9 ,B>CELONA IMPRESS$ EV5 HI<LY UNSYMPA!TIC OBS]V]S SU* AS ,BORK5AU4 ,! SCALE ( RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION IS 9DICAT$ BY !SE DATA FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES3 9 ,>AGON1 #de COLLECTIVES ) HALF A MILLION MEMB]S2 9 ! ,LEVANT1 #i COLLECTIVES ACC\NT+ = AB\T HALF ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & #g P]C5T ( M>KET+ 9 ?IS1 ! RI*E/ AGRICULTURAL REGION ( ,SPA92 9 ,CA/ILE1 #c COLLECTIVES ) AB\T #a1 MEMB]S4.<#d#h.> ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY ,COMPANYS RETA9$ NOM9AL AU?ORITY1 BUT REAL P[] WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! AN>*I/-DOM9AT$ COMMITTEES4 

,! P]IOD ( ,JULY ?R\< ,SEPTEMB] MAY BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS ONE ( SPONTANE\S1 WIDESPREAD1 BUT UNCONSUMMAT$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#d#i.> ,A NUMB] ( AN>*I/ LEAD]S JO9$ ! GOV]NM5T2 ! REASON1 AS /AT$ BY ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y ON ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#c#g1 WAS ?IS3 0444 ! AN>*I/S HAVE 5T]$ ! GOV]NM5T TO PREV5T ! ,REVOLUTION FROM DEVIAT+ & 9 ORD] TO C>RY IT FUR!R BEYOND ! W>1 & ALSO TO OPPOSE ANY DICTATORIAL T5D5CY1 FROM :]EV] IT MI<T COME40.<#e.> ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FELL 9CREAS+LY UND] ,COMMUNI/ CONTROL--9 ,CATALONIA1 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ ,P,S,U,C--L>GELY AS A RESULT ( ! VALUABLE ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE4 ,COMMUNI/ SUCCESS WAS GREATE/ 9 ! RI* F>M+ >EAS ( ! ,LEVANT 7! GOV]NM5T MOV$ TO ,VAL5CIA1 CAPITAL ( ONE ( ! PROV9CES71 :]E PROSP]\S F>M [N]S FLOCK$ TO ! ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION ?AT ! P>TY HAD ORGANIZ$ TO PROTECT ! WEAL?Y F>M]S2 ?IS F$]ATION 0S]V$ AS A P[]FUL 9/RUM5T 9 *ECK+ ! RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION PROMOT$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S ( ! PROV9CE40.<#e#a.> ,ELSE:]E AS WELL1 C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESSES REFLECT$ 9CREAS+ ,COMMUNI/ DOM9ANCE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,! FIR/ PHASE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS ! LEGALIZATION & REGULATION ( ?OSE ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT APPE>$ IRREV]SIBLE4 ,A DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #g BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ,VIC5TE ,URIBE1 LEGALIZ$ C]TA9 EXPROPRIATIONS--NAMELY1 ( L&S BELONG+ TO P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,FRANCO REVOLT4 ,( C\RSE1 !SE EXPROPRIATIONS HAD ALREADY TAK5 PLACE1 A FACT ?AT DID NOT PREV5T ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS FROM DESCRIB+ ! DECREE AS 0! MO/ PR(\NDLY REVOLUTION>Y MEASURE ?AT HAS BE5 TAK5 S9CE ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+40.<#e#b.> ,9 FACT1 BY EXEMPT+ ! E/ATES ( L&[N]S :O HAD NOT DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,FRANCO REBELLION1 ! DECREE REPRES5T$ A /EP BACKW>D1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 & IT WAS CRITICIZ$ NOT ONLY BY ! ,C,N,T BUT ALSO BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S1 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,! DEM& = A MU* BROAD] DECREE WAS UNACCEPTABLE TO ! ,COMMUNI/-L$ M9I/RY1 S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS 0SEEK+ SUPPORT AMONG ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES 9 ! ANTI-,FRANCO C\P0 & H5CE 0C\LD NOT AF=D TO REPEL ! SMALL & M$IUM PROPRIETORS :O HAD BE5 HO/ILE TO ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T BE=E ! CIVIL W>40.<#e#c.> ,!SE 0SMALL PROPRIETORS10 9 FACT1 SEEM TO HAVE 9CLUD$ [N]S ( SUB/ANTIAL E/ATES4 ,! DECREE COMPELL$ T5ANTS TO CONT9UE PAY+ R5T UNLESS ! L&[N]S HAD SUPPORT$ ,FRANCO1 & BY GU>ANTEE+ =M] L&HOLD+S1 IT PREV5T$ DI/RIBUTION ( L& TO ! VILLAGE POOR4 ,RIC>DO ,ZABALZA1 G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S1 DESCRIB$ ! RESULT+ SITUATION AS ONE ( 0GALL+ 9JU/ICE02 0! SYCOPHANTS ( ! =M] POLITICAL BOSSES /ILL 5JOY A PRIVILEG$ POSITION AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE P]SONS :O W]E UNABLE TO R5T EV5 ! SMALLE/ P>CEL ( L&1 BECAUSE !Y W]E REVOLUTION>IES40.<#e#d.> 

,TO COMPLETE ! /AGE ( LEGALIZATION & RE/RICTION ( :AT HAD ALREADY BE5 A*IEV$1 A DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 PROMULGAT$ BY A ,C,N,T MEMB] :O HAD BECOME ,C\NCILOR = ,ECONOMY 9 ! ,CATALONIAN ,G5]ALITAT1 GAVE LEGAL SANCTION TO ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,9 ?IS CASE TOO1 ! /EP WAS REGRESSIVE1 FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS LIMIT$ TO 5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S1 & A V>IETY ( CONDITIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ ?AT REMOV$ CONTROL FROM ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES TO ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY4.<#e#e.> 

,! SECOND /AGE ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 FROM ,OCTOB] #aicf ?R\< ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 9VOLV$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! MILITIA BY A CONV5TIONAL >MY1 & ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM1 :]EV] ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 CAME A DIRECT ATTACK ON ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,B>CELONA 7! ,MAY ,DAYS74.<#e#f.> ,FOLL[+ ! SUCCESS ( ?IS ATTACK1 ! PROCESS ( LIQUIDATION ( ! REVOLUTION WAS COMPLET$4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #bd WAS RESC9D$ & 9DU/RIES W]E 0FRE$0 FROM WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,COMMUNI/-L$ >MIES SWEPT ?R\< ,>AGON1 DE/ROY+ MANY COLLECTIVES & DISMANTL+ !IR ORGANIZATIONS &1 G5]ALLY1 BR++ ! >EA UND] ! CONTROL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,?R\<\T ! ,REPUBLICAN-HELD T]RITORIES1 ! GOV]NM5T1 N[ UND] ,COMMUNI/ DOM9ATION1 ACT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PLAN ANN\NC$ 9 ,PRAVDA ON ,DECEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#c#f3 0,SO F> AS ,CATALONIA IS CONC]N$1 ! CLEAN+ UP ( ,TROTZKYI/ & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ELEM5TS !RE HAS ALREADY BEGUN1 & IT WILL BE C>RI$ \T !RE ) ! SAME 5]GY AS 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R40.<#e#g.>--&1 WE MAY ADD1 9 MU* ! SAME MANN]4 

,9 BRIEF1 ! P]IOD FROM ! SUMM] ( #aicf TO #aicg WAS ONE ( REVOLUTION & C\NT]REVOLUTION3 ! REVOLUTION WAS L>GELY SPONTANE\S ) MASS P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S2 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS UND] ,COMMUNI/ DIRECTION1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9CREAS+LY COM+ TO REPRES5T ! RI<T W+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD & AFT] ! SUCCESS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS WAG+ A W> AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION2 ?IS HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 GREAT DETAIL 9 NUM]\S PUBLICATIONS1 & ,I WILL SAY LITTLE AB\T IT H]E4 ,! ,COMMUNI/-L$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE MU/1 ( C\RSE1 BE UND]/OOD AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! ONGO+ ANTIFASCI/ W> & ! MORE G5]AL ATTEMPT ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO CON/RUCT A BROAD ANTIFASCI/ ALLIANCE ) ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES4 ,ONE REASON = ! VIGOR\S C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y POLICY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S WAS !IR BELIEF ?AT ,5GL& W\LD NEV] TOL]ATE A REVOLUTION>Y TRIUMPH 9 ,SPA91 :]E ,5GL& HAD SUB/ANTIAL COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S1 AS DID ,FRANCE & TO A LESS] EXT5T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#e#h.> ,I WILL RETURN TO ?IS MATT] BEL[4 ,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT !RE W]E UND\BT$LY O!R FACTORS AS WELL4 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]'S COMM5TS >E1 ,I BELIEVE1 QUITE TO ! PO9T3  
  

444 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE HAVE BE5 5GAG$ 9 A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE AGA9/ A PITILESS FOE & HAVE BE5 EXPOS$ BESIDES TO ! SECRET 9TRIGUES ( ! GREAT IMP]IALI/ P[]S ( ,EUROPE4 ,DESPITE ?IS ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES HAVE NOT GRASP$ AT ! DISA/R\S EXP$I5T ( DICTATOR%IP1 BUT HAVE RESPECT$ ALL HONE/ CONVICTIONS4 ,EV]YONE :O VISIT$ ,B>CELONA AFT] ! ,JULY BATTLES1 :E!R FRI5D OR FOE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 WAS SURPRIS$ AT ! FRE$OM ( PUBLIC LIFE & ! ABS5CE ( ANY >RANGEM5TS = SUPPRESS+ ! FREE EXPRESSION ( OP9ION4 

,= TWO DECADES ! SUPPORT]S ( ,BOL%EVISM HAVE BE5 HAMM]+ IT 9TO ! MASSES ?AT DICTATOR%IP IS A VITAL NECESSITY = ! DEF5SE ( ! SO-CALL$ PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! ASSAULTS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION & = PAV+ ! WAY = ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y HAVE NOT ADVANC$ ! CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM BY ?IS PROPAG&A1 BUT HAVE M]ELY SMOO!D ! WAY = ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA BY CAUS+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO =GET ?AT DICTATOR%IP1 ! MO/ EXTREME =M ( TYRANNY1 CAN NEV] LEAD TO SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT L$ TO ,SOCIALISM1 BUT TO ! DOM9ATION ( A NEW BUREAUCRACY OV] ! PROLET>IAT & ! :OLE PEOPLE4444 

,:AT ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRATS & !IR SUPPORT]S FE> MO/ IS ?AT ! SUCCESS ( LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA9 MI<T PROVE TO !IR BL9D FOLL[]S ?AT ! MU* VAUNT$ 0NECESSITY ( A DICTATOR%IP0 IS NO?+ BUT ONE VA/ FRAUD :I* 9 ,RUSSIA HAS L$ TO ! DESPOTISM ( ,/AL9 & IS TO S]VE TODAY 9 ,SPA9 TO HELP ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION TO A VICTORY OV] ! REVOLUTION ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4.<#e#i.>  
  

,AFT] DECADES ( ANTI-,COMMUNI/ 9DOCTR9ATION1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE A P]SPECTIVE ?AT MAKES POSSIBLE A S]I\S EVALUATION ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ,BOL%EVISM & ,WE/]N LIB]ALISM HAVE BE5 UNIT$ 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ONE CAN COMPREH5D ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 )\T ATTA9+ ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 

,) ?IS BRIEF SKET*--P>TISAN1 BUT ,I ?9K ACCURATE--= BACKGR\ND1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO TURN TO ,JACKSON'S ACC\NT ( ?IS ASPECT ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7SEE NOTE #h74 

,JACKSON PRESUMES 7P4 #b#e#i7 ?AT ,SOVIET SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLICAN CAUSE 9 ,SPA9 WAS GUID$ BY TWO FACTORS3 FIR/1 CONC]N = ,SOVIET SECURITY2 SECOND1 ! HOPE ?AT A ,REPUBLICAN VICTORY W\LD ADVANCE 0! CAUSE ( WORLDWIDE 'PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION' ) :I* ,SOVIET LEAD]S HOP$ TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES40 ,!Y DID NOT PRESS !IR REVOLUTION>Y AIMS1 HE FEELS1 BECAUSE 0= ! MOM5T IT WAS ESS5TIAL NOT TO FRI<T5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES OR ! ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS40 

,AS TO ! CONC]N = ,SOVIET SECURITY1 ,JACKSON IS NO D\BT CORRECT4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,SOVIET SUPPORT ( ! ,REPUBLIC WAS ONE ASPECT ( ! ATTEMPT TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES AGA9/ ! FASCI/ ?REAT4 ,H[EV]1 ,JACKSON'S CONCEPTION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A REVOLUTION>Y P[]--HOPEFUL ?AT A ,REPUBLICAN VICTORY W\LD ADVANCE 0! 9T]RUPT$ MOVEM5T T[>D WORLD REVOLUTION0 & SEEK+ TO ID5TIFY ITSELF ) 0! CAUSE ( ! WORLD-WIDE 'PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION' 0--SEEMS TO ME 5TIRELY MI/AK54 ,JACKSON PRES5TS NO EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( ,SOVIET POLICY1 NOR DO ,I KN[ ( ANY4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO SEE H[ DIFF]5TLY ! EV5TS W]E 9T]PRET$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 NOT ONLY BY AN>*I/S LIKE ,ROCK] BUT ALSO BY SU* COMM5TATORS AS ,G]ALD ,BR5AN & ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 :O W]E 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! SITUATION 9 ,SPA94 ,BR5AN OBS]VES ?AT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y POLICY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S 7:I* HE ?9KS WAS 0EXTREMELY S5SIBLE07 WAS  
  

! POLICY MO/ SUIT$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES4 ,RUSSIA IS A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME RUL$ BY A BUREAUCRACY3 ! FRAME ( M9D ( ITS LEAD]S1 :O HAVE COME ?R\< ! MO/ T]RIBLE UPHEAVAL 9 HI/ORY1 IS CYNICAL & OPPORTUNI/3 ! :OLE FABRIC ( ! /ATE IS DOGMATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,TO EXPECT SU* M5 TO LEAD A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,SPA91 :]E ! WILDE/ IDEALISM IS COMB9$ ) GREAT 9DEP5D5CE ( *>ACT]1 WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,! ,RUSSIANS C\LD1 IT IS TRUE1 COMM& PL5TY ( IDEALISM AMONG !IR =EIGN ADMIR]S1 BUT !Y C\LD ONLY H>NESS IT TO ! CREATION ( A CA/-IRON BUREAUCRATIC /ATE1 :]E EV]YONE ?9KS ALIKE & OBEYS ! ORD]S ( ! *IEF ABOVE HIM4.<#f.>  
  

,HE SEES NO?+ 9 ,RUSSIAN CONDUCT 9 ,SPA9 TO 9DICATE ANY 9T]E/ 9 A 0PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION40 ,RA!R1 ! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY WAS TO OPPOSE 0EV5 SU* RURAL & 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES AS HAD RIS5 SPONTANE\SLY & FLOOD ! C\NTRY ) POLICE :O1 LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ,OGPU1 ACT$ ON ! ORD]S ( !IR P>TY RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR40 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E CONC]N$ TO SUPPRESS ALTOGE!R ! IMPULSES T[>DS 0SPONTANEITY ( SPEE* OR ACTION10 S9CE 0!IR :OLE NATURE & HI/ORY MADE !M DI/RU/ ! LOCAL & SPONTANE\S & PUT !IR FAI? 9 ORD]1 DISCIPL9E & BUREAUCRATIC UNI=MITY0--H5CE PLAC$ !M 9 OPPOSITION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ,SPA94 ,AS ,BR5AN ALSO NOTES1 ! ,RUSSIANS )DREW !IR SUPPORT ONCE IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! ,BRITI% W\LD NOT BE SWAY$ FROM ! POLICY ( APPEASEM5T1 A FACT :I* GIVES ADDITIONAL CONFIRMATION TO ! !SIS ?AT ONLY CONSID]ATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY L$ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO SUPPORT ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,BORK5AU'S ANALYSIS IS SIMIL>4 ,HE APPROVES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY1 BECAUSE ( ITS 0EFFICI5CY10 BUT HE PO9TS \T ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S 0PUT AN 5D TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & 5=C$ !IR VIEW ?AT ?IS \<T NOT TO BE A REVOLUTION BUT SIMPLY ! DEF5SE ( A LEGAL GOV]NM5T 444 COMMUNI/ POLICY 9 ,SPA9 WAS MA9LY DICTAT$ NOT BY ! NECESSITIES ( ! ,SPANI% FI<T BUT BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9T]V5+ =EIGN P[]1 ,RUSSIA10 A C\NTRY 0) A REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 NOT A REVOLUTION>Y PRES5T40 ,! ,COMMUNI/S ACT$ 0NOT ) ! AIM ( TRANS=M+ *AOTIC 5?USIASM 9TO DISCIPL9$ 5?USIASM .<:I* ,BORK5AU FEELS TO HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y.>1 BUT ) ! AIM ( SUB/ITUT+ DISCIPL9$ MILIT>Y & ADM9I/RATIVE ACTION = ! ACTION ( ! MASSES & GETT+ RID ( ! LATT] 5TIRELY40 ,?IS POLICY1 HE PO9TS \T1 W5T 0DIRECTLY AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S & CLAIMS ( ! MASSES0 & ?US WEAK5$ POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,! N[ APA!TIC MASSES W\LD NOT COMMIT !MSELVES TO ! DEF5SE ( A ,COMMUNI/-RUN DICTATOR%IP1 :I* RE/OR$ =M] AU?ORITY & EV5 0%[$ A DEF9ITE PREF]5CE = ! POLICE =CES ( ! OLD REGIME1 SO HAT$ BY ! MASSES40 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! RECORD /RONGLY SUPPORTS ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( ,COMMUNI/ POLICY & ITS EFFECTS1 ?\< ,BORK5AU'S ASSUMPTION ?AT ,COMMUNI/ 0EFFICI5CY0 WAS NECESS>Y TO W9 ! ANTI-,FRANCO /RUGGLE IS MU* MORE DUBI\S--A QUE/ION TO :I* ,I RETURN BEL[4.<#f#a.> 

,IT IS RELEVANT TO OBS]VE1 AT ?IS PO9T1 ?AT A NUMB] ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S W]E RELUCTANTLY =C$ TO SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS4 ,BOLLOT5 CITES SEV]AL EXAMPLES1.<#f#b.> SPECIFICALLY1 ! MILIT>Y COMM&] 0,EL ,CAMPES9O0 & ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ1 A M9I/] 9 ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T4 ,! =M]1 AFT] HIS ESCAPE FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#d#i1 /AT$ ?AT HE HAD TAK5 = GRANT$ ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY0 ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>--A MO/ REM>KABLE DEGREE ( 9NOC5CE--& REALIZ$ ONLY LAT] 0?AT ! ,KREML9 DOES NOT S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD1 BUT MAKES !M S]VE ITS [N 9T]E/S2 ?AT1 ) A TREA*]Y & HYPOCRISY )\T P>ALLEL1 IT MAKES USE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS AS A M]E PAWN 9 ITS POLITICAL 9TRIGUES40 ,H]N&EZ1 9 A SPEE* GIV5 %ORTLY AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ADMITS ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S 0ACT$ MORE LIKE ,SOVIET SUBJECTS ?AN SONS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE40 0,IT MAY SEEM ABSURD1 9CR$IBLE10 HE ADDS1 0BUT \R $UCATION UND] ,SOVIET TUTELAGE HAD DE=M$ US TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT WE W]E COMPLETELY D5ATIONALIZ$2 \R NATIONAL S\L WAS TORN \T ( US & REPLAC$ BY A RABIDLY *AUV9I/IC 9T]NATIONALISM1 :I* BEGAN & 5D$ ) ! T[]S ( ! ,KREML940 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#b#a1 ! ,DUT* 0ULTRA-LEFTI/0 ,H]MANN ,GORT] WROTE ?AT ! CONGRESS 0HAS DECID$ ! FATE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION = ! PRES5T4 ,! TR5D ( OP9ION ?AT S]I\SLY DESIR$ WORLD REVOLUTION 444 HAS BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE & ?R\<\T ! WORLD ?AT RETA9 !IR MEMB]%IP ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,9T]NATIONAL WILL BECOME NO?+ MORE ?AN A MEANS TO PRES]VE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC40.<#f#c.> ,?IS =ECA/ HAS PROV$ QUITE ACCURATE4 ,JACKSON'S CONCEPTION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS A REVOLUTION>Y P[] 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 OR EV5 ?AT ! ,SOVIET LEAD]S TRULY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ID5TIFI$ ) WORLD REVOLUTION1 IS )\T FACTUAL SUPPORT4 ,IT IS A MIS9T]PRETATION ?AT RUNS P>ALLEL TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,COLD ,W> MY?OLOGY ?AT HAS 9V5T$ AN 09T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNI/ CONSPIRACY0 DIRECT$ FROM ,MOSC[ 7N[ ,PEK+7 TO JU/IFY ITS [N 9T]V5TIONI/ POLICIES4 

,TURN+ TO EV5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 ,JACKSON DESCRIBES ! FIR/ /AGES ( COLLECTIVIZATION AS FOLL[S3 ! UNIONS 9 ,MADRID1 0AS 9 ,B>CELONA & ,VAL5CIA1 ABUS$ !IR SUDD5 AU?ORITY TO PLACE ! SIGN 9CAUTADO .<PLAC$ UND] WORK]S' CONTROL.> ON ALL MANN] ( BUILD+S & VEHICLES0 7P4 #b#g#i74 ,:Y WAS ?IS AN ABUSE ( AU?ORITY8 ,?IS ,JACKSON DOES NOT EXPLA94 ,! *OICE ( WORDS 9DICATES A RELUCTANCE ON ,JACKSON'S P>T TO RECOGNIZE ! REALITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 DESPITE HIS ACC\NT ( ! BREAKD[N ( ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITY4 ,! /ATEM5T ?AT ! WORK]S 0ABUS$ !IR SUDD5 AU?ORITY0 BY C>RY+ \T COLLECTIVIZATION RE/S ON A MORAL JUDGM5T ?AT RECALLS ?AT ( ,I?IEL ,POOL1 :5 HE *>ACT]IZES L& RE=M 9 ,VIETNAM AS A MATT] ( 0DESPOIL+ ONE'S NEI<BORS10 OR ( ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 :5 HE SPEAKS ( EXPROPRIATION 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS 0ROBB]Y10 DEMON/RAT+ 0A /REAK ( MORAL 9DIFF]5CE40 

,)9 A FEW MON?S1 ,JACKSON 9=MS US1 0! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE BEGAN TO EBB 9 ,CATALONIA0 AFT] 0ACCUMULAT+ FOOD & SUPPLY PROBLEMS1 & ! EXP]I5CE ( ADM9I/]+ VILLAGES1 FRONTI] PO/S1 & PUBLIC UTILITIES1 HAD RAPIDLY %[N ! AN>*I/S ! UNSUSPECT$ COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY0 7PP4 #c#a#c-#a#d74 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 0! NAIVE OPTIMISM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ! PREVI\S ,AUGU/ HAD GIV5 WAY TO FEEL+S ( RES5TM5T & ( SOMEH[ HAV+ BE5 *EAT$10 AS ! CO/ ( LIV+ D\BL$1 BREAD WAS 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 & POLICE BRUTALITY REA*$ ! LEVELS ( ! MON>*Y4 0,! ,P,\,M & ! AN>*I/ PRESS SIMULTANE\SLY EXTOLL$ ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS & EXPLA9$ ! FAILURES ( PRODUCTION AS DUE TO ,VAL5CIA POLICIES ( BOYCOTT+ ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY & FAVOR+ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y EXPLA9$ ! LOSS ( ,MALAGA AS DUE 9 L>GE MEASURE TO ! L[ MORALE & ! DISORI5TATION ( ! ,&ALUSIAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* SAW ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T EVOLV+ /EADILY T[>D ! RI<T0 7P4 #c#f#h74 ,JACKSON EVID5TLY BELIEVES ?AT ?IS LEFT-W+ 9T]PRETATION ( EV5TS WAS NONS5SICAL1 & ?AT 9 FACT IT WAS AN>*I/ 9COMPET5CE OR TREA*]Y ?AT WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! DIFFICULTIES3 0,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C,N,T FACTORY COMMITTEES DRAGG$ !IR HEELS ON W> PRODUCTION1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T DEPRIV$ !M ( RAW MAT]IALS & WAS FAVOR+ ! B\RGEOISIE0 7P4 #c#f#e74 

,9 FACT1 0! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE BEGAN TO EBB 9 ,CATALONIA0 UND] A MIDDLE-CLASS ATTACK L$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 NOT BECAUSE ( A RECOGNITION ( ! 0COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY40 ,& IT WAS1 MOREOV]1 QUITE TRUE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$1 ) MU* SUCCESS1 TO HAMP] COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE & TO DISRUPT ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( COMM]CE4 ,I HAVE ALREADY REF]R$ TO ! E>LY /AGES ( C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!R 9VE/IGATION ( ! S\RCES TO :I* ,JACKSON REF]S & O!RS %[S ?AT ! AN>*I/ *>GES W]E NOT BASELESS1 AS ,JACKSON IMPLIES4 ,BOLLOT5 CITES A GOOD DEAL ( EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( HIS CONCLUSION ?AT  
  

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! ,COMMUNI/S UND]TOOK A SPIRIT$ DEF5SE ( ! SMALL & M$IUM PROPRIETOR & T5ANT F>M] AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVIZ+ DRIVE ( ! RURAL WAGE-WORK]S1 AGA9/ ! POLICY ( ! LABOR UNIONS PROHIBIT+ ! F>M] FROM HOLD+ MORE L& ?AN HE C\LD CULTIVATE ) HIS [N H&S1 & AGA9/ ! PRACTICES ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I* REQUISITION$ H>VE/S1 9T]F]$ ) PRIVATE TRADE1 & COLLECT$ R5TS FROM T5ANT F>M]S4.<#f#d.>  
  

,! POLICY ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS CLE>LY 5UNCIAT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE3 0,WE SAY ?AT ! PROP]TY ( ! SMALL F>M] IS SACR$ & ?AT ?OSE :O ATTACK OR ATTEMPT TO ATTACK ?IS PROP]TY MU/ BE REG>D$ AS 5EMIES ( ! REGIME40.<#f#e.> ,G]ALD ,BR5AN1 NO SYMPA?IZ] ) COLLECTIVIZATION1 EXPLA9S ! FAILURE ( COLLECTIVIZATION AS FOLL[S 7P4 #c#b#a73  
  

,! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ MEMB]S ( IT1 DESIR$ TO BR+ .<! COLLECTIVES.> UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE3 !Y !RE=E FAIL$ TO PROVIDE !M ) ! CR$IT REQUIR$ = BUY+ RAW MAT]IALS3 AS SOON AS ! SUPPLY ( RAW COTTON WAS EXHAU/$ ! MILLS /OPP$ WORK+ 444 EV5 .<! MUNITIONS 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA.> W]E H>ASS$ BY ! NEW BUREAUCRATIC ORGANS ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,SUPPLY4.<#f#f.>  
  

,HE QUOTES ! B\RGEOIS PRESID5T ( ,CATALONIA1 ,COMPANYS1 AS SAY+ ?AT 0WORK]S 9 ! >MS FACTORIES 9 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 WORK+ #ef H\RS & MORE EA* WEEK & ?AT NO CASES ( SABOTAGE OR 9DISCIPL9E HAD TAK5 PLACE10 UNTIL ! WORK]S W]E DEMORALIZ$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIZATION--LAT]1 MILIT>IZATION--IMPOS$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4.<#f#g.> ,HIS [N CONCLUSION IS ?AT 0! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T WAS N[ US+ ! ,P4,S4,U4,C4 AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4--BUT NOT 444 BECAUSE ! ,CATALAN WORK]S W]E GIV+ TR\BLE1 BUT BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S WI%$ TO WEAK5 !M BE=E DE/ROY+ !M40 

,! CIT$ CORRESPOND5CE FROM ,COMPANYS TO ,PRIETO1 ACCORD+ TO ,V]NON ,RI*>DS 7P4 #d#g71 PRES5TS EVID5CE %[+ ! SUCCESS ( ,CATALONIAN W> 9DU/RY UND] COLLECTIVIZATION & DEMON/RAT+ H[ 0MU* MORE C\LD HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ HAD ! MEANS = EXP&+ ! 9DU/RY NOT BE5 D5I$ !M BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T40 ,RI*>DS ALSO CITES TE/IMONY BY A SPOKESMAN = ! SUBSECRET>IAT ( MUNITIONS & >MAM5T ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T ADMITT+ ?AT 0! W> 9DU/RY ( ,CATALONIA HAD PRODUC$ T5 TIMES MORE ?AN ! RE/ ( ,SPANI% 9DU/RY PUT TOGE!R & .<AGREE+.> 444 ?AT ?IS \TPUT C\LD HAVE BE5 QUADRUPL$ AS FROM BEG9N+ ( ,SEPTEMB].<#f#h.> IF ,CATALONIA HAD HAD ACCESS TO ! NECESS>Y MEANS = PUR*AS+ RAW MAT]IALS ?AT W]E UNOBTA9ABLE 9 ,SPANI% T]RITORY40 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECALL ?AT ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD 5ORM\S GOLD RES]VES 7SOON TO BE TRANSMITT$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION71 SO ?AT RAW MAT]IALS = ,CATALAN 9DU/RY C\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 PUR*AS$1 DESPITE ! HO/ILITY ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES TO ! ,REPUBLIC DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 7SEE BEL[74 ,FUR!RMORE1 RAW MAT]IALS HAD REPEAT$LY BE5 REQUE/$4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 ,JUAN ,FABREGAS1 ! ,C,N,T DELEGATE TO ! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA :O WAS 9 P>T RESPONSIBLE = ! COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE CIT$ E>LI]1 REPORT$ ?AT ! F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES ( ,CATALONIA W]E CREAT$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TO 0GIVE ANY ASSI/ANCE 9 ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL QUE/IONS1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE IT HAS LITTLE SYMPA?Y ) ! WORK ( A PRACTICAL ORD] :I* IS BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 ,CATALONIA0.<#f#i.>--?AT IS1 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,HE 0W5T ON TO REC\NT ?AT A ,COMMISSION :I* W5T TO ,MADRID TO ASK = CR$ITS TO PUR*ASE W> MAT]IALS & RAW MAT]IALS1 (F]+ #a1 MILLION PESETAS 9 SECURITIES LODG$ 9 ! ,BANK ( ,SPA91 MET ) A BLANK REFUSAL4 ,IT WAS SUFFICI5T ?AT ! NEW W> 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 = ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T TO REFUSE ANY UNCONDITIONAL AID4 ,ONLY 9 EX*ANGE = GOV]NM5T CONTROL W\LD !Y GIVE F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE40.<#g.> 

,BR\E & ,TEMIME TAKE A RA!R SIMIL> POSITION4 ,COMM5T+ ON ! *>GE ( 09COMPET5CE0 LEVEL$ AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 !Y PO9T \T ?AT 0ONE MU/ NOT NEGLECT ! T]RIBLE BURD5 ( ! W>40 ,DESPITE ?IS BURD51 !Y OBS]VE1 0NEW TE*NIQUES ( MANAGEM5T & ELIM9ATION ( DIVID5DS HAD P]MITT$ A L[]+ ( PRICES0 & 0ME*ANIZATION & RATIONALIZATION1 9TRODUC$ 9 NUM]\S 5T]PRISES 444 HAD CONSID]ABLY AUGM5T$ PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK]S ACCEPT$ ! 5ORM\S SACRIFICES ) 5?USIASM BECAUSE1 9 MO/ CASES1 !Y HAD ! CONVICTION ?AT ! FACTORY BELONG$ TO !M & ?AT AT LA/ !Y W]E WORK+ = !MSELVES & !IR CLASS BRO!RS4 ,A TRULY NEW SPIRIT HAD COME OV] ! ECONOMY ( ,SPA9 ) ! CONC5TRATION ( SCATT]$ 5T]PRISES1 ! SIMPLIFICATION ( COMM]CIAL PATT]NS1 A SIGNIFICANT /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL PROJECTS = AG$ WORK]S1 *ILDR51 DISABL$1 SICK & ! P]SONNEL 9 G5]AL0 7PP4 #a#e-#e#a74 ,! GREAT WEAKNESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 !Y >GUE1 WAS ! FACT ?AT IT WAS NOT C>RI$ ?R\< TO COMPLETION4 ,9 P>T ?IS WAS BECAUSE ( ! W>2 9 P>T1 A CONSEQU5CE ( ! POLICIES ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y TOO EMPHASIZE ! REFUSAL ( ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T1 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 TO GRANT CR$ITS OR SUPPLY FUNDS TO COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RY OR AGRICULTURE--9 ! CASE ( ,CATALONIA1 EV5 :5 SUB/ANTIAL GU>ANTEES W]E (F]$ BY ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,?US ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES W]E =C$ TO EXI/ ON :AT ASSETS HAD BE5 SEIZ$ AT ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! CONTROL ( GOLD & CR$IT 0P]MITT$ ! GOV]NM5T TO RE/RICT & PREV5T ! FUNCTION ( COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISES AT WILL0 7P4 #a#d#d74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 IT WAS ! RE/RICTION ( CR$IT ?AT F9ALLY DE/ROY$ COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RY4 ,! ,COMPANYS GOV]NM5T 9 ,CATALONIA REFUS$ TO CREATE A BANK = 9DU/RY & CR$IT1 AS DEM&$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M1 & ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7RELY+1 9 ?IS CASE1 ON CONTROL ( ! BANKS BY ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T7 WAS ABLE TO CONTROL ! FL[ ( CAPITAL & 0TO RES]VE CR$IT = PRIVATE 5T]PRISE40 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO OBTA9 CR$IT = COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RY W]E UNSUCCESSFUL1 !Y MA9TA91 & 0! MOVEM5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION WAS RE/RICT$1 !N HALT$1 ! GOV]NM5T REMA9+ 9 CONTROL ( 9DU/RY ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! BANKS 444 .<& LAT].> ?R\< ITS CONTROL ( ! *OICE ( MANAG]S & DIRECTORS10 :O (T5 TURN$ \T TO BE ! =M] [N]S & MANAG]S1 UND] NEW TITLES4 ,! SITUATION WAS SIMIL> 9 ! CASE ( COLLECTIVIZ$ AGRICULTURE 7PP4 #b#dF74 

,! SITUATION WAS DULY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#h1 OBS]V$3 0,! PR9CIPLE ( ,/ATE 9T]V5TION & CONTROL ( BUS9ESS & 9DU/RY1 AS AGA9/ WORK]S' CONTROL ( !M 9 ! GUISE ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 IS GRADUALLY BE+ E/ABLI%$ 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA9 BY A S]IES ( DECREES N[ APPE>+4 ,CO9CID5TALLY !RE IS TO BE E/ABLI%$ ! PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! RI<TS ( CORPORATIONS & COMPANIES TO :AT IS LAWFULLY !IRS UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION40.<#g#a.> 

,MORR[ CITES 7PP4 #f#d-#f#e7 A S]IES ( ACTS BY ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T RE/RICT+ COLLECTIVIZATION1 ONCE P[] HAD %IFT$ AWAY FROM ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS SET UP BY ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #c1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! DAIRY TRADE WAS DECL>$ ILLEGAL4.<#g#b.> ,9 ,APRIL1 0! ,G5]ALIDAD ANNULL$ WORK]S' CONTROL OV] ! CU/OMS BY REFUS+ TO C]TIFY WORK]S' [N]%IP ( MAT]IAL ?AT HAD BE5 EXPORT$ & WAS BE+ TI$ UP 9 =EIGN C\RTS BY SUITS ( =M] [N]S2 H5CE=? ! FACTORIES & AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES EXPORT+ GOODS W]E AT ! M]CY ( ! GOV]NM5T40 ,9 ,MAY1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #bd WAS RESC9D$1 ) ! >GUM5T ?AT ! DECREE 0WAS DICTAT$ )\T COMPET5CY BY ! ,G5]ALIDAD10 BECAUSE 0!RE WAS NOT1 NOR IS !RE YET1 LEGISLATION ( ! .<,SPANI%.> /ATE TO APPLY0 & 0>TICLE #dd ( ! ,CON/ITUTION DECL>ES EXPROPRIATION & SOCIALIZATION >E FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE40 ,A DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #bh 0GAVE ! GOV]NM5T ! RI<T TO 9T]V5E 9 OR TAKE OV] ANY M9+ OR METALLURGICAL PLANT40 ,! AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A REPORT$ 9 ,OCTOB] A DECISION ( ! DEP>TM5T ( PUR*ASES ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE ?AT IT W\LD MAKE CONTRACTS = PUR*ASES ONLY ) 5T]PRISES FUNCTION+ 0ON ! BASIS ( !IR OLD [N]S0 OR 0UND] ! CORRESPOND+ 9T]V5TION CONTROLL$ BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,F9ANCE & ,ECONOMY40.<#g#c.> 

,RETURN+ TO ,JACKSON'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C,N,T FACTORY COMMITTEES DRAGG$ !IR HEELS ON W> PRODUCTION1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T DEPRIV$ !M ( RAW MAT]IALS & WAS FAVOR+ ! B\RGEOISIE10 ,I BELIEVE ONE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT ?IS /ATEM5T IS MORE AN EXPRESSION ( ,JACKSON'S BIAS 9 FAVOR ( CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACY ?AN A DESCRIPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL FACTS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 WE CAN SAY ?IS MU*3 ,JACKSON PRES5TS NO EVID5CE TO SUPPORT HIS CONCLUSION2 !RE IS A FACTUAL BASIS = QUE/ION+ IT4 ,I HAVE CIT$ A NUMB] ( S\RCES ?AT ! LIB]AL HI/ORIAN W\LD REG>D1 QUITE CORRECTLY1 AS BIAS$ 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,MY PO9T IS ?AT ! FAILURE ( OBJECTIVITY1 ! DEEPSEAT$ BIAS ( LIB]AL HI/ORIANS1 IS A MATT] MU* LESS NORMALLY TAK5 = GRANT$1 & ?AT !RE >E GOOD GR\NDS = SUPPOS+ ?AT ?IS FAILURE ( OBJECTIVITY HAS S]I\SLY DI/ORT$ ! JUDGM5TS ?AT >E RA!R BRA%LY H&$ D[N AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 

,CONT9U+ ) ! ANALYSIS ( ,JACKSON'S JUDGM5TS1 UNSUPPORT$ BY ANY CIT$ EVID5CE1 CONSID] HIS REM>K1 QUOT$ ABOVE1 ?AT 9 ,B>CELONA 0! NAIVE OPTIMISM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ! PREVI\S ,AUGU/ HAD GIV5 WAY TO FEEL+S ( RES5TM5T & ( SOMEH[ HAV+ BE5 *EAT$40 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT BY ,JANU>Y #aicg !RE WAS GREAT DISAFFECTION 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BUT WAS ?IS SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( 0! UNSUSPECT$ COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY08 ,LOOK+ 9TO ! MATT] A BIT MORE CLOSELY1 WE SEE A RA!R DIFF]5T PICTURE4 ,UND] ,RUSSIAN PRESSURE1 ! ,P,S,U,C WAS GIV5 SUB/ANTIAL CONTROL ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 0PUTT+ 9TO ! ,FOOD ,M9I/RY .<9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f.> ! MAN MO/ TO ! ,RI<T 9 PRES5T ,CATALAN POLITICS1 ,COMOR]A0.<#g#d.>--BY VIRTUE ( HIS POLITICAL VIEWS1 ! MO/ WILL+ COLLABORATOR ) ! G5]AL ,COMMUNI/ P>TY POSITION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JACKSON1 ,COMOR]A 0IMM$IATELY TOOK /EPS TO 5D B>T] & REQUISITION+1 & BECAME A DEF5D] ( ! PEASANTS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION0 7P4 #c#a#d72 HE 05D$ REQUISITION1 RE/OR$ MONEY PAYM5TS1 & PROTECT$ ! ,CATALAN PEASANTS AGA9/ FUR!R COLLECTIVIZATION0 7P4 #c#f#a74 ,?IS IS ALL ?AT ,JACKSON HAS TO SAY AB\T ,JUAN ,COMOR]A4 

,WE LE>N MORE FROM O!R S\RCES3 = EXAMPLE1 ,BORK5AU1 :O WAS 9 ,B>CELONA = ! SECOND TIME 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g--& IS UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS A HI<LY KN[L$GEABLE & EXP]T OBS]V]1 ) /RONG ANTI-AN>*I/ S5TIM5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BORK5AU1 ,COMOR]A REPRES5T$ 0A POLITICAL ATTITUDE :I* CAN BE/ BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! EXTREME RI<T W+ ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ ! FI<T AGA9/ AN>*ISM AS ! *IEF AIM ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ,SPA94444 ,TO HIS SURPRISE1 HE F\ND UNEXPECT$ ALLIES = HIS DISLIKE .<( AN>*I/ POLICIES.> 9 ! COMMUNI/S40.<#g#e.> ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO REV]SE COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY AT ?AT /AGE 9 ! PROCESS ( C\NT]REVOLUTION2 ,COMOR]A DID SUCCE$1 H[EV]1 9 ABOLI%+ ! SY/EM BY :I* ! PROVISION+ ( ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$1 NAMELY1 ! VILLAGE COMMITTEES1 MO/LY UND] ,C,N,T 9FLU5CE1 :I* HAD COOP]AT$ 7P]HAPS1 ,BORK5AU SUGGE/S1 UNWILL+LY7 9 DELIV]+ FL\R TO ! T[NS4 ,CONT9U+1 ,BORK5AU DESCRIBES ! SITUATION AS FOLL[S3  
  

444 ,COMOR]A1 />T+ FROM ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( AB/RACT LIB]ALISM :I* NO ADM9I/RATION HAS FOLL[$ DUR+ ! W>1 BUT ( :I* RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S >E ! LA/ & MO/ RELIGI\S ADMIR]S1 DID NOT SUB/ITUTE = ! *AOTIC BREAD COMMITTEES A C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION4 ,HE RE/OR$ PRIVATE COMM]CE 9 BREAD1 SIMPLY & COMPLETELY4 ,!RE WAS1 9 ,JANU>Y1 NOT EV5 A SY/EM ( RATION+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,WORK]S W]E SIMPLY LEFT TO GET !IR BREAD1 ) WAGES :I* HAD H>DLY *ANG$ S9CE ,MAY1 AT 9CREAS$ PRICES1 AS WELL AS !Y C\LD4 ,9 PRACTICE IT MEANT ?AT ! WOM5 HAD TO =M QUEUES FROM F\R O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ ONW>DS4 ,! RES5TM5T 9 ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS WAS NATURALLY ACUTE1 ! MORE SO AS ! SC>CITY ( BREAD RAPIDLY 9CREAS$ AFT] ,COMOR]A HAD TAK5 (FICE4.<#g#f.>  
  

,9 %ORT1 ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA W]E NOT M]ELY GIV+ WAY TO 0FEEL+S ( RES5TM5T & ( SOMEH[ HAV+ BE5 *EAT$0 :5 !Y LE>N$ ( 0! UNSUSPECT$ COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY40 ,RA!R1 !Y HAD GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E BE+ *EAT$1 BY ! OLD DOG ) ! NEW COLL>4 

,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S OBS]VATIONS >E ALSO HI<LY RELEVANT3  
  

,EV]YONE :O HAS MADE TWO VISITS1 AT 9T]VALS ( MON?S1 TO ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! W> HAS REM>K$ UPON ! EXTRAORD9>Y *ANGES ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 IT4 ,& CURI\SLY 5\<1 :E!R !Y W5T !RE FIR/ 9 ,AUGU/ & AGA9 9 ,JANU>Y1 OR1 LIKE MYSELF1 FIR/ 9 ,DECEMB] & AGA9 9 ,APRIL1 ! ?+ !Y SAID WAS ALWAYS ! SAME3 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ATMOSPH]E HAD VANI%$4 ,NO D\BT TO ANYONE :O HAD BE5 !RE 9 ,AUGU/1 :5 ! BLOOD WAS SC>CELY DRY 9 ! /REETS & MILITIA W]E QU>T]$ 9 ! SMALL HOTELS1 ,B>CELONA 9 ,DECEMB] W\LD HAVE SEEM$ B\RGEOIS2 TO ME1 FRE% FROM ,5GL&1 IT WAS LIK] TO A WORK]S' CITY ?AN ANY?+ ,I HAD CONCEIV$ POSSIBLE4 ,N[ .<9 ,APRIL.> ! TIDE HAD ROLL$ BACK4 ,ONCE AGA9 IT WAS AN ORD9>Y CITY1 A LITTLE P9*$ & *IPP$ BY W>1 BUT ) NO \TW>D SIGN ( WORK+-CLASS PR$OM9ANCE4444 ,FAT PROSP]\S M51 ELEGANT WOM51 & SLEEK C>S W]E EV]Y:]E4444 ,! (FIC]S ( ! NEW ,POPUL> ,>MY1 A TYPE ?AT HAD SC>CELY EXI/$ :5 ,I LEFT ,B>CELONA1 SW>M$ 9 SURPRIS+ NUMB]S 444 .<WE>+.> AN ELEGANT KHAKI UNI=M ) A TI<T WAI/1 LIKE A ,BRITI% ,>MY (FIC]'S UNI=M1 ONLY A LITTLE MORE SO4 ,I DO NOT SUPPOSE ?AT MORE ?AN ONE 9 TW5TY ( !M HAD YET BE5 TO ! FRONT1 BUT ALL ( !M HAD AUTOMATIC PI/OLS /RAPP$ TO !IR BELTS2 WE1 AT ! FRONT1 C\LD NOT GET PI/OLS = LOVE OR MONEY4444.<#g#g.> ,A DEEP *ANGE HAD COME OV] ! T[N4 ,!RE W]E TWO FACTS ?AT W]E ! KEYNOTE ( ALL ELSE4 ,ONE WAS ?AT ! PEOPLE--! CIVIL POPULATION--HAD LO/ MU* ( !IR 9T]E/ 9 ! W>2 ! O!R WAS ?AT ! NORMAL DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO RI* & POOR1 UPP] CLASS & L[] CLASS1 WAS REASS]T+ ITSELF4.<#g#h.>  
  

,:]EAS ,JACKSON ATTRIBUTES ! EBB+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! UNSUSPECT$ COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ,ORWELL'S FIR/H& OBS]VATIONS1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,BORK5AU1 SUGGE/ A F> SIMPL] EXPLANATION4 ,:AT CALLS = EXPLANATION IS NOT ! DISAFFECTION ( ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA BUT ! CURI\S CON/RUCTIONS ( ! HI/ORIAN4 

,LET ME REPEAT1 AT ?IS PO9T1 ,JACKSON'S COMM5TS REG>D+ ,JUAN ,COMOR]A3 ,COMOR]A 0IMM$IATELY TOOK /EPS TO 5D B>T] & REQUISITION+1 & BECAME A DEF5D] ( ! PEASANTS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION02 HE 05D$ REQUISITIONS1 RE/OR$ MONEY PAYM5TS1 & PROTECT$ ! ,CATALAN PEASANTS AGA9/ FUR!R COLLECTIVIZATION40 ,!SE COMM5TS IMPLY ?AT ! PEASANTRY ( ,CATALONIA WAS1 AS A BODY1 OPPOS$ TO ! REVOLUTION & ?AT ,COMOR]A PUT A /OP TO ! COLLECTIVIZATION ?AT !Y FE>$4 ,JACKSON NO:]E 9DICATES ANY DIVISIONS AMONG ! PEASANTRY ON ?IS ISSUE & (F]S NO SUPPORT = ! IMPLI$ CLAIM ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION WAS 9 PROCESS AT ! P]IOD ( ,COMOR]A'S ACCESS TO P[]4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS QUE/IONABLE ?AT ,COMOR]A'S RISE TO P[] AFFECT$ ! C\RSE ( COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,EVID5CE IS DIFFICULT TO COME BY1 BUT IT SEEMS ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 9 ,CATALONIA WAS NOT1 9 ANY EV5T1 EXT5SIVE1 & ?AT IT WAS NOT EXT5D+ 9 ,DECEMB]1 :5 ,COMOR]A TOOK (FICE4 ,WE KN[ FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES ?AT !RE HAD BE5 9/ANCES ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,CATALONIA1.<#g#i.> BUT ,I CAN F9D NO EVID5CE ?AT ,COMOR]A 0PROTECT$ ! PEASANTRY0 FROM =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS MISLEAD+1 AT BE/1 TO IMPLY ?AT ! PEASANTRY AS A :OLE WAS OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,A MORE ACCURATE PICTURE IS PRES5T$ BY ,BOLLOT5 7P4 #e#f71 :O PO9TS \T ?AT 0IF ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M] VIEW$ ) DISMAY ! SWIFT & WIDESPREAD DEVELOPM5T ( COLLECTIVIZ$ AGRICULTURE1 ! F>M WORK]S ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T SAW 9 IT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! COMM5CEM5T ( A NEW ]A40 ,9 %ORT1 !RE WAS A COMPLEX CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ?\< ONE LE>NS LITTLE AB\T IT FROM ,JACKSON'S OV]SIMPLIFI$ & MISLEAD+ ACC\NT4 ,IT W\LD SEEM FAIR TO SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS DI/ORTION AGA9 REFLECTS ,JACKSON'S ANTIPA?Y T[>DS ! REVOLUTION & ITS GOALS4 ,I WILL RETURN TO ?IS QUE/ION DIRECTLY1 ) REF]5CE TO >EAS :]E AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVIZATION WAS MU* MORE EXT5SIVE ?AN 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,! COMPLEXITIES ( MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT BAFFL$ & CONF\ND$ ! UNSUSPECT+ AN>*I/ WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 AS ,JACKSON 5UM]ATES !M1 W]E ! FOLL[+3 ! ACCUMULAT+ FOOD & SUPPLY PROBLEMS & ! ADM9I/RATION ( FRONTI] PO/S1 VILLAGES1 & PUBLIC UTILITIES4 ,AS JU/ NOT$1 ! FOOD & SUPPLY PROBLEMS SEEM TO HAVE ACCUMULAT$ MO/ RAPIDLY UND] ! BRILLIANT LEAD]%IP ( ,JUAN ,COMOR]A4 ,SO F> AS ! FRONTI] PO/S >E CONC]N$1 ! SITUATION1 AS ,JACKSON ELSE:]E DESCRIBES IT 7P4 #c#f#h71 WAS BASICALLY AS FOLL[S3 0,9 ,CATALONIA ! AN>*I/S HAD1 EV] S9CE ,JULY #a#h1 CONTROLL$ ! CU/OMS /ATIONS AT ! ,FR5* BORD]4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#g1 #a#i#c#g1 ! REORGANIZ$ C>AB9]OS1 ACT+ ON ORD]S ( ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/]1 ,JUAN ,NEGR91 BEGAN TO REOCCUPY ! FRONTI]4 ,AT LEA/ EI<T AN>*I/S W]E KILL$ 9 CLA%ES ) ! C>AB9]OS40 ,AP>T FROM ?IS DIFFICULTY1 ADMITT$LY S]I\S1 !RE SEEMS LITTLE REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! PROBLEM ( MANN+ FRONTI] PO/S CONTRIBUT$ TO ! EBB+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE4 ,! AVAILABLE RECORDS DO NOT 9DICATE ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ADM9I/]+ VILLAGES OR PUBLIC UTILITIES W]E EI!R 0UNSUSPECT$0 OR TOO COMPLEX = ! ,CATALONIAN WORK]S--A REM>KABLE & UNSUSPECT$ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ONE :I* NEV]!LESS APPE>S TO BE BORNE \T BY ! EVID5CE AVAILABLE TO US4 ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE AGA9 ?AT ,JACKSON PRES5TS NO EVID5CE TO SUPPORT HIS CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! EBB+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE & ! REASONS = ! DISAFFECTION ( ! ,CATALONIAN WORK]S4 ,ONCE AGA91 ,I ?9K IT FAIR TO ATTRIBUTE HIS CONCLUSIONS TO ! ELITI/ BIAS ( ! LIB]AL 9TELLECTUAL RA!R ?AN TO ! HI/ORICAL RECORD4 

,CONSID] NEXT ,JACKSON'S COMM5T ?AT ! AN>*I/S 0EXPLA9$ ! LOSS ( ,MALAGA AS DUE 9 L>GE MEASURE TO ! L[ MORALE & ! DISORI5TATION ( ! ,&ALUSIAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* SAW ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T EVOLV+ /EADILY T[>D ! RI<T40 ,AGA91 IT SEEMS ?AT ,JACKSON REG>DS ?IS AS JU/ ANO!R 9DICATION ( ! NAIVETE & UNREASONABL5ESS ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,H[EV]1 H]E AGA9 !RE IS MORE TO ! /ORY4 ,ONE ( ! PRIM>Y S\RCES ?AT ,JACKSON CITES IS ,BORK5AU1 QUITE NATURALLY1 S9CE ,BORK5AU SP5T SEV]AL DAYS 9 ! >EA JU/ PRIOR TO ! FALL ( ,MALAGA ON ,FEBRU>Y #h1 #a#i#c#g4 ,BUT ,BORK5AU'S DETAIL$ OBS]VATIONS T5D TO BE> \T ! AN>*I/ 0EXPLANATION10 AT LEA/ 9 P>T4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ,MALAGA MI<T HAVE BE5 SAV$1 BUT ONLY BY A 0FI<T ( DESPAIR0 ) MASS 9VOLVEM5T1 ( A SORT ?AT 0! AN>*I/S MI<T HAVE L$40 ,BUT TWO FACTORS PREV5T$ SU* A DEF5SE3 FIR/1 ! (FIC] ASSIGN$ TO LEAD ! DEF5SE1 ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA1 09T]PRET$ ?IS TASK AS A PURELY MILIT>Y ONE1 :]EAS 9 REALITY HE HAD NO MILIT>Y MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL BUT ONLY ! =CES ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T02 HE WAS A PR(ESSIONAL (FIC]1 0:O 9 ! SECRECY ( HIS HE>T HAT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! MILITIA0 & WAS 9CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ ! 0POLITICAL FACTOR40.<#h.> ,A SECOND FACTOR WAS ! SIGNIFICANT DECL9E1 BY ,FEBRU>Y1 ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS & MASS 9VOLVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/ COMMITTEES W]E NO LONG] FUNCTION+ & ! AU?ORITY ( ! POLICE & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS HAD BE5 RE/OR$4 0,! NUISANCE ( HUNDR$S ( 9DEP5D5T VILLAGE POLICE BODIES HAD DISAPPE>$1 BUT ) IT ! PASSIONATE 9T]E/ ( ! VILLAGE 9 ! CIVIL W>4444 ,! %ORT 9T]LUDE ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOVIET SY/EM WAS AT AN 5D0 7P4 #b#a#b74 ,AFT] REVIEW+ ! LOCAL SITUATION 9 ,MALAGA & ! CONFLICTS 9 ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T 7:I* FAIL$ TO PROVIDE SUPPORT OR >MS = ! MILITIA DEF5D+ ,MALAGA71 ,BORK5AU CONCLUDES 7P4 #b#b#h73 0,! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC PAID ) ! FALL ( ,MALAGA = ! DECISION ( ! ,RI<T W+ ( ITS CAMP TO MAKE AN 5D ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ( ITS ,LEFT W+ NOT TO ALL[ ?AT40 ,JACKSON'S DISCUSSION ( ! FALL ( ,MALAGA REF]S TO ! T]ROR & POLITICAL RIVALRIES )9 ! T[N BUT MAKES NO REF]5CE TO ! FACT ?AT ,BORK5AU'S DESCRIPTION1 & ! ACCOMPANY+ 9T]PRETATION1 DO SUPPORT ! BELIEF ?AT ! DEFEAT WAS DUE 9 L>GE MEASURE TO L[ MORALE & TO ! 9CAPACITY1 OR UNWILL+NESS1 ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO FI<T A POPUL> W>4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE CONCLUDES ?AT ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA'S LACK ( MEANS = 0CONTROLL+ ! BITT] POLITICAL RIVALRIES0 WAS ONE FACTOR ?AT PREV5T$ HIM FROM C>RY+ \T ! ESS5TIAL MILIT>Y TASKS4 ,?US HE SEEMS TO ADOPT ! VIEW ?AT ,BORK5AU CONDEMNS1 ?AT ! TASK WAS A 0PURELY MILIT>Y ONE40 ,BORK5AU'S EYEWITNESS ACC\NT APPE>S TO ME MU* MORE CONV9C+4 

,9 ?IS CASE TOO ,JACKSON HAS DESCRIB$ ! SITUATION 9 A SOME:AT MISLEAD+ FA%ION1 P]HAPS AGA9 BECAUSE ( ! ELITI/ BIAS ?AT DOM9ATES ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,LIKE ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA1 LIB]AL HI/ORIANS (T5 REVEAL A /RONG DI/A/E = 0! =CES ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T0 & 0! SPIRIT ( ! MILITIA40 ,& AN >GUM5T CAN BE GIV5 ?AT !Y CORRESPOND+LY FAIL TO COMPREH5D ! 0POLITICAL FACTOR40 

,9 ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g1 ! REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA RECEIV$ ! F9AL BL[4 ,ON ,MAY #c1 ! C\NCILOR = PUBLIC ORD]1 ,P,S,U,C MEMB] ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 APPE>$ AT ! C5TRAL TELEPHONE BUILD+ ) A DETA*M5T ( POLICE1 )\T PRIOR W>N+ OR CONSULTATION ) ! AN>*I/ M9I/]S 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 TO TAKE OV] ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,! EX*ANGE1 =M]LY ! PROP]TY ( ,I,T@&,T1 HAD BE5 CAPTUR$ BY ,B>CELONA WORK]S 9 ,JULY & HAD S9CE FUNCTION$ UND] ! CONTROL ( A ,U,G,T-,C,N,T COMMITTEE1 ) A GOV]NM5TAL DELEGATE1 QUITE 9 ACCORD ) ! COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,LONDON ,DAILY ,WORK] 7,MAY #a#a1 #a#i#c#g71 0,SALAS S5T ! >M$ REPUBLICAN POLICE TO DIS>M ! EMPLOYES !RE1 MO/ ( !M MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T UNIONS40 ,! MOTIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 WAS 0TO PUT A /OP TO AN ABNORMAL SITUATION10 NAMELY1 ?AT NO ONE C\LD SPEAK OV] ! TELEPHONE 0)\T ! 9DISCREET E> ( ! CONTROLL] KN[+ IT40.<#h#a.> ,>M$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! TELEPHONE BUILD+ PREV5T$ ITS OCCUPATION4 ,LOCAL DEF5SE COMMITTEES ]ECT$ B>RICADES ?R\<\T ,B>CELONA4 ,COMPANYS & ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S PLEAD$ ) ! WORK]S TO DIS>M4 ,AN UNEASY TRUCE CONT9U$ UNTIL ,MAY #f1 :5 ! FIR/ DETA*M5TS ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS >RIV$1 VIOLAT+ ! PROMISES ( ! GOV]NM5T ?AT ! TRUCE W\LD BE OBS]V$ & MILIT>Y =CES )DRAWN4 ,! TROOPS W]E UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,POZAS1 =M]LY COMM&] ( ! HAT$ ,CIVIL ,GU>D & N[ A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,9 ! FI<T+ ?AT FOLL[$1 !RE W]E SOME FIVE HUNDR$ KILL$ & OV] A ?\S& W\ND$4 0,! ,MAY ,DAYS 9 REALITY S\ND$ ! DEA?-KNELL ( ! REVOLUTION1 ANN\NC+ POLITICAL DEFEAT = ALL & DEA? = C]TA9 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S40.<#h#b.> 

,!SE EV5TS--( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION--,JACKSON SKET*ES 9 B>E \TL9E AS A M>G9AL 9CID5T4 ,OBVI\SLY ! HI/ORIAN'S ACC\NT MU/ BE SELECTIVE2 FROM ! LEFT-LIB]AL PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ,JACKSON %>ES ) ,HU< ,?OMAS & MANY O!RS1 ! LIQUIDATION ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA WAS A M9OR EV5T1 AS ! REVOLUTION ITSELF WAS M]ELY A K9D ( IRRELEVANT NUISANCE1 A M9OR IRRITANT DIV]T+ 5]GY FROM ! /RUGGLE TO SAVE ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T4 ,! DECISION TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION BY =CE IS DESCRIB$ AS FOLL[S3  
  

,ON ,MAY #e1 ,COMPANYS OBTA9$ A FRAGILE TRUCE1 ON ! BASIS ( :I* ! ,P,S,U,C C\NCILORS W]E TO RETIRE FROM ! REGIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & ! QUE/ION ( ! ,TELEPHONE ,COMPANY WAS LEFT TO FUTURE NEGOTIATION4 ,?AT V]Y NI<T1 H[EV]1 ,ANTONIO ,SESE1 A ,U,G,T (FICIAL :O WAS AB\T TO 5T] ! REORGANIZ$ CAB9ET1 WAS MURD]$4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! ,VAL5CIA AU?ORITIES W]E 9 NO MOOD TO TEMPORIZE FUR!R ) ! ,CATALAN ,LEFT4 ,ON ,MAY #f SEV]AL ?\S& ASALTOS >RIV$ 9 ! CITY1 & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NAVY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PORT4.<#h#c.>  
  

,:AT IS 9T]E/+ AB\T ?IS DESCRIPTION IS :AT IS LEFT UNSAID4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS NO COMM5T ON ! FACT ?AT ! DISPAT* ( ! ASALTOS VIOLAT$ ! 0FRAGILE TRUCE0 ?AT HAD BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S & ! AN>*I/ & ! ,P,\,M TROOPS NE>BY1 & B>ELY A M5TION ( ! BLOODY CONSEQU5CES OR ! POLITICAL MEAN+ ( ?IS UNWILL+NESS 0TO TEMPORIZE FUR!R ) ! ,CATALAN ,LEFT40 ,!RE IS NO M5TION ( ! FACT ?AT ALONG ) ,SESE1 ,B]N]I & O!R AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E MURD]$1 NOT ONLY DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS BUT 9 ! WEEKS PREC$+4.<#h#d.> ,JACKSON DOES NOT REF] TO ! FACT ?AT ALONG ) ! ,REPUBLICAN NAVY1 ,BRITI% %IPS ALSO 0DEMON/RAT$0 9 ! PORT4.<#h#e.> ,NOR DOES HE REF] TO ,ORWELL'S TELL+ OBS]VATIONS AB\T ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 AS COMP>$ TO ! TROOPS AT ! FRONT1 :]E HE HAD SP5T ! PREC$+ MON?S4 ,! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS 0W]E SPL5DID TROOPS1 MU* ! BE/ ,I HAD SE5 9 ,SPA94444 ,I WAS US$ TO ! RAGG$1 SC>CELY->M$ MILITIA ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & ,I HAD NOT KN[N ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC POSSESS$ TROOPS LIKE !SE4444 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & ,C>AB9]OS1 :O W]E NOT 9T5D$ = ! FRONT AT ALL1 W]E BETT] >M$ & F> BETT] CLAD ?AN \RSELVES4 ,I SUSPECT IT IS ! SAME 9 ALL W>S--ALWAYS ! SAME CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! SLEEK POLICE 9 ! RE> & ! RAGG$ SOLDI]S 9 ! L9E40.<#h#f.> 7,SEE PAGE #h BEL[47 

,! CONTRA/ REVEALS A GOOD DEAL AB\T ! NATURE ( ! W>1 AS IT WAS UND]/OOD BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T4 ,LAT]1 ,ORWELL WAS TO MAKE ?IS CONCLUSION EXPLICIT3 0,A GOV]NM5T :I* S5DS BOYS ( FIFTE5 TO ! FRONT ) RIFLES =TY YE>S OLD & KEEPS ITS BIGGE/ M5 & NEWE/ WEAPONS 9 ! RE> IS MANIFE/LY MORE AFRAID ( ! REVOLUTION ?AN ( ! FASCI/S4 ,H5CE ! FEEBLE W> POLICY ( ! PA/ SIX MON?S1 & H5CE ! COMPROMISE ) :I* ! W> WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5D40.<#h#g.> ,JACKSON'S ACC\NT ( !SE EV5TS1 ) ITS OMISSIONS & ASSUMPTIONS1 SUGGE/S ?AT HE P]HAPS %>ES ! VIEW ?AT ! GREATE/ DANG] 9 ,SPA9 W\LD HAVE BE5 A VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,JACKSON APP>5TLY DISC\NTS ,ORWELL'S TE/IMONY1 TO SOME EXT5T1 COMM5T+ ?AT 0! READ]S %\LD BE> 9 M9D ,ORWELL'S [N HONE/ /ATEM5T ?AT HE KNEW V]Y LITTLE AB\T ! POLITICAL COMPLEXITIES ( ! /RUGGLE40 ,?IS IS A /RANGE COMM5T4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,ORWELL'S ANALYSIS ( ! 0POLITICAL COMPLEXITIES ( ! /RUGGLE0 BE>S UP RA!R WELL AFT] ?IRTY YE>S2 IF IT IS DEFECTIVE1 IT IS PROBABLY 9 HIS T5D5CY TO GIVE TOO MU* PROM95CE TO ! ,P,\,M 9 COMP>ISON ) ! AN>*I/S--NOT SURPRIS+1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT HE WAS ) ! ,P,\,M MILITIA4 ,HIS EXPOSURE ( ! FATU\S NONS5SE ?AT WAS APPE>+ AT ! TIME 9 ! ,/AL9I/ & LIB]AL PRESSES APPE>S QUITE ACCURATE1 & LAT] DISCOV]IES HAVE GIV5 LITTLE REASON TO *ALL5GE ! BASIC FACTS ?AT HE REPORT$ OR ! 9T]PRETATION ?AT HE PROPOS$ 9 ! HEAT ( ! CONFLICT4 ,ORWELL DOES1 9 FACT1 REF] TO HIS [N 0POLITICAL IGNORANCE40 ,COMM5T+ ON ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,MAY1 HE /ATES3 0,I REALIZ$--?\< [+ TO MY POLITICAL IGNORANCE1 NOT SO CLE>LY AS ,I \<T TO HAVE DONE--?AT :5 ! ,GOV]NM5T FELT MORE SURE ( ITSELF !RE W\LD BE REPRISALS40 ,BUT ?IS =M ( 0POLITICAL IGNORANCE0 HAS SIMPLY BE5 COMP\ND$ 9 MORE REC5T HI/ORICAL WORK4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T FELL & ,JUAN ,NEGR9 BECAME PREMI] ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,NEGR9 IS DESCRIB$ AS FOLL[S1 BY ,BR\E & ,TEMIME3 0444 HE IS AN UNCONDITIONAL DEF5D] ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & RESOLUTE ADV]S>Y ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 :OM ! ,C,N,T M9I/]S F9D BLOCK+ ALL ( !IR PROPOSALS4 ,HE IS ! ONE :O SOLIDLY REORGANIZ$ ! C>AB9]OS & PRESID$ OV] ! TRANSF] ( ! GOLD RES]VES ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,HE 5JOY$ ! CONFID5CE ( ! MOD]ATES 444 .<&.> WAS ON EXCELL5T T]MS ) ! ,COMMUNI/S40 

,! FIR/ MAJOR ACT ( ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T WAS ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P,\,M & ! CONSOLIDATION ( C5TRAL CONTROL OV] ,CATALONIA4 ,! GOV]NM5T NEXT TURN$ TO ,>AGON1 :I* HAD BE5 UND] L>GELY AN>*I/ CONTROL S9CE ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 & :]E AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVIZATION WAS QUITE EXT5SIVE & ,COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS V]Y WEAK4 ,! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS ( ,>AGON W]E COORD9AT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 HEAD$ BY ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO1 A WELL-KN[N ,C,N,T MILITANT1 ONE ( :OSE BRO!RS HAD BE5 KILL$ DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,UND] ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T1 ! AN>*I/S HAD AGRE$ TO GIVE REPRES5TATION TO O!R ANTIFASCI/ P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/S1 BUT ! MAJORITY REMA9$ AN>*I/4 ,9 ,AUGU/ ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON & DISPAT*$ A DIVISION ( ! ,SPANI% >MY1 COMM&$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ (FIC] ,5RIQUE ,LI/]1 TO 5=CE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 DISMANTLE ! COLLECTIVES1 & E/ABLI% C5TRAL GOV]NM5T CONTROL4 ,ASCASO WAS >RE/$ ON ! *>GE ( HAV+ BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ! ROBB]Y ( JEWELRY--NAMELY1 ! JEWELRY 0ROBB$0 BY ! ,C\NCIL = ITS [N USE 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#c#f4 ,! LOCAL AN>*I/ PRESS WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 FAVOR ( A ,COMMUNI/ J\RNAL1 & 9 G5]AL LOCAL AN>*I/ C5T]S W]E =CEFULLY OCCUPI$ & CLOS$4 ,! LA/ AN>*I/ /RON<OLD WAS CAPTUR$1 ) TANKS & >TILL]Y1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#a4 ,BECAUSE ( GOV]NM5T-IMPOS$ C5SOR%IP1 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE ( A DIRECT RECORD ( !SE EV5TS1 & ! MAJOR HI/ORIES PASS OV] !M QUICKLY4.<#h#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,MORR[1 0! (FICIAL ,C,N,T PRESS 444 COMP>$ ! ASSAULT ON ,>AGON ) ! SUBJECTION ( ,A/URIAS BY ,LOPEZ ,O*OA 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d0--! LATT]1 ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ ACTS ( REPRESSION 9 MOD]N ,SPANI% HI/ORY4 ,AL?\< ?IS IS AN EXAGG]ATION1 IT IS A FACT ?AT ! POPUL> ORGANS ( ADM9I/RATION W]E WIP$ \T BY ,LI/]'S LEGIONS1 & ! REVOLUTION WAS N[ OV]1 SO F> AS ,>AGON WAS CONC]N$4 

,AB\T !SE EV5TS1 ,JACKSON HAS ! FOLL[+ COMM5TS3  
  

,ON ,AUGU/ #aa ! GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CONSEJO DE ,>AGON1 ! AN>*I/-DOM9AT$ ADM9I/RATION :I* HAD BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY ,L>GO ,CABALL]O 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! PEASANTS W]E KN[N TO HATE ! ,CONSEJO1 ! AN>*I/S HAD DES]T$ ! FRONT DUR+ ! ,B>CELONA FI<T+1 & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,CONSEJO WAS A /&+ *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS ,NEGR9 DID NOT HESITATE TO S5D 9 TROOPS1 & TO >RE/ ! AN>*I/ (FICIALS4 ,ONCE !IR AU?ORITY HAD BE5 BROK51 H[EV]1 !Y W]E RELEAS$4.<#h#i.>  
  

,!SE REM>KS >E MO/ 9T]E/+4 ,CONSID] FIR/ ! *>GE ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAD DES]T$ ! FRONT DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ELEM5TS ( C]TA9 AN>*I/ & ,P,\,M DIVISIONS W]E PREP>$ TO M>* ON ,B>CELONA1 BUT AFT] ! 0FRAGILE TRUCE0 WAS E/ABLI%$ ON ,MAY #e1 !Y DID NOT DO SO2 NO AN>*I/ =CES EV5 APPROA*$ ,B>CELONA TO DEF5D ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT & ITS 9/ITUTIONS FROM ATTACK4 ,H[EV]1 A MOTORIZ$ COLUMN ( #e1 ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS WAS S5T FROM ! FRONT BY ! GOV]NM5T TO BREAK ! 0FRAGILE TRUCE40.<#i.> ,H5CE ! ONLY =CES TO 0DES]T ! FRONT0 DUR+ ! ,B>CELONA FI<T+ W]E ?OSE DISPAT*$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TO COMPLETE ! JOB ( DISMANTL+ ! REVOLUTION1 BY =CE4 ,RECALL ,ORWELL'S OBS]VATIONS QUOT$ ABOVE1 PAGES #g#f-#g#g4 

,:AT AB\T ,JACKSON'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0! PEASANTS W]E KN[N TO HATE ! ,CONSEJO08 ,AS 9 ! O!R CASES ,I HAVE CIT$1 ,JACKSON GIVES NO 9DICATION ( ANY EVID5CE ON :I* SU* A JUDGM5T MI<T BE BAS$4 ,! MO/ DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION ( ! COLLECTIVES IS FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES1 & !Y 9DICATE ?AT ,>AGON WAS ONE ( ! >EAS :]E COLLECTIVIZATION WAS MO/ WIDESPREAD & SUCCESSFUL4.<#i#a.> ,BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T ,L& ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION W]E VIGOR\S 9 !IR SUPPORT = COLLECTIVIZATION1 & !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT BO? W]E MASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,A NUMB] ( NONAN>*I/S1 OBS]V+ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,>AGON FIR/H&1 GAVE V]Y FAVORABLE REPORTS & /RESS$ ! VOLUNT>Y *>ACT] ( COLLECTIVIZATION4.<#i#b.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 AN AN>*I/ OBS]V] :O C>RI$ \T DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION ( RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION1 09 ,>AGON #ge P]C5T ( SMALL PROPRIETORS HAVE VOLUNT>ILY ADH]$ TO ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S10 & O!RS W]E NOT =C$ TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 COLLECTIVES4.<#i#c.> ,O!R AN>*I/ OBS]V]S--,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 9 P>TICUL>--GAVE DETAIL$ OBS]VATIONS ( ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES4 ,UNLESS ONE IS WILL+ TO ASSUME A FANTA/IC DEGREE ( FALSIFICATION1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RECONCILE !IR DESCRIPTIONS ) ! CLAIM ?AT 0! PEASANTS W]E KN[N TO HATE ! ,CONSEJO0--UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 ONE RE/RICTS ! T]M 0PEASANT0 TO 09DIVIDUAL F>M [N]10 9 :I* CASE IT MI<T V]Y WELL BE TRUE1 BUT W\LD JU/IFY DISB&+ ! ,C\NCIL ONLY ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M [N] MU/ PR$OM9ATE1 NOT ?OSE ( ! L&LESS WORK]4 ,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! COLLECTIVES W]E ECONOMICALLY SUCCESSFUL1.<#i#d.> H>DLY LIKELY IF COLLECTIVIZATION W]E =C$ & HAT$ BY ! PEASANTRY4 

,I HAVE ALREADY CIT$ ,BOLLOT5'S G5]AL CONCLUSION1 BAS$ ON V]Y EXT5SIVE DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE1 ?AT :ILE ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M] MAY HAVE VIEW$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( COLLECTIVIZ$ AGRICULTURE ) DISMAY1 0! F>M WORK]S ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T SAW 9 IT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! COMM5CEM5T ( A NEW ]A40 ,?IS CONCLUSION SEEMS QUITE REASONABLE1 ON ! BASIS ( ! MAT]IALS ?AT >E AVAILABLE4 ,) RESPECT TO ,>AGON1 SPECIFICALLY1 HE REM>KS ?AT ! 0DEBT-RIDD5 PEASANTS W]E /RONGLY AFFECT$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 A FACTOR ?AT GAVE A P[]FUL SPONTANE\S IMPULSE TO COLLECTIVE F>M+10 ?\< DIFFICULTIES >E CIT$ BY AN>*I/ S\RCES1 :I* 9 G5]AL APPE> TO BE QUITE HONE/ AB\T FAILURES4 ,BOLLOT5 CITES TWO ,COMMUNI/ S\RCES1 AMONG O!RS1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT AB\T #g P]C5T ( ! POPULATION 9 RURAL >EAS ( ,>AGON LIV$ 9 COLLECTIVES 7P4 #g#a72 HE ADDS ?AT 0MANY ( ! REGION'S #de COLLECTIVES W]E L>GELY VOLUNT>Y10 AL?\< 0! PRES5CE ( MILITIAM5 FROM ! NEI<BOR+ REGION ( ,CATALONIA1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( :OM W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I0 WAS 09 SOME MEASURE0 RESPONSIBLE = ! EXT5SIVE COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,HE ALSO PO9TS \T ?AT 9 MANY 9/ANCES PEASANT PROPRIETORS :O W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO ADH]E TO ! COLLECTIVE SY/EM DID SO = O!R REASONS3 0444 NOT ONLY W]E !Y PREV5T$ FROM EMPLOY+ HIR$ LABOR & DISPOS+ FREELY ( !IR CROPS 444 BUT !Y W]E (T5 D5I$ ALL B5EFITS 5JOY$ BY MEMB]S0 7P4 #g#b74 ,BOLLOT5 CITES ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,APRIL #aicg TO CAUSE DISS5SION 9 0>EAS :]E ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T HAD E/ABLI%$ COLLECTIVE F>MS BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T0 7P4 #a#i#e71 LEAD+ 9 SOME CASES TO PIT*$ BATTLES & DOZ5S ( ASSASS9ATIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ,C,N,T S\RCES4.<#i#e.> 

,BOLLOT5'S DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! EV5TS ( ! SUMM] ( #aicg %$S CONSID]ABLE LI<T ON ! QUE/ION ( PEASANT ATTITUDES T[>DS COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,>AGON3  
  

,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! ATTACKS ON ! COLLECTIVES %\LD HAVE HAD AN UNFAVORABLE EFFECT UPON RURAL ECONOMY & UPON MORALE1 = :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 SOME >EAS COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ANA!MA TO ! MAJORITY ( PEASANTS1 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT 9 O!RS COLLECTIVE F>MS W]E ORGANIZ$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! BULK ( ! PEASANT POPULATION4 ,9 ,TOL$O PROV9CE1 = EXAMPLE1 :]E EV5 BE=E ! W> RURAL COLLECTIVES EXI/$1 #hc P] C5T ( ! PEASANTS1 ACCORD+ TO A S\RCE FRI5DLY TO ! ,COMMUNI/S1 DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! COLLECTIVE CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL4 ,AS ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVE F>MS REA*$ ITS HEI<T JU/ BE=E ! SUMM] H>VE/ .<#a#i#c#g.> 444 A PALL ( DISMAY & APPREH5SION DESC5D$ UPON ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,WORK 9 ! FIELDS WAS AB&ON$ 9 MANY PLACES OR ONLY C>RI$ ON APA!TICALLY1 & !RE WAS DANG] ?AT A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( ! H>VE/1 VITAL = ! W> EF=T1 W\LD BE LEFT TO ROT4 .<P4 #a#i#f.>  
  

,IT WAS UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE PO9TS \T1 ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E =C$ TO *ANGE !IR POLICY &--TEMPOR>ILY--TO TOL]ATE ! COLLECTIVES4 ,A DECREE WAS PASS$ LEGALIZ+ COLLECTIVES 0DUR+ ! CURR5T AGRICULTURAL YE>0 7HIS ITALICS7 & (F]+ !M SOME AID4 ,?IS 0PRODUC$ A S5SE ( RELIEF 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE DUR+ ! VITAL P]IOD ( ! H>VE/40 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! CROPS HAD BE5 GA!R$1 ! POLICY *ANG$ AGA9 TO ONE ( H>% REPRESSION4 ,BOLLOT5 CITES ,COMMUNI/ S\RCES TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0A %ORT ?\< FI]CE CAMPAIGN AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/0 PREP>$ ! WAY = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON4 ,FOLL[+ ! DISSOLUTION DECREE1 0! NEWLY APPO9T$ ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL1 ,JOSE ,IGNACIO ,MANTECON1 A MEMB] ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 BUT A SECRET ,COMMUNI/ SYMPA?IZ] .<:O JO9$ ! P>TY 9 EXILE1 AFT] ! W>.>1 444 ORD]$ ! BREAKUP ( ! COLLECTIVE F>MS40 ,! MEANS3 ,LI/]'S DIVISION1 :I* RE/OR$ ! OLD ORD] BY =CE & T]ROR4 ,BOLLOT5 CITES ,COMMUNI/ S\RCES CONC$+ ! EXCESSIVE H>%NESS ( ,LI/]'S ME?ODS4 ,HE QUOTES ! ,COMMUNI/ G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M1 :O ADMITS ?AT ! MEASURES TAK5 TO DISSOLVE ! COLLECTIVES W]E 0A V]Y GRAVE MI/AKE1 & PRODUC$ TREM5D\S DISORGANIZATION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE10 AS 0?OSE P]SONS :O W]E DISCONT5T$ ) ! COLLECTIVES 444 TOOK !M BY ASSAULT1 C>RY+ AWAY & DIVID+ UP ! H>VE/ & F>M IMPLEM5TS )\T RESPECT+ ! COLLECTIVES ?AT HAD BE5 =M$ )\T VIOL5CE OR PRESSURE1 ?AT W]E PROSP]\S1 & ?AT W]E A MODEL ( ORGANIZATION4444 ,AS A RESULT1 LABOR 9 ! FIELDS WAS SUSP5D$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY1 & A QU>T] ( ! L& HAD NOT BE5 PREP>$ AT ! TIME = S[+0 7P4 #b74 ,ONCE AGA91 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO AMELIORATE ! H>% REPRESSION ( ! COLLECTIVES1 TO PREV5T DISA/]4 ,SUMM>IZ+ !SE EV5TS1 ,BOLLOT5 DESCRIBES ! RESULT+ SITUATION AS FOLL[S3  
  

,BUT AL?\< ! SITUATION 9 ,>AGON IMPROV$ 9 SOME DEGREE1 ! HATR$S & RES5TM5TS G5]AT$ BY ! BREAKUP ( ! COLLECTIVES & BY ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ W]E NEV] :OLLY DISPELL$4 ,NOR WAS ! RESULTANT DISILLUSIONM5T ?AT SAPP$ ! SPIRIT ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ =CES ON ! ,>AGON FRONT EV] 5TIRELY REMOV$1 A DISILLUSIONM5T ?AT NO D\BT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! COLLAPSE ( ?AT FRONT A FEW MON?S LAT] 444 AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! COLLECTIVE F>MS 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS COMPELL$ TO MODIFY ITS POLICY1 & SUPPORT COLLECTIVES ALSO 9 O!R REGIONS AGA9/ =M] [N]S :O S\<T ! RETURN ( CONFISCAT$ L&4444 .<PP4 #b-#b#a.>  
  

,RETURN+ TO ,JACKSON'S REM>KS1 ,I ?9K WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT !Y S]I\SLY MISREPRES5T ! SITUATION4.<#i#f.> ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON & ! L>GE-SCALE DE/RUCTION ( ! COLLECTIVES BY MILIT>Y =CE WAS SIMPLY ANO!R /AGE 9 ! ]ADICATION ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION & ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD ORD]4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM NOT CRITICIZ+ ,JACKSON = HIS NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT RA!R = ! FAILURE ( OBJECTIVITY :5 HE DEALS ) ! REVOLUTION & ! 5SU+ REPRESSION4 

,AMONG HI/ORIANS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! DOM9ANT VIEW IS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY WAS 9 ESS5TIALS ! CORRECT ONE--?AT 9 ORD] TO CONSOLIDATE DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLIC IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BLOCK & !N REV]SE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,JACKSON1 = EXAMPLE1 /ATES ?AT ,CABALL]O 0REALIZ$ ?AT IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO REBUILD ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE & TO WORK 9 CLOSE COOP]ATION ) ! MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]ALS40 ,! AN>*I/ LEAD]S :O 5T]$ ! GOV]NM5T %>$ ?IS VIEW1 PUTT+ !IR TRU/ 9 ! GOOD FAI? ( LIB]ALS SU* AS ,COMPANYS & BELIEV+--NAIVELY1 AS EV5TS W]E TO %[--?AT ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES W\LD COME TO !IR AID4 

,A POLICY DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?IS WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I4 ,9 HIS OP5 LETT] TO ! AN>*I/ M9I/] ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y.<#i#g.> HE SUMM>IZES HIS VIEWS 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 0,! DILEMMA1 W> OR REVOLUTION1 NO LONG] HAS MEAN+4 ,! ONLY DILEMMA IS ?IS3 EI!R VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y W>1 OR DEFEAT0 7HIS ITALICS74 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ,MOROCCO %\LD BE GRANT$ 9DEP5D5CE & ?AT AN ATTEMPT %\LD BE MADE TO /IR UP REBELLION ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,?US A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE %\LD BE UND]TAK5 AGA9/ ,WE/]N CAPITALISM 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA &1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS REGIME 9 ,SPA91 :I* WAS GRADUALLY DISMANTL+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! ,JULY REVOLUTION4 ,! PRIM>Y FRONT %\LD BE POLITICAL4 ,FRANCO RELI$ HEAVILY ON ,MOORI% CONT+5TS1 9CLUD+ A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] FROM ,FR5* ,MOROCCO4 ,! ,REPUBLIC MI<T EXPLOIT ?IS FACT1 DEMORALIZ+ ! ,NATIONALI/ =CES & P]HAPS EV5 W9N+ !M TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE BY POLITICAL AGITATION BAS$ ON ! CONCRETE ALT]NATIVE ( PAN-,ISLAMIC--SPECIFICALLY1 ,MOROCCAN--REVOLUTION4 ,WRIT+ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 ,B]N]I URG$ ?AT ! >MY ( ! ,REPUBLIC BE REORGANIZ$ = ! DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION1 SO ?AT IT MI<T RECOV] ! SPIRIT ( POPUL> P>TICIPATION ( ! E>LY DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE QUOTES ! WORDS ( HIS COMPATRIOT ,L\IS ,B]TONI1 WRIT+ FROM ! ,HUESCA FRONT3  
  

,! ,SPANI% W>1 DEPRIV$ ( ALL NEW FAI?1 ( ANY IDEA ( A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y GR&EUR1 ( ANY UNIV]SAL MEAN+1 IS N[ M]ELY A NATIONAL W> ( 9DEP5D5CE ?AT MU/ BE C>RI$ ON TO AVOID ! EXT]M9ATION ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL PLUTOCRACY DEM&S4 ,!RE REMA9S A T]RIBLE QUE/ION ( LIFE OR DEA?1 BUT NO LONG] A W> TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY & A NEW HUMANITY4  
  

,9 SU* A W>1 ! HUMAN ELEM5T ?AT MI<T BR+ VICTORY OV] FASCISM IS LO/4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ,B]N]I'S IDEAS SEEM QUITE REASONABLE4 ,DELEGATIONS ( ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/S DID 9 FACT APPROA* ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T ASK+ = >MS & MAT]IEL1 BUT W]E REFUS$ BY ,CABALL]O1 :O ACTUALLY PROPOS$ T]RITORIAL CONCESSIONS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA TO ,FRANCE & ,5GL& TO TRY TO W9 !IR SUPPORT4 ,COMM5T+ ON !SE FACTS1 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME OBS]VE ?AT !SE POLICIES DEPRIV$ ! ,REPUBLIC ( 0! 9/RUM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM 9 ! 5EMY >MY10 & EV5 ( A POSSIBLE WEAPON AGA9/ ,ITALIAN 9T]V5TION4 ,JACKSON1 ON ! O!R H&1 DISMISSES ,B]N]I'S SUGGE/ION ) ! REM>K ?AT 9DEP5D5CE = ,MOROCCO 7AS = ?AT MATT]1 EV5 AID TO ! ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/S7 WAS 0A GE/URE ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 HI<LY APPRECIAT$ 9 ,P>IS & ,LONDON40 ,( C\RSE IT IS CORRECT ?AT ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 W\LD H>DLY HAVE APPRECIAT$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ,B]N]I PO9TS \T1 0IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ONE CANNOT SIMULTANE\SLY GU>ANTEE ,FR5* & ,BRITI% 9T]E/S 9 ,MOROCCO & C>RY \T AN 9SURRECTION40 ,BUT ,JACKSON'S COMM5T DOES NOT T\* ON ! C5TRAL ISSUE1 NAMELY1 :E!R ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION C\LD HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 BO? FROM ! FASCI/S AT ! FRONT & FROM ! B\RGEOIS-,COMMUNI/ COALITION )9 ! ,REPUBLIC1 BY A REVOLUTION>Y W> ( ! SORT ?AT ! LEFT PROPOS$--OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 :E!R ! ,REPUBLIC MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 SAV$ BY A POLITICAL /RUGGLE ?AT 9VOLV$ ,FRANCO'S 9VAD+ ,MOORI% TROOPS1 OR AT LEA/ ]OD$ !IR MORALE4 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y ,CABALL]O WAS NOT ATTRACT$ BY ?IS BOLD S*EME1 GIV5 HIS RELIANCE ON ! EV5TUAL BACK+ ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES4 ,ON ! BASIS ( :AT WE KN[ TODAY1 H[EV]1 ,JACKSON'S SUMM>Y DISMISSAL ( REVOLUTION>Y W> IS MU* TOO ABRUPT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,B]TONI'S OBS]VATIONS FROM ! ,HUESCA FRONT >E BORNE \T BY MU* O!R EVID5CE1 SOME ( IT CIT$ E>LI]4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ ! ,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY ( DISCIPL9E & C5TRAL CONTROL AS NECESS>Y CONC$E ?AT ! REPRESSIONS ?AT =M$ AN 9ELIM9ABLE P>T ( ?IS /RATEGY 0T5D$ TO BREAK ! FI<T+ SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE40.<#i#h.> ,ONE CAN ONLY SPECULATE1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT MANY COMM5TATORS HAVE S]I\SLY UND]E/IMAT$ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! POLITICAL FACTOR1 ! POT5TIAL /R5G? ( A POPUL> /RUGGLE TO DEF5D ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS P]HAPS RELEVANT ?AT ,A/URIAS1 ! ONE >EA ( ,SPA9 :]E ! SY/EM ( ,C,N,T-,U,G,T COMMITTEES WAS NOT ELIM9AT$ 9 FAVOR ( C5TRAL CONTROL1 IS ALSO ! ONE >EA :]E GU]RILLA W>F>E CONT9U$ WELL AFT] ,FRANCO'S VICTORY4 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME OBS]VE.<#i#i.> ?AT ! RESI/ANCE ( ! P>TISANS ( ,A/URIAS 0DEMON/RATES ! DEP? ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ELAN1 :I* HAD NOT BE5 %ATT]$ BY ! RE9/ITUTION ( /ATE AU?ORITY1 CONDUCT$ H]E ) GREAT] PRUD5CE40 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS BO? WIDESPREAD & DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,SPANI% MASSES4 ,IT SEEMS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y W> ( ! SORT ADVOCAT$ BY ,B]N]I W\LD HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 DESPITE ! GREAT] MILIT>Y =CE ( ! FASCI/ >MIES4 ,! IDEA ?AT M5 CAN OV]COME MA*9ES NO LONG] SEEMS AS ROMANTIC OR NAIVE AS IT MAY HAVE A FEW YE>S AGO4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! TRU/ PLAC$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T BY ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S WAS NOT HONOR$1 AS ! HI/ORY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION CLE>LY %[S4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IT SEEMS ?AT ,B]N]I WAS CORRECT 9 >GU+ ?AT !Y %\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 P>T 9 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 BUT %\LD RA!R HAVE S\<T TO REPLACE ?IS GOV]NM5T ) ! 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION4.<#a.> ,! AN>*I/ M9I/] ,G>CIA ,OLIV] /AT$ ?AT 0WE HAD CONFID5CE 9 ! WORD & 9 ! P]SON ( A ,CATALAN DEMOCRAT & RETA9$ & SUPPORT$ ,COMPANYS AS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT10.<#a#a.> AT A TIME :5 9 ,CATALONIA1 AT LEA/1 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS C\LD EASILY HAVE REPLAC$ ! /ATE APP>ATUS & DISP5S$ ) ! =M] POLITICAL P>TIES1 AS !Y HAD REPLAC$ ! OLD ECONOMY ) AN 5TIRELY NEW /RUCTURE4 ,COMPANYS RECOGNIZ$ FULLY ?AT !RE W]E LIMITS BEYOND :I* HE C\LD NOT COOP]ATE ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ,H4 ,E4 ,KAM9SKI1 HE REFUS$ TO SPECIFY !SE LIMITS1 BUT M]ELY EXPRESS$ HIS HOPE ?AT 0! AN>*I/ MASSES WILL NOT OPPOSE ! GOOD S5SE ( !IR LEAD]S10 :O HAVE 0ACCEPT$ ! RESPONSIBILITIES 9CUMB5T UPON !M02 HE SAW HIS TASK AS 0DIRECT+ !SE RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! PROP] PA?10 NOT FUR!R SPECIFI$ 9 ! 9T]VIEW1 BUT %[N BY ! EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO ! ,MAY ,DAYS4.<#a#b.> ,PROBABLY1 ,COMPANYS' ATTITUDE T[>DS ?IS WILL+NESS ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S TO COOP]ATE WAS EXPRESS$ ACCURATELY 9 HIS REACTION TO ! SUGGE/ION ( A CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,NEW ,/ATESMAN & ,NATION1 :O PR$ICT$ ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! AN>*I/ MAYOR ( ,PUIGC]DA W\LD LEAD TO A REVOLT3 0.<,COMPANYS.> LAU<$ SCORNFULLY & SAID ! AN>*I/S W\LD CAPITULATE AS !Y ALWAYS HAD BE=E40.<#a#c.> ,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 PO9T$ \T 9 SOME DETAIL1 ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY COALITION HAD NO 9T5TION ( LETT+ ! W> AGA9/ ,FRANCO TAKE PREC$5CE OV] ! CRU%+ ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,A SPOKESMAN = ,COMOR]A PUT ! MATT] CLE>LY3 0,?IS SLOGAN HAS BE5 ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,P4,S4,U4,C43 ',BE=E TAK+ ,S>AGOSSA1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO TAKE ,B>CELONA4' ,?IS REFLECTS ! SITUATION EXACTLY44440.<#a#d.> ,COMOR]A HIMSELF HAD1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 PRESS$ ,COMPANYS TO RESI/ ! ,C,N,T4.<#a#e.> ,! FIR/ TASK ( ! ANTIFASCI/ COALITION1 HE MA9TA9$1 WAS TO DISSOLVE ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES4.<#a#f.> ,I HAVE ALREADY CIT$ A GOOD DEAL ( EVID5CE 9DICAT+ ?AT ! REPRESSION CONDUCT$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT S]I\SLY WEAK5$ POPUL> COMMITM5T & 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ANTIFASCI/ W>4 ,:AT WAS EVID5T TO ,GEORGE ,ORWELL WAS ALSO CLE> TO ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S & ! PEASANTS 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES ( ,>AGON3 ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ COALITION W\LD NOT TOL]ATE A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY2 IT W\LD COMMIT ITSELF FULLY TO ! ANTI-,FRANCO /RUGGLE ONLY AFT] ! OLD ORD] WAS FIRMLY REE/ABLI%$1 BY =CE1 IF NECESS>Y4.<#a#g.> 

,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT F>M WORK]S 9 ! COLLECTIVES UND]/OOD QUITE WELL ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! DRIVE T[>DS CONSOLIDATION & C5TRAL CONTROL4 ,WE LE>N ?IS NOT ONLY FROM AN>*I/ S\RCES BUT ALSO FROM ! SOCIALI/ PRESS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY NEWSPAP] ,ADELANTE HAD ! FOLL[+ TO SAY3  
  

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FASCI/ REVOLT ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & ! DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRY W]E 9 AGREEM5T ?AT ! SO-CALL$ ,NATIONALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 :I* ?REAT5$ TO PLUNGE \R PEOPLE 9TO AN ABYSS ( DEEPE/ MIS]Y1 C\LD BE HALT$ ONLY BY A ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 H[EV]1 OPPOS$ ?IS VIEW ) ALL ITS MI<T4 ,IT HAD APP>5TLY COMPLETELY =GOTT5 ITS OLD !ORIES ( A 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REPUBLIC0 & A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,FROM ITS CON/ANT REPETITION ( ITS NEW SLOGAN ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC IT IS CLE> ?AT IT HAS LO/ ALL S5SE ( REALITY4 ,:5 ! ,CA?OLIC & CONS]VATIVE SECTIONS ( ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE SAW !IR OLD SY/EM SMA%$ & C\LD F9D NO WAY \T1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9/ILL$ NEW HOPE 9TO !M4 ,IT ASSUR$ !M ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC = :I* IT WAS PLEAD+ PUT NO OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ,CA?OLIC PROPAG&A &1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT IT /OOD READY TO DEF5D ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4.<#a#h.>  
  

,?AT ?IS REALIZATION WAS WIDESPREAD 9 ! RURAL >EAS WAS UND]SCOR$ DRAMATICALLY BY A QUE/IONNAIRE S5T BY ,ADELANTE TO SECRET>IES ( ! ,U,G,T ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g4.<#a#i.> ,! RESULTS >E SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3  
  

,! REPLIES TO !SE QUE/IONS REVEAL$ AN A/\ND+ UNANIMITY4 ,EV]Y:]E ! SAME /ORY4 ,! PEASANT COLLECTIVES >E TODAY MO/ VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S ORGANIZE ! WELL-TO-DO F>M]S :O >E ON ! LOOK\T = *EAP LABOR & >E1 = ?IS REASON1 \TSPOK5LY HO/ILE TO ! COOP]ATIVE UND]TAK+S ( ! POOR PEASANTS4 

,IT IS ! ELEM5T :I* BE=E ! REVOLUTION SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! ,FASCI/S & ,MON>*I/S :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ! TRADE-UNION REPRES5TATIVES1 IS N[ FLOCK+ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,AS TO ! G5]AL EFFECT ( ,COMMUNI/ ACTIVITY ON ! C\NTRY1 ! SECRET>IES ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD ONLY ONE OP9ION1 :I* ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,VAL5CIA ORGANIZATION PUT 9 !SE WORDS3 0,IT IS A MIS=TUNE 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! WORD40.<#a#a.>  
  

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS 0MIS=TUNE0 MU/ HAVE AFFECT$ ! WILL+NESS ( ! L& WORK]S TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ANTIFASCI/ W>1 ) ALL ! SACRIFICES ?AT ?IS 5TAIL$4 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T TO ! REVOLUTION WAS BRUTALLY REVEAL$ BY ITS ACTS & IS ATTE/$ AS WELL 9 ITS PROPAG&A4 ,A =M] M9I/] DESCRIBES ! SITUATION AS FOLL[S3  
  

,! FACT ?AT IS CONCEAL$ BY ! COALITION ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ! LEFT ,REPUBLICANS & RI<T W+ ,SOCIALI/S IS ?AT !RE HAS BE5 A SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 HALF ( ,SPA94 ,SUCCESSFUL1 ?AT IS1 9 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( FACTORIES & F>MS :I* >E OP]AT$ UND] TRADE UNION CONTROL1 & OP]AT$ QUITE EFFICI5TLY4 ,DUR+ ! ?REE MON?S ?AT ,I WAS DIRECTOR ( PROPAG&A = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,5GL& UND] ,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO1 !N ,=EIGN ,M9I/] = ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T1 ,I WAS 9/RUCT$ NOT TO S5D \T ONE WORD AB\T ?IS REVOLUTION 9 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( LOYALI/ ,SPA94 ,NOR >E ANY =EIGN CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,VAL5CIA P]MITT$ TO WRITE FREELY ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE4.<#a#a#a.>  
  

,9 %ORT1 !RE IS MU* REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! WILL TO FI<T ,FRANCO WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DIM9I%$1 P]HAPS DE/ROY$1 BY ! POLICY ( AU?ORIT>IAN C5TRALIZATION UND]TAK5 BY ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ COALITION1 C>RI$ ?R\< BY =CE1 & DISGUIS$ 9 ! PROPAG&A ?AT WAS DISSEM9AT$ AMONG ,WE/]N 9TELLECTUALS.<#a#a#b.> & ?AT /ILL DOM9ATES ! WRIT+ ( HI/ORY4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS IS A CORRECT JUDGM5T1 ! ALT]NATIVE PROPOS$ BY ,B]N]I & ! LEFT 0EXTREMI/S0 GA9S 9 PLAUSIBILITY4 

,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ,CABALL]O & ! AN>*I/ M9I/]S ACCEPT$ ! POLICY ( C\NT]REVOLUTION BECAUSE ( !IR TRU/ 9 ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES1 :I* !Y FELT SURE W\LD SOON] OR LAT] COME TO !IR AID4 ,?IS FEEL+ WAS P]HAPS UND]/&ABLE 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,IT IS /RANGE1 H[EV]1 ?AT A HI/ORIAN WRIT+ 9 ! #a#i#fS %\LD DISMISS ! PROPOSAL TO /RIKE AT ,FRANCO'S RE> BY EXT5D+ ! REVOLUTION>Y W> TO ,MOROCCO1 ON GR\NDS ?AT ?IS W\LD HAVE DISPLEAS$ ,WE/]N CAPITALISM 7SEE PAGE #he ABOVE74 

,B]N]I WAS QUITE RI<T 9 HIS BELIEF ?AT ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES W\LD NOT TAKE P>T 9 AN ANTIFASCI/ /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA94 ,9 FACT1 !IR COMPLICITY 9 ! FASCI/ 9SURRECTION WAS NOT SLI<T4 ,FR5* BANK]S1 :O W]E G5]ALLY PRO-,FRANCO1 BLOCK$ ! RELEASE ( ,SPANI% GOLD TO ! LOYALI/ GOV]NM5T1 ?US H9D]+ ! PUR*ASE ( >MS &1 9CID5TALLY1 9CREAS+ ! RELIANCE ( ! ,REPUBLIC ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4.<#a#a#c.> ,! POLICY ( 0NON9T]V5TION10 :I* EFFECTIVELY BLOCK$ ,WE/]N AID = ! LOYALI/ GOV]NM5T :ILE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I 9 EFFECT WON ! W> = ,FRANCO1 WAS ALSO TE*NICALLY 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T--?\< APP>5TLY UND] HEAVY ,BRITI% PRESSURE4.<#a#a#d.> 

,AS F> AS ,GREAT ,BRITA9 IS CONC]N$1 ! HOPE ?AT IT W\LD COME TO ! AID ( ! ,REPUBLIC WAS ALWAYS UNREALI/IC4 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,FRANCO C\P1 ! =EIGN $ITOR ( ,P>IS-,SOIR WROTE3 0,AT LEA/ F\R C\NTRIES >E ALREADY TAK+ ACTIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! BATTLE--,FRANCE1 :I* IS SUPPORT+ ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T1 & ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 EA* ( :I* IS GIV+ DISCREET BUT NEV]!LESS EFFECTIVE ASSI/ANCE TO ONE GR\P OR ANO!R AMONG ! 9SURG5TS40.<#a#a#e.> ,9 FACT1 ,BRITI% SUPPORT = ,FRANCO TOOK A FAIRLY CONCRETE =M AT ! V]Y E>LIE/ /AGES ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,SPANI% NAVY REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC1.<#a#a#f.> & MADE SOME ATTEMPT TO PREV5T ,FRANCO FROM F]RY+ TROOPS FROM ,MOROCCO TO ,SPA94 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN 9VOLVEM5T 9 OV]COM+ !SE EF=TS IS WELL DOCUM5T$2.<#a#a#g.> ! ,BRITI% ROLE HAS RECEIV$ LESS ATT5TION1 BUT CAN BE DET]M9$ FROM CONTEMPOR>Y REPORTS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES C>RI$ A FRONT-PAGE REPORT ON ,BRITI% NAVAL ACTIONS 9 ! ,/RAITS ( ,GIBRALT>1 COMM5T+ ?AT 0?IS ACTION HELPS ! ,REBELS BY PREV5T+ ATTACKS ON ,ALGECIRAS1 :]E TROOPS FROM ,MOROCCO L&40 7,A FEW DAYS E>LI]1 LOYALI/ W>%IPS HAD BOMB>D$ ,ALGECIRAS1 DAMAG+ ! ,BRITI% CONSULATE47 ,AN ACCOMPANY+ DISPAT* FROM ,GIBRALT> DESCRIBES ! SITUATION AS IT APPE>$ FROM !RE3  
  

,ANG]$ BY ! ,SPANI% FACTIONS' 5DANG]+ ( %IPP+ & NEUTRAL ,GIBRALT> T]RITORY 9 !IR FI<T+1 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 VIRTUALLY BLOCKAD$ ,GIBRALT> ,H>BOR LA/ NI<T ) ! HUGE BATTLE%IP ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE? 9 ! C5T] ( ! 5TRANCE1 CON/ANTLY PLAY+ SE>*LI<TS ON NE>-BY WAT]S4 

,MANY ,BRITI% W>%IPS PATROLL$ ! 5TIRE ,/RAIT TODAY1 DET]M9$ TO PREV5T 9T]F]5CE ) ,BRITA9'S CONTROL OV] ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 A VITAL PLACE 9 ! ,BRITI% 0LIFEL9E TO ! ,EA/40 

,?IS ACTION FOLL[$ REPEAT$ W>N+S TO ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T & YE/]DAY'S DECREE ?AT NO MORE FI<T+ W\LD BE P]MITT$ 9 ,GIBRALT> ,H>BOR4 ,! ,BRITI% AT ,GIBRALT> HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY N]V\S AFT] ! %ELL+ ( ,ALGECIRAS BY ! ,LOYALI/ BATTLE%IP ,JAIME ,I4 

,AL?\< ,BRITI% NEUTRALITY IS /ILL MA9TA9$1 ! PATROL ( ! ,/RAIT & ! CLOS+ ( ! H>BOR WILL AID ! MILIT>Y ,REBELS BECAUSE ,LOYALI/ W>%IPS CANNOT ATTEMPT TO TAKE ,ALGECIRAS1 N[ 9 ,REBEL H&S1 & COMPLETELY ISOLATE ! ,REBELS FROM ,MOROCCO4 ,! ,REBELS N[ CAN RELEASE SOME TROOPS1 :O W]E RU%$ BACK TO ,ALGECIRAS1 = DUTY FUR!R NOR? 9 ! DRIVE = ,MADRID4 

,IT WAS REPORT$ 9 ,GIBRALT> TONI<T ?AT ! ,REBELS HAD S5T A TRANSPORT ACROSS ! ,/RAIT & HAD L&$ MORE TROOPS FROM ,MOROCCO = USE 9 ! COLUMNS ?AT >E M>*+ NOR?W>D FROM HEADQU>T]S AT ,SEVILLE4 

,?IS WAS ! SECOND TIME ?IS YE> ?AT ,BRITA9 W>N$ A P[] :5 %E BELIEV$ H] MEASURE ( ,M$IT]RANEAN CONTROL WAS ?REAT5$1 & IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T WILL FL\T ! ,BRITI% AS ! ,ITALIANS DID4 ,IF IT ATTEMPTS TO DO SO1 ! ,BRITI% GUNN]S ( ! ,GIBRALT> =T HAVE AU?ORITY TO FIRE W>N+ %OTS4 ,:AT WILL HAPP5 IF SU* %OTS GO UNHE$$ IS OBVI\S4 

,ALL ! ,BRITI% H]E REF] TO ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T AS ! 0,COMMUNI/S0 & !RE IS NO D\BT :]E ,BRITI% SYMPA?IES N[ LIE1 5C\RAG$ BY ! /ATEM5T ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 LEAD] ( ! ,REBELS1 ?AT HE IS NOT ESPECIALLY COOP]AT+ ) ,ITALY4 

,! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T HAS ORD]$ ,SPANI>DS H]E TO CEASE PLOTT+ OR BE EXPELL$ & HAS ASK$ ,BRITONS 0LOYALLY TO REFRA9 FROM EI!R ACT+ OR SPEAK+ PUBLICLY 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO DISPLAY M>K$ P>TIALITY OR P>TIZAN%IP40 

,! W>N+1 ISSU$ 9 ! (FICIAL ,GIBRALT> ,GAZETTE1 WAS SIGN$ BY ! ,BRITI% ,COLONIAL ,SECRET>Y H]E4 

,! W>N+ WAS ISSU$ AFT] REPORTS ( POSSIBLE ,COMMUNI/ TR\BLES H]E HAD REA*$ (FICIAL E>S & AFT] /RONG COMPLA9TS ?AT ,SPANI% ,REBELS W]E 9 ,GIBRALT>4 ,IT WAS SAID ,REBELS W]E MAK+ HEADQU>T]S H]E & 5T]+ ,LA ,L9EA TO FI<T4 .<,ITALICS M9E.>  
  

,I HAVE QUOT$ ?IS DISPAT* 9 FULL BECAUSE IT CONVEYS RA!R ACCURATELY ! *>ACT] ( ,BRITI% 0NEUTRALITY0 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! W> & !NCE=?4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#h1 ! ,BRITI% AMBASSADOR TO ,SPA91 ,SIR ,H5RY ,*ILTON1 0EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT A ,FRANCO VICTORY WAS NECESS>Y = PEACE 9 ,SPA92 ?AT !RE WAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ *ANCE ?AT ,ITALY &_/OR ,G]MANY W\LD DOM9ATE ,SPA92 & ?AT EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE = ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T TO W9 7:I* HE DID NOT BELIEVE7 HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT A VICTORY = ,FRANCO W\LD BE BETT] = ,GREAT ,BRITA940.<#a#a#h.> ,*UR*ILL1 :O WAS AT FIR/ VIOL5TLY OPPOS$ TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 MODIFI$ HIS POSITION SOME:AT AFT] ! CRU%+ ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#g4 ,:AT P>TICUL>LY PLEAS$ HIM WAS ! =CEFUL REPRESSION ( ! AN>*I/S & ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7NECESS>Y :5 0! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( CIVILIZATION & SOCIAL LIFE IS DE/ROY$10 AS IT HAD BE5 BY ! REVOLUTION1 N[ HAPPILY SUBDU$74.<#a#a#i.> ,H[EV]1 HIS GOOD FEEL+S T[>DS ! ,REPUBLIC REMA9$ QUALIFI$4 ,9 AN 9T]VIEW ( ,AUGU/ #a#d1 #a#i#c#h1 HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF AS FOLL[S3 0,FRANCO HAS ALL ! RI<T ON HIS SIDE BECAUSE HE LOVES HIS C\NTRY4 ,ALSO ,FRANCO IS DEF5D+ ,EUROPE AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ DANG]--IF Y\ WI% TO PUT IT 9 ?OSE T]MS4 ,BUT ,I1 ,I AM ,5GLI%1 & ,I PREF] ! TRIUMPH ( ! WRONG CAUSE4 ,I PREF] ?AT ! O!R SIDE W9S1 BECAUSE ,FRANCO C\LD BE AN UPSET OR A ?REAT TO ,BRITI% 9T]E/S1 & ! O!RS NO40.<#a#b.> 

,! ,G]MANS W]E QUITE AW>E ( ,BRITI% S5TIM5TS1 NATURALLY1 & !RE=E W]E MU* CONC]N$ ?AT ! SUP]VISORY COMMITTEE = ! NON9T]V5TION AGREEM5T BE LOCAT$ 9 ,LONDON RA!R ?AN ,P>IS4 ,! ,G]MAN ,=EIGN ,M9I/RY (FICIAL RESPONSIBLE = ?IS MATT] EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW ON ,AUGU/ #b#i1 #a#i#c#f1 AS FOLL[S3 0,NATURALLY1 WE HAVE TO C\NT ON COMPLA9TS ( ALL K9DS BE+ BR\<T UP 9 ,LONDON REG>D+ FAILURE TO OBS]VE ! OBLIGATION NOT TO 9T]V5E1 BUT WE CANNOT AVOID SU* COMPLA9TS 9 ANY CASE4 ,IT CAN1 9 FACT1 ONLY BE AGREEABLE TO US IF ! C5T] ( GRAVITY1 :I* AFT] ALL HAS ?US F> BE5 9 ,P>IS BECAUSE ( ! ,FR5* 9ITIATIVE1 IS TRANSF]R$ TO ,LONDON40.<#a#b#a.> ,!Y W]E NOT DISAPPO9T$4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y ,AN?ONY ,$5 /AT$ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS3 0,SO F> AS BREA*ES .<( ! NON9T]V5TION AGREEM5T.> >E CONC]N$1 ,I WI% TO /ATE CATEGORICALLY ?AT ,I ?9K !RE >E O!R ,GOV]NM5TS MORE TO BLAME ?AN ?OSE ( ,G]MANY & ,ITALY40.<#a#b#b.> ,!RE WAS NO FACTUAL BASIS = ?IS /ATEM5T1 BUT IT DID REFLECT ,BRITI% ATTITUDES4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ACCORD+ TO ,G]MAN S\RCES1 ,5GL& WAS AT ?AT TIME SUPPLY+ ,FRANCO ) MUNITIONS ?R\< ,GIBRALT> &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 PROVID+ 9=MATION TO ,G]MANY AB\T ,RUSSIAN >MS DELIV]IES TO ! ,REPUBLIC4.<#a#b#c.> 

,! ,BRITI% LEFT WAS = ! MO/ P>T 9 SUPPORT ( ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ COALITION1 REG>D+ ,CABALL]O AS AN 09FANTILE LEFTI/0 & ! AN>*I/S AS G5]ALLY UNSPEAKABLE4 

,! ,BRITI% POLICY ( MILD SUPPORT = ,FRANCO WAS TO BE SUCCESSFUL 9 PRES]V+ ,BRITI% 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA91 AS ! ,G]MANS SOON DISCOV]$4 ,A ,G]MAN ,=EIGN ,M9I/RY NOTE ( ,OCTOB] #aicg TO ! EMBASSY 9 ,NATIONALI/ ,SPA9 9CLUD$ ! FOLL[+ OBS]VATION3 0,?AT ,5GL& CANNOT P]MAN5TLY BE KEPT FROM ! ,SPANI% M>KET AS 9 ! PA/ IS A FACT ) :I* WE HAVE TO RECKON4 ,5GL&'S OLD RELATIONS ) ! ,SPANI% M9ES & ! ,G5]ALISSIMO'S DESIRE1 BAS$ ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS1 TO COME TO AN UND]/&+ ) ,5GL& PLACE C]TA9 LIMITS ON \R *ANCES ( RES]V+ ,SPANI% RAW MAT]IALS TO \RSELVES P]MAN5TLY40.<#a#b#d.> 

,ONE CAN ONLY SPECULATE AS TO :AT MI<T HAVE BE5 ! EFFECTS ( ,BRITI% SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,A DISCUSSION ( ?IS MATT] W\LD TAKE US F> AFIELD1 9TO A CONSID]ATION ( ,BRITI% DIPLOMACY DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#cS4 ,IT IS P]HAPS WOR? M5TION1 N[ ?AT ! 0,MUNI* ANALOGY0 IS BE+ B&I$ AB\T 9 UTT] DISREG>D = ! HI/ORICAL FACTS BY ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK & A NUMB] ( HIS ACADEMIC SUPPORT]S1 ?AT 0CONTA9M5T ( ,COMMUNISM0 WAS NOT A POLICY 9V5T$ BY ,GEORGE ,K5NAN 9 #a#i#d#g4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 IT WAS A DOM9ANT !ME 9 ! DIPLOMACY ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ,LLOYD ,GEORGE /AT$ ?AT 09 A V]Y %ORT TIME1 P]HAPS 9 A YE>1 P]HAPS 9 TWO1 ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS 9 ?IS C\NTRY WILL BE LOOK+ TO ,G]MANY AS ! BULW>K AGA9/ ,COMMUNISM 9 ,EUROPE4444 ,DO NOT LET US BE 9 A HURRY TO CONDEMN ,G]MANY4 ,WE %ALL BE WELCOM+ ,G]MANY AS \R FRI5D40.<#a#b#e.> ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#h1 ! ,MUNI* AGREEM5T WAS CONCLUD$2 %ORTLY AFT]1 BO? ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 DID WELCOME ,G]MANY AS 0\R FRI5D40 ,AS NOT$ E>LI] 7SEE NOTE #h#g71 EV5 ,*UR*ILL'S ROLE AT ?IS TIME IS SUBJECT TO SOME QUE/ION4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,MUNI* AGREEM5T WAS ! DEA? KNELL = ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 EXACTLY AS ! NECESSITY TO RELY ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LIKE ,FRANCE1 EXHIBIT$ LESS 9ITIATIVE 9 !SE EV5TS ?AN ,GREAT ,BRITA91 :I* HAD F> MORE SUB/ANTIAL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA9 & WAS MORE ( AN 9DEP5D5T =CE 9 ,EUROPEAN AFFAIRS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,AM]ICAN RECORD IS H>DLY ONE TO 9SPIRE PRIDE4 ,TE*NICALLY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ADH]$ TO A POSITION ( /RICT NEUTRALITY4 ,H[EV]1 A C>EFUL LOOK RAISES SOME D\BTS4 ,ACCORD+ TO 9=MATION OBTA9$ BY ,JACKSON1 0! ,AM]ICAN COLONEL :O HEAD$ ! ,TELEPHONE ,COMPANY HAD PLAC$ PRIVATE L9ES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,MADRID PLOTT]S = !IR CONV]SATIONS ) ,G5]ALS ,MOLA & ,FRANCO10.<#a#b#f.> JU/ PRIOR TO ! 9SURRECTION ON ,JULY #a#g4 ,9 ,AUGU/1 ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T URG$ ! ,M>T9 ,AIRCRAFT ,COMPANY NOT TO HONOR AN AGREEM5T MADE PRIOR TO ! 9SURRECTION TO SUPPLY AIRCRAFT TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 & IT ALSO PRESSUR$ ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T NOT TO RE%IP TO ,SPA9 W> MAT]IALS PUR*AS$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#a#b#g.> ,AN ,AM]ICAN >MS EXPORT]1 ,ROB]T ,CUSE1 9SI/$ ON HIS LEGAL RI<T TO %IP AIRPLANES & AIRCRAFT 5G9ES TO ! ,REPUBLIC 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 & ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T WAS =C$ TO GRANT AU?ORIZATION4 ,CUSE WAS D5\NC$ BY ,ROOSEVELT AS UNPATRIOTIC1 ?\< ,ROOSEVELT WAS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT ! REQUE/ WAS QUITE LEGAL4 ,ROOSEVELT CONTRA/$ ! ATTITUDE ( O!R BUS9ESSM5 TO ,CUSE AS FOLL[S3  
  

,WELL1 !SE COMPANIES W5T ALONG ) ! REQUE/ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE IS ! #i P]C5T ( BUS9ESS ?AT IS HONE/1 ,I MEAN E?ICALLY HONE/4 ,!RE IS ! #i P]C5T WE >E ALWAYS PO9T+ AT ) PRIDE4 ,& !N ONE MAN DOES :AT AM\NTS TO A P]FECTLY LEGAL BUT ?OR\<LY UNPATRIOTIC ACT4 ,HE REPRES5TS ! #a P]C5T ( BUS9ESS ?AT DOES NOT LIVE UP TO ! BE/ /&>DS4 ,EXCUSE ! HOMILY1 BUT ,I FEEL QUITE DEEPLY AB\T IT4.<#a#b#h.>  
  

,AMONG ! BUS9ESSES ?AT REMA9$ 0E?ICALLY HONE/0 & !RE=E DID NOT 9CUR ,ROOSEVELT'S WRA? WAS ! ,TEXACO ,OIL ,COMPANY1 :I* VIOLAT$ ITS CONTRACTS ) ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC & %IPP$ OIL 9/EAD TO ,FRANCO4 7,FIVE TANK]S ?AT W]E ON ! HI< SEAS 9 ,JULY #aicf W]E DIV]T$ TO ,FRANCO1 :O RECEIV$ SIX MILLION DOLL>S WOR? ( OIL ON CR$IT DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>47 ,APP>5TLY1 NEI!R ! PRESS NOR ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO DISCOV] ?IS FACT1 ?\< IT WAS REPORT$ 9 LEFT-W+ J\RNALS AT ! TIME4.<#a#b#i.> ,!RE IS EVID5CE ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T %>$ ! FE>S ( ,*UR*ILL & O!RS AB\T ! DANG]\S =CES ON ! ,REPUBLICAN SIDE4 ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE ,CORDELL ,HULL1 = EXAMPLE1 9=M$ ,ROOSEVELT ON ,JULY #b#c1 #a#i#c#f1 ?AT 0ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S FACTORS 9 ?IS SITUATION LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! .<,SPANI%.> ,GOV]NM5T HAS DI/RIBUT$ L>GE QUANTITIES ( >MS & AMMUNITION 9TO ! H&S ( IRRESPONSIBLE MEMB]S ( LEFT-W+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS40.<#a#c.> 

,LIKE ,*UR*ILL1 MANY RESPONSIBLE ,AM]ICANS BEGAN TO RE?9K !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! ,REPUBLIC AFT] ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD BE5 CRU%$4.<#a#c#a.> ,H[EV]1 RELATIONS ) ,FRANCO CONT9U$ CORDIAL4 ,9 #a#i#e#g1 ,PRESID5T ,EIS5H[] CONGRATULAT$ ,FRANCO ON ! 0HAPPY ANNIV]S>Y0 ( HIS REBELLION1.<#a#c#b.> & ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK ADD$ HIS TRIBUTE 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,UPON CRITICISM1 ,RUSK WAS DEF5D$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN AMBASSADOR TO ,MADRID1 :O OBS]V$ ?AT ,SPA9 IS 0A NATION :I* UND]/&S ! IMPLACABLE NATURE ( ! COMMUNI/ ?REAT10.<#a#c#c.> LIKE ,?AIL&1 ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,TAIWAN1 & SELECT$ O!R C\NTRIES ( ! ,FREE ,WORLD4.<#a#c#d.> 

,9 ! LI<T ( SU* FACTS AS !SE1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,JACKSON IS NOT TREAT+ ! HI/ORICAL RECORD S]I\SLY :5 HE DISMISSES ! PROPOSALS ( ! ,SPANI% LEFT AS ABSURD4 ,QUITE POSSIBLY ,B]N]I'S /RATEGY W\LD HAVE FAIL$1 AS DID ?AT ( ! LIB]AL-,COMMUNI/ COALITION ?AT TOOK OV] ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT WAS F> FROM S5SELESS1 H[EV]4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! FAILURE ( HI/ORIANS TO CONSID] IT MORE S]I\SLY FOLL[S1 ONCE AGA91 FROM ! ELITI/ BIAS ?AT DOM9ATES ! WRIT+ ( HI/ORY--&1 9 ?IS CASE1 FROM A C]TA9 S5TIM5TALITY AB\T ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES4 

,! /UDY ( COLLECTIVIZATION PUBLI%$ BY ! ,C,N,T 9 #a#i#c#g.<#a#c#e.> CONCLUDES ) A DESCRIPTION ( ! VILLAGE ( ,MEMBRILLA4 0,9 ITS MIS]ABLE HUTS LIVE ! POOR 9HABITANTS ( A POOR PROV9CE2 EI<T ?\S& PEOPLE1 BUT ! /REETS >E NOT PAV$1 ! T[N HAS NO NEWSPAP]1 NO C9EMA1 NEI!R A CAFE NOR A LIBR>Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS MANY *UR*ES ?AT HAVE BE5 BURN$40 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION1 ! L& WAS EXPROPRIAT$ & VILLAGE LIFE COLLECTIVIZ$4 0,FOOD1 CLO?+1 & TOOLS W]E DI/RIBUT$ EQUITABLY TO ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,MONEY WAS ABOLI%$1 WORK COLLECTIVIZ$1 ALL GOODS PASS$ TO ! COMMUNITY1 CONSUMPTION WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 NOT A SOCIALIZATION ( WEAL? BUT ( POV]TY40 ,WORK CONT9U$ AS BE=E4 ,AN ELECT$ C\NCIL APPO9T$ COMMITTEES TO ORGANIZE ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNE & ITS RELATIONS TO ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,! NECESSITIES ( LIFE W]E DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 9S(> AS !Y W]E AVAILABLE4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( REFUGEES W]E ACCOMMODAT$4 ,A SMALL LIBR>Y WAS E/ABLI%$1 & A SMALL S*OOL ( DESIGN4 

,! DOCUM5T CLOSES ) !SE WORDS3  
  

,! :OLE POPULATION LIV$ AS 9 A L>GE FAMILY2 FUNCTION>IES1 DELEGATES1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! SYNDICATES1 ! MEMB]S ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 ALL ELECT$1 ACT$ AS HEADS ( A FAMILY4 ,BUT !Y W]E CONTROLL$1 BECAUSE SPECIAL PRIVILEGE OR CORRUPTION W\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$4 ,MEMBRILLA IS P]HAPS ! POORE/ VILLAGE ( ,SPA91 BUT IT IS ! MO/ JU/4  
  

,AN ACC\NT SU* AS ?IS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN RELATIONS & ! IDEAL ( A JU/ SOCIETY1 MU/ APPE> V]Y /RANGE TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ 9TELLECTUAL1 & IT IS !RE=E TREAT$ ) SCORN1 OR TAK5 TO BE NAIVE OR PRIMITIVE OR O!RWISE IRRATIONAL4 ,ONLY :5 SU* PREJUDICE IS AB&ON$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE = HI/ORIANS TO UND]TAKE A S]I\S /UDY ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT TRANS=M$ ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 9 ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT HI/ORY RECORDS4 

,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 9 COMM5T+ ON ! DEMORALIZATION CAUS$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICES ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 OBS]VES 7P4 #b#i#e7 ?AT 0NEWSPAP]S >E WRITT5 BY ,EUROPEANIZ$ $ITORS1 & ! POPUL> MOVEM5T IS 9>TICULATE AS TO ITS DEEPE/ IMPULSES 444 .<:I* >E %[N ONLY.> 444 BY ACTS40 ,! OBJECTIVITY ( S*OL>%IP WILL REMA9 A DELUSION AS LONG AS !SE 9>TICULATE IMPULSES REMA9 BEYOND ITS GRASP4 ,AS F> AS ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION IS CONC]N$1 ITS HI/ORY IS YET TO BE WRITT54 

,I HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ON ONE !ME--! 9T]PRETATION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9--9 ONE WORK ( HI/ORY1 A WORK ?AT IS AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE ( LIB]AL S*OL>%IP4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE IS MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT A DEEP BIAS AGA9/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION & A COMMITM5T TO ! VALUES & SOCIAL ORD] ( LIB]AL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAS L$ ! AU?OR TO MISREPRES5T CRUCIAL EV5TS & TO OV]LOOK MAJOR HI/ORICAL CURR5TS4 ,MY 9T5TION HAS NOT BE5 TO BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ! COMMITM5T TO !SE VALUES--?AT IS ANO!R MATT] 5TIRELY4 ,RA!R1 IT HAS BE5 TO %[ H[ ?IS COMMITM5T HAS L$ TO A /RIK+ FAILURE ( OBJECTIVITY1 PROVID+ AN EXAMPLE ( 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION0 ( A MU* MORE SUBTLE & 9T]E/+ SORT--& ULTIMATELY1 ,I BELIEVE1 A F> MORE IMPORTANT ONE--?AN ?OSE DISCUSS$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS ESSAY4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

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