,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #b 
,ANIMADV]SIONS ON ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S ,AU?ORITIES 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  
  
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,H,A,V,+ ?US !RE=E GOT TOGE!R ALL ! AU?ORITIES ?AT ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS PRODUC$1 OR IS ABLE TO PRODUCE1 9 SUPPORT ( HIS FUNDAM5TAL POSITIONS1 LET US PROCE$ TO EXAM9E 9TO !IR VALIDITY & AM\NT4 

,! FIR/ IS ,DR4 ,FRANKL94 ,:AT HE SAYS ON ! SUBJECT ( F5NEL1 IS ( A V]Y VAGUE NATURE ,I DO NOT IMAG9E ?AT ANY ONE WILL ASCRIBE TO ?IS B>E ASS]TION ! =CE ( DEMON/RATION IF ,I HAD HE>D IT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 CONV]SATION1 & )\T HAV+ PREVI\SLY REFLECT$ ON ! SUBJECT1 ,I %\LD HAVE ANSW]$1 0,V]Y LIKELY40 ,NO MORE4 ,! PROPOSITION IS SPECI\S 5\<3 BUT APPE>ANCES >E SOMETIMES DECEITFUL4 ,PROBABILITY IS NOT ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( TRU?4 ,WE >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY ACQUA9T$ ) ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( F5NEL1 & ( F5NEL-SE$1 TO 5TITLE US TO PRON\NCE POSITIVELY4 ,HE ?AT %\LD UND]TAKE TO 0OV]SPREAD ! :OLE E>?0 ) F5NEL1 & ?AT FELT QUITE CONFID5T ( ! SUCCESS ( HIS EXP]IM5T1 ,I %\LD HAVE BE5 APT TO PRON\NCE A V]Y BOLD MAN4 

,BUT1 :5 ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 PROCE$S FROM ?IS HAZ>D$ ASS]TION AB\T F5NEL1 TO SAY1 0 ,W]E ,JIE E>? EMPTY ( O!R 9HABITANTS1 IT MI<T 9 A FEW AGES BE' REPL5I%$ FROM ORE NATION ONLY1 AS = 9/ANCE ) ,5GLI%M510 HE MAKES A V]Y WIDE /EP 9DE$4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! S[+ ( SE$1 & ! MULTIPLICATION ( M54 ,I HAVE MYSELF C\NT$ EI<TY GRA9S ( CORN1 GR[+ ON ONE /ALK1 FROM A S+LE SE$1 9 ! C\RSE ( A SEASON4 ,! S[+ ( VEGETABLES IS A V]Y SIMPLE ?+2 & WE >E APT TO ?9K ?AT WE CAN CALCULATE ) SOME C]TA9TY ON ! RESULT4 ,& YET1 ,I [N ,I CANNOT FEEL AN UND\BT+ CONFID5CE 9 ,DR4 ,FRANKL9'S CROP ( MILLIONS ( ACRES ( F5NEL4 

,! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D H[EV] IS AN AFFAIR ( ANO!R SORT1 & GOV]N$ BY DIFF]5T LAWS4 ,IT HAS BY MANY P]SONS BE5 BELIEV$ ?AT WE DO MULTIPLY2 BUT :AT WAS ! RATE ( 9CREASE1 NO ONE1 TILL ! YE> #a#g#c#a1 HAD V5TUR$ TO PRON\NCE4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ,I WANT ! ROBU/ N]VES ( ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 & ,MR4 ,MAL?US2 BUT ,I [N1 IF ! HUMAN SPECIES W]E BY SOME TREM5D\S CASUALTY SWEPT FROM EV]Y O!R P>T ( ! GLOBE1 EXCEPT ?IS ISL&1 ,I %\LD NOT LIKE TO WITNESS ! EXP]IM5T1 :E!R OR NO ITS PRES5T POPULATION C\LD BE REPL5I%$ ) ,5GLI%M5 ONLY4 

,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ! WORLD WAS PEOPL$ AT FIR/4 ,WE >E TOLD1 ?AT WE >E ALL DESC5D$ FROM A S+LE PAIR3 BUT WE >E NOT 5TITL$ TO REASON FROM ?IS MEMORABLE HI/ORY1 TO ! EV]YDAY OCCURR5CES ( LIFE4 ,! CREATION ( ! WORLD1 & ! PEOPL+ ( ! E>?1 >E ALL A MIRACLE4 ,! SETTL+ ( C\NTRIES & ! DISP]SION ( MANK9D W]E CONDUCT$ BY ! IMM$IATE H& ( ! CREATOR4 ,BESIDES1 HUMAN LIFE1 IT IS WRITT51 WAS ORIG9ALLY ( ! DURATION ( NE>LY A ?\S& YE>S2 & ?IS MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE MADE A WIDE DIFF]5CE 9 ! RATE ( MULTIPLICATION4 

,BUT ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 & ,MR4 ,MAL?US >E BO? ( !M CALCULATORS & PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!Y DO NOT PRET5D TO APPEAL TO MIRACLES = ! TRU? ( !IR !ORIES4 ,MR4 ,MAL?US 9 P>TICUL> DEALS L>GELY 9 /ATI/ICAL TABLES1 & COLLECTIONS ( ! REGI/]S ( BIR?S1 M>RIAGES & DEA?S1 9 !SE LATT] AGES ( ! WORLD2 & TO !SE ,I %ALL PRES5TLY TAKE LEAVE TO ACCOMPANY HIM4 

,DR4 ,FRANKL9 ,I [N HAS OBTA9$ A GREAT NAME4 ,BUT1 :5 HE LAUN*ES 9TO ASS]TIONS SO VISION>Y AS ?OSE H]E RECIT$1 & ABOVE ALL1 :5 ,I RECOLLECT :AT TREM5D\S & HE>TSICK5+ CONSEQU5CES ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS D$UC$ FROM !SE ASS]TIONS1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT A GREAT NAME GOES ) ME = NO?+1 & #a MU/ SUBJECT HIS POSITIONS TO A /RICT EXAM9ATION4 

,DR4 ,FRANKL9 IS 9 ?IS CASE P>TICUL>LY ! OBJECT ( \R ATT5TION1 BECAUSE HE WAS ! FIR/ MAN ?AT />T$ ! IDEA ( ! PEOPLE ( ,AM]ICA BE+ MULTIPLI$ BY PROCREATION1 SO AS TO 0D\BLE !IR NUMB]S EV]Y TW5TY YE>S40 ,DR4 ,FRANKL91 BORN AT ,BO/ON1 WAS EM95TLY AN ,AM]ICAN PATRIOT2 & ! PAP] FROM :I* !SE EXTRACTS >E TAK51 WAS EXPRESSLY WRITT5 TO EXALT ! IMPORTANCE & GLORY ( HIS C\NTRY4 

,! FOLL[+ IS ! WAY 9 :I* HE SUPPORTS HIS HYPO!SIS RESPECT+ ! POPULATION ( ,AM]ICA4 0,IF IT IS RECKON$ 9 ,EUROPE ?AT !RE IS BUT ONE M>RIAGE P] ANNUM AMONG ONE HUNDR$ P]SONS1 P]HAPS WE MAY H]E RECKON ON TWO2 & IF 9 ,EUROPE !Y HAVE BUT F\R BIR?S TO A M>RIAGE1 WE MAY H]E RECKON EI<T40 ,IT W]E TO BE WI%$1 ?AT ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 HAD GIV5 HIS REASONS = ?IS AMAZ+ SUP]IORITY 9 ! FRUITFULNESS ( ! M>RIAGE-B$ ON ! O!R SIDE ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,IS IT ANY ?+ 9 ! CLIMATE8 ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 SAYS SOME?+ RESPECT+ ! LATE M>RIAGES ( ,EUROPE2 & ?IS WE %ALL %ORTLY HAVE OCCASION TO EXAM9E4 ,BUT HE C\LD H>DLY HAVE ?\<T ?AT ALL ,EUROPEAN BRIDES W]E SO OLD1 AS FROM ?AT CIRCUM/ANCE ALONE TO ACC\NT = !IR HAV+ NO MORE ?AN HALF ! (FSPR+ ( ! BRIDES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,IF ?IS PAP] W]E )\T A DATE1 ,I %\LD HAVE ?\<T IT HAD BE5 WRITT5 LONG BE=E TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE4 

,IT IS NOT A LITTLE CURI\S1 ?AT ! NEXT AU?ORITY UPON :I* WE >E CALL$ UPON TO BELIEVE 9 ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S FUNDAM5TAL POSITIONS1 IS A ,S]MON DELIV]$ SIXTY YE>S AGO1 BY A PURITANICAL PREA*] 9 ,CONNECTICUT1 :I* ,S]MON ,MR4 ,MAL?US NEV] SAW4 

,TO MAKE A JU/ E/IMATE ( ! AU?ORITY ( ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO QUOTE HIS WORDS4 0,SUPPOSE !RE BE #f PEOPLE2 9 NATURAL POSSIBILITY ?IS NUMB] MAY YIELD NE> #ge BIR?S ANNUALLY4 ,= BY SOME LATE OBS]VATIONS ! TEEM+ FEMALES BETWE54 #ae & #dd YE>S ( AGE1 >E AB\T #ah ( ! SAID #f1 & ! MALES ( BETWE5 #ah & #e#i1 >E AB\T #ah ALSO1 & EV]Y TEEM+ WOMAN CAN BE> A *ILD ONCE 9 TWO YE>S2 FROM ALL :I* IT IS PLA91 ?AT ! BIR?S MAY BE #i P] ANNUM1 & 7ABAT+ #ae = SICKNESS1 Y\NG ABORTIONS1 & NATURAL B>R5NESS7 !RE MAY REMA9 #ge BIR?S1 :I* IS AN EI<? ( ! PEOPLE2 :I* BIR?S BY SOME OBS]VATIONS WE HAVE F\ND TO BE ACTUALLY BUT A TWO-&-?IRTIE? P>T1 OR BUT A QU>T] ( :AT IS ?US %EWN TO BE NATURALLY POSSIBLE4 ,N[1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS RECKON+1 IF ! BIR?S MAY BE #ge ( #f ANNUALLY1 & ! BURIALS BUT #a#e1 !N ! ANNUAL 9CREASE ( ! PEOPLE WILL BE #f2 & SO ! SAID #f PEOPLE MAY D\BLE 9 #a YE>S40 

,N[ 9 ?IS PASSAGE ?REE ?+S >E ASSUM$3 FIR/1 ! AM\NT ( TEEM+ WOM5 9 ANY GIV5 NUMB] ( PEOPLE2 SECONDLY1 ! AM\NT ( DEA?S ANNUALLY2 & ?IRDLY1 ! AM\NT ( BIR?S ANNUALLY1 ?AT >E1 ACCORD+ TO ,SIR ,WILLIAM1 09 NATURAL POSSIBILITY40 ,)\T GO+ 9TO ! ACCURACY ( ! AM\NTS 9 ! TWO =M] 9/ANCES1 ! FIR/ ?+ WOR?Y ( NOTICE IS ?AT !SE TWO AM\NTS >E GIV5 AS F\ND$ UPON ACTUAL OBS]VATIONS1 :ILE = ! ?IRD ! AU?OR CONFESS$LY HAS RESORT TO ! 4REGIONS ( POSSIBILITY4 ,BUT 9 ?IS !RE IS NO P>ITY4 

,& :AT DOES ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY MEAN BY 0NATURAL POSSIBILITY80 ,H[ CAN WE KN[ ANY ?+ ( POSSIBILITIES1 AS TO ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( MAN1 BUT FROM ACTUAL'0 OBS]VATION8 ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY ASSUMES ?AT EV]Y FEMALE BETWE5 #ae & #dd YE>S ( AGE IS :AT HE CALLS A TEEM+ FEMALE1 OR 9 O!R WORDS CAPABLE ( BE>+ A *ILD ONCE 9 TWO YE>S1 & ?AT #ae \T ( #i IS AN AMPLE ALL[ANCE = NATURAL B>R5NESS1 = ABORTIONS1 & = SU* 9DISPOSITION1 ( :ATEV] SORT1 ON ! P>T ( ! FEMALE1 AS %\LD PRODUCE A TEMPOR>Y 9CAPACITY = *ILD-BE>+4 ,HE FUR!R SUPPOSES ?AT EA* FEMALE %ALL BE ! MO!R ( F\RTE5 *ILDR51 OR1 MORE ACCURATELY SPEAK+ ( F\RTE5 *ILDR5 & A HALF2 =1 IF ! TEEM+ WOM5 >E CON/ANTLY 9 ! PROPORTION OT #a#h1 & ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 BORN ANNUALLY /&S AS ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY HAS SET IT D[N1 !N IT IS OBVI\S ?AT EV]Y TEEM+ WOMAN1 9 O!R WORDS1 EV]Y WOMAN BETWE5 #ae & #dd YE>S ( AGE1 MU/ BE> A *ILD EV]Y SECOND YE>4 ,N[ :]E DOES ,SIR ,WILLIAM F9D ?IS8 ,&1 IF ,I W]E TO SAY1 ?AT IT IS A 0 NATURAL IMPOSSIBILITY10 ?AT EV]Y WOMAN BETWE5 !SE AGES %\LD DO ?US1 %\LD ,I NOT HAVE AS MU*1 OR RA!R A GREAT DEAL MORE1 REASON ON MY SIDE8 

,SO MU* = ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PETTY'S 0POSSIBLE D\BL+ ( MANK9D 9 SO %ORT A TIME AS T5 YE>S40 

,I NEXT PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! AU?ORITY ( ,EUL]1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 0 CALCULATES1 ON A MORTALITY ( #a 9 #c#f1 ?AT IF ! BIR?S BE TO ! DEA?S 9 ! PROPORTION ( #c TO #a1 ! P]IOD ( D\BL+ WILL BE ONLY #ab YE>S & #d-#e?S40 

,! NAME ( ,EUL] IS TRULY IMPOS+4 ,HE IS ONE ( ! MO/ EM95T MA!MATICIANS ( MOD]N TIMES1 & IS WOR?Y TO BE RANK$ ) ! GREATE/ G5IUSES 9 ?AT SCI5CE 9 AGES PA/4 ,BUC IT IS TRULY TO V]Y LITTLE PURPOSE ?AT ! NAME ( ,EUL] IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,& ,I AM P]SUAD$1 IF HE C\LD HAVE BE5 AW>E ( ! USE ?AT W\LD BE MADE ( HIS AU?ORITY1 HE W\LD HAVE TAK5 EFFECTUAL C>E ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE EMPLOY$ = ! PURPOSE ( IMPOS+ UNF\ND$ !ORIES ON ! WORLD4 

,EUL] NEV] WROTE A BOOK ON ! POPULATION ( ! E>?1 & ! MULTIPLICATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,IF HE HAD1 ,I CANNOT BUT BELIEVE ?AT HE W\LD HAVE LOOK$ ) A P5ETRAT+ EYE & A P]SEV]+ TEMP] 9TO ! SUBJECT4 ,HE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DISC\RAG$ BY ITS 9TRICACIES2 BUT W\LD HAVE SP5T YE>S ( PATI5T LABOR 9 COLLECT+ ALL ! DOCUM5TS & TABLES ?AT C\LD BE F\ND1 & BY C>EFUL COMP>ISON HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO D$UCE FROM !M SU* RESULTS AS MI<T BE WOR?Y ( ! CONFID5CE ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 ,HE HAS DONE NO SU* ?+4 

,H[ COMES HIS NAME !N TO BE MIX$ UP ) ! SUBJECT ( :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US TREATS8 

,A WRIT]1 TO :OSE PAGES WE >E CONSID]ABLY 9DEBT$1 & :O APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY ASSIDU\S 9 ! EXECUTION ( HIS TASK1 ,JOHN ,PET] ,SUSSMIL*1 MEMB] ( ! ,ROYAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES AT ,B]L91 UND]TOOK A WORK1 5TITL$1 ,DIE ,GOTTLI*E ,ORDNUNG1 @&C42 OR1 ,! ,ORD] ( ,DIV9E ,PROVID5CE1 AS ,DISPLAY$ 9 ! ,BIR?S1 ,DEA?S1 & ,9CREASE ( ! ,HUMAN ,RACE1 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #agfe 9 TWO VOLUMES OCTAVO1 & HAS S9CE BE5 5L>G$ 9TO ?REE4 ,?IS WORK IS REPLETE ) /ATI/ICAL TABLES2 & ! AU?OR WAS AT 9DEFATIGABLE PA9S 9 COLLECT+ ALL ! DOCUM5TS ?AT C\LD ?R[ LI<T ON HIS SUBJECT4 ,HIS VOLUMES >E !RE=E ( GREAT VALUE AS A BOOK ( REF]5CE4 ,! PR(ESS$ OBJECT ( ,SUSSMIL* WAS1 FIR/ TO DEMON/RATE ! POSSIBILITY ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! POPULATION ( ! E>?1 & !N TO RECOMM5D ! ADOPTION ( SU* MEANS AS HE WAS ABLE TO SUGGE/ = REALIZ+ ?AT 9CREASE4 

,! GREAT M]IT ( ?IS WRIT] IS PATI5CE & P]SEV]ANCE2 & HE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 LAUDABLY DIFFID5T ( HIS [N ABILITIES 9 MATT]S ( MA!MATICAL CALCULATION4 ,HE !RE=E APPLI$ TO ,EUL]4 ,EUL] WAS A MAN ( ! HI<E/ REPUTATION 9 ! EXACT SCI5CES1 & HAD BE5 EMPLOY$ BY ,FR$]IC ! ,SECOND1 9 ! BEG9N+ ( HIS REIGN1 TO ASSI/ 9 REMODEL+ & GIV+ NEW LIFE & VIGOR TO HIS ,ACADEMY4 ,EUL]1 ) ?AT LIB]ALITY :I* \<T ALWAYS TO BE ! *>ACT]I/IC ( A MAN ( G5IUS1 L5T HIMSELF TO ! REQUE/ ( HIS BRO!R-ACADEMICIAN4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE IT WAS NO WISE NECESS>Y ?AT HE %\LD /UDY ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION2 NOR DID HE ATTEMPT TO DO SO4 ,HE WAS RESPONSIBLE ONLY = ! FIDELITY ( HIS CALCULATIONS4 ,SUSSMIL* GAVE HIM C]TA9 QUE/IONS1 GRATUIT\S & >BITR>Y SUPPOSITIONS AS TO AN IMAG9>Y MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D2 & ,EUL] WORK$ ! SUMS4 ,EV]Y ONE !RE=E MAY EASILY JUDGE1 ) :AT PROPRIETY ,EUL] IS BR\<T =W>D AS AN AU?ORITY ON ! OCCASION4 ,AS WELL MI<T ,BONNYCA/LE 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION TO ,ALGEBRA BE CIT$ TO PROVE ?AT A G5TLEMAN GAVE F\R MILLIONS FIVE HUNDR$ ?\S& P\NDS = A HORSE1 BECAUSE HE HAS %EWN ?AT1 UPON A C]TA9 COMPUTATION1 IF ADOPT$1 ?AT W\LD ACTUALLY HAVE BE5 ! PRICE ( ! HORSE4 

,! COMPUTATION ( ,EUL] TO :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US REF]S1 /&S ?US4 0,IF 9 ANY C\NTRY !RE >E #a1 P]SONS LIV+1 & ! ANNUAL MORTALITY IS ONE 9 ?IRTY-SIX1 !N1 SUPPOS+ ! ANNUAL PROPORTION ( DEA?S TO BIR?S TO BE V>I\SLY1 AS #a TO #a#a1 #a TO #a#b1 & SO ON1 UP TO AS #a TO #c1 :AT WILL BE ! NUMB]S ( P]SONS :O WILL YE>LY BE ADD$ TO ! SOCIETY1 & :AT WILL BE ! NUMB] ( YE>S REQUIR$ = ! ORIG9AL #a1 P]SONS TO BECOME #b180 ,EUL]'S ANSW] IS ?AT 0! P]IOD ( D\BL+ ON ! FIR/ SUPPOSITION W\LD BE #be YE>S1 &--ON ! LA/ W\LD BE TWELVE YE>S & F\R-FIF?S40 ,?IS QUE/ION C]TA9LY DID NOT REQUIRE ! EXTRAORD9>Y ABILITIES ( ,EUL] TO SOLVE4 ,IF ! SUM W]E WORK$ UPON ! ,RULE ( ,COMP\ND ,9T]E/1 TO BE F\ND 9 ANY ( ! COMMON BOOKS ( >I?METIC1 ! ANSW] W\LD BE EXACTLY ! SAME AS IT IS 9 ,EUL]'S ,TABLE4 

,SURELY ! READ+ P>T ( ! PUBLIC HAVE SELDOM BE5 SO EGREGI\SLY TRIFL$ )1 AS :5 ,MR4 ,MAL?US GRAVELY PLAC$ ?IS CALCULATION ( ,EUL] AMONG HIS AU?ORITIES = ! RAPID MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D4 

,! QUE/ION :I* ! REAL POLITICIAN IS CALL$ UPON TO EXAM9E1 IS NOT :AT W\LD BE ! RESULT UPON C]TA9 >BITR>Y SUPPOSITIONS1 BUT :AT DOES ACTUALLY HAPP5 9 ! COMMUNITY ( MANK9D4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US 9DE$ ADDS1 0,?IS PROPORTION .<VIZ4 ! PROPORTION ON :I* ,EUL] CALCULATES A D\BL+ 9 TWELVE YE>S & F\R-FIF?S@5.> HAS ACTUALLY OCCURR$ = %ORT P]IODS 9 MORE C\NTRIES ?AN ONE40 

,?IS ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION ASS]TS 9 ITS USUAL ,LACONIC /YLE4 

,SURELY IT IS NOT ?US1 ?AT ! GRAVE/ QUE/ION 7IF AT ALL GRAVE7 :I* WAS EV] PRES5T$ TO ! CONSID]ATION ( MANK9D1 \<T TO BE TREAT$4 ,LET IT BE REMEMB]$1 ?AT ! COROLL>Y FROM ?IS & ! LIKE PROPOSITIONS1 IS ?AT VISE & MIS]Y1 & NO?+ BUT VISE & MIS]Y1 >E ! 9DISP5SABLE GU>ANTEES = ! EXI/5CE ( \R RACE4 

,I CANNOT = MYSELF CONS5T TO ADMIT SU* A PROPOSITION ) SU* A COROLL>Y1 )\T ! M9UTE/ & ! /RICTE/ EXAM9ATION4 ,ONE L9E1 OR EV5 SIX PAGES1 WILL NEV] SATISFY ME 9 A QUE/ION ( ?IS SORT4 ,IF ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAD NAM$ HIS C\NTRIES & HIS P]IODS1 IT W\LD !N HAVE BE5 OP5 = ME TO ASC]TA9 :AT PECULI> CIRCUM/ANCES MI<T HAVE OCCASION$ ?IS D\BL+ = ! CONFESS$LY 0 %ORT P]IODS0 \R AU?OR SPEAKS (4 

,BUT :AT HAVE WE TO DO ) 0%ORT P]IODS80 ,! SPECULATIONS ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ) :I* ! WORLD HAS BE5 MADE DRUNK = TW5TY YE>S1 TREAT ( NO?+ LESS ?AN 9F9ITY4 ,! MA9 PROPOSITION ( ! AU?OR IS ?AT 0POPULATION1 IF UN*ECK$1 WILL GO ON D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 OR 9CREASE 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO3 0?AT IS1 WILL GO ON = EV]3 :5 IT HAS ONCE BEGUN1 NO?+ CAN /OP IT TOTALLY BUT ! CONSUMMATION ( ALL ?+S1 OR P>TIALLY BUT SOME ( ?OSE *ECKS :I* FALL UND] ! HEADS EI!R ( VISE OR MIS]Y4 ,9DE$ ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS REC5TLY TOLD US1 ?AT1 0IF ANY P]SON WILL TAKE ! TR\BLE TO MAKE ! CALCULATION10 HE MAY EASILY ASC]TA9 H[ LONG A TIME1 UPON HIS PR9CIPLES1 WILL BE NECESS>Y1 TO PEOPLE ! :OLE VISIBLE UNIV]SE ) HUMAN BE+S AT ! RATE ( F\R M5 TO EV]Y SQU>E Y>D4 ,:AT HAVE 0%ORT P]IODS0 ( 9CREASE TO DO ) ?IS8 

,IT WILL MORE FULLY APPE> AS WE PROCE$ ?AT %ORT P]IODS ( 9CREASE AF=D NO F\NDATION :ATEV] UPON :I* TO F\ND \R CONCLUSION AS TO ANY RATIO ( 9CREASE 9 P]PETUAL S]IES4 

,BUT IT IS WOR? :ILE TO DWELL A LITTLE UPON ?IS D\BL+ 9 9F9ITE S]IES1 :I* IS ! CORN]-/ONE ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S SY/EM4 ,! RULES = CALCULAT+ SU* A S]IES >E TO BE F\ND 9 EV]Y COMMON BOOK ( >I?METIC3 BUT HI!RTO IT HAS BE5 REG>D$ BV ALMO/ ALL SOB] M51 AS AN EX]CISE 9 CALCULATION1 A MA!MATICAL RECREATION1 & NO?+ MORE4 

,MR4 ,BONNYCA/LE1 AS ABOVE QUOT$1 HAS ASC]TA9$ ! PRICE ( A HORSE1 IF HE W]E PUR*AS$ BY ! RULE ( A GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION1 ( :I* ! EXPON5T IS #b1 & IF ! PROGRESSION1 BEG9N+ AT A F>?+1 W]E C>RI$ ON ?R\< ?IRTY-TWO /EPS4 ,DR4 ,PRICE HAS CALCULAT$ ! PRODUCE ( ONE P5NY PUT \T AT \R ,SAVIOR'S BIR? TO FIVE P] C5T4 COMP\ND 9T]E/1 & F9DS ?AT 9 ! YE> #agia IT W\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ TO A GREAT] SUM ?AN W\LD BE CONTA9$ 9 ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( E>?S1 ALL SOLID GOLD4 ,BUT DID ANY ONE EV] ?9K ( APPLY+ ?IS TO ! AFFAIRS ( REAL EXI/5CE8 ,HAS ANY ONE EV] GIV5 F\R MILLIONS /]L+ = A HORSE8 ,DID ANY ONE EV]1 BY D9T ( COMP\ND 9T]E/1 = HIMSELF & HIS SUCCESSORS1 TURN A P5NY 9TO ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( E>?S1 ALL SOLID GOLD8 ,IS IT WOR? \R :ILE1 EXCEPT AS A PUZZLE TO %>P5 ! WITS ( S*OOL-BOYS1 TO TALK EI!R ( ! ONE OR ! O!R8 ,AS LITTLE1 BE SURE1 >E ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S RATIOS WOR?Y TO BE ?\<T ( BY /ATESM51 OR ACT$ UPON EV5 BY ! OV]SE]S ( P>I%-WORKH\SES1 TO :I*1 ACCORD+ TO \R AU?OR1 !Y EM95TLY BELONG4 

,!RE IS SU* A ?+1 WELL KN[N AMONG LOGICIANS1 AS AN >GUM5T1 ?AT PROVES TOO MU*1 & BY SO DO+ IS UNIV]SALLY SET D[N AS PROV+ NO?+4 ,IF EV] !RE WAS SU* AN >GUM5T1 SU* IS ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S >GUM5T FROM 0! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE20 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 SU* IS 0! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE0 AS EXP\ND$ BY ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,A S\ND & WELL REGULAT$ M9D1 ?AT IS 5GAG$ 9 O!R MATT]S ?AN MA!MATICAL PUZZLES & WOND]S1 SOON COMES TO A /& AMID ! LUXURIANCES ( AN 9F9ITE S]IES4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT WE MAY P]HAPS CONSID] \RSELVES AS SUB/ANTIALLY 9DEBT$ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US = ! ILLU/RATION1 9TRODUC$ 9TO HIS LA/ WORK1 ( PEOPL+ ! :OLE VISIBLE UNIV]SE AT ! RATE ( F\R M5 TO EV]Y SQU>E Y>D4 ,!RE IS NO BUBBLE SO BRILLIANT1 ?AT1 IF Y\ ATTEMPT TO BL[ IT UP TO TOO VA/ A SIZE1 WILL NOT PRES5TLY BUR/1 & %EW TO EV]Y BY/&] ?AT IT WAS BUT A BUBBLE ALL ! :ILE4 

,!RE IS1 SAYS ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 A T5D5CY 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( ! EFFECT ( 9 NO LONG TIME PEOPL+ ALL ! />S4 ,& YET1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N %EW+1 ?IS T5D5CY HAS NEV] DISPLAY$ ITSELF1 BUT 9 ONE 9SIGNIFICANT P]IOD ( ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S1 9 ONE REMOTE CORN] ( ! WORLD1 & ) :AT CIRCUM/ANCES ( EVID5CE WE %ALL PRES5TLY HAVE OCCASION TO 9QUIRE4 ,CR$AT ,JUDCEUS ,APELLA4 

,IF ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION HAD GONE ON UN*ECK$ = EI<TE5 HUNDR$ YE>S1 IT W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ M5 5\< TO FILL ! :OLE VISIBLE UNIV]SE ) HUMAN CREATURES AS ?ICK AS !Y C\LD /&3 ?IS IS 9 SO MANY WORDS ! DOCTR9E ( \R AU?OR4 ,! E>? IS AT ?IS MOM5T COMPUT$ TO CONTA9 #f11 ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,I WI% ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS PUT D[N HIS NUMB]S1 ?AT1 BY SUBTRACT+ ! ONE FROM ! O!R1 WE MI<T SEE BY A GLANCE ( ! EYE1 H[ MANY HAD BE5 CRU%$ 9 ! EGG1 OR DE/ROY$ 9 9FANCY4 ,BUT ,I HAVE %EWN 9 ! PROP] PLACE1 ?AT1 UPON ! REASON+S ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 !Y W]E NOT CRU%$ 9 ! EGG1 BUT W]E ACTUALLY BORN1 & ACTUALLY DI$ 9 *ILDHOOD4 

,LET US H[EV] TREAT ! DOCTR9E ( \R AU?OR FAIRLY4 ,GOD =BID ?AT WE %\LD CRU% ! 0PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION0 UND] ! WEI<T ( NUMB]S ?AT DO NOT BELONG TO IT6 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 UPON \R AU?OR'S PR9CIPLES1 ALL 9 EV]Y G5]ATION >E BORN ?AT CAN BE BORN4 ,BUT1 = AS MANY AS DIE 9 !IR 9FANCY1 WE CANNOT C\NT UPON !IR PROG5Y4 ,?IS PROG5Y IS ONLY CRU%$ 9 ! EGG4 ,GRANT$3 YET ,I MU/ BE ALL[$ TO SET ON ! O!R SIDE ! AGE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT W\LD NE$ ONLY EI<TE5 HUNDR$ YE>S TO PEOPLE ! :OLE VISIBLE UNIV]SE AT ! RATE ( F\R M5 TO EV]Y SQU>E Y>D3 BUT ! WORLD HAS LA/$ ACCORD+ TO ! MO/ MOD]ATE /ATEM5TS SIX ?\S& YE>S2 ACCORD+ TO ! ,9DIANS & ,*9ESE MANY HUNDR$ TIMES AS LONG4 ,OH1 = A SOB] PHILOSOPH] TO C\NT UP ! 9NUM]ABLE 9F9ITIES 7H[ %ALL ,I EXPRESS ! IDEA67 ( *ILDR5 ?AT HAVE DI$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO--BESIDE ALL ?AT MORTALITY1 :I* ! RECORDS ( C\NTRIES OR ! SAD RUM9ATIONS ( ! MORALI/1 HAD RECOGNIZ$1 & ?\<T !Y HAD COMPLET$ ! TALE1 LITTLE SUSPECT+ ! DISCOV]Y :I* HAS S9CE BE5 MADE ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S RATIOS6 ,MILLIONS BECOME AS 9SIGNIFICANT AS UNITS1 :5 APPLI$ TO ?IS CONSID]ATION4 ,DR4 ,PRICE'S ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( E>?S ALL SOLID GOLD1 >E NO?+4 ,?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( E>?S ALL SOLID M51 W\LD NOT CON/ITUTE ! MILLION? P>T ( ?AT COMPANY :I*0IS SET BE=E US1 :5 ,MR4 ,MAL?US DRAWS UP ! CURTA91 & %EWS US ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO4--,I MU/ AGA9 REPEAT1 ,H[ DO WE KN[ ?IS8 ,UPON :AT EVID5CE IS IT TO BE RECEIV$8 ,UPON ONE SOLIT>Y EXP]IM5T 7& ,I MU/ BE ALL[$ TO ADD1 A MO/ EQUIVOCAL ONE7 ( ONE B>E HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S1 9 ONE 9FANT COLONY1 AS ,I MAY CALL IT1 9 AN OBSCURE NOOK ( 0! ,NEW ,WORLD2 & ?IS REPLI$ TO & REFUT$1 ) ONE ,VOICE1 & ) AN EVID5CE ! MO/ CONS5T+ & A/\ND+1 BY ALL AGES & C\NTRIES1 BY ALL SECTS ( RELIGION & =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 ?AT W]E EV] HE>D ( OR DEVIS$4 

,IF ,AM]ICA HAD NEV] BE5 DISCOV]$1 ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 AS APPLI$ TO ! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D1 W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 KN[N4 ,IF ! ,BRITI% COLONIES HAD NEV] BE5 PLANT$1 ,MR4 ,MAL?US W\LD NEV] HAVE WRITT54 ,! HUMAN SPECIES MI<T HAVE P]I%$ ( A LONG OLD AGE1 A FATE TO :I* P]HAPS ALL SUBLUN>Y ?+S >E SUBJECT AT LA/1 )\T ONE /ATESMAN OR ONE LEGISLATOR ?R\< MYRIADS ( C5TURIES1 HAV+ SUSPECT$ ?IS DANG]\S T5D5CY TO 9CREASE1 09 COMP>ISON ) :I* HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV] !Y MAY APPE> TO BE CAUSES ( MU* MIS*IEF TO SOCIETY1 >E M]E FEA!RS40 ,!RE HAVE BE5 NEW LI<TS 9 RELIGION2 & !RE >E NEW LI<TS 9 POLITICS3 A SP>K /RUCK \T =TUIT\SLY1 BUT C>EFULLY1 GA!R$ UP & PRES]V$ BY M5 ANXI\SLY SOLICIT\S = ! PUBLIC WEAL4 0,! LI<T %9E? 9 D>KNESS40 

,BUT IT MAY BE SAID1 ?\< ,MR4 ,MAL?US %\LD BE WRONG 9 HIS CALCULATIONS1 & ! P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( ! HUMAN SPECIES %\LD NOT BE ALTOGE!R SO PRODIGI\S AS IS ABOVE /AT$1 IT MAY NEV]!LESS BE SUFFICI5TLY GREAT TO AU?ORIZE ALL ! PRACTICAL 9F]5CES & PRECAUTIONS 9SI/$ ON 9 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION4 

,:5 ONCE ,I HAVE BR\<T ! READ] TO ?IS PO9T1 ,I CONSID] MYSELF AS HAV+ GA9$ MY CAUSE 

,! LAW ( >I?METICAL & GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION IS ONE ( ! CLE>E/ ?+S 9 ! :OLE COMPASS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,IT IS ALTOGE!R AS C]TA91 CONSID]$ AS MATT] ( AB/RACT SCI5CE1 AS IT IS ABSURD & 9APPLICABLE1 :5 WE ATTEMPT TO CONNECT IT ) REAL LIFE & ! EBBS & FL[S ( SUBLUN>Y ?+S4 ,IT ADMITS NO HALF-MEASURES4 ,IT IS LIKE ! VIS 9]TICE1 :I* SIR ,ISAAC ,NEWTON HAS SET D[N AS A PR9CIPAL LAW ( ! PH5OM5A ( MATT]4 ,ONCE SET 9 MOTION1 IT MOVES = EV]1 & = EV] ) ! SAME =CE4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US'S DISCOV]Y IS BUILT ON 0! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE40 ,HE 0CONSID]S IT AS PROV$1 AS SOON AS RELAT$40 0,! POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND TO D\BLE ITSELF1 = ABOVE A C5TURY & A HALF SUCCESSIVELY1 9 TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 & ?AT BY PROCREATION ONLY40 0,! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE0 PROVES ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO ( 9CREASE1 OR IT PROVES NO?+4 ,! :OLE FABRIC ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S !ORY RE/S UPON ?IS SIMPLE PROPOSITION2 & IT IS ! EXCE$+ SIMPLICITY1 & APP>5T COG5CY ( ITS PR9CIPLE1 TO :I* IT HAS BE5 MA9LY 9DEBT$ = ITS UNIV]SAL RECEPTION4 ,IF ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D HAVE NOT BE5 F\ND SO TO D\BLE 9 P]IODS %ORT1 DEF9$1 & EQUAL 9 DURATION1 & TO GO ON D\BL+1 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION IS TURN$ 9TO WA/E PAP]4 

,?IS IDLE & EXTRAVAGANT HYPO!SIS !RE=E BE+ REMOV$1 ! :OLE SCI5CE /&S JU/ AS IT DID BE=E ,MR4 ,MAL?US WROTE2 & WE >E BR\<T PRECISELY TO ! POSITION MO/ FEV\RABLE TO ! SPECULATIONS ( ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION HAS DONE NO?+1 & WORSE ?AN NO?+4 ,! GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 AS APPLI$ TO ANY KN[N /ATE ( MANK9D IS A DREAM4 0,! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE10 AS EXPLA9$ BY \R AU?OR IS A BLUND]4 ,LET US !N PROCE$ TO SCRUT9IZE ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION1 AS A !ORY 9 :I* NO ADVANCES HAVE BE5 MADE = A C5TURY PA/1 &45DEAVOR TO DRAW S\ND 9F]5CES CONC]N+ IT FROM AU!NTIC & 9CONTROV]TIBLE DOCUM5TS4 

,SU* !N IS ! SY/EM ?AT HAS GA9$ A SUCCESS 9 ! WORLD :OLLY UNPREC$5T$4 ,A SUP]/ITI\S MAN MI<T ?9K IT WAS PROPHESI$ ( 9 I! FOLL[+ PASSAGE ( ! ,REVELATION ( ,/4 ,JOHN4 0,& ,I /OOD UPON ! S&S ( ! SEA2 & ,I SAW A BEA/ RISE UP \T ( ! SEA1 HAV+ SEV5 HEADS & T5 HORNS4 .<,W]E !RE NOT SEV5TE5 /ATES 9 ! CONF$]ACY FROM :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US DRAWS HIS EXAMPLE8.> ,& !Y WOR%IP$ ! BEA/1 SAY+1 ,:O IS LIKE UNTO ! BEA/8 :O IS ABLE TO MAKE W> ) HIM8 ,& !RE WAS GIV5 UNTO HIM A M\?1 SPEAK+ GREAT ?+S & BLASPHEMIES3 & P[] WAS GIV5 UNTO HIM1 TO CONT9UE =TY & TWO MON?S4 ,& ALL ! WORLD WOND]$ AFT] ! BEA/40 ,& AGA93 0,9 ! LATT] TIMES SOME %ALL DEP>T FROM ! FAI?1 GIV+ E> TO S$UC+ SPIRITS1 =BIDD+ TO M>RY40 

,! ADDITIONAL AU?ORITY 9 BEHALF ( ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 :I* HAS OCCURR$ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US 0 S9CE PUBLI%+ HIS QU>TO $ITION10 VIZ4 0! ?REE REGUL> C5SUSES1 PR9T$ 9 ,PITK9'S ,/ATI/ICAL ,VIEW10 WILL BE FULLY CONSID]$ BY ME 9 ! ,F\R? ,BOOK4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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