,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #f 
,ILLU/RATIONS FROM ! ,HI/ORY ( ,*9A 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I4 

,I,L,L,U,/,R,A,T,I,O,N,S ,F,R,O,M ,! ,H,I,/,O,R,Y ,( ,*,9,A 

,NO?+ CAN BE MORE LUDICR\S ?AN ?AT P>T ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S BOOK1 9 :I*1 = #fih SUCCESSIVE PAGES1 HE PR(ESSES TO TREAT ( ! *ECK BY :I* POPULATION HAS ACTUALLY BE5 KEPT D[N TO ! LEVEL ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 :E!R 9 ANCI5T OR MOD]N TIME4 ,HE IS AT A /&4 ,HE TAKES LITTLE NOTICE ( ! MANY 9/ANCES1 BO? 9 ,ANCI5T & MOD]N TIMES1 9 :I* IT HAS GL>+LY DECREAS$4 ,& HE AFFIRMS1 UPON :AT EVID5CE IT IS ONE ( ! SPECIAL OBJECTS ( ?IS BOOK TO EXAM9E1 ?AT POPULATION1 9 UN*ECK$1 W\LD GO ON1 D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 OR 9 A MU* %ORT] P]IOD1 = EV]4 

,N[1 IF ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS 9T5D$ A FAIR & FULL EXAM9ATION ( ?IS QUE/ION1 HE %\LD HAVE SET D[N1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 EA* C\NTRY H[ MANY *ILDR51 9 ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S1 W\LD BE BORN1 & !N HAVE PROCE$$1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 TO %[ H[ !Y W]E CUT (F4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 TO HAVE REASON$ LIKE A MA!MATICIAN1 LIKE A G5U9E POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 & LIKE A PHILOSOPH]4 ,BUT ! FIR/ ( !SE PO9TS ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS UNI=MLY OMITT$4 ,HE HAS !RE=E APPE>$ TO WALK OV] ! C\RSE AT AN EASY PACE1 SOME:AT LIKE ,BOBADIL 9 ! PLAY1 CALL+ = 0TW5TY MORE1 KILL !M TOO10 SIMPLY BY DIRECT+ ! KEEP] ( ! LI/S ON NO ACC\NT TO GIVE 5TRANCE TO A REAL COMBATANT4 

,S9CE ! AU?OR ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION HAS OMITT$ ?IS ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! CONSID]ATION1 ,I WILL 5DEAVOR TO SUPPLY ! DEFECT4 

,! FAIRE/ 9/ANCE ON MANY ACC\NTS TO BEG9 )1 IS ?AT ( ,*9A4 ,9 ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S BOOK !RE IS A *APT]1 5TITL$10 ,( ! ,*ECKS TO POPULATION 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN30 & ! AU?OR1 HAV+ SP5T A NUMB] ( SMOO? S5T5CES ON ! SUBJECT1 TO ! AM\NT ( ?IRTY-F\R PAGES1 SEEMS WELL SATISFI$ ?AT HE HAS %EWN ?AT ! ACTUAL /ATE & HI/ORY ( ,*9A & ,JAPAN S]VE FULLY TO CONFIRM HIS OP9ION1 ?AT ! POPULATION ( ! WORLD W\LD GO ON1 UN*ECK$1 AT ! RATE ( D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S OR SOON]4 

,*9A IS A C\NTRY ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE MORE FULLY PEOPL$ ?AN ANY O!R C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US ! POPULATION ( ?AT EMPIRE HAS BE5 :OLLY AT A /& = ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S3 = HE QUOTES ,DU ,HALDE 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 TO CONFIRM ! 5UM]ATION ( ,SIR ,GEORGE ,/AUNTON AT ! 5D ( IT1 & CONCLUDES ?AT !SE TWO AU?ORITIES SUB/ANTIALLY AGREE ) EA* O!R B4 ,N[ ,*9A IS A C\NTRY ( SO UNI=M A T5OR1 ITS MANN]S1 ITS CU/OMS1 ITS LAWS1 ITS DIVISION ( PROP]TY1 & ITS POLICY CONT9U+ SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME1 ?AT1 IF ! POPULATION HAS BE5 AT A /& DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY1 !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO SUPPOSE IT HAS BE5 AT A /&1 P]HAPS = T5 C5TURIES4 ,*9A !RE=E IS ! MO/ DESIRABLE 9/ANCE ?AT CAN BE TAK51 ( ANY OLD C\NTRY1 UPON :I* TO TRY ! DOCTR9E ( ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO4 

,*9A HAS O!R ADVANTAGES ( NO MEAN IMPORTANCE TO ! APPLICATION ( \R >GUM5T4 ,FIR/1 ,?AT 9 ?IS EMPIRE 0EXTRAORD9>Y 5C\RAGEM5TS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 GIV5 TO M>RIAGE C40 ,HUME /ATES1 ?AT EV]Y MAN 9 ,*9A IS M>RI$ BE=E HE IS TW5TY D4 ,MR4 ,B>R[1 A REC5T TRAVEL]1 :O ACCOMPANI$ ,LORD ,MAC>TNEY 9 HIS EMBASSY 9 #a#g#i#h1 SAYS10 ,PUBLIC OP9ION CONSID]S CELIBACY AS DISGRACEFUL1 & A SORT ( 9FAMY IS ATTA*$ TO A MAN :O CONT9UES UNM>RI$ BEYOND A C]TA9 TIME ( LIFE4 ,AS AN 5C\RAGEM5T TO M>RIAGE1 EV]Y MALE *ILD MAY BE PROVID$ =1 & RECEIVE A /IP5D FROM ! MOM5T ( HIS BIR?1 BY HIS NAME BE+ 5ROLL$ ON ! MILIT>Y LI/40 ,HE ADDS1 0,9 ,*9A !RE >E FEW ( ?OSE MANUFACTUR+ CITIES1 :I* AMONG US PRODUCE SO GREAT A WA/E ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,NO GREAT CAPITALS >E H]E EMPLOY$ 9 ANY ONE BRAN* ( ! >TS4 ,9 G5]AL EA* LABORS = HIMSELF 9 HIS [N PR(ESSION4 ,! /ILL & 9ANIMATE K9D ( LIFE :I* IS L$ BY ! WOM51 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT IS SUPPOS$ TO R5D] !M MORE PROLIFIC1 PRES]VES !M FROM ACCID5TS ?AT MI<T OCCASION UNTIMELY BIR?S E40 ,SO ?AT H]E FULL SCOPE IS AF=D$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION4 

,IT IS SOME:AT REM>KABLE ?AT 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 :]E ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION MI<T REASONABLY BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE BE5 FIR/ UND]/OOD1 IF NOT 9 ! EXACT P]IOD ( ITS DUPLICATION1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS TREM5D\S T5D5CY TO EXCESS1 NO REM$IES %\LD EV] HAVE BE5 ?\<T ( BY ! GOV]NORS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,*9A IS SOME?+ LIKE ! REPUBLIC ( ,V5ICE1 AS ITS /OOD = A P]IOD ( A ?\S& YE>S1 FAM\S = ! PR(\NDNESS ( ITS POLICY1 & ! RIGIDNESS ( ITS REGULATIONS1 ,! GREAT L5G? ( TIME DUR+ :I* ITS POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS REMA9$ UN*ANG$1 IMPLIES ?IS4 ,ALL HUMAN ?+S >E SUBJECT TO DECAY4 ,! LAW ( MUTABILITY IS SO P[]FUL )9 US1 ?AT SC>CELY ANY ?+ IS ( =CE 5\< TO CONTROL IT4 ,BUT !RE IS SOME:AT ( SO VIVIFY+ NATURE 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ,*9A1 AS TO BID DEFIANCE TO CORRUPTION4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US EV]Y ,:]E1 UP & D[N 9 ! ,ESSAY ON POPULATION1 PREA*ES AGA9/ ! EXT5SIVE USE ?AT WE MAKE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( M>RIAGE1 & SEEMS TO ?9K ?AT ! GREAT REM$Y WE HAVE = ! MIS]IES ( MANK9D AS >IS+ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( POPULATION1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 DISC\NT5ANC+ M>RIAGE AMONG ! POOR4 ,H[ %ALL[ !N >E ! POLITICIANS ( ?IS ANCI5T EMPIRE1 :O HAVE UNI=MLY AF=D$ ! MO/ 0EXTRAORD9>Y 5C\RAGEM5TS TO M>RIAGE60 

,ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE IS SC>CELY LESS MIRACUL\S4 ,! EXPOS+ ( *ILDR5 IS A V]Y COMMON PRACTICE 9 ,*9A4 ,SO F>1 SO GOOD2 ?IS IS AN OBVI\S WAY ( KEEP+ D[N POPULATION2 ?\< ,MR4 ,MAL?US SEEMS 9 SOME PLACES TO D\BT ITS EFFICACY4 ,BUT ! %ALL[ POLITICIANS ( ,*9A AGA9 SET !MSELVES AGA9/ ?IS2 & $ICT AFT] $ICT HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ TO PUT AN 5D TO IT F4 

,! /ATESM5 ( ,*9A HAVE CONFESS$LY HAD ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE ( SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S3 BUT EXP]I5CE IS ?R[N AWAY UPON SOME PEOPLE4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS CELEBRAT$ = ! PAT]NAL SPIRIT DISPLAY$ BY ! HEAD ( IT T[>DS HIS SUBJECT3 BUT SOME FA!RS1 ?\< ) NO WANT ( LOVE1 BECOME ! AU?ORS ( MIS]Y TO !IR *ILDR5 BY !IR 9JUDICI\S CONDUCT4 

,I PROCE$ H[EV] TO SUPPLY ?AT :I*1 AS BE=E /AT$1 ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS OMITT$1 VIZ4 AN ACC\NT H[ MANY *ILDR51 UPON ! HYPO!SIS ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 W\LD BE BORN1 ?AT WE MAY AFT]W>DS PROCE$1 ) ! MORE P]FECT PREP>ATON1 TO CONSID] H[ !Y >E CUT (F4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US TAKES ! POPULATION ( ,*9A AT #c#c#c11 G4 ,= ! SAKE ( A MORE CONV5I5T & COMP5DI\S >I?METIC ,I WILL PUT IT D[N AT ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS4 ,N[ ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION IS1 ?AT 0POPULATION1 :5 UN*ECK$1 GOES ON D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S40 ,!RE=E 9 ,*9A1 AFT] EV]Y PROP] D$UCTION HAS BE5 MADE = BALANC+ ! NUMB] ( DEA?S BY AN ADEQUATE NUMB] ( BIR?S1 ?AT SO ! POPULATION MAY NOT DECREASE1 !RE MU/ BE AN ADDITIONAL NUMB] ( BIR?S1 OR SORT ( SUP]FETATION1 TO ! AM\NT ( ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 TO PROVID$ = ! D\BL+ REQUIR$ BY ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION4 

,9 O!R C\NTRIES1 WE WILL SUPPOSE1 POPULATION IS MORE OR LESS KEPT D[N BY ! V>I\S DISC\RAGEM5TS TO M>RIAGE HELD =? 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 BY ! LATE P]IOD ( LIFE AT :I* M>RIAGE FREQU5TLY TAKES PLACE4 ,BUT 9 ,*9A EXTRAORD9>Y 5C\RAGEM5TS >E GIV5 TO M>RIAGE1 & EV]Y MAN IS M>RI$ BE=E HE IS TW5TY4 ,WE MAY BE SECURE !RE=E ?AT 9 ?AT C\NTRY ! FULL NUMB] ( *ILDR5 IS BORN1 :ATEV] MAY BECOME ( !M AFT]W>DS4 

,H]EAFT]1 P]HAPS BE=E ! CLOSE ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 WE %ALL KN[ SOME?+ ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,BUT1 9 ! MEAN TIME1 & :ILE1 9 ! S5SE ( G5U9E /ATESM5 & LEGISLATORS1 WE KN[ NO?+1 ,MR4 ,MAL?US 9=MS US1 & LAYS IT D[N AS ! CORN]-/ONE ( HIS PORT5T\S & CALAMIT\S SY/EM1 ?AT 0! POPULATION !RE HAS BE5 F\ND TO D\BLE ITSELF1 = ABOVE A C5TURY & A HALF SUCCESSIVELY1 9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S10 & ?AT ?IS 0HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY ASC]TA9$ TO BE FROM PROCREATION ONLY40 ,H[ MANY *ILDR5 ON AV]AGE TO A M>RIAGE >E PRODUC$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES8 ,NO ON HAS PRET5D$ AU!NTICALLY TO 9=M US4 ,>E !Y MORE ?AN 9 ! OLD C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE8 ,PROBABLY NOT4 ,:AT NUMB] ( ?OSE ?AT >E BORN1 DIE BE=E T5 OR SIXTE5 YE>S ( AGE8 ,( ALL ?IS WE >E IGNORANT4 

,BUT :ATEV] BE ! NUMB] ( ! *ILDR5 BORN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 ?AT DIE BE=E !Y >RIVE AT MATURITY1 WE KN[ ?AT 9 ,*9A ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( *ILDR5 MORE 9 PROPORTION ?AN 9 ,AM]ICA1 DIE EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,?IS IS AS C]TA91 AS ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION IS TRUE4 

,! HUMAN M9D IS BUT ILL ADAPT$ TO GRAPPLE ) V]Y HI< NUMB]S2 & ,I AM P]SUAD$ ?AT IMPORTANT ]RORS HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ BY !ORETICAL WRIT]S 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS 9FIRMITY4 ,I WILL !RE=E 5DEAVOR TO CON=M MYSELF TO ! LIMIT$ NATURE ( HUMAN FACULTIES1 BY R$UC+ !SE NUMB]S4 ,IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$1 ?AT ?REE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( EXTRA-9FANTS MU/ P]I% 9 ,*9A EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 BEYOND ! PROPORTION ( ! NUMB] ( 9FANTS ?AT W\LD P]I% 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,N[1 IF WE DIVIDE ?IS NUMB] BY TW5TY-FIVE1 WE %ALL F9D ?AT TWELVE MILLIONS ( EXTRA-9FANTS MU/ P]I% ANNUALLY 9 ,*9A1 TO SUPPORT ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION4 

,?IS SURELY IS A PORT5T\S SORT ( PROPOSITION TO BE BUILT UPON A !ORY1 )\T A S+LE F\NDATION 9 ! RECORDS ( ! C\NTRY TO SUPPORT IT4 ,MR4 ,MAL?US 9DE$ SAYS1 ?AT ! EXPOS+ ( *ILDR5 IS A V]Y COMMON PRACTICE 9 ,*9A1 & ?AT AB\T TWO ?\S& >E ANNUALLY EXPOS$ 9 ! CITY ( ,PEK9H4 ,ALAS1 :AT IS ?IS TO ! TWELVE MILLIONS ( EXTRA-9FANTS ?AT IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y %\LD P]I% ANNUALLY 9 ?AT C\NTRY8 ,:AT A SC5E ( DEVA/ATION DOES ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S DOCTR9E LEAD US TO SEE 9 ,*9A6 ,!Y MU/ LIE ON HEAPS1 LIKE :AT WE READ ( HUMAN BODIES 9 ! PLAGUE ( ,M>SEILLES4 ,AS FA/ AS A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !SE 9FANTS WA/E AWAY 9 ! /REETS1 AN EQUAL NUMB] SUPPLIES !IR PLACE1 SO ?AT ! SC5E ( PUTRESC5CE & ! NOISOM5ESS ( ! /5* >E MADE P]PETUAL4 ,DOES ANY TRAVEL] RELATE ?AT HE HAS WITNESS$ ?IS8- ,& ALL ?IS TIME ! LEGISLATORS ( ! C\NTRY KN[ NO?+ ( ! MATT]1 & GO ON FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY1 GIV+ EXTRAORD9>Y 5C\RAGEM5T TO M>RIAGE1 & PROHIBIT+ ! EXPOS+ ( *ILDR54 

,BUT ALL ?IS HAS NO EXI/5CE BUT 9 ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S BOOK4 ,IT MU/ BE TRUE1 BECAUSE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA0 ! POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND TO D\BLE ITSELF1 = ABOVE A C5TURY & A HALF SUCCESSIVELY1 9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 & ?AT FROM PROCREATION ONLY40 ,I %ALL H]EAFT] PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! POPULATION ( ,AM]ICA4 ,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT ONE ( !SE PROPOSITIONS IS AS TRUE AS ! O!R4 

,I AM WELL AW>E ?AT WE KN[ NO?+ ( ! POPULATION ( ,*9A1 & ALMO/ AS LITTLE ( ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,I HAVE !RE=E TAK5 !SE /ATEM5TS ALMO/ 5TIRELY FROM ,MR4 ,MAL?US HIMSELF4 ,IT IS = HIM & HIS DISCIPLES TO EXPLA9 & TO RECONCILE !M4 

,FROM ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID H[EV] IT IS P]FECTLY CLE>1 ?AT ! /ATESM5 & LEGISLATORS ( ,*9A1 :O HAVE PROCE$$ ) A /EADY1 & P]HAPS ,I MAY ADD & 5LI<T5$1 ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT = C5TURIES1 NOT ONLY HAVE NO SUSPICION ( ! MA9 PR9CIPLES TAU<T 9 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 BUT >E DEEPLY IMPRESS$ ) ! P]SUASION ?AT1 )\T 5C\RAGEM5T & C>E TO PREV5T IT1 ! NUMB]S ( ! HUMAN SPECIES HAVE A P]PETUAL T5D5CY TO DECL9E4 

,UPON ! :OLE !RE=E IT IS AS C]TA9 AS ANY ?+ CAN BE1 FROM ! %EW+ ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US HIMSELF1 ?AT ! EMPIRE ( ,*9A HAS NEV] BE5 SUBJECT TO ! OP]ATION ( ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO4 

,FOOTNOTES 

B ,VOL4 ,I4 P4 #b#i#b1 #c4 

C ,P4 #c4 

D ,ESSAY ON ! ,POPUL\SNESS ( ,ANCI5T ,NATIONS4 

E ,B>R[1 ,*AP4 ,I,X4 

F ,IT IS NECESS>Y H[EV] TO BE OBS]V$ 9 ?IS PLACE1 ?AT MY >GUM5T DOES NOT 9 ANY DEGREE DEP5D ON ! QUE/ION1 :E!R ?IS IS ! TRUE RATE ( ! POPULATION ( ,*9A4 ,IF ! REAL NUMB] ( ! 9HABITANTS 9 ONE-?IRD OR ONE-HALF LESS ?AN IS H]E PUT D[N1 WE HAVE ONLY TO R$UCE ! FOLL[+ NUMB]S ACCORD+LY2 ! PROPORTIONS1 EV]Y MORAL CONSID]ATION1 & EV]Y CONSID]ATION DRAWN FROM CR$IBILITY WILL REMA9 ! SAME4 

G ,P4 #b#i#c4 ,?IS AM\NT WAS REGUL>LY DELIV]$ 9 TO ,LORD ,MAC>TNEY1 9 ! =M ( AN AB/RACT ( A C5SUS1 TAK5 9 ! PREC$+ YE>1 & DIGE/$ UND] SEV5TE5 HEADS1 = ! DIFF]5T PROV9CES ( ,*9A )9 ! ,GREAT ,WALL4 0,WE HAD ALWAYS10 SAYS ,MR4 ,B>R[1 0F\ND ! (FIC] :O DELIV]$ IT1 A PLA91 UNAFFECT$1 & HONE/ MAN1 :O HAD ON NO OCCASION ATTEMPT$ TO DECEIVE OR IMPOSE ON US2 & WE C\LD NOT CONSI/5TLY CONSID] IT 9 ANY O!R LI<T ?AN AS A DOCUM5T DRAWN UP FROM AU!NTIC MAT]IALS40 

H ,P4 #c#a#f4 ,IT IS NOT UNWOR?Y ( NOTICE ?AT ,MR4 ,ELLIS1 ! LA/ TRAVEL] 9 ,*9A1 :O ACCOMPANI$ ,LORD ,AMH]/ 9 #a#h#a#f1 SAYS10 ,( ?AT DEGREE ( DI/RESS :I* MI<T DRIVE P>5TS TO 9FANTICIDE !RE WAS NO APPE>ANCE1 NOR DID ANY FACT ( ! DESCRIPTION COME TO MY KN[L$GE40 ,HE ADDS 9 A NOTE10 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS MY 9T5TION TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( ! PRACTICE1 BUT TO EXPRESS SOME D\BT ( ! ASS]T$ FREQU5CY40 ,ELLIS1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I4 ,! MODE/Y ( ! NOTE1 9 ALL REASON1 9=CES ! /ATEM5T 9 ! TEXT4 ,IT %EWS ?AT ,MR4 ,ELLIS IS NOT A MAN :O HAS DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ! SUPPORT ( A !ORY4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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