,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,9TRODUCTION 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

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,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS PUBLI%$ :AT HE CALLS AN ,ESSAY ON ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,POPULATION1 BY :I* HE UND]TAKES TO ANNUL EV]Y ?+ ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 RECEIV$1 RESPECT+ ! VIEWS ?AT IT IS 9CUMB5T UPON ?OSE :O PRESIDE OV] POLITICAL SOCIETY TO *]I%1 & ! MEASURES ?AT MAY CONDUCE TO ! HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D4 ,HIS !ORY IS EVID5TLY F\ND$ UPON NO?+4 ,HE SAYS1 ?AT 0POPULATION1 :5 UN*ECK$1 GOES ON D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 OR 9CREASES 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO4A0 

,IF WE ASK :Y WE >E TO BELIEVE ?IS1 HE ANSW]S ?AT1 09 ! NOR!RN /ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 ! POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND SO TO D\BLE ITSELF = ABOVE A C5TURY & A HALF SUCCESSIVELY4B0 ,ALL ?IS HE DELIV]S 9 AN ORACUL\S MANN]4 ,HE NEI!R PROVES NOR ATTEMPTS TO PROVE :AT HE ASS]TS4 ,IF ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS TAK5 A RI<T VIEW ( ! QUE/ION1 IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT SOME AU?OR WILL H]EAFT] >ISE1 :O WILL GO 9TO ! SUBJECT & %EW ?AT IT IS SO4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US HAV+ LAID D[N A !ORY 9 ?IS DOGMATIC MANN]1 A SORT ( PROCE$+ :OLLY UNWOR?Y ( A REFLECT+ NATION OR AN 5LI<T5$ AGE1 IT IS TIME 9 REALITY ?AT SOME ONE %\LD SWEEP AWAY ?IS H\SE ( C>DS1 & 5DEAVOR TO ASC]TA9 :E!R ANY ?+ IS C]TA9LY KN[N ON ! SUBJECT4 

,?IS IS ! DESIGN & ! S*EME ( ! PRES5T VOLUME ,I %ALL MAKE NO DOGMATIC ASS]TIONS 2 OR1 AT LEA/ ,I AM SURE ,I WILL MAKE NONE RESPECT+ ! PROPOSITION OR PROPOSITIONS :I* =M ! BASIS ( ! SUBJECT4 ,I %ALL CALL UPON MY READ] = NO IMPLICIT FAI?4 ,I %ALL LAY D[N NO POSITIONS AU?ORITATIVELY1 & LEAVE HIM TO SEEK = EVID5CE1 ELSE:]E1 & AS HE CAN1 BY :I* !Y MAY BE E/ABLI%$4 ,ALL ?AT ,I DELIV] %ALL BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ITS PRO(S4 ,MY PURPOSE IS TO 5GAGE 9 A TRA9 ( PATI5T 9VE/IGATION1 & TO LAY BE=E EV]Y ONE :O WILL GO ALONG ) ME1 ! FACTS :I* SATISFY MY M9D ON ! SUBJECT1 & :I* ,I AM DESIR\S %\LD CONVEY SIMIL> SATISFACTION TO ! M9DS ( O!RS4 

,! CONSEQU5CE IS1 ?AT ,I1 ! FIR/1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 ( ANY ,5GLI% WRIT] 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY1 %ALL HAVE REALLY GONE 9TO ! QUE/ION ( POPULATION4 ,IF :AT ,I %ALL DELIV] IS CORRECT1 SOME F\NDATION WILL BE LAID1 & ! PR9CIPLE WILL BEG9 TO BE UND]/OOD4 ,IF :AT ,I ALLEGE AS FACT %ALL BE F\ND TO BE O!RWISE1 OR ! CONCLUSIONS ,I DRAW FROM MY FACTS DO NOT TRULY FOLL[ FROM !M1 ,I %ALL HAVE SET BE=E O!R 5QUIR]S EVID5CE ?AT !Y MAY SCAN1 & >GUM5TS ?AT !Y MAY REFUTE4 ,I SIMPLY UND]TAKE TO OP5 ! DOOR = ! GRATIFICATION ( ! CURI\S1 OR1 MORE PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ( ?OSE :O FEEL AN 9T]E/ 9 ! HONOR & HAPP9ESS ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 :I* HI!RTO 9 ?IS RESPECT HAS BE5 %UT4 ,CONSCI\S H[ LITTLE AS YET IS KN[N ON ! SUBJECT1 ,I ATTEMPT NO MORE ?AN TO DEL9EATE ,\TL9ES ( ! ,DOCTR9E ( ,POPULATION4 

,! FIR/ PO9T !N ?AT ,I HAVE TO EXAM9E1 & :I* WILL =M ! SUBJECT ( ,?REE ( ! ,SIX ,BOOKS 9TO :I* MY TREATISE IS DIVID$1 IS RESPECT+ ! ,P[] ( ,9CREASE 9 ! ,NUMB]S ( ! ,HUMAN ,SPECIES1 & ! ,LIMITATIONS ( ?AT ,P[]4 ,?IS QUE/ION1 PRECISELY SPEAK+1 IS ! TOPIC ( ! ,SECOND ,BOOK ONLY3 ?\< ,I HAVE ?\<T PROP] TO PREFIX 9 A ,FIR/ ,BOOK A VIEW ( ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 9 ANCI5T & MOD]N TIMES1 :]E POPULATION HAS G5]ALLY BE5 SUPPOS$ NOT TO 9CREASE2 & 9 ANO!R .<! ,F\R?.> TO SUBJO9 A VIEW ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ?IS P>TICUL>1 :]E FROM SOME CAUSE OR O!R ! POPULATION HAS MULTIPLI$ EXCE$+LY4 

,! RESULT ( \R 9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION1 ,I BELIEVE1 WILL AF=D SOME PRESUMPTION ?AT !RE IS 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES A P[]1 ABSOLUTELY SPEAK+1 ( 9CREAS+ ITS NUMB]S4 ,MR4 ,MAL?US SAYS2 ?AT ! P[] IS EQUAL TO ! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D BY A D\BL+ EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 ?AT IS1 TO AN 9CREASE = EV] 9 A GEOMETRICAL S]IES1 ( :I* ! EXPON5T IS #b3--A MULTIPLICATION1 :I* IT IS DIFFICULT = HUMAN IMAG9ATION1 OR 7AS ,I %\LD HAVE ?\<T7 = HUMAN CR$ULITY TO FOLL[3 & !RE=E HIS !ORY MU/ DEM& ! MO/ TREM5D\S *ECKS .<!IR NAMES 9 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION >E VISE & MIS]Y.> TO KEEP ! P[] 9 ?AT /ATE ( NEUTRALITY1 9 :I* IT IS P]HAPS 9 ALMO/ ALL CASES TO BE F\ND 9 ,EUROPE4 ,I ?9K ,I %ALL BE ABLE TO MAKE \T ?AT ! P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( ! HUMAN SPECIES IS EXTREMELY SMALL4 ,BUT1 BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 IT MU/ BE EXCE$+LY 9T]E/+ TO ASSIGN ! ,CAUSES BY :I* ?IS ,P[] IS ,RE/RA9$ FROM PRODUC+ ANY ABSOLUTE MULTIPLICATION1 FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY1 9 ?OSE MANY C\NTRIES :]E POPULATION APPE>S TO BE AT A /&3 & ,I HAVE ACCORD+LY 5DEAVOR$ TO TAKE ! QUE/ION \T ( ! OCCULT & MY/ICAL /ATE 9 :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS LEFT IT4 ,?IS DISQUISITION =MS ! SUBJECT ( MY ,?IRD ,BOOK2 AS IT WAS NECESS>Y TO GIVE IT PREC$5CE OV] ! EXAM9ATION ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?AT WE MI<T BE ! BETT] 5ABL$ TO SEE1 H[ F> ! CAUSES :I* KEEP D[N POPULATION >E PECULI> TO US1 & H[ F> !Y EXT5D !IR AG5CY TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,SU* IS ! \TL9E ( ! MO/ ESS5TIAL P>TS ( ! FOLL[+ WORK2 & H]E ,I MI<T P]HAPS )\T IMPROPRIETY HAVE PUT AN 5D TO MY LABORS4 ,BUT1 AS ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS TAK5 OCCASION TO DELIV] MANY POSITIONS RESPECT+ SUBSI/5CE1 & V>I\S O!R PO9TS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ,I HAVE ?\<T IT MI<T NOT BE USELESS TO FOLL[ HIM 9TO !SE TOPICS4 

,! QUE/ION ( SUBSI/5CE 9DE$ ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS MADE AN ESS5TIAL MEMB] ( HIS SY/EM1 HAV+ /AT$ ! P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D AS EQUAL TO A D\BL+ EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S = EV] 9 GEOMETRICAL S]IES1 & ! UTMO/ P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE AS REA*+ ONLY TO A P]PETUAL ADDITION ( ITS [N QUANTITY 9 SIMIL> P]IODS1 OR A PROGRESSION 9 >I?METICAL S]IES4 ,?US1 

,POPULATION #a #b #d #h #af #cb #fd #abh #bef ,SUBSI/5CE #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i  

,I HAVE !RE=E DEVOT$ MY ,FIF? ,BOOK TO ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ,MEANS :I* ! ,E>? ,AF=DS = ! ,SUBSI/5CE ( ,MAN4 

,! TOPIC ,I HAVE RES]V$ = MY ,SIX? ,BOOK IS1 AT LEA/ TO MY APPREH5SION1 9 NO WAY LESS 9T]E/+ ?AN ! QUE/ION ( ,SUBSI/5CE4 ,DR4 ,FRANKL9 & O!R WRIT]S :O HAVE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! HUMAN SPECIES A P[] ( RAPIDLY MULTIPLY+ !IR NUMB]S1 HAVE EI!R =ESE5 NO MIS*IEF TO >ISE FROM ?IS G]M ( MULTIPLICATION1 OR NONE BUT :AT WAS EXCE$+LY REMOTE4 ,IT IS O!RWISE ) ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,! GEOMETRICAL RATIO IS EV]Y :]E ) HIM A PRACTICAL PR9CIPLE1 & 5TITL$ TO ! MO/ VIGILANT & UNREMITT$ ATT5TION ( MANK9D4 ,HE HAS D$UC$ FROM ?IS CONSID]ATION SEV]AL MORAL & POLITICAL MAXIMS1 :I* HE 5JO9S IT UPON ! GOV]NORS ( ! WORLD TO ATT5D TO4 ,I AM P]SUAD$ ?AT ! ELEM5TS ( \R AU?OR'S !ORY >E UNS\ND1 & ?AT !RE=E HIS CONCLUSIONS MU/ FOLL[ ! FATE ( ! PR9CIPLE ON :I* !Y >E F\ND$4 ,BUT ,I %\LD HAVE LEFT MY UND]TAK+ IMP]FECT1 IF ,I DID NOT PROCE$ TO EXPOSE !SE MAXIMS2 ?US1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 SETT+ ! SY/EM ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION & ITS PRACTICAL M]ITS 9 ! FULL LI<T ( DAY2 &1 9 ! SECOND1 HOLD+ UP = ! 9/RUCTION ( ?OSE :O MAY COME AFT]1 AN EXAMPLE ( ! MON/R\S ]RORS 9TO :I* A WRIT] MAY BE EXPECT$ TO FALL1 :O %ALL ALL[ HIMSELF1 UPON A GRATUIT\S & :OLLY UNPROV$ ASSUMPTION1 TO BUILD A SY/EM ( LEGISLATION1 & DET]M9E ! DE/9Y ( ALL HIS FELL[-CREATURES4 ,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,MAXIMS ,9CULCAT$ 9 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION !RE=E CON/ITUTES ! SUBJECT ( MY ,SIX? ,BOOK4 

,I MI<T 9DE$ HAVE WRITT5 A TREATISE 9 :I* ,I %\LD HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO TRACE ! \TL9ES ( ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION1 )\T ADV]T+ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE IT WAS GRATIFY+ TO ME TO NAME AN AU?OR1 :O1 H[EV] FALSE & GR\NDLESS HIS !ORIES APPE> TO ME1 HAS HAD ! M]IT ( SUCCESSFULLY DRAW+ ! ATT5TION ( ! PUBLIC TO ! SUBJECT4 ,I ?9K IT BUT FAIR1 SO F> AS DEP5DS UPON ME1 ?AT HIS NAME %\LD BE PRES]V$1 :ATEV] BECOMES ( ! VOLUMES HE HAS WRITT54 ,IF ANY B5EFIT %ALL >ISE FROM ! DISCUSSION ( ! ,DOCTR9E ( ,POPULATION1 !RE IS A PROPRIETY 9 RECOLLECT+ ! P]SON BY :OSE WRIT+S ! QUE/ION HAS BE5 SET AFLOAT1 ?\< HE HAS NOT DISCUSS$4 ,&1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ,I KN[ ?AT ! ATT5TION ( ! MAJORITY ( READ]S IS BE/ SECUR$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( A CONT5TION4 ,IF ,I HAD DELIV]$ ! SPECULATIONS ( ! FOLL[+ PAGES 9 A =M SEV]ELY SCI5TIFIC1 & /ILL MORE IF ,I HAD WRITT5 MY BOOK )\T ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S GO+ BE=E ME1 ,I %\LD HAVE APPE>$ TO MULTITUDES TO BE ELABORATELY EXPLA9+ :AT WAS TOO CLE> = AN >GUM5T1 & C\LD NOT HAVE EXPECT$ TO EXCITE AN 9T]E/1 TO :I* UND] ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 IF ,I HAVE DONE ANY ?+ EFFECTUALLY ON ! SUBJECT1 ,I MAY BE ?\<T REASONABLY 5TITL$4 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

A,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 FIF? $ITION1 VOL4 ,I4 P4 #i4 

B ,VOL4 ,I4 P4 #g4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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