,NOTES ON ,POSITIVISM 

#ahfi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,L\IS-,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,MIT*ELL ,ABIDOR 

,TEXT 3 

 7,POSITIVE ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,NO #e1 ,M>*-,APRIL #a#h#f#i7 >TICLE BY ,HIPPOLYTE ,/UPUY1 A REM>K ON ,CONDORCET1 PAGES #ba & FOLL[+4 

,A PILE ( NONS5SE & SILL9ESSES CONC]N+ ,*RI/IANITY & ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES WRONGLY ATTACK$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR4 ,CLAIM$ B5EFITS ( ,CA?OLICISM & FEUDALISM4 ,EXECRABLE DOCTR9ES ( HI/ORICAL FATALISM1 FATALISM 9 HUMANITY4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S IS = ! GOOD1 = ONLY :AT EXI/S1 IS SOLELY ?AT :I* HAPP5S4 

,CA?OLICISM IS IRREPROA*ABLE SO LONG AS IT IS ! /RONGE/4 ,ITS WRONGS BEG9 ONLY ) ITS WEAKNESS4 ,FEUDALISM ALSO IS A GOOD ?+ AS LONG AS IT CRU%ES4 ,IT BECOMES PLAGUE ONLY BY VIRTUE ( ITS DECL9E4 

,! MO/ AUDACI\S MISREPRES5TATION ( ! FACTS JU/ AS 9EPT = ! JU/IFICATION ( ?IS S9I/] !ORY ( PROGRESS AS = ?+S C>RY+ ON ! SAME4 ,! GROTESQUE SELF-SATISFACTION ( !SE SY/EMATIZ]S 79 !IR P$ANTRY74 ,!IR ALLEG$ SOCIOLOGY SETS ITSELF UP AS AN ALMO/ MA!MATICAL SCI5CE4 ,! MO/ /UPID OBS]VATIONS1 MORE 7MANIFE/LY7 RIDICUL\S1 PRES5T$ 7UNA%AM$LY7 AS SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RAT$ TRU?S4 

,AUGU/E ,COMTE DID NOT DISCOV] ANY?+ 9 ANY DOMA94 ,HE CLASSIFI$1 CATEGORIZ$1 P$ANTIZ$4 ,HIS SY/EM V>IES ACCORD+ TO HIS LIK+ ( 7EV5TS & (7 ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?IS ALLEG$ F\ND] ( POSITIVE SCI5CE ULTIMATELY ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! EXTRAVAGANCES ( MY/ICISM4 ,?IS DE/ROY] ( DOGMAS IMPROVIS$ HIS [N RELIGION ( HUMANITY ) ITS SACRAM5TS & PRIE/HOOD4 ,:Y8 ,! C\P D'ETAT .<BY ,NAPOLEON1 ,DECEMB] #a#h#e#a.> T]RIFI$ HIM4 ,IT MANIFE/$ ! SUDD5 & UNEXPECT$ TRIUMPH ( ! PA/4 ,TO B5D IT & S$UCE IT1 HE (F]$ AN ULTRA->I/OCRATIC RELIGION1 ! SY/EM ( ! CA/ES1 ! CONTROL ( ! MASSES1 ! ABSOLUTE DOM9ATION ( ! RI*1 ALL ! ACCUMULAT$ 9SANITIES ( ,BRAHMANISM & ,*RI/IANITY4 

,:Y DO ! OR?ODOX DISCIPLES REFUSE TO FOLL[ HIM ALONG !SE L9ES8 ,BY :AT RI<T DO !Y =SWE> ?IS \TCOME ( HIS PHILOSOPHY1 :ILE PROCLAIM+ ,COMTE ! SUPREME PROPHET :O HAS UTT]$ ! LA/ WORD ( HUMANITY8 

,!Y SPEAK ON HIS BEHALF BUT AT ! SAME TIME DISAV[ HIM6 ,IF HE WAS EXTRAVAGANT 9 HIS LA/ PROPHECIES1 HE CANNOT 9FALLIBLE 9 ! FIR/4 

,POSITIVISM1 :I* ACCUSES EV]YONE \TSIDE ( ITSELF ( WRONG & TRAVE/Y1 & CLAIMS TO BE ! NEGATION ( ,PROTE/ANTISM1 ,DEISM1 ,A!ISM1 IS ! V]Y MODEL ( NEGATION1 ?OR\<1 SY/EMATIC SKEPTICISM TO ! PO9T ( ! ABSURDITY1 DRESS$ UP AS RELIGION4 ,IT IS NOT ,POSITIVISM1 BUT ,NEGATIVISM1 OR RA!R ,NIHILISM4 ,IT IS A RATIONALIZATION1 A DECEPTION1 A TRICK4 

,TO %[ ITS SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CE1 IT TORTURES & DISGUISES ! HI/ORICAL RECORD ) AN AUDACITY :I* W\LD MAKE EV5 ,FA!R .<,JEAN.> ,LORIQUET JEAL\S4 ,& ?IS IS AN IMPOS+ AUDACITY4 ,IT IS 5\< = IT TO BE 5TITL$ SCI5CE1 DRESS$ UP ) A NAME UNIV]SALLY RESPECT$ SO AS TO TURN IT 9TO SOME?+ SACROSANCT4 ,NOBODY D>ES TO LOOK IT 9 ! EYE4 ,ONE MU/ BE HUMBLE & TAKE (F Y\R HAT TO IT4 

,ONE ALSO HAS TO SAY ?AT IT HAS ! PROTECTION ( ! C[>DS1 V]Y P[]FUL PROTECTION4 ,IT IS US$ AS %ELT] = A!I/S & = %AMEFAC$ MAT]IALI/S :O MAKE A PO9T ( LIV+ 9 PEACE ) ! REIGN+ =CE & NEV] GET MIX$ UP ) ! RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,IF IT W]E NOT = ?IS SUPPORT1 ! SPOON-F$ DOCTR9ES ( DI/ORTION & ( ! EQUIVOCATION W\LD SOON HAVE SUNK4 ,BUT1 NO MATT] :AT ONE SAYS1 ! C[>DS >E A FIR/-CLASS RAMP>T4 

0,SPIRITUAL AU?ORITY1 ?\< RESPECTABLE & RESPECT$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES10 SAID ,/UPUY PAGE #b#c1 0DISCR$IT$ ITSELF MORE & MORE 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY DUE ! PUBLIC SPECTACLE ( ITS MISCONDUCT & BY ! 5DLESS CONFLICTS SURR\ND+ ITS ELECTIONS 7) ! PAPAL ELECTIONS7 444 04 

,H[ C\LD ! MISCONDUCT ( ! POPES & ! SC&ALS ( ! ,CONCLAVE 9 #a#f? C5TURY BE COMP>$1 EV5 AT A /RET*1 ) ! 9FAMIES 7DEPRAVITY7 & ! ATROCITIES ( ! PAPAL COMPETITIONS ( #h?1 #i?1 #a? C5TURIES1 ! TIME :5 HE DEPICTS ! SPIRITUAL AU?ORITY AS BE+ SO E/ABLI%$6 

,RESPECTABLE1 BECAUSE IT IS UNCONTE/$ & OMNIPOT5T ?ANKS TO WIP+ \T ITS OPPON5TS 7ITS F]OCITY74 ,*RI/IANITY W\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE GOT V]Y F> )\T 7LIV$ ONLY BY7 VIOL5CE4 ,RI<T FROM ! />T VIOL5CE WAS ITS S+LE ME?OD 7! USE ( ! RACK :I* IS ITS 44474 ,ALREADY BY ! #a/ C5TURY1 9 ! ,D>K ,AGES1 IT PROCE$S BY =CE 7OPPRESSION71 SPY+1 CALUMNY4 ,IT HAS AS A CITADEL ITS ORGANIZATION1 = ITS WEAPON1 ALL =MS ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS =MIDABLE ORGANIZATION RESI/S ALL1 TRIUMPHS OV] ALL4 ,! FIR/ VICTIM IS ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,VICTORI\S1 ,*RI/IANITY IS MA9TA9$1 LIKE ?AT :I* IT CONQU]$1 BY CRU%+4 

,)\T ?IS SY/EM1 IT W\LD HAVE DI$ 9 ITS CRADLE1 & ONCE MA/]1 W\LD NOT HAVE LA/$ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S IF IT HAD RELAX$4 ,ITS MILITIA1 ITS W>S )\T QU>T]1 ! /EEL1 ! FLAME1 TORTURE1 5SLAVEM5T1 TRICK]Y1 ! %ACKL+ ( ?\<T LAY+ SIEGE TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ! IMM$IATE CRU%+ ( ANY OPPOSITION1 CONSOLIDAT$ IT ?R\< ! C5TURIES & PA/ ALL OB/ACLES4 ,FIRE1 C>NAGE1 DE/RUCTION M>K ITS ROAD4 

,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$1 IF ,*RI/IANITY HAD SUCCUMB$ 9 ANY ( ! FI<TS 9 :I* IT TRIUMPH$8 ,NO ONE CAN SAY1 EV5 SPECULATE4 ,EV5 ! BRIEFE/ CONJECTURE ON ?IS SUBJECT W\LD BE A SILL9ESS1 ,BECAUSE ?+S FOLL[$ ?IS C\RSE1 IT SEEMS ?AT !Y C\LD NOT HAVE FOLL[$ ANY O!R4 ,! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT HAS AN IRRESI/IBLE P[]4 ,IT IS DE/9Y EV54 ,! SPIRIT 7F9DS ITSELF7 IS OV]:ELM$ BY IT & DOES NOT D>E TO REVOLT 7TO RESI/74 ,IT HAS NO F\NDATION4 ,IT C\LD BASE ITSELF ONLY ON A VACUUM 7ON NO?+74 

,:AT A T]RIBLE =CE = ! FATALI/S ( HI/ORY1 ADMIR]S ( ?IS ACCOMPLI%$ FACT6 ,ALL ! ATROCITIES ( ! VICTOR1 ITS LONG S]IES ( CRIMES >E COLDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A REGUL>1 9ESCAPABLE EVOLUTION1 LIKE ?AT ( NATURE4 ,NO?+ /OPS !SE IMP]TURBABLE SY/EMATIZ]S4 ,JEAN ,X,I,I1 ,M>OZIE1 ,!ODORA1 ,MA?ILDE1 ETC1 CON/ITUTE A RESPECTABLE & RESPECT$ 0SPIRITUAL AU?ORITY06 ,ALL ?AT IS1 IS LEGITIMATE1 USEFUL1 ESS5TIAL4 ,ONE MU/ SIMPLY OBS]VE ! NATURAL PROCESSION ( ?+S1 OBLIGATORY = MANK9D4 ,UNP>ALLEL$ LOGIC )\T PE]1 EV]Y?+ IS CONNECT$ & FOLL[S ONE FROM ANO!R1 !RE IS A CON/ANT RELATION%IP TO BE F\ND 9 EV5TS1 EA* TIME IS ! PRODUCT ( ! PREVI\S TIME4 

,:AT A BEAUTIFUL DISCOV]Y & :AT A BEAUTIFUL >GUM5T6 ,)\T D\BT1 ALL ?+S >E 9T]CONNECT$ & 5ME%$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,EV]Y SECOND FOLL[S ACCORD+ ! SECOND BE=E4 ,BUT ! GE>S ( HUMAN ?+S >E NOT FATALI/IC LIKE ?AT ( ! NATURAL UNIV]SE4 ,!Y >E MODIFIABLE AT EV]Y MOM5T4 ,A C\PLE >E GO+ TO M>RY4 ,I KILL ! MAN & TAKE ! WOMAN4 ,! *ILDR5 ( ?IS WOMAN WILL !N BE M9E4 ,C\LDN'T !Y HAVE BE5 ?OSE ( ! MAN :O WAS KILL$8 ,! MURD] 9T]V5$ & *ANG$ ! FA!R4 ,!RE IS ALWAYS RELATION%IP1 BUT ! DESC5T8 7IS V]Y DIFF]5T74 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS IMMORAL1 IT IS A CRIME TO GLORIFY ! PA/1 TO JU/IFY IT BY ALLEG$ IMMUTABLE LAWS1 TO CALL UPON ! DIGNITY ( HI/ORY :I* DEM&S RESPECT OR EV5 9DULG5CE = ! HORRORS ( TIMES GONE BY4 ,TO SPEAK AB\T ! S]VICES ( ,CA?OLICISM C\LD BE1 AT C]TA9 MOM5TS1 A DECEPTION1 AN ILLUSION ( ! TIMES4 ,TODAY H[EV]1 AFT] ! LESSONS ( REC5T YE>S1 ONE MAY NO LONG]1 9 ! NAME ( FATALISM1 PLEAD ! CAUSE ( ?IS H>MFUL RELIGION4 ,FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 IT HAS PRODUC$ NO?+ & WILL DO ONLY EVIL4 ,IT WAS NO MORE USEFUL = HUMANITY ?AN SMALL POX1 ! PLAGUE OR *OL]A >E NECESS>Y TO A MAN'S HEAL?4 

,! DOCTR9E ( CONT9U\S PROGRESS IS A FANTASY ( TIMES ( TRANSITION4 ,IT GAVE A FEW YE>S ( VOGUE TO ,CA?OLICISM UND] ! REIGN ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! =MS ( ! REACTION AGA9/ ! M]C5>Y ATTITUDE1 A REACTION TO DEMOCRACY CAUS$ BY ! BOIL+ OV] & CYNICAL \TP\R+ ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS E/ABLI%$ )\T %AME ! WOR%IP ( ! GOLD5 CALF & SEEM$ TO SET IT UP AS ! UNIV]SAL RELIGION4 ,HONE/ ?\<TS1 IDEAS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE W]E \TLAW$1 SELF-5RI*M5T AT ALL CO/S WAS PROCLAIM$ ! ONLY VIRTUE4 

,= A MOM5T1 9 ! 9ITIAL DISGU/ AT ?IS /5*1 ! ,REVOLUTION =GOT ! CRIMES ( ,CA?OLICISM & REMEMB]$ ONLY ITS SPIRITUALITY1 & ALMO/ HAD ! ILLUSION ( SEE+ 9 ITS DEPOS$ ADV]S>Y1 AN ALLY AGA9/ ! FIL?Y 5EMY :I* HAD EM]G$ SUDD5LY BE=E IT4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E SUDD5LY & UNIV]SALLY ! FA%ION1 9 ! POPUL> CAMP1 BY MI/AKE & NAIVETY1 & AMONG ! CONS]VATIVES BY 9/9CT & CALCULATION4 ,?IS WAS A %ALL[ UNANIMITY6 ,! MI/AKE DISAPPE>$ 7DISSIPAT$1 CLE>$ UP71 ! 9/9CT WAS MADE 9TO A DOCTR9E4 ,EV]Y?+ AGA9 TOOK ON ITS [N COLOR4 ,! FUTURE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,*RI/IANITY ITS 5EMY MORTAL1 ! PA/ ITS LA/ F>EWELL4 

,POSITIVISM1 SEWN 7ATTA*$7 TO ! COAT-TAILS ( A ,PROPHET1 REMA9S FIX$ 9 ! ADMIRATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 AT ! TIME ( ?IS TRANSITORY PASSION1 LAID D[N ! F\NDATIONS ( HIS HEAVY SOCIOLOGICAL CON/RUCTION4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] IF ! DISCIPLES HAD BURI$ !MSELVES 9 ! BRICKWORK ( !IR ,MA/]4 ,!Y DI/ORT1 !Y CRIPPLE HI/ORY TO MAKE IT FIT 9 ) ! RAV+S ( ! NEW HOLY BOOKS4 ,! ,BIBLE WAS A DIV9E 9SPIRATION4 ,! VOLUMES ( ,AUGU/E ,C\NT >E REVEAL$ SCI5CE4 ,:I* IS ! WORSE IMP]T95CE8 

,9 ITS SY/EMATIZATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 POSITIVISM SACRIFICES ) NEI!R PITY NOR SCRUPLE ALL ! M>TYRS ( ?\<T & JU/ICE1 ,ABEL>D1 ,>NAUD DE ,BRESCIA1 ,RI5ZI1 ETC4 ,C]TA9LY1 IT DOES NOT D>E CONDEMN !M1 IT CONF9ES ITSELF TO CONCEAL+ !IR NAMES OR !IR ROLES1 & TO SIMPLY ]AS+ FROM HI/ORY ! GREAT FIGURES :I* CONTRADICT ITS !SIS ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ! ,PAPACY 444 LEGITIMATE1 & RATIONAL1 JU/ SO LONG AS !Y HAD A VALUE 9 PRES]V+ ! V]Y P[]FUL1 TO BE DAMN$1 AS SOON AS !Y NO LONG] SUCCE$$ 9 PRES]V+ IT FROM DECL9E4 

,?IS POSITIVISM IS TRULY A R>E IMPUD5CE4 ,IT IS POSITIVISM :I* DISCOV]$ ! SUN1 ! MOON & />S4 ,IT IS CONT9UALLY MAK+ UP A MASS ( ?+S AS M>VEL\S AS !Y >E IGNOR$1 SU* AS BREAD1 W9E1 C&LES1 ETC4 ,NO?+ EXI/$ BE=E IT4 ,IT V]ITABLY CREAT$1 >RANG$ 75UM]AT$7 EV]Y?+4 ,ITS PROCESS ( MANUFACTURE IS CURI\S4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 BOGG+ D[N 9 A VA/ M>% ( :AT EV]YONE ALREADY KN[S1 TWO WORDS ( ! MO/ LIMPID WAT]4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! SIMPLE TRU?3 0,ONE IS ALWAYS A P>T ( ONE'S [N TIME10 POSITIVISM GIVES TO ! WORLD TWI/$ 9 FIFTY UNREADABLE PAGES4 

,O!R DISCOV]IES BY ! SAME ME?OD3 0,ALL EPO*S 7PRODUCE7 HAVE RETROGRADE /AGES & ! ADVANC$ /AGES40 ,:O HAD DISCOV]$ 7F\ND7 ?AT & MANY O!R ?+S BE=E ,AUGU/E ,COMTE8 ,IT IS SURELY HE :O PLANT$ A :OLE A POSITIVE NOSE 9 ! MIDDLE ( \R FACES4 ,UNTIL ! >RIVAL ( ?IS ,MESSIAH1 WE HAD ONLY FALSE NOSES 7C>DBO>D NOSES74 
"9 "9 "9 

,FROM ITS ALLEG$ SCI5CE ( SOCIOLOGY1 AS WELL AS FROM ITS PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY1 POSITIVISM EXCLUDES ! IDEA ( JU/ICE4 ,IT DOES NOT ADMIT ?AT ! LAW ( PROGRESS 7BUT AT ! SAME TIME7 CONT9UES FATALISM4 ,EA* ?+ IS EXCELL5T 9 ITS TIME S9CE IT TAKES PLACE 7M>KS A /AGE7 9 ! S]IES ( IMPROVEM5TS 7! RELATION%IP ( PROGRESS74 ,ALL IS ALWAYS ! BE/ ( ALL POSSIBILITIES4 ,!RE IS NO CRIT]ION TO APPRECIATE ! GOOD OR ! BAD4 ,ANY SU* CRIT]ION W\LD BE PRECONCEIV$1 A PRIORI1 METAPHYSICS4 

,! EXP]IM5T ( ! C5TURIES %[S ?AT ! ONLY AG5T ( PROGRESS IS $UCATION1 ?AT ! LI<T SP\TS 7ALMO/7 ONLY \T ( ! EX*ANGE 7& ! %OCK7 ( HUMAN ?\<T1 ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ALL ?AT SUPPORTS & MULTIPLIES ?IS EX*ANGE IS TO ! GOOD1 ALL ?AT REMOVES IT OR OB/RUCTS IT IS EVIL4 ,H[EV]1 ,*RI/IANITY HAS AS A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ! DE/RUCTION ( FRE$OM ( ?\<T & ! COMMUNICATION ( ?\<T4 ,FROM ?IS OBS]VATION1 IT IS !RE=E ! D>KNESS & ! EVIL4 

,HAY6 ?AT'S ALL METAPHYSICS & TWADDLE6 ! POSITIVI/ ANSW]S4 ,! TRU? IT IS ?AT1 IT DOESN'T MATT] BY :AT MEANS1 ,*RI/IANITY F\<T & REIGN$ OV] #ae YE>S1 & WAS NECESS>ILY PROGRESSIVE ?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD ( /RUGGLE & P[]4 ,IT />T$ TO BECOME EVIL & AN OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS ONLY FROM ITS DECL9E1 & ONLY BECAUSE IT DECL9$4 - ,H[EV]1 AT ! BEG9N+1 AT ITS APOGEE & 9 ITS DECL9E1 ITS ME?OD WAS ALWAYS ! SAME3 0EXT]M9ATION ( ! ?\<T0 ,?AT DOESN'T MATT]6 ,HOSANNAH6 ,GLORY TO ITS TRIUMPH6 ,HURRAH6 7,H\6 ,H\67 ,D[N6 ,D[N6 ) ITS DEFEAT6 

,SU* IS POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 AS G5]\S AS IT IS JU/1 AS NOBLE AS IT IS COM=T+4 

,! MANIA ( PROGRESS NEV]!LESS1 TO !SE BL9D SY/EMATIZ]S1 GOES UP UNTIL ! *>GE ( RETROGRADE MOVEM5T & ( NEGATIVE IMPETUS1 :I* IS MADE AGA9/ ! R5AISSANCE ( ,GRECO-,LAT9 >T1 & ACCORD+ TO !M ?IS VICTORY OV] ! 9FAM\S WORK ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IS A RETREAT4 ,IT BROKE ! REGUL> EVOLUTION ( ,*RI/IANITY6 ,IT FRAUDUL5TLY 9TRODUC$ OLD-FA%ION$ PAGANISM 9TO ! NEW WORLD 7MOD]NITY74 ,ANTIQUITY IS AN 9TRUD] :O DECEIV$ US2 7:ILE CAUS+ AN EBB TIDE 9 ! RIV] ( ! AGES7 BECAUSE IT MADE ! FL[ ( ! AGES GO BACK UP4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 REAPPE>+ 9 ?AT DAY1 LIKE ! ,RHONE AFT] ITS DISAPPE>ANCE .<UND] ,LAKE ,G5EVA.>1 ANTIQUITY WAS ABLE TO GIVE ! LIE TO 7BLA/7 ! 9FATUATION ( CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,/OPP+ %ORT1 !N REPRESS$ 9 ! NI<T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 IT RE9/AT$ ! IDEA ( FRE$OM ON ! RU9S ( ! ,*RI/IANO-ABSOLUTI/ TRADITION1 & ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PRES]V$ 7REMA9$7 9 SAFEKEEP+ 9 ! 5TRAILS ( ! ,GREEK & ,LAT9 IDIOMS4 

,?US1 ?IS !ORY ( UN9T]RUPT$ & FATALI/IC PROGRESS IS FALSE4 ,= ,GRECO-,ROMAN CIVILIZATION LEAP$ OV] ,*RI/IANITY TO REG5]ATE MOD]N CIVILIZATION 9 SPITE ( IT1 AGA9/ IT4 ,!RE IS NO CLE>] PRO( ?AT ?IS RELIGION1 ?IS T]RIBLE DISEASE1 = NE>LY TWO ?\S& YE>S KEPT HUMANITY NAIL$ TO A B$ ( SORR[S4 

,IF SCI5CE HAD A BIR?1 IT IS ) ! PR9T+ PRESS1 :I* RE/$ ON ! OLD WORLD 7,ANTIQUITY71 DELIV]$ 7SAV$7 ( ! TIG] :I* HAD WAT*$ OV] IT FROM ! CRADLE4 ,! POSITIVI/S LIKE SCI5CE & S+ ITS PRAISES4 ,EH6 BI51 IT IS ! DAU<T] ( ,ANTIQUITY4 ,*RI/IANITY FAIL$ TO KILL IT4 ,WIT*6 TO ! /AKE6 %\T$ ?IS 9FAMY4 ,SCI5CE DID NOT ESCAPE )\T PUNI%M5T1 WITNESS ,ROG] ,BACON1 ,RAYMOND ,LULLY & SO MANY O!RS4 ,%E LIVES AGA9 TODAY 9 ORD] TO PUNI% ! MON/]4 ,BY :AT RI<T >E ! PANEGYRI/S ( ! ASSASS9 MADE ! CANTORS ( ! VICTIM8 

,POSITIVISM IS JU/ ONE LONG S]IES ( TRICKS4 ,! FIR/ & BE/ >E ITS NAME1 :I* GRABS = ITSELF ! RI<T TO ALL ?AT IS TRU? & REALITY6 ,IT IS JO9$ ) SCI5CE FROM ! BEG9N+ & 5DORSES IT BY ?IS M>RIAGE4 0,POSITIVE SCI5CE10 SAY ! VULG>4 0,BE=E ,COMTE !RE ONLY EXI/$ NEGATIVE SCI5CE40 

,H[EV]1 ?IS C\PL+ IS A R$UNDANCY3 W\LD 0LI<T+ LAMP0 .<LUMI]E ECLATANTE.> BE MORE RIDICUL\S1 BUT :AT DOES ! S9 ( PLEONASM C\NT = POSITIVI/ GIBB]I%1 ?IS CORROD+ SCAB ON \R LANGUAGE8 
"9 "9 "9 

,POSITIVISM CALLS EA* ( ! V>I\S KN[N SCI5CES 'P>TICUL> SCI5CE'1 & SCI5CE 9 G5]AL1 POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,COMTI/ CLASSIFICATION4 ,IT ?US MODE/LY 9/ALLS 79TRODUCES7 9 ! HUMANITIES AS ! ,SCI5CE ( ,SCI5CES1 :AT8 ! FANTASIES ( A P$ANT6 ,A NOM5CLATURE )\T ANY PRACTICAL VALUE1 )\T ANY CURR5T APPLICATION1 A USELESS TR9KET 7TOY7 TO BE PUT AWAY 7TO LOOK GOOD7 UND] A BELL J> 7GLASS74 

,! PUBLIC C>RIES ON & FOLL[S1 ) !IR EYES CLOS$1 QUITE DAZ$ BY ! APPALL+ GIBB]I% :I* SEEMS TO !M AT LEA/ TO HAVE COME \T ( ! CAVE ( ,TROPHONIUS 444 

,! :OLE VALUE ( POSITIVISM IS ITS MAT]IALISM4 ,TAKE AWAY ?IS QUALITY1 & NO?+ ANY MORE REMA9S BUT ]RORS & IMP]T95CE4 ,NO-ONE DEMON/RATES ! TRU? ( MAT]IALISM BETT] &1 /RANGE TO SAY6 IT REFUSES TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION & TREATS MAT]IALISM AS METAPHYSICS4 ,:AT A JOKE6 

,EH6 ,MESSIEURS1  

,Y\ GIVE Y\R QUALITIES TO O!RS SO POND]\SLY1  

& WE DO NOT ACCEPT !M SO SL[LY4 

,TO AFFIRM1 9 ! NAME ( ! EXP]IM5T1 ! MORTALITY ( ! S\L & ! ET]NITY ( MATT]1 BUT TO REFUSE ! *>ACT]IZATION ( MAT]IALI/1 IS A REF9EM5T ( CASUI/RY 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! 9TELLIG5CE ( A SIMPLE MORTAL4 ,:AT IS MAT]IALISM1 IF NOT ! DOCTR9E :I* DECL>ES ! UNIV]SE 9F9ITE 9 TIME & SPACE1 & ! SPIRIT A PROP]TY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! N]V\S SUB/ANCE1 9 LIFE AS 9 DEA?8 

,) ITS TWI/+ & TURN+ & ITS SUBTLETIES1 POSITIVISM MORE OR LESS SAYS ! SAME ?+4 ,TO BE FRANK1 :]E IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO DOCTR9ES8 - AH6 H]E3 ONE JU/ A P>TICUL>ISM - ,G]MAN-/YLE2 ! O!R1 ! UNIV]SALITY ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,SO HAS POSITIVISM 9V5T$ ?IS KN[L$GE8 NO1 IT QUITE SIMPLY /R+S !M TOGE!R 9 A ROS>Y & DELIV]S UP ?IS ROS>Y AS ITS [N WORK4 

,POSITIVISM IS A DEMIGOD :O KN[S ALL1 :I* EMBRACES ALL1 FROM ! FUR!/ B\ND>IES ( TRANSC5D5TAL MA!MATICS TO ! MEANE/ DETAILS ( SOCIOLOGY1 PA/1 PRES5T & FUTURE4 ,ATOP ITS OMNISCI5T ?RONE1 ) A SCORNFUL GLANCE1 IT TURNS ITS BACK ON ! ,MYRMIDON .<LOYAL FOLL[]S ( ,A*ILLES.> :O D>E TO MAKE A SIMIL> CLAIM & SAYS TO !M AS TO A WEAK 9SECT3 0,:AT IS !RE BETWE5 US80 
 "9 "9 "9 

,PAGE #cge - 7POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 ,NO #c1 ,DEC ,NOV4 #a#h#f#i7 >TICLE FROM ,! ,REVOLUTION BY ,LITTRE4 

,! DREADFUL PA?OS ( ,AUG4 ,COMTE ON ! PHILOSOPHIES ( ,VOLTAIRE & ,R\SSEAU4 ,! BAD FAI? ( ! SO CALL$ ,PROPHET .<,REVELATEUR.> :O MAKES ! PRET5SE ( RECOGNIZ+ 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY ONLY TWO S*OOLS1 BO? ! ONE & ! O!R DEI/1 )\T UTT]+ A WORD AB\T ! MAT]IALI/ & A!I/ S*OOL REPRES5T$ BY ! ,PLEIADE3 ,DID]OT1 D',HOLBA*1 D',ALEMB]T1 ,LAMETRIE1 ETC 7,HELVETIUS1 ETC74 

,! GOOD MAN HAD HIS REASONS TO ]ASE ?IS ,PLEIADE4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 HE WANT$ TO 9V5T A!ISM 9 ! NAME ( POSITIVISM4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,MA/]1 ! DISCIPLES ALSO PRET5D TO SEE 9 A!ISM ONLY A METAPHYSICS4 ,BUT TAKE AWAY FROM !IR GIBB]I% ! A!I/IC IDEA & ! MAT]IALISM1 & :AT REMA9S8 A :IMSICAL SY/EM ( CLASSIFICATION 7( COLLAT+74 ,) ?IS WORD3 0POSITIVISM01 IT ALMO/ SUCCE$$ 9 POS+ AS ! CREATORS ( ALL ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 

,:AT T]RIBLE GIBB]I% IS ?IS /YLE ( ,AUG4 ,COMTE6 C\LD A SIMIL> WRIT] EV] EXTRACT SOME?+ S]I\S FROM HIS BRA98 .<,! POSITIVI/ ,EMILE.> ,LITTRE F9DS 9 ?IS PATOIS AN EXPLANATION ( ! REACTION>Y CONSEQU5CES ( ,!RMIDOR4 

0,IT IS01 HE SAYS1 0! 9T]F]5CE 7SIC7 ( ! ,REACTION 9 ! ,!RMIDORIAN MOVEM5T4 ,ROBESPI]RE'S VIOL5CE HAD MADE ! REACTION IMM95T40 

,?IS REASON IS ?AT ( ,DIA=IUS3 0,:Y DOES OPIUM MAKE ONE SLEEP8 - ,BECAUSE IT HAS A DORMITIVE PROP]TY02 0,FROM :5CE COMES ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,REACTION 9 ! ,!RMIDORIAN MOVEM5T80 ,:AT MADE IT POSSIBLE8 ,HAV+ ALREADY BE5 CRU%$1 :Y WAS IT ?AT IT C\LD RAISE ITS HEAD & TRIUMPH SO SUDD5LY8 

,! FAULT WAS ) ! COMPOSITION ( ! P>LIAM5TS1 ALL BAD )\T EXCEPTION1 S9CE #a#g#h#i4 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,CONV5TION W]E COLLECTIONS ( EGOI/ICAL & C[>DLY B\RGEOIS1 R[S ( NON5TITIES & M$IOCRITIES :]E PEOPLE ) TAL5T W]E TO BE F\ND 9 SMALL NUMB] & R>] /ILL W]E PEOPLE ( ANY *>ACT]4 

,CRU%$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY ON ,MAY #c#a1 !N RECALL$ ?ANKS TO BE+ RESCU$ FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,ROBESPI]RE BY ! ,MONTAGN>DS1 ! RETROGRADE MAJORITY ( ! ,CONV5TION F\ND ITSELF FREE ON #i ,!RMIDOR & 9 CONTROL ! NEXT DAY4 

,BEL[1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,MIT*ELL ,ABIDOR4 

,APRIL #h1#a#h#f#i 

,! S\RCE ( PROGRESS IS ! COMMUNICATION ( ?\<T4 ,EVIL IS ?US ALL ?AT OPPOSES ?IS COMMUNICATION1 & GOOD ALL ?AT FAVORS & MULTIPLIES IT4 ,9 ?IS REG>D ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PR9T+ PRESS WAS ! GREATE/ B5EFIT1 & ,*RI/IANITY ! GREATE/ SC\RGE1 TO AFFLICT HUMANITY4 ,TO 5*A9 ! HUMAN SPIRIT TO AN IMMUTABLE DOGMA1 & TO DEM& 9 PR9CIPLE & TO PRACTICE 9 FACT SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ?IS SO-CALL$ ABSOLUTE TRU? & ! ET]NAL IMMOBILIZATION ( ?\<T3 IS ?IS NOT TO ATTACK ALL ( HUMANITY8 ,! CRIME P> EXCELL5CE IS ?US EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS AS ITS GOAL ! PROLONGATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( ?AT RELIGION ( DEA?1 & \R FIR/ OBLIGATION IS ! ANNIHILATION AT :ATEV] PRICE ( SO HORRIBLE A PLAGUE4 
"9 "9 "9 

,9 ! TRIAL ( ! PA/ BE=E ! FUTURE CONTEMPOR>Y MEMOIRS >E ! WITNESSES1 HI/ORY ! JUDGE1 & ! V]DICT ALMO/ ALWAYS AN 9IQUITY1 EI!R ?R\< ! FALSITY ( ITS DEPOSITIONS1 OR ! ABS5CE - OR ! IGNORANCE - ( ! TRIBUNAL4 ,=TUNATELY ! APPEAL REMA9S =EV] OP51 & ! LI<T ( FUTURE C5TURIES1 CA/ FROM AF> ON PA/ C5TURIES1 D5\NCES !RE ! V]DICT ( ! %AD[S4  

#c_/#b#a_/#f#i 

,CA?OLICISM IS ! FIR/ & LA/ SUPPORT ( ALL OPPRESSION4 ,IT BLESSES ! C(F9 ( ?AT :I* EXPIRES1 & ! CRADLE ( ?AT :I* IS BE+ BORN4 

#d_/#a#e_/#f#i 

,! LIB]ALS LIE AB\T :AT !Y DID YE/]DAY1 ON :AT !Y >E DO+ TODAY1 & ON :AT !Y'LL DO TOMORR[4 

0,REVUE ,POSITIVE0 7,M>*-,APRIL #a#h#f#i7 >TICLE BY ,WIR\B(F ON ,RUSSIAN DRUNK5NESS4 ,MA/]PIECE ( P$ANTIC /UPIDITY & POSITIVI/ CRET9ISM4 ,! ESS5CE ( ?IS LOVELY WORK IS ! P[]LESSNESS ( GOV]NM5TS TO DO ANY?+1 TO *ANGE ANY?+1 TO MODIFY ANY?+ 9 ! PEOPLES !Y DOM9ATE4 ,ALL ( HI/ORY IS ! PRO( ( ?IS1 IS IT NOT8 ,O TRIUMPH ( SOCIOLOGY6 

#c_/#b#i_/#f#i 

,9 VIOL5T SITUATIONS ?AT PLACE LIFE AT P]MAN5T RISK EI!R SLAVES CRU%$ BY T]ROR >E NE$$1 OR S\LS EXALT$ BY 5?USIASM4 ,! PR(ESSION ( A SOLDI]1 & EV5 MORE ?AT ( A SAILOR1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE = ! TWO EXTREMES3 ! DOLT OR ! H]O4 
"9 "9 "9 

,! QUALIFICATION ( 0,CA?OLIC0 GIV5 TO A!I/S DESPITE !MSELVES IS ! WOR/ ( \TRAGES4 ,9 ! REGI/]S ( PRISONS1 9 C5SUS DOCUM5TS1 ?AT M>K IS APPLI$ TO !IR %\LD]S4 ,!Y >E MADE ! PRISON]S ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,IT'S ! 9QUISITION 9 ACTION4 

,?AT WE WEI< D[N ! A!I/ ) ! MO/ 9SULT+ EPI!TS3 SO BE IT4 ,HE WILL WILL+LY ACCEPT !M AS COMPLIM5TS4 ,BUT ,CA?OLIC6 ,A NAME ?AT REPRES5TS ALL HE HATES & HOLDS 9 CONTEMPT2 A NAME ?AT =CIBLY 5ROLLS HIM UND] ! 5EMY FLAG & MAKES HIM ! (FICIAL SOLDI] ( HIS P]SECUTORS6 

,IT IS ?US ?AT ! SO-CALL$ MAJORITIES >E =M$ 9 ! NAME ( :I* PEOPLE >E OPPRESS$4 ,! PROSECUTIONS = WORK+ ON ,SUNDAY1 ! *UR*ES BUILT AT GREAT CO/ = A H&FUL ( REAL ,CA?OLICS1 ! 9QUISITORIAL CONDEMNATIONS BY TRIBUNALS1 ALL RELY ON ! MASS ( ! 9DIFF]5T - & EV5 ADV]S>IES - DISGUIS$ AS ,PAPI/ SECT>IANS4  

,?IS NAME 9FLICT$ ?R\< VIOL5CE MU/ BE REJECT$1 & JU/ICE DONE ON ! 9SOL5T LOCUTIONS ?AT \TLAW ALL ?AT IS NOT ( ! ,*RI/IAN SECT4 ,EV]Y:]E ?IS NAME ( ,*RI/IAN IS SUB/ITUT$ = ?AT ( MAN1 AS IF ONE CEAS$ TO BE A MAN ON CEAS+ TO BE A ,*RI/IAN4 
"9 "9 "9 

,:ATEV] ! HET]ODOX ( ,POSITIVISM MI<T SAY1 ,COMTE'S SECOND MANN] EXI/$ 9 G]M 9 HIS FIR/4 ,HE ALWAYS PR(ESS$ A GREAT RESPECT = ,CA?OLICISM1 LIMIT+ HIMSELF TO SAY+3 0,Y\ W]E SUBLIME 9 Y\R TIME1 BUT ?AT TIME HAS PASS$4 ,Y\ >E N[ RANCID & ROCOCO4 ,LAY Y\RSELF D[N ) DIGNITY 9 Y\R C(F91 LIKE ?OSE OLD SAVAGES :O CAN NO LONG] C>RY \T SCALP+S & VOLUNT>ILY LEAVE = ! ,L& ( ! ,GREAT ,SPIRIT4 ,(F ) Y\1 GOOD MAN4 ,(F TO ! O!R WORLD & MAKE ROOM = Y\R NATURAL HEIR1 SACROSANCT ,POSITIVISM40 

0,MORALE 9DEP5DANTE0 ( #c_/#b#f_/#f#i 

,MORALITY DEF9ES RESPECT = ONE'S [N P]SON & DIGNITY AS RESPECT = ! P]SON & DIGNITY ( O!RS4 ,AN 5TIRELY PASSIVE MORALITY4 0,DON'T ALL[ Y\RSELF TO BE IMP+$ UPON1 & DON'T IMP+E UPON O!RS40 ,?IS IS A N>R[1 ROGUI%1 BRI/LY1 B>RICAD$1 SELFI% 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,IT IS ISOLATION4 

,TRUE MORALITY IS ACTIVE4 ,IT'S ! MUTUALI/ IDEA1 SOLID>ITY1 ASSOCIATION1 COMMON ACTION444 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #a1 #ahfi 3 ,NOTES ON ,POSITIVISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bba 3 ,NOTES ON ,POSITIVISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,NOTES ON ,POSITIVISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/