,NO ,WAY ,\T8 

#bc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,AGRICULTURE 5D$ A VA/ P]IOD ( HUMAN EXI/5CE L>GELY *>ACT]IZ$ BY FRE$OM FROM WORK1 NON-EXPLOITATION ( NATURE1 CONSID]ABLE G5D] AUTONOMY & EQUALITY1 & ! ABS5CE ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE4 ,IT TAKES MORE FROM ! E>? ?AN IT PUTS BACK & IS ! F\NDATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,AGRICULTURE 5CLOSES1 CONTROLS1 EXPLOITS1 E/ABLI%ES HI]>*Y & RES5TM5T4 ,*ELLIS ,GL5D9N+ 7#a#i#i#d7 DESCRIB$ AGRICULTURE AS ! 0ORIG9AL TRAUMA0 ?AT HAS DEVA/AT$ ! HUMAN PSY*E1 SOCIAL LIFE1 & ! BIOSPH]E4 

,BUT AGRICULTURE_/DOME/ICATION DIDN'T SUDD5LY APPE> \T ( NO:]E1 #a1 YE>S AGO4 ,QUITE POSSIBLY1 IT WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A V]Y SL[ ACCEPTANCE ( DIVISION ( LABOR OR SPECIALIZATION ?AT BEGAN 9 E>NE/ 9 ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC TIMES1 AB\T #d1 YE>S AGO4 ,?IS PROCESS IS BEH9D :AT ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO T]M$ 09/RUM5TAL REASON0 9 !IR ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<TM5T4 ,AL?\< /ILL T\T$ AS ! PRECONDITION = 0OBJECTIVITY10 HUMAN REASON IS NO LONG] NEUTRAL4 ,IT HAS SOMEH[ BECOME DE=M$1 ) DEVA/AT+ IMPACT3 \R REASON IMPRISONS \R TRUE HUMANITY1 :ILE DE/ROY+ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,H[ ELSE TO ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT HUMAN ACTIVITY HAS BECOME SO 9IMICAL TO HUMANS1 AS WELL AS TO ALL O!R E>?LY SPECIES8 ,SOME?+ HAD ALREADY />T$ TO TAKE US 9 A NEGATIVE DIRECTION BE=E AGRICULTURE1 CLASS /RATIFICATION1 ! ,/ATE1 & 9DU/RIALISM 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ITS WRONGNESS4 

,?IS DISEASE ( REASON1 :I* 9T]PRETS REALITY AS AN AMALGAMATION ( 9/RUM5TS1 RES\RCES1 & MEANS1 ADDS AN UNPREC$5T$ & UNCONTROLL$ MEASURE ( DOM9ATION4 ,AS ) TE*NOLOGY1 :I* IS REASON'S 9C>NATION OR MAT]IALITY AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 REASON'S 0NEUTRALITY0 WAS MISS+ FROM ! />T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 WE >E TAU<T TO ACCEPT \R CONDITION4 ,IT'S 0HUMAN NATURE0 TO BE 0CREATIVE10 GOES P>T ( ! REFRA94 

,DIVISION ( LABOR GIVES EFFECTIVE P[] TO SOME1 :ILE N>R[+ OR R$UC+ ! SCOPE ( ALL4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ! PRODUCTION ( >T AS WELL AS 9 TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 ,! DI/9CTIVE WORK ( 9DIVIDUAL MA/]S IS APP>5T 9 ! E>LIE/ CAVE >T1 & CRAFT SPECIALIZATION IS AN ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( ! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( 0COMPLEX0 7AKA /RATIFI$7 SOCIETIES4 ,SPECIFI$ ROLES FACILITAT$ A QUALITATIVE RUPTURE ) LONG-/&+ HUMAN SOCIAL PATT]NS1 9 A REM>KABLY %ORT P]IOD ( TIME4 ,AFT] TWO OR ?REE MILLION YE>S ( AN EGALIT>IAN =AG+ 7AKA HUNT]-GA!R]7 MODE ( EXI/5CE1 9 ONLY #a1 YE>S1 ! RAPID DESC5T 9TO A CIVILIZ$ LIFEWAY4 ,S9CE !N1 AN EV]-ACCEL]AT+ C\RSE ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTIV5ESS 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( LIFE4 

,IT'S ALSO REM>KABLE H[ COMPLETE ! EXP]I5CE ( CIVILIZATION WAS FROM ITS V]Y FIR/ /AGES4 ,K4 ,ASLIHAN ,Y5]'S ,DOME/ICATION ( ,METAL 7#b7 DISCUSSES COMPLEX 9DU/RY 9 CIVILIZATION'S OP5+ ACT1 ! ,E>LY ,BRONZE ,AGE4 ,%E *>TS ! ORGANIZATION & MANAGEM5T ( T9 M9+ & SMELT+ 9 ,ANATOLIA BEG9N+ 9 #h1 ,B,C4 ,! >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE %[S IRREFUTABLY ?AT ]OSION1 POLLUTION1 & DE=E/ATION W]E V]Y SIGNIFICANT CONSEQU5CES1 AS ! E>LIE/ CIVILIZATIONS LAID WA/E TO MU* ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,) CIVILIZATION1 H[ IT IS IS H[ IT'S ALWAYS BE54 ,RUSSELL ,HOBAN'S #aih NOVEL1 ,RIDDLEY ,WALK]1 PROVIDES KE5 9SI<T 9TO ! LOGIC ( CIVILIZATION4 ,:AT SOME CALL ,PROGRESS1 ! N>RATOR ID5TIFIES AS ,P[]3 

0,IT COME TO ME !N ,I KN[ IT ,P[] D9T GO AWAY4 ,IT B5 & IT W] & IT WUD BE4 ,IT W] !RE & DRAW+4 ,P[] WANT IT Y\ TO COME TO IT ) ,P[]4 ,P[] WANTIT :AT EV] CUD HAPP5 TO HAPP54 ,P[] WANTIT EV]Y ?+ MOV+ FRONTWAYS40 

,! NATURE ( ! CIVILIZATION PROJECT WAS CLE> FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,AS ! SWIFTLY >RIV+ PRODUCT ( AGRICULTURE1 ! 9T5SIFICATION ( DOM9ATION HAS BE5 /EADY & SURE4 ,IT'S TELL+ ?AT HUMANS' FIR/ MONUM5TS CO9CIDE ) ! FIR/ SIGNS ( DOME/ICATION 7,R4 ,BRADLEY 9 ,MI!R1 #a#i#i#h74 ,! SAD L9E>ITY ( CIVILIZATION'S DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD HAS BE5 9T]RUPT$ ONLY BY SYMPTOMS ( SELF-DE/RUCTION 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 9 ! =M ( W>S4 ,& :5 WE RECALL ) ,B4,D4 ,SMI? 7#a#i#i#e7 ?AT DOME/ICATION IS 0! CREATION ( A NEW =M ( PLANT & ANIMAL10 IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT G5ETIC 5G9E]+ & CLON+ >E ANY?+ BUT /RANGE AB]RATIONS FROM ! NORM4 

,! CONTRA/ ) ?\S&S ( G5]ATIONS ( =AG] 7HUNT]-GA!R]7 LIFE IS /AGG]+4 ,!RE IS NO DISPUTE ?AT !SE ANCE/ORS PUT %>+ AT ! C5T] ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,?R\<\T ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 %>+ & EQUALITY >E SYNONYM\S ) ! =AG] SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 *>ACT]IZ$ AS B&S ( FIFTY OR FEW] PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( M$IATION OR POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 PEOPLE 5JOY$ /RONG EXPRESSIVE BONDS FACE-TO-FACE ) ONE ANO!R & 9 9TIMACY ) NATURE4 

,HEWLETT & ,LAMB 7#b7 EXPLOR$ ! LEVELS ( TRU/ & COMPASSION 9 AN ,AKA B& ( =AG]S 9 C5TRAL ,AFRICA4 ,! PHYSICAL & EMOTIONAL CLOS5ESS BETWE5 ,AKA *ILDR5 & ADULTS1 !Y CONCLUD$1 IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !IR B5IGN ORI5TATION TO ! WORLD4 ,CONV]SELY1 ,AKA PEOPLE SEE !IR 5VIRONM5T AS G5]\S & SUPPORTIVE1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 BECAUSE ( ! UNRE/RICT$ BONDS AMONG !MSELVES4 ,COL9 ,TURNBULL OBS]V$ A V]Y SIMIL> REALITY AMONG ! ,MBUTI 9 ,AFRICA1 :O ADDRESS$ GREET+S TO 0,MO!R ,=E/1 ,FA!R ,=E/40 

,AGRICULTURE IS ! F\ND+ MODEL = ALL ! SY/EMATIC AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AT FOLL[$1 C]TA9LY 9CLUD+ CAPITALISM1 & 9ITIAT+ ! SUBJUGATION ( WOM54 ,V]Y E>LY F>M+ SETTLEM5TS CONTA9$ 0AS MANY AS #d PEOPLE0 7,MI!N ET AL1 #b74 ,WE KN[ ?AT EXP&+ POPULATION WAS NOT A CAUSE ( AGRICULTURE BUT ITS RESULT2 ?IS SUGGE/S A BASIC DYNAMIC ( ! POPULATION PROBLEM4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT SOCIETIES ORGANIZ$ ON A TRULY HUMAN SCALE FELL VICTIM TO ! EXIG5CIES ( DOME/ICATION4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT WE CAN ONLY SOLVE ! PLANET'S OV]POPULATION PROBLEM BY REMOV+ ! ROOT CAUSE ( BASIC E/RANGEM5T FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,) ! ADV5T ( DOME/ICATION1 REPRODUCTION WAS NOT ONLY REW>D$ ECONOMICALLY2 IT ALSO (F]$ A COMP5SATION OR CONSOLATION = SO MU* ?AT HAD BE5 ]ADICAT$ BY CIVILIZATION4 

,AMID ! /&>DIZ+1 DISCIPL9>Y EFFECTS ( TODAY'S SY/EMS ( TE*NOLOGY & CAPITAL1 WE >E SUBJECT$ TO AN UNPREC$5T$ B>RAGE ( IMAGES & O!R REPRES5TATIONS4 ,SYMBOLS HAVE L>GELY CR[D$ \T EV]Y?+ REAL & DIRECT1 BO? 9 ! DAILY R\ND ( 9T]P]SONAL 9T]ACTIONS & 9 ! ACCEL]AT+ EXT9CTION ( NATURE4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ AS 9EVITABLE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE RECEIV$ WISDOM DICTATES ?AT SYMBOL-MAK+ IS ! C>D9AL1 DEF9+ QUALITY ( A HUMAN BE+4 ,WE LE>N AS *ILDR5 ?AT ALL BEHAVIOR1 & CULTURE ITSELF1 DEP5D ON SYMBOL MANIPULATION2 ?IS *>ACT]I/IC IS :AT SEP>ATES US FROM M]E ANIMALS4 

,BUT A CLOSE LOOK AT ,HOMO OV] \R MANY1 MANY MILL5NIA *ALL5GES ! 9EXORABILITY OR 0NATURALNESS0 ( ! DOM9ANCE ( SYMBOLS 9 \R LIVES TODAY4 ,NEW DISCOV]IES >E MAK+ NEWSPAP] HEADL9ES ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY4 ,>*AEOLOGI/S >E F9D+ ?AT MORE ?AN A MILLION YE>S AGO1 HUMANS W]E AS 9TELLIG5T AS \RSELVES -- DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! E>LIE/ EVID5CE TO DATE ( SYMBOLIC ACTIVITY 7FIGUR9ES1 CAVE >T1 RITUAL >TIFACTS1 TIME RECORD+S1 ETC47 DATE TO ONLY #d1 YE>S AGO OR SO4 ,PEOPLE US$ FIRE = COOK+ #a4#i MILLION YE>S AGO2 & BUILT & SAIL$ SEAGO+ VESSELS AT LEA/ #h1 YE>S AGO6 

,!SE PEOPLE MU/ HAVE BE5 V]Y 9TELLIG5T2 YET !Y LEFT NO TANGIBLE TRACE ( SYMBOLIC ?\<T UNTIL RELATIVELY REC5TLY4 ,LIKEWISE1 AL?\< \R ANCE/ORS ( A MILLION YE>S AGO HAD ! ,I4,Q4 TO 5?RALL$ EA* O!R & DE/ROY ! PLANET1 !Y REFRA9$ FROM DO+ SO1 UNTIL SYMBOLIC CULTURE GOT GO+4 ,CIVILIZATION ADVOCATES >E MAK+ A CONC]T$ EF=T TO F9D EVID5CE ( SYMBOL USE AT A MU* E>LI] TIME1 P>ALLEL+ ! UNSUCCESSFUL EF=T 9 REC5T DECADES TO LOCATE EVID5CE ?AT W\LD OV]TURN ! NEW AN?ROPOLOGICAL P>ADIGM ( PRE-AGRICULTURAL H>MONY & WELL BE+4 ,SO F>1 !IR SE>*ES HAVE NOT BORNE FRUIT4 

,!RE IS AN 5ORM\S TIME GAP BETWE5 CLE> SIGNS ( M5TAL CAPACITY & CLE> SIGNS ( ANY SYMBOLIZ+ AT ALL4 ,?IS DISCREPANCY CA/S S]I\S D\BT ON ! ADEQUACY ( A DEF9ITION ( HUMANS AS ESS5TIALLY SYMBOL MAK]S4 ,! APP>5T CONGRU5CE BETWE5 ! BEG9N+S ( REPRES5TATION & ! BEG9N+S ( :AT IS UNHEAL?Y AB\T \R SPECIES SEEMS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT4 ,BASIC QUE/IONS PRETTY MU* =MULATE !MSELVES4 

,ONE SU* QUE/ION CONC]NS ! NATURE ( REPRES5TATION4 ,F\CAULT >GU$ ?AT REPRES5TATION ALWAYS 9VOLVES A P[] RELATION4 ,!RE MAY BE A CONNECTION BETWE5 REPRES5TATION & ! P[] IMBALANCE ?AT IS CREAT$ :5 DIVISION ( LABOR TAKES OV] HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,9 A SIMIL> VE91 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ L>GE SOCIAL SY/EMS C\LD HAVE COME AB\T 9 ! ABS5CE ( SYMBOLIC CULTURE4 ,AT A M9IMUM1 !Y APPE> TO BE 9SEP>ABLE4 

,JACK ,GOODY 7#a#i#i#g7 REF]R$ TO 0! CONT9U+ PRESSURE TO REPRES5T40 ,ALONG ) AN EASILY ID5TIFI$ IMPULSE TO COMMUNICATE1 IS !RE NOT ALSO SOME?+ MU* LESS POSITIVE GO+ ON8 ,= ALL ?OSE G5]ATIONS BE=E CIVILIZATION1 FOLKS DID MANY ?+S ) !IR M9DS -- 9CLUD+ COMMUNICAT+ -- BUT !Y DIDN'T GET SYMBOLIC AB\T IT4 ,TO RE-PRES5T REALITY 9VOLVES A MOVE TO A COMPLETE1 CLOS$ SY/EM1 ( :I* LANGUAGE IS ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE & P]HAPS ! ORIG9AL 9/ANCE4 ,:5CE ?IS WILL TO CREATE SY/EMS1 TO NAME & TO C\NT8 ,:Y ?IS DIM5SION ?AT LOOKS SUSPICI\SLY LIKE 9/RUM5TAL REASON1 ) ITS ESS5TIALLY DOM9AT+ CORE8 

,LANGUAGE IS R\T9ELY PORTRAY$ AS A NATURAL & 9EVITABLE P>T ( \R EVOLUTION4 ,LIKE DIVISION ( LABOR1 RITUAL1 DOME/ICATION1 RELIGION8 ,COMPLETE ! PROGRESSION & WE SEE ?AT ! 5D ( ! BIOSPH]E & TOTAL ALI5ATION >E LIKEWISE 0NATURAL0 & 09EVITABLE40 ,:E!R OR NOT !RE CAN BE A WAY \T ( ! SYMBOLIC ORD] IS ! PRESS+ QUE/ION4 

0,9 ! BEG9N+ WAS ! ,WORD0 -- ! CONV5+ ( ! SYMBOLIC DOMA94 ,AFT] ,$5'S FRE$OM WAS REVOK$1 ,ADAM NAM$ ! ANIMALS & ! NAMES W]E ! ANIMALS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,PLATO HELD ?AT ! WORD CREATES ! ?+4 ,!RE IS A MOM5T ( L+UI/IC AGREEM5T1 & FROM !N ON A CATEGORIZ$ FRAME IS IMPOS$ ON ALL PH5OM5A4 ,?IS PACT ATTEMPTS TO OV]RIDE ! 0ORIG9AL S90 ( LANGUAGE1 :I* IS ! SEP>ATION ( SPEE* & WORLD1 WORDS & ?+S4 

,MANY LANGUAGES />T \T RI* 9 V]BS1 BUT >E GRADUALLY UNDONE BY ! MORE COMMON IMP]IALISM ( ! N\N4 ,?IS P>ALLELS ! MOVEM5T TO A /EADILY MORE REIFI$ WORLD1 FOCUS+ ON OBJECTS & GOALS AT ! EXP5SE ( PROCESS4 ,9 SIMIL> FA%ION1 ! VIVID NATURALISM ( CAVE >T GIVES WAY TO AN IMPOV]I%$1 /YLIZ$ ES!TIC4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! SYMBOLIC DEAL IS SWEET5$ BY ! PROMISE ( AN 5TIC+ RI*NESS1 BUT 9 EA* CASE ! LONG-T]M RESULTS >E DEADLY4 ,SYMBOLIC MODES MAY BEG9 ) SOME FRE%NESS & VITALITY1 BUT EV5TUALLY REVEAL !IR ACTUAL POV]TY1 !IR 9N] LOGIC4 

,! 9NATE S5SUAL ACUITY ( HUMAN 9FANTS /EADILY ATROPHIES AS !Y GR[ & DEVELOP 9 9T]ACTION ) A SYMBOLIC CULTURE ?AT CONT9UES TO 9FILTRATE & MONOPOLIZE MO/ ASPECTS ( \R LIVES4 ,A FEW REMNANTS ( ! UNM$IAT$1 ! DIRECT /ILL SURVIVE4 ,LOVEMAK+1 CLOSE RELATION%IPS1 IMM]SION 9 WILD NATURE1 & ! EXP]I5CE ( BIR? & DEA? AWAK5 \R S5SES & \R 9TELLIG5CE1 /IMULAT+ AN UNACCU/OM$ HUNG]4 ,WE LONG = SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! MEAG]1 >TIFICIAL WORLD ( RE-PRES5TATION1 ) ITS SECONDH& PALLOR4 

,COMMUNICATION REMA9S OP5 TO ?OSE 9VIGORAT+ FLA%ES ?AT PASS1 NONV]BALLY1 BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,ALL ! CRABB$1 CRIMP$1 CONDITION$ *ANNELS MI<T BE *UCK$1 BECAUSE WE CAN'T LIVE ON :AT'S AVAILABLE4 ,AS LEVELS ( PA91 LOSS1 & EMPT9ESS RISE1 ! REIGN+ APP>ATUS PUMPS \T EV] MORE UNSATISFY+1 UNSU/A9+ LIES4 

,REF]R+ TO TELEPA?Y1 ,SIGMUND ,FREUD WROTE 9 HIS ,NEW ,9TRODUCTORY ,LECTURES ON ,PSY*OANALYSIS1 0,ONE IS L$ TO A SUSPICION ?AT ?IS IS ! ORIG9AL1 >*AIC ME?OD ( COMMUNICATION40 ,5CULTURAT$ D[N TO HIS TOES1 ,FREUD DIDN'T CELEBRATE ?IS SUSPICION1 & SEEM$ TO FE> ! LIFE =CE ?AT ACCOMPANI$ SU* NON-CULTURAL DYNAMICS4 ,LAUR5S VAN D] ,PO/ 7E4G4 ,! ,LO/ ,WORLD ( ! ,KALAH>I1 #a#i#e#h7 RELAT$ SEV]AL FIR/H& OBS]VATIONS ( TELEPA?IC COMMUNICATION1 OV] CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES1 AMONG ! PEOPLE :O US$ TO BE CALL$ 0,BU%M540 ,M4 ,POB]S & ,RI*>D ,/4 ,B>BE ,BAK]1 ALSO WRIT+ 9 ! #a#i#eS1 WITNESS$ TELEPA?Y BY 9DIG5\S PEOPLE BE=E !Y W]E COLONIZ$ BY CIVILIZATION4 ,I M5TION ?IS 9 PASS+ AS ONE GLIMPSE ( ! REALITY ( ! NON-SYMBOLIC1 A DIRECT CONNECTION ?AT ACTUALLY EXI/$ NOT LONG AGO1 & ?AT C\LD BE REVIV$ AMID ! RU9S ( REPRES5TATION4 

,LANGUAGE & >T MAY HAVE ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ & UNIT$ 9 RITUAL1 A CULTURAL 9NOVATION 9T5D$ TO BRIDGE A NEW SEP>ATION BETWE5 PEOPLE & !IR WORLD4 ,! T]M 0ANIMISM0 IS (T5 US$1 DISMISSIVELY OR EV5 PEJORATIVELY1 TO DESCRIBE ! BELIEF ?AT NON-HUMAN BE+S & EV5 OBJECTS >E 9HABIT$ BY 0SPIRITS40 ,JU/ AS ! T]M 0AN>*ISM0 IS A SUMM>Y DESCRIPTION ( AN>*Y1 A P]VASIVE VIEWPO9T OR /ATE ( BE+ ?AT REJECTS HI]>*Y1 0ANIMISM0 FAILS TO CAPTURE ! TRANS=MATIVE QUALITY ( A %>$ AW>5ESS4 ,9 ! CASE ( AN>*Y1 !RE IS AN AW>5ESS ?AT LIV+ 9 EQUALITY ) ) O!R HUMANS NECESSITATES ! REJECTION ( ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 9CLUD+ LEAD]%IP & POLITICAL REPRES5TATION4 0,ANIMISM0 REF]S TO ! EXT5SION ( ?AT AW>5ESS TO O!R LIFE =MS & EV5 TO 09ANIMATE0 DWELL]S ON ! PLANET SU* AS ROCKS1 CL\DS1 & RIV]S4 ,! FACT ?AT !RE IS NO WORD RELAT$ TO ANIMISM1 ANALOG\S TO AN>*Y1 IS AN 9DEX ( H[ DI/ANC$ WE >E FROM ?IS AW>5ESS1 9 \R PRES5T /ATE4 ,GRE5 AN>*Y EXPLICITLY /ATES ?AT AN>*Y MU/ EMBRACE ! COMMUNITY ( LIV+ BE+S1 & 9 ?IS S5SE TAKES A /EP T[>D RE-AWAK5+ ?IS AW>5ESS4 

,DID HUMANS LOSE ! AW>5ESS ( BELONG+ TO AN E>?LY COMMUNITY ( LIV+ BE+S ) ! ADV5T ( DOME/ICATION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 & AGRICULTURE8 ,! CON/RUCTION ( MONUM5TS & ! BEG9N+S ( ANIMAL & HUMAN SACRIFICE W\LD T5D TO SUPPORT ?IS HYPO!SIS4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! SCAPEGOAT$ VICTIM IS HELD RESPONSIBLE = COMMUNAL MIS=TUNE & SUFF]+1 :ILE ! FUNDAM5TAL REASONS = ! COMMUNITY'S LOSS GO UNRECOGNIZ$ & UNMITIGAT$4 ,RITUAL 9VOLVES 05ORM\S AM\NTS ( 5]GY0 7,KNI<T 9 ,DUNB>1 ,KNI<T & ,P[]1 #a#i#i#i72 IT IS USUALLY L\D1 MULTIM$IAT$1 EMOTIONAL1 & R$UNDANT1 TE/IFY+ TO ! FELT DEP? ( ! UND]LY+ CRISIS4 

,! MOVEM5T FROM ANIMISM TO RITUAL P>ALLELS ! TRANS=MATION ( SMALL1 FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS 9TO L>GE1 COMPLEX SOCIETIES4 ,CULTURE TAKES OV]1 ) SPECIALIZ$ PR(ESSIONALS 9 *>GE ( ! REALM ( ! SACR$4 ,! LONG+ = ?AT ORIG9AL FEEL+ ( COMMUNION ) O!R BE+S & EGALIT>IAN 9TIMACY ) ONE'S FELL[ HUMANS CAN NEV] BE APPEAS$ BY RITUAL ACTIVITIES DEVELOP$ )9 A HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,?IS T5D5CY CULM9ATES 9 ! TEA*+S ( TRANSC5DANT RELIGIONS1 ?AT S9CE ! MEAN+ ( \R LIVES HAS NO?+ TO DO ) LIFE ON E>?1 WE %\LD P9 \R HOPES ON A HEAV5LY REW>D4 ,CONV]SELY1 AS ) ! ,AKA & ,MBUTI DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 FEEL+S ( ON5ESS ) ! E>? & ALL ITS 9HABITANTS1 & A S5SE ( ! JOY & MEAN+FULNESS ( EXI/5CE1 SEEM TO FL\RI% :5 WE HUMANS LIVE 9 EGALIT>IAN1 FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS4 

,RETURN+ TO LANGUAGE1 AN AGRE$-UPON BANALITY IS ?AT REALITY IS ALWAYS 9H]5TLY DISCLOS$ ?R\< LANGUAGE -- ?AT 9 FACT REALITY IS DECISIVELY M$IAT$ BY LANGUAGE4 ,PO/MOD]NISM UPS ?IS ANTE 9 TWO WAYS4 ,BECAUSE LANGUAGE IS BASICALLY A SELF-REF]5TIAL SY/EM1 ,P,M AV]S1 LANGUAGE CANNOT REALLY 9VOLVE MEAN+4 ,FUR!R1 !RE IS ONLY LANGUAGE 7AS !RE IS ONLY CIVILIZATION72 !RE IS NO ESCAPE FROM A WORLD DEF9$ BY LANGUAGE GAMES 7& DOME/ICATION74 ,BUT >*AEOLOGICAL & E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE %[S CLE>LY ?AT HUMAN LIFE HAS EXI/$ \TSIDE REPRES5TATION1 & NO?+ DEF9ITIVELY PRECLUDES HUMANS FROM LIV+ ?AT WAY AGA9 -- H[EV] DEV\TLY ! PO/MOD]NI/S1 9 !IR ACCOMMODATION TO ! SY/EM1 MAY PRAY ?AT ?IS JU/ CANNOT BE4 

,! ULTIMATE 9 REPRES5TATION IS ! CURR5T 0SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE0 DESCRIB$ SO VIVIDLY BY ,GUY ,DEBORD4 ,WE N[ CONSUME ! IMAGE ( LIV+2 LIFE HAS PASS$ 9TO ! /AGE ( ITS REPRES5TATION1 AS SPECTACLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT TE*NOLOGY (F]S VIRTUAL REALITY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! 5SEMBLE ( ELECTRONIC M$IA CREATES A VIRTUAL COMMUNITY1 AN ADVANC$ SYMBOLIC /ATE ( PASSIVE CONSUMPTION & LE>N$ HELPLESSNESS4 

,BUT ! BALANCE %EET = ! RUL+ ORD] %[S A MIX$ =ECA/4 ,= ONE ?+1 REPRES5TATION 9 ! POLITICAL SECTOR IS MET ) SKEPTICISM & APA?Y SIMIL> TO ?AT EV9C$ BY REPRES5TATION 9 G5]AL4 ,HAS !RE EV] BE5 SO MU* 9CESSANT YAMM] AB\T DEMOCRACY1 & LESS REAL 9T]E/ 9 IT8 ,TO REPRES5T OR BE REPRES5T$ IS A DEGRADATION1 A R$UCTION1 BO? 9 ! S5SE ( SYMBOLIC CULTURE & 9 T]MS ( P[]4 

,DEMOCRACY1 ( C\RSE1 IS A =M ( RULE4 ,P>TISANS ( AN>*Y %\LD KN[ ?IS1 ?\< LEFTI/S HAVE NO PROBLEM ) GOV]NANCE4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & O!R CLASSICAL AN>*I/S FAIL TO QUE/ION ANY ( ! MORE FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS DIVISION ( LABOR1 DOME/ICATION1 DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 ,PROGRESS1 TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ETC4 

,TO QUOTE ,RIDDLEY ,WALK] AGA91 AS AN ANTIDOTE3 0,I CUD FEAL SOME ?+ GR[+ 9 ME IT W] LIKE A GREAN SEA SURG+ 9 ME IT W] SAY+1 LOSE IT4 ,SAY+1 LET GO4 ,SAY+1 ! ONLYES P[] IS NO P[]40 ,! HE>T ( AN>*Y4 

,HEIDEGG]1 9 ,DISC\RSE ON ,?9K+1 C\NSEL$ ?AT AN ATTITUDE ( 0OP5NESS TO ! MY/]Y0 PROMISES 0A NEW GR\ND & F\NDATION UPON :I* WE CAN /& & 5DURE 9 ! WORLD ( TE*NOLOGY )\T BE+ IMP]IL$ BY IT40 ,AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ORI5TATION DOES NOT CONSI/ ( ?IS PASSIVE ATTITUDE1 ( *ANG+ ONLY \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9/EAD1 TE*NOLOGY & ITS ACCOMPLICE1 CULTURE1 MU/ BE MET BY A RESOLUTE AUTONOMY & REFUSAL ?AT LOOKS AT ! :OLE SPAN ( HUMAN PRES5CE & REJECTS ALL DIM5SIONS ( CAPTIVITY & DE/RUCTION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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