,NO ,TREASON ,V,I 

#ahg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TAGS 3 PEOPLE ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 LAW & REASON1 ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 PR9CIPLES ( LAW1 SUPPORT ! CON/ITUTION1 B& ( ROBB]S1 BODY ( M51 ROBB]IES & MURD]S1 SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,*RIS ,RI*>DSON1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,NO ,TREASON ,V,I 
,LYS&] ,SPOON] 
7#a#h#g7  
  

,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS 
,NO ,TREASON4    ,NO4 ,V,I43 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,NO ,AU?ORITY4 

 ,I4 
 ,I,I4 
 ,I,I,I4 
 ,IV 
 ,V 
 ,V,I4 

 ,V,I,I4 
 ,V,I,I,I4 
 ,I,X4 
 ,X4 
 ,X,I4 
 ,X,I,I4 

 ,X,I,I,I4 
 ,X,I,V4 
 ,X,V4 
 ,X,V,I4 
 ,X,V,I,I4 
 ,X,V,I,I,I4 

 ,X,I,X4 
 ,APP5DIX4 

,5T]$ ACCORD+ TO ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 9 ! YE> #a#h#g1 ,BY ,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]1 

9 ! ,CL]K'S ,(FICE ( ! ,DI/RICT ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = ! ,DI/RICT ( ,MASSA*USETTS4 

,! FIR/ & SECOND NUMB]S ( ?IS S]IES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,= REASONS NOT NECESS>Y TO BE EXPLA9$1 ! SIX? IS N[ PUBLI%$ 9 ADVANCE ( ! ?IRD1 F\R? & FIF?4 

,N,O ,T,R,E,A,S,O,N4  

,N,O4 ,V,I4 
,! ,C,O,N,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N ,( ,N,O ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y4 
,I4 

,! ,CON/ITUTION HAS NO 9H]5T AU?ORITY OR OBLIGATION4 ,IT HAS NO AU?ORITY OR OBLIGATION AT ALL1 UNLESS AS A CONTRACT BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,& IT DOES NOT SO MU* AS EV5 PURPORT TO BE A CONTRACT BETWE5 P]SONS N[ EXI/+4 ,IT PURPORTS1 AT MO/1 TO BE ONLY A CONTRACT BETWE5 P]SONS LIV+ EI<TY YE>S AGO4 ,& IT CAN BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 A CONTRACT !N ONLY BETWE5 P]SONS :O HAD ALREADY COME TO YE>S ( DISCRETION1 SO AS TO BE COMPET5T TO MAKE REASONABLE & OBLIGATORY CONTRACTS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE KN[1 HI/ORICALLY1 ?AT ONLY A SMALL PORTION EV5 ( ! PEOPLE !N EXI/+ W]E CONSULT$ ON ! SUBJECT1 OR ASK$1 OR P]MITT$ TO EXPRESS EI!R !IR CONS5T OR DISS5T 9 ANY =MAL MANN]4 ,?OSE P]SONS1 IF ANY1 :O DID GIVE !IR CONS5T =MALLY1 >E ALL DEAD N[4 ,MO/ ( !M HAVE BE5 DEAD =TY1 FIFTY1 SIXTY1 OR SEV5TY YE>S4 ,& ! ,CON/ITUTION1 SO F> AS IT WAS !IR CONTRACT1 DI$ ) !M4 ,!Y HAD NO NATURAL P[] OR RI<T TO MAKE IT OBLIGATORY UPON !IR *ILDR54 ,IT IS NOT ONLY PLA9LY IMPOSSIBLE1 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S1 ?AT !Y C\LD B9D !IR PO/]ITY1 BUT !Y DID NOT EV5 ATTEMPT TO B9D !M4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! 9/RUM5T DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 ANYBODY BUT 0! PEOPLE0 !N EXI/+2 NOR DOES IT1 EI!R EXPRESSLY OR IMPLI$LY1 ASS]T ANY RI<T1 P[]1 OR DISPOSITION1 ON !IR P>T1 TO B9D ANYBODY BUT !MSELVES4 ,LET US SEE4 ,ITS LANGUAGE IS3 

0,WE1 ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES .<?AT IS1 ! PEOPLE !N EXI/+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES.>1 9 ORD] TO =M A MORE P]FECT UNION1 9SURE DOME/IC TRANQUILITY1 PROVIDE = ! COMMON DEF5SE1 PROMOTE ! G5]AL WELF>E1 & SECURE ! BLESS+S ( LIB]TY TO \RSELVES & \R PO/]ITY1 DO ORDA9 & E/ABLI% ?IS ,CON/ITUTION = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA40 

,IT IS PLA91 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ?IS LANGUAGE1 AS AN AGREEM5T1 PURPORTS TO BE ONLY :AT IT AT MO/ REALLY WAS1 VIZ3 A CONTRACT BETWE5 ! PEOPLE !N EXI/+2 &1 ( NECESSITY1 B9D+1 AS A CONTRACT1 ONLY UPON ?OSE !N EXI/+4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! LANGUAGE NEI!R EXPRESSES NOR IMPLIES ?AT !Y HAD ANY 9T5TION OR DESIRE1 NOR ?AT !Y IMAG9$ !Y HAD ANY RI<T OR P[]1 TO B9D !IR 0PO/]ITY0 TO LIVE UND] IT4 ,IT DOES NOT SAY ?AT !IR 0PO/]ITY0 WILL1 %ALL1 OR MU/ LIVE UND] IT4 ,IT ONLY SAYS1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT !IR HOPES & MOTIVES 9 ADOPT+ IT W]E ?AT IT MI<T PROVE USEFUL TO !IR PO/]ITY1 AS WELL AS TO !MSELVES1 BY PROMOT+ !IR UNION1 SAFETY1 TRANQUILITY1 LIB]TY1 ETC4 

,SUPPOSE AN AGREEM5T W]E 5T]$ 9TO1 9 ?IS =M3 

,WE1 ! PEOPLE ( ,BO/ON1 AGREE TO MA9TA9 A =T ON ,GOV]NOR'S ,ISL&1 TO PROTECT \RSELVES & \R PO/]ITY AGA9/ 9VASION4 

,?IS AGREEM5T1 AS AN AGREEM5T1 W\LD CLE>LY B9D NOBODY BUT ! PEOPLE !N EXI/+4 ,SECONDLY1 IT W\LD ASS]T NO RI<T1 P[]1 OR DISPOSITION1 ON !IR P>T1 TO COMPEL !IR 0PO/]ITY0 TO MA9TA9 SU* A =T4 ,IT W\LD ONLY 9DICATE ?AT ! SUPPOS$ WELF>E ( !IR PO/]ITY WAS ONE ( ! MOTIVES ?AT 9DUC$ ! ORIG9AL P>TIES TO 5T] 9TO ! AGREEM5T4 

,:5 A MAN SAYS HE IS BUILD+ A H\SE = HIMSELF & HIS PO/]ITY1 HE DOES NOT MEAN TO BE UND]/OOD AS SAY+ ?AT HE HAS ANY ?\<T ( B9D+ !M1 NOR IS IT TO BE 9F]R$ ?AT HE IS SO FOOLI% AS TO IMAG9E ?AT HE HAS ANY RI<T OR P[] TO B9D !M1 TO LIVE 9 IT4 ,SO F> AS !Y >E CONC]N$1 HE ONLY MEANS TO BE UND]/OOD AS SAY+ ?AT HIS HOPES & MOTIVES1 9 BUILD+ IT1 >E ?AT !Y1 OR AT LEA/ SOME ( !M1 MAY F9D IT = !IR HAPP9ESS TO LIVE 9 IT4 

,SO :5 A MAN SAYS HE IS PLANT+ A TREE = HIMSELF & HIS PO/]ITY1 HE DOES NOT MEAN TO BE UND]/OOD AS SAY+ ?AT HE HAS ANY ?\<T ( COMPELL+ !M1 NOR IS IT TO BE 9F]R$ ?AT HE IS SU* A SIMPLETON AS TO IMAG9E ?AT HE HAS ANY RI<T OR P[] TO COMPEL !M1 TO EAT ! FRUIT4 ,SO F> AS !Y >E CONC]N$1 HE ONLY MEANS TO SAY ?AT HIS HOPES & MOTIVES1 9 PLANT+ ! TREE1 >E ?AT ITS FRUIT MAY BE AGREEABLE TO !M4 

,SO IT WAS ) ?OSE :O ORIG9ALLY ADOPT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,:ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 !IR P]SONAL 9T5TIONS1 ! LEGAL MEAN+ ( !IR LANGUAGE1 SO F> AS !IR 0PO/]ITY0 WAS CONC]N$1 SIMPLY WAS1 ?AT !IR HOPES & MOTIVES1 9 5T]+ 9TO ! AGREEM5T1 W]E ?AT IT MI<T PROVE USEFUL & ACCEPTABLE TO !IR PO/]ITY2 ?AT IT MI<T PROMOTE !IR UNION1 SAFETY1 TRANQUILITY1 & WELF>E2 & ?AT IT MI<T T5D 0TO SECURE TO !M ! BLESS+S ( LIB]TY40 ,! LANGUAGE DOES NOT ASS]T NOR AT ALL IMPLY1 ANY RI<T1 P[]1 OR DISPOSITION1 ON ! P>T ( ! ORIG9AL P>TIES TO ! AGREEM5T1 TO COMPEL !IR 0PO/]ITY0 TO LIVE UND] IT4 ,IF !Y HAD 9T5D$ TO B9D !IR PO/]ITY TO LIVE UND] IT1 !Y %\LD HAVE SAID ?AT !IR OBJECT WAS1 NOT 0TO SECURE TO !M ! BLESS+S ( LIB]TY10 BUT TO MAKE SLAVES ( !M2 = IF !IR 0PO/]ITY0 >E B\ND TO LIVE UND] IT1 !Y >E NO?+ LESS ?AN ! SLAVES ( !IR FOOLI%1 TYRANNICAL1 & DEAD GR&FA!RS4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION =M$ 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 = ALL TIME1 9TO A CORPORATION4 ,IT DOES NOT SPEAK ( 0! PEOPLE0 AS A CORPORATION1 BUT AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,A CORPORATION DOES NOT DESCRIBE ITSELF AS 0WE10 NOR AS 0PEOPLE10 NOR AS 0\RSELVES40 ,NOR DOES A CORPORATION1 9 LEGAL LANGUAGE1 HAVE ANY 0PO/]ITY40 ,IT SUPPOSES ITSELF TO HAVE1 & SPEAKS ( ITSELF AS HAV+1 P]PETUAL EXI/5CE1 AS A S+LE 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,MOREOV]1 NO BODY ( M51 EXI/+ AT ANY ONE TIME1 HAVE ! P[] TO CREATE A P]PETUAL CORPORATION4 ,A CORPORATION CAN BECOME PRACTICALLY P]PETUAL ONLY BY ! VOLUNT>Y ACCESSION ( NEW MEMB]S1 AS ! OLD ONES DIE (F4 ,BUT = ?IS VOLUNT>Y ACCESSION ( NEW MEMB]S1 ! CORPORATION NECESS>ILY DIES ) ! DEA? ( ?OSE :O ORIG9ALLY COMPOS$ IT4 

,LEGALLY SPEAK+1 !RE=E1 !RE IS1 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION1 NO?+ ?AT PR(ESSES OR ATTEMPTS TO B9D ! 0PO/]ITY0 ( ?OSE :O E/ABLI% IT4 

,IF1 !N1 ?OSE :O E/ABLI%$ ! ,CON/ITUTION1 HAD NO P[] TO B9D1 & DID NOT ATTEMPT TO B9D1 !IR PO/]ITY1 ! QUE/ION >ISES1 :E!R !IR PO/]ITY HAVE B\ND !MSELVES8 ,IF !Y HAVE DONE SO1 !Y CAN HAVE DONE SO 9 ONLY ONE OR BO? ( !SE TWO WAYS1 VIZ4 BY VOT+1 & PAY+ TAXES4 
,I,I4 

,LET US CONSID] !SE TWO MATT]S1 VOT+ & TAX PAY+1 SEP>ATELY4 ,& FIR/ ( VOT+4 

,ALL ! VOT+ ?AT HAS EV] TAK5 PLACE UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION1 HAS BE5 ( SU* A K9D ?AT IT NOT ONLY DID NOT PL$GE ! :OLE PEOPLE TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 BUT IT DID NOT EV5 PL$GE ANY ONE ( !M TO DO SO1 AS ! FOLL[+ CONSID]ATIONS %[4 

#a4 ,9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 ! ACT ( VOT+ C\LD B9D NOBODY BUT ! ACTUAL VOT]S4 ,BUT [+ TO ! PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS REQUIR$1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT1 DUR+ ! FIR/ TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION1 NOT MORE ?AN ONE T5?1 FIFTE5?1 OR P]HAPS TW5TIE? ( ! :OLE POPULATION 7BLACK & :ITE1 M51 WOM51 & M9ORS7 W]E P]MITT$ TO VOTE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 SO F> AS VOT+ WAS CONC]N$1 NOT MORE ?AN ONE T5?1 FIFTE5?1 OR TW5TIE? ( ?OSE !N EXI/+1 C\LD HAVE 9CURR$ ANY OBLIGATION TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT NOT MORE ?AN ONE SIX? ( ! :OLE POPULATION >E P]MITT$ TO VOTE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 SO F> AS VOT+ IS CONC]N$1 ! O!R FIVE-SIX?S CAN HAVE GIV5 NO PL$GE ?AT !Y WILL SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

#b4 ,( ! ONE-SIX? ?AT >E P]MITT$ TO VOTE1 PROBABLY NOT MORE ?AN TWO-?IRDS 7AB\T ONE-N9? ( ! :OLE POPULATION7 HAVE USUALLY VOT$4 ,MANY NEV] VOTE AT ALL4 ,MANY VOTE ONLY ONCE 9 TWO1 ?REE1 FIVE1 OR T5 YE>S1 9 P]IODS ( GREAT EXCITEM5T4 

,NO ONE1 BY VOT+1 CAN BE SAID TO PL$GE HIMSELF = ANY LONG] P]IOD ?AN ?AT = :I* HE VOTES4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ,I VOTE = AN (FIC] :O IS TO HOLD HIS (FICE = ONLY A YE>1 ,I CANNOT BE SAID TO HAVE !REBY PL$G$ MYSELF TO SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T BEYOND ?AT T]M4 ,!RE=E1 ON ! GR\ND ( ACTUAL VOT+1 IT PROBABLY CANNOT BE SAID ?AT MORE ?AN ONE-N9?1 OR ONE-EI<?1 ( ! :OLE POPULATION >E USUALLY UND] ANY PL$GE TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

#c4 ,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT1 BY VOT+1 A MAN PL$GES HIMSELF TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 UNLESS ! ACT ( VOT+ BE A P]FECTLY VOLUNT>Y ONE ON HIS P>T4 ,YET ! ACT ( VOT+ CANNOT PROP]LY BE CALL$ A VOLUNT>Y ONE ON ! P>T ( ANY V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( ?OSE :O DO VOTE4 ,IT IS RA!R A MEASURE ( NECESSITY IMPOS$ UPON !M BY O!RS1 ?AN ONE ( !IR [N *OICE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ,I REPEAT :AT WAS SAID 9 A =M] NUMB]1"9 VIZ3 

0,9 TRU?1 9 ! CASE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 !IR ACTUAL VOT+ IS NOT TO BE TAK5 AS PRO( ( CONS5T1 EV5 = ! TIME BE+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ ?AT1 )\T HIS CONS5T HAV+ EV5 BE5 ASK$ A MAN F9DS HIMSELF 5VIRON$ BY A GOV]NM5T ?AT HE CANNOT RESI/2 A GOV]NM5T ?AT =CES HIM TO PAY MONEY1 R5D] S]VICE1 & =EGO ! EX]CISE ( MANY ( HIS NATURAL RI<TS1 UND] P]IL ( WEI<TY PUNI%M5TS4 ,HE SEES1 TOO1 ?AT O!R M5 PRACTICE ?IS TYRANNY OV] HIM BY ! USE ( ! BALLOT4 ,HE SEES FUR!R1 ?AT1 IF HE WILL BUT USE ! BALLOT HIMSELF1 HE HAS SOME *ANCE ( RELIEV+ HIMSELF FROM ?IS TYRANNY ( O!RS1 BY SUBJECT+ !M TO HIS [N4 ,9 %ORT1 HE F9DS HIMSELF1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 SO SITUAT$ ?AT1 IF HE USE ! BALLOT1 HE MAY BECOME A MA/]2 IF HE DOES NOT USE IT1 HE MU/ BECOME A SLAVE4 ,& HE HAS NO O!R ALT]NATIVE ?AN !SE TWO4 ,9 SELF-DEF5SE1 HE ATTEMPTS ! =M]4 ,HIS CASE IS ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( A MAN :O HAS BE5 =C$ 9TO BATTLE1 :]E HE MU/ EI!R KILL O!RS1 OR BE KILL$ HIMSELF4 ,BECAUSE1 TO SAVE HIS [N LIFE 9 BATTLE1 A MAN ATTEMPTS TO TAKE ! LIVES ( HIS OPPON5TS1 IT IS NOT TO BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! BATTLE IS ONE ( HIS [N *OOS+4 ,NEI!R 9 CONTE/S ) ! BALLOT--:I* IS A M]E SUB/ITUTE = A BULLET--BECAUSE1 AS HIS ONLY *ANCE ( SELF-PRES]VATION1 A MAN USES A BALLOT1 IS IT TO BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! CONTE/ IS ONE 9TO :I* HE VOLUNT>ILY 5T]$2 ?AT HE VOLUNT>ILY SET UP ALL HIS [N NATURAL RI<TS1 AS A /AKE AGA9/ ?OSE ( O!RS1 TO BE LO/ OR WON BY ! M]E P[] ( NUMB]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ ?AT1 9 AN EXIG5CY 9TO :I* HE HAD BE5 =C$ BY O!RS1 & 9 :I* NO O!R MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE (F]$1 HE1 AS A MATT] ( NECESSITY1 US$ ! ONLY ONE ?AT WAS LEFT TO HIM4 

0,D\BTLESS ! MO/ MIS]ABLE ( M51 UND] ! MO/ OPPRESSIVE GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD1 IF ALL[$ ! BALLOT1 W\LD USE IT1 IF !Y C\LD SEE ANY *ANCE ( !REBY MELIORAT+ !IR CONDITION4 ,BUT IT W\LD NOT1 !RE=E1 BE A LEGITIMATE 9F]5CE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 ?AT CRU%ES !M1 WAS ONE :I* !Y HAD VOLUNT>ILY SET UP1 OR EV] CONS5T$ TO4 

0,!RE=E1 A MAN'S VOT+ UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS NOT TO BE TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT HE EV] FREELY ASS5T$ TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 EV5 = ! TIME BE+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE HAVE NO PRO( ?AT ANY V]Y L>GE PORTION1 EV5 ( ! ACTUAL VOT]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EV] REALLY & VOLUNT>ILY CONS5T$ TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 EV5 = ! TIME BE+4 ,NOR CAN WE EV] HAVE SU* PRO(1 UNTIL EV]Y MAN IS LEFT P]FECTLY FREE TO CONS5T1 OR NOT1 )\T !REBY SUBJECT+ HIMSELF OR HIS PROP]TY TO BE DI/URB$ OR 9JUR$ BY O!RS40 

,AS WE CAN HAVE NO LEGAL KN[L$GE AS TO :O VOTES FROM *OICE1 & :O FROM ! NECESSITY ?US =C$ UPON HIM1 WE CAN HAVE NO LEGAL KN[L$GE1 AS TO ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT HE VOT$ FROM *OICE2 OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT BY VOT+1 HE CONS5T$1 OR PL$G$ HIMSELF1 TO SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T4 ,LEGALLY SPEAK+1 !RE=E1 ! ACT ( VOT+ UTT]LY FAILS TO PL$GE ANY ONE TO SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT UTT]LY FAILS TO PROVE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T RE/S UPON ! VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT ( ANYBODY4 ,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAS ANY VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT]S AT ALL1 UNTIL IT CAN BE DI/9CTLY %[N :O ITS VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT]S >E4 

#d4 ,AS TAXATION IS MADE COMPULSORY ON ALL1 :E!R !Y VOTE OR NOT1 A L>GE PROPORTION ( ?OSE :O VOTE1 NO D\BT DO SO TO PREV5T !IR [N MONEY BE+ US$ AGA9/ !MSELVES2 :51 9 FACT1 !Y W\LD HAVE GLADLY AB/A9$ FROM VOT+1 IF !Y C\LD !REBY HAVE SAV$ !MSELVES FROM TAXATION ALONE1 TO SAY NO?+ ( BE+ SAV$ FROM ALL ! O!R USURPATIONS & TYRANNIES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,TO TAKE A MAN'S PROP]TY )\T HIS CONS5T1 & !N TO 9F] HIS CONS5T BECAUSE HE ATTEMPTS1 BY VOT+1 TO PREV5T ?AT PROP]TY FROM BE+ US$ TO HIS 9JURY1 IS A V]Y 9SUFFICI5T PRO( ( HIS CONS5T TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 NO PRO( AT ALL4 ,& AS WE CAN HAVE NO LEGAL KN[L$GE AS TO :O ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS >E1 IF !RE >E ANY1 :O >E WILL+ TO BE TAX$ = ! SAKE ( VOT+1 OR :O W\LD PREF] FRE$OM FROM TAXATION TO ! PRIVILEGE ( VOT+1 WE CAN HAVE NO LEGAL KN[L$GE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL CONS5TS TO BE TAX$ = ! SAKE ( VOT+2 OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 CONS5TS TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

#e4 ,AT NE>LY ALL ELECTIONS1 VOTES >E GIV5 = V>I\S C&IDATES = ! SAME (FICE4 ,?OSE :O VOTE = ! UNSUCCESSFUL C&IDATES CANNOT PROP]LY BE SAID TO HAVE VOT$ TO SU/A9 ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,!Y MAY1 ) MORE REASON1 BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE VOT$1 NOT TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 BUT SPECIALLY TO PREV5T ! TYRANNY :I* !Y ANTICIPATE ! SUCCESSFUL C&IDATE 9T5DS TO PRACTICE UPON !M UND] COLOR ( ! ,CON/ITUTION2 & !RE=E MAY REASONABLY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE VOT$ AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF4 ,?IS SUPPOSITION IS ! MORE REASONABLE1 9ASMU* AS SU* VOT+ IS ! ONLY MODE ALL[$ TO !M ( EXPRESS+ !IR DISS5T TO ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

#f4 ,MANY VOTES >E USUALLY GIV5 = C&IDATES :O HAVE NO PROSPECT ( SUCCESS4 ,?OSE :O GIVE SU* VOTES MAY REASONABLY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE VOT$ AS !Y DID1 ) A SPECIAL 9T5TION1 NOT TO SUPPORT1 BUT TO OB/RUCT ! EXECUTION (1 ! ,CON/ITUTION2 &1 !RE=E1 AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF4 

#g4 ,AS ALL ! DIFF]5T VOTES >E GIV5 SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT71 !RE IS NO LEGAL MEANS ( KN[+1 FROM ! VOTES !MSELVES1 :O VOTES =1 & :O AGA9/1 ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,!RE=E VOT+ AF=DS NO LEGAL EVID5CE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,& :]E !RE CAN BE NO LEGAL EVID5CE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION1 IT CANNOT LEGALLY BE SAID ?AT ANYBODY SUPPORTS IT4 ,IT IS CLE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE ANY LEGAL PRO( ( ! 9T5TIONS ( L>GE NUMB]S ( M51 :]E !RE CAN BE NO LEGAL PRO( ( ! 9T5TIONS ( ANY P>TICUL> ONE ( !M4 

#h4 ,!RE BE+ NO LEGAL PRO( ( ANY MAN'S 9T5TIONS1 9 VOT+1 WE CAN ONLY CONJECTURE !M4 ,AS A CONJECTURE1 IT IS PROBABLE ?AT A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION ( ?OSE :O VOTE1 DO SO ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 VIZ41 ?AT IF1 BY VOT+1 !Y C\LD BUT GET ! GOV]NM5T 9TO !IR [N H&S 7OR ?AT ( !IR FRI5DS71 & USE ITS P[]S AGA9/ !IR OPPON5TS1 !Y W\LD !N WILL+LY SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION2 BUT IF !IR OPPON5TS >E TO HAVE ! P[]1 & USE IT AGA9/ !M1 !N !Y W\LD NOT WILL+LY SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

,9 %ORT1 M5'S VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION IS D\BTLESS1 9 MO/ CASES1 :OLLY CONT+5T UPON ! QUE/ION :E!R1 BY MEANS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 !Y CAN MAKE !MSELVES MA/]S1 OR >E TO BE MADE SLAVES4 

,SU* CONT+5T CONS5T AS ?AT IS1 9 LAW & REASON1 NO CONS5T AT ALL4 

#i4 ,AS EV]Y BODY :O SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION BY VOT+ 7IF !RE >E ANY SU*7 DOES SO SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT71 & 9 A WAY TO AVOID ALL P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! ACTS ( HIS AG5TS OR REPRES5TATIVES1 IT CANNOT LEGALLY OR REASONABLY BE SAID ?AT ANYBODY AT ALL SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION BY VOT+4 ,NO MAN CAN REASONABLY OR LEGALLY BE SAID TO DO SU* A ?+ AS TO ASS5T TO1 OR SUPPORT1 ! ,CON/ITUTION1 UNLESS HE DOES IT OP5LY1 & 9 A WAY TO MAKE HIMSELF P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( HIS AG5TS1 SO LONG AS !Y ACT )9 ! LIMITS ( ! P[] HE DELEGATES TO !M4 

#a4 ,AS ALL VOT+ IS SECRET1 7BY SECRET BALLOT17 & AS ALL SECRET GOV]NM5TS >E NECESS>ILY ONLY SECRET B&S ( ROBB]S1 TYRANTS1 & MURD]]S1 ! G5]AL FACT ?AT \R GOV]NM5T IS PRACTICALLY C>RI$ ON BY MEANS ( SU* VOT+1 ONLY PROVES ?AT !RE IS AMONG US A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S1 TYRANTS & MURD]]S1 :OSE PURPOSE IS TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 &1 SO F> AS NECESS>Y TO ACCOMPLI% !IR PURPOSES1 MURD]1 ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! SIMPLE FACT ( ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A B& DOES NO?+ T[>DS PROV+ ?AT 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR ANY ONE ( !M1 VOLUNT>ILY SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

,= ALL ! REASONS ?AT HAVE N[ BE5 GIV51 VOT+ FURNI%ES NO LEGAL EVID5CE AS TO :O ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS >E 7IF !RE >E ANY71 :O VOLUNT>ILY SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,IT !RE=E FURNI%ES NO LEGAL EVID5CE ?AT ANYBODY SUPPORTS IT VOLUNT>ILY4 

,SO F>1 !RE=E1 AS VOT+ IS CONC]N$1 ! ,CON/ITUTION1 LEGALLY SPEAK+1 HAS NO SUPPORT]S AT ALL4 

,&1 AS MATT] ( FACT1 !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ PROBABILITY ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION HAS A S+LE BONA FIDE SUPPORT] 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ PROBABILITY ?AT !RE IS A S+LE MAN 9 ! C\NTRY1 :O BO? UND]/&S :AT ! ,CON/ITUTION REALLY IS1 & S9C]ELY SUPPORTS IT = :AT IT REALLY IS4 

,! O/5SIBLE SUPPORT]S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 LIKE ! O/5SIBLE SUPPORT]S ( MO/ O!R GOV]NM5TS1 >E MADE UP ( ?REE CLASSES1 VIZ43 #a4 ,KNAVES1 A NUM]\S & ACTIVE CLASS1 :O SEE 9 ! GOV]NM5T AN 9/RUM5T :I* !Y CAN USE = !IR [N AGGR&IZEM5T OR WEAL?4 #b4 ,DUPES--A L>GE CLASS1 NO D\BT--EA* ( :OM1 BECAUSE HE IS ALL[$ ONE VOICE \T ( MILLIONS 9 DECID+ :AT HE MAY DO ) HIS [N P]SON & HIS [N PROP]TY1 & BECAUSE HE IS P]MITT$ TO HAVE ! SAME VOICE 9 ROBB+1 5SLAV+1 & MURD]+ O!RS1 ?AT O!RS HAVE 9 ROBB+1 5SLAV+1 & MURD]+ HIMSELF1 IS /UPID 5\< TO IMAG9E ?AT HE IS A 0FREE MAN10 A 0SOV]EIGN02 ?AT ?IS IS 0A FREE GOV]NM5T02 0A GOV]NM5T ( EQUAL RI<TS10 0! BE/ GOV]NM5T ON E>?10"9 & SU* LIKE ABSURDITIES4 #c4 ,A CLASS :O HAVE SOME APPRECIATION ( ! EVILS ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT EI!R DO NOT SEE H[ TO GET RID ( !M1 OR DO NOT *OOSE TO SO F> SACRIFICE !IR PRIVATE 9T]E/S AS TO GIVE !MSELVES S]I\SLY & E>NE/LY TO ! WORK ( MAK+ A *ANGE4 

,I,I,I4 

,! PAYM5T ( TAXES1 BE+ COMPULSORY1 ( C\RSE FURNI%ES NO EVID5CE ?AT ANY ONE VOLUNT>ILY SUPPORTS ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! !ORY ( \R ,CON/ITUTION IS1 ?AT ALL TAXES >E PAID VOLUNT>ILY2 ?AT \R GOV]NM5T IS A MUTUAL 9SURANCE COMPANY1 VOLUNT>ILY 5T]$ 9TO BY ! PEOPLE ) EA* O!R2 ?AT EA* MAN MAKES A FREE & PURELY VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT ) ALL O!RS :O >E P>TIES TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 TO PAY SO MU* MONEY = SO MU* PROTECTION1 ! SAME AS HE DOES ) ANY O!R 9SURANCE COMPANY2 & ?AT HE IS JU/ AS FREE NOT TO BE PROTECT$1 & NOT TO PAY ANY TAX1 AS HE IS TO PAY A TAX1 & BE PROTECT$4 

,BUT ?IS !ORY ( \R GOV]NM5T IS :OLLY DIFF]5T FROM ! PRACTICAL FACT4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T1 LIKE A HI<WAYMAN1 SAYS TO A MAN3 ,Y\R MONEY1 OR Y\R LIFE4 ,& MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 TAXES >E PAID UND] ! COMPULSION ( ?AT ?REAT4 

,! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT1 9DE$1 WAYLAY A MAN 9 A LONELY PLACE1 SPR+ UPON HIM FROM ! ROAD SIDE1 &1 HOLD+ A PI/OL TO HIS HEAD1 PROCE$ TO RIFLE HIS POCKETS4 ,BUT ! ROBB]Y IS NONE ! LESS A ROBB]Y ON ?AT ACC\NT2 & IT IS F> MORE DA/>DLY & %AMEFUL4 

,! HI<WAYMAN TAKES SOLELY UPON HIMSELF ! RESPONSIBILITY1 DANG]1 & CRIME ( HIS [N ACT4 ,HE DOES NOT PRET5D ?AT HE HAS ANY RI<TFUL CLAIM TO Y\R MONEY1 OR ?AT HE 9T5DS TO USE IT = Y\R [N B5EFIT4 ,HE DOES NOT PRET5D TO BE ANY?+ BUT A ROBB]4 ,HE HAS NOT ACQUIR$ IMPUD5CE 5\< TO PR(ESS TO BE M]ELY A 0PROTECTOR10 & ?AT HE TAKES M5'S MONEY AGA9/ !IR WILL1 M]ELY TO 5ABLE HIM TO 0PROTECT0 ?OSE 9FATUAT$ TRAVEL]S1 :O FEEL P]FECTLY ABLE TO PROTECT !MSELVES1 OR DO NOT APPRECIATE HIS PECULI> SY/EM ( PROTECTION4 ,HE IS TOO S5SIBLE A MAN TO MAKE SU* PR(ESSIONS AS !SE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HAV+ TAK5 Y\R MONEY1 HE LEAVES Y\1 AS Y\ WI% HIM TO DO4 ,HE DOES NOT P]SI/ 9 FOLL[+ Y\ ON ! ROAD1 AGA9/ Y\R WILL2 ASSUM+ TO BE Y\R RI<TFUL 0SOV]EIGN10 ON ACC\NT ( ! 0PROTECTION0 HE AF=DS Y\4 ,HE DOES NOT KEEP 0PROTECT+0 Y\1 BY COMM&+ Y\ TO B[ D[N & S]VE HIM2 BY REQUIR+ Y\ TO DO ?IS1 & =BIDD+ Y\ TO DO ?AT2 BY ROBB+ Y\ ( MORE MONEY AS (T5 AS HE F9DS IT = HIS 9T]E/ OR PLEASURE TO DO SO2 & BY BR&+ Y\ AS A REBEL1 A TRAITOR1 & AN 5EMY TO Y\R C\NTRY1 & %OOT+ Y\ D[N )\T M]CY1 IF Y\ DISPUTE HIS AU?ORITY1 OR RESI/ HIS DEM&S4 ,HE IS TOO MU* ( A G5TLEMAN TO BE GUILTY ( SU* IMPO/URES1 & 9SULTS1 & VILLANIES AS !SE4 ,9 %ORT1 HE DOES NOT1 9 ADDITION TO ROBB+ Y\1 ATTEMPT TO MAKE Y\ EI!R HIS DUPE OR HIS SLAVE4 

,! PROCE$+S ( ?OSE ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O CALL !MSELVES 0! GOV]NM5T10 >E DIRECTLY ! OPPOSITE ( !SE ( ! S+LE HI<WAYMAN4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !Y DO NOT1 LIKE HIM1 MAKE !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N2 OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TAKE UPON !MSELVES P]SONALLY ! RESPONSIBILITY ( !IR ACTS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT7 DESIGNATE SOME ONE ( !IR NUMB] TO COMMIT ! ROBB]Y 9 !IR BEHALF1 :ILE !Y KEEP !MSELVES PRACTICALLY CONCEAL$4 ,!Y SAY TO ! P]SON ?US DESIGNAT$3 

,GO TO ,A-- ,B--1 & SAY TO HIM ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T0 HAS NE$ ( MONEY TO MEET ! EXP5SES ( PROTECT+ HIM & HIS PROP]TY4 ,IF HE PRESUMES TO SAY ?AT HE HAS NEV] CONTRACT$ ) US TO PROTECT HIM1 & ?AT HE WANTS NONE ( \R PROTECTION1 SAY TO HIM ?AT ?AT IS \R BUS9ESS1 & NOT HIS2 ?AT WE *OOSE TO PROTECT HIM1 :E!R HE DESIRES US TO DO SO OR NOT2 & ?AT WE DEM& PAY1 TOO1 = PROTECT+ HIM4 ,IF HE D>ES TO 9QUIRE :O ! 9DIVIDUALS >E1 :O HAVE ?US TAK5 UPON !MSELVES ! TITLE ( 0! GOV]NM5T10 & :O ASSUME TO PROTECT HIM1 & DEM& PAYM5T ( HIM1 )\T HIS HAV+ EV] MADE ANY CONTRACT ) !M1 SAY TO HIM ?AT ?AT1 TOO1 IS \R BUS9ESS1 & NOT HIS2 ?AT WE DO NOT *OOSE TO MAKE \RSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO HIM2 ?AT WE HAVE SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT7 APPO9T$ Y\ \R AG5T TO GIVE HIM NOTICE ( \R DEM&S1 &1 IF HE COMPLIES ) !M1 TO GIVE HIM1 9 \R NAME1 A RECEIPT ?AT WILL PROTECT HIM AGA9/ ANY SIMIL> DEM& = ! PRES5T YE>4 ,IF HE REFUSES TO COMPLY1 SEIZE & SELL 5\< ( HIS PROP]TY TO PAY NOT ONLY \R DEM&S1 BUT ALL Y\R [N EXP5SES & TR\BLE BESIDE4 ,IF HE RESI/S ! SEIZURE ( HIS PROP]TY1 CALL UPON ! BY/&]S TO HELP Y\ 7D\BTLESS SOME ( !M WILL PROVE TO BE MEMB]S ( \R B&74 ,IF1 9 DEF5D+ HIS PROP]TY1 HE %\LD KILL ANY ( \R B& :O >E ASSI/+ Y\1 CAPTURE HIM AT ALL HAZ>DS2 *>GE HIM 79 ONE ( \R C\RTS7 ) MURD]1 CONVICT HIM1 & HANG HIM4 ,IF HE %\LD CALL UPON HIS NEI<BORS1 OR ANY O!RS :O1 LIKE HIM1 MAY BE DISPOS$ TO RESI/ \R DEM&S1 & !Y %\LD COME 9 L>GE NUMB]S TO HIS ASSI/ANCE1 CRY \T ?AT !Y >E ALL REBELS & TRAITORS2 ?AT 0\R C\NTRY0 IS 9 DANG]2 CALL UPON ! COMM&] ( \R HIR$ MURD]]S2 TELL HIM TO QUELL ! REBELLION & 0SAVE ! C\NTRY10 CO/ :AT IT MAY4 ,TELL HIM TO KILL ALL :O RESI/1 ?\< !Y %\LD BE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S2 & ?US /RIKE T]ROR 9TO ALL O!RS SIMIL>LY DISPOS$4 ,SEE ?AT ! WORK ( MURD] IS ?OR\<LY DONE1 ?AT WE MAY HAVE NO FUR!R TR\BLE ( ?IS K9D H]EAFT]4 ,:5 !SE TRAITORS %ALL HAVE ?US BE5 TAU<T \R /R5G? & \R DET]M9ATION1 !Y WILL BE GOOD LOYAL CITIZ5S = MANY YE>S1 & PAY !IR TAXES )\T A :Y OR A :]E=E4 

,IT IS UND] SU* COMPULSION AS ?IS ?AT TAXES1 SO CALL$1 >E PAID4 ,& H[ MU* PRO( ! PAYM5T ( TAXES AF=DS1 ?AT ! PEOPLE CONS5T TO SUPPORT 0! GOV]NM5T10 IT NE$S NO FUR!R >GUM5T TO %[4 

#b4 ,/ILL ANO!R REASON :Y ! PAYM5T ( TAXES IMPLIES NO CONS5T1 OR PL$GE1 TO SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T1 IS ?AT ! TAX PAY] DOES NOT KN[1 & HAS NO MEANS ( KN[+1 :O ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS >E :O COMPOSE 0! GOV]NM5T40 ,TO HIM 0! GOV]NM5T0 IS A MY?1 AN AB/RACTION1 AN 9CORPOREALITY1 ) :I* HE CAN MAKE NO CONTRACT1 & TO :I* HE CAN GIVE NO CONS5T1 & MAKE NO PL$GE4 ,HE KN[S IT ONLY ?R\< ITS PRET5D$ AG5TS4 0,! GOV]NM5T0 ITSELF HE NEV] SEES4 ,HE KN[S 9DE$1 BY COMMON REPORT1 ?AT C]TA9 P]SONS1 ( A C]TA9 AGE1 >E P]MITT$ TO VOTE2 & ?US TO MAKE !MSELVES P>TS (1 OR 7IF !Y *OOSE7 OPPON5TS (1 ! GOV]NM5T1 = ! TIME BE+4 ,BUT :O ( !M DO ?US VOTE1 & ESPECIALLY H[ EA* ONE VOTES 7:E!R SO AS TO AID OR OPPOSE ! GOV]NM5T71 HE DOES NOT KN[2 ! VOT+ BE+ ALL DONE SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT74 ,:O1 !RE=E1 PRACTICALLY COMPOSE 0! GOV]NM5T10 = ! TIME BE+1 HE HAS NO MEANS ( KN[+4 ,( C\RSE HE CAN MAKE NO CONTRACT ) !M1 GIVE !M NO CONS5T1 & MAKE !M NO PL$GE4 ,( NECESSITY1 !RE=E1 HIS PAY+ TAXES TO !M IMPLIES1 ON HIS P>T1 NO CONTRACT1 CONS5T1 OR PL$GE TO SUPPORT !M--?AT IS1 TO SUPPORT 0! GOV]NM5T10 OR ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

#c4 ,NOT KN[+ :O ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS >E1 :O CALL !MSELVES 0! GOV]NM5T10 ! TAX PAY] DOES NOT KN[ :OM HE PAYS HIS TAXES TO4 ,ALL HE KN[S IS ?AT A MAN COMES TO HIM1 REPRES5T+ HIMSELF TO BE ! AG5T ( 0! GOV]NM5T0--?AT IS1 ! AG5T ( A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O HAVE TAK5 TO !MSELVES ! TITLE ( 0! GOV]NM5T10 & HAVE DET]M9$ TO KILL EV]Y BODY :O REFUSES TO GIVE !M :ATEV] MONEY !Y DEM&4 ,TO SAVE HIS LIFE1 HE GIVES UP HIS MONEY TO ?IS AG5T4 ,BUT AS ?IS AG5T DOES NOT MAKE HIS PR9CIPALS 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO ! TAX PAY]1 ! LATT]1 AFT] HE HAS GIV5 UP HIS MONEY1 KN[S NO MORE :O >E 0! GOV]NM5T0--?AT IS1 :O W]E ! ROBB]S--?AN HE DID BE=E4 ,TO SAY1 !RE=E1 ?AT BY GIV+ UP HIS MONEY TO !IR AG5T1 HE 5T]$ 9TO A VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT ) !M1 ?AT HE PL$GES HIMSELF TO OBEY !M1 TO SUPPORT !M1 & TO GIVE !M :ATEV] MONEY !Y %\LD DEM& ( HIM 9 ! FUTURE1 IS SIMPLY RIDICUL\S4 

#d4 ,ALL POLITICAL P[]1 AS IT IS CALL$1 RE/S PRACTICALLY UPON ?IS MATT] ( MONEY4 ,ANY NUMB] ( SC\NDRELS1 HAV+ MONEY 5\< TO />T )1 CAN E/ABLI% !MSELVES AS A 0GOV]NM5T20 BECAUSE1 ) MONEY1 !Y CAN HIRE SOLDI]S1 & ) SOLDI]S EXTORT MORE MONEY2 & ALSO COMPEL G5]AL OB$I5CE TO !IR WILL4 ,IT IS ) GOV]NM5T1 AS ,CAES> SAID IT WAS 9 W>1 ?AT MONEY & SOLDI]S MUTUALLY SUPPORT$ EA* O!R2 ?AT ) MONEY HE C\LD HIRE SOLDI]S1 & ) SOLDI]S EXTORT MONEY4 ,SO !SE VILLA9S1 :O CALL !MSELVES GOV]NM5TS1 WELL UND]/& ?AT !IR P[] RE/S PRIM>ILY UPON MONEY4 ,) MONEY !Y CAN HIRE SOLDI]S1 & ) SOLDI]S EXTORT MONEY4 ,&1 :5 !IR AU?ORITY IS D5I$1 ! FIR/ USE !Y ALWAYS MAKE ( MONEY1 IS TO HIRE SOLDI]S TO KILL OR SUBDUE ALL :O REFUSE !M MORE MONEY4 

,= ?IS REASON1 :OEV] DESIRES LIB]TY1 %\LD UND]/& !SE VITAL FACTS1 VIZ43 #a4 ,?AT EV]Y MAN :O PUTS MONEY 9TO ! H&S ( A 0GOV]NM5T0 7SO CALL$71 PUTS 9TO ITS H&S A SWORD :I* WILL BE US$ AGA9/ HIMSELF1 TO EXTORT MORE MONEY FROM HIM1 & ALSO TO KEEP HIM 9 SUBJECTION TO ITS >BITR>Y WILL4 #b4 ,?AT ?OSE :O WILL TAKE HIS MONEY1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 WILL USE IT = HIS FUR!R ROBB]Y & 5SLAVEM5T1 IF HE PRESUMES TO RESI/ !IR DEM&S 9 ! FUTURE4 #c4 ,?AT IT IS A P]FECT ABSURDITY TO SUPPOSE ?AT ANY BODY ( M5 W\LD EV] TAKE A MAN'S MONEY )\T HIS CONS5T1 = ANY SU* OBJECT AS !Y PR(ESS TO TAKE IT =1 VIZ41 ?AT ( PROTECT+ HIM2 = :Y %\LD !Y WI% TO PROTECT HIM1 IF HE DOES NOT WI% !M TO DO SO8 ,TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y W\LD DO SO1 IS JU/ AS ABSURD AS IT W\LD BE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y W\LD TAKE HIS MONEY )\T HIS CONS5T1 = ! PURPOSE ( BUY+ FOOD OR CLO?+ = HIM1 :5 HE DID NOT WANT IT4 #d4 ,IF A MAN WANTS 0PROTECTION10 HE IS COMPET5T TO MAKE HIS [N B>GA9S = IT2 & NOBODY HAS ANY OCCASION TO ROB HIM1 9 ORD] TO 0PROTECT0 HIM AGA9/ HIS WILL4 #e4 ,?AT ! ONLY SECURITY M5 CAN HAVE = !IR POLITICAL LIB]TY1 CONSI/S 9 !IR KEEP+ !IR MONEY 9 !IR [N POCKETS1 UNTIL !Y HAVE ASSURANCES1 P]FECTLY SATISFACTORY TO !MSELVES1 ?AT IT WILL BE US$ AS !Y WI% IT TO BE US$1 = !IR B5EFIT1 & NOT = !IR 9JURY4 #f4 ,?AT NO GOV]NM5T1 SO CALL$1 CAN REASONABLY BE TRU/$ = A MOM5T1 OR REASONABLY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE HONE/ PURPOSES 9 VIEW1 ANY LONG] ?AN IT DEP5DS :OLLY UPON VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT4 

,!SE FACTS >E ALL SO VITAL & SO SELF-EVID5T1 ?AT IT CANNOT REASONABLY BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ANY ONE WILL VOLUNT>ILY PAY MONEY TO A 0GOV]NM5T10 = ! PURPOSE ( SECUR+ ITS PROTECTION1 UNLESS HE FIR/ MAKES AN EXPLICIT & PURELY VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT ) IT = ?AT PURPOSE4 

,IT IS P]FECTLY EVID5T1 !RE=E1 ?AT NEI!R SU* VOT+1 NOR SU* PAYM5T ( TAXES1 AS ACTUALLY TAKES PLACE1 PROVES ANYBODY'S CONS5T1 OR OBLIGATION1 TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE HAVE NO EVID5CE AT ALL ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION IS B9D+ UPON ANYBODY1 OR ?AT ANYBODY IS UND] ANY CONTRACT OR OBLIGATION :ATEV] TO SUPPORT IT4 ,& NOBODY IS UND] ANY OBLIGATION TO SUPPORT IT4 

,I,V 

,! ,CON/ITUTION NOT ONLY B9AS NOBODY N[1 BUT IT NEV] DID B9D ANYBODY4 ,IT NEV] B\ND ANYBODY1 BECAUSE IT WAS NEV] AGRE$ TO BY ANYBODY 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO MAKE IT1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 B9D+ UPON HIM4 

,IT IS A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LAW & REASON1 ?AT A WRITT5 9/RUM5T B9DS NO ONE UNTIL HE HAS SIGN$ IT4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS SO 9FLEXIBLE A ONE1 ?AT EV5 ?\< A MAN IS UNABLE TO WRITE HIS NAME1 HE MU/ /ILL 0MAKE HIS M>K10 BE=E HE IS B\ND BY A WRITT5 CONTRACT4 ,?IS CU/OM WAS E/ABLI%$ AGES AGO1 :5 FEW M5 C\LD WRITE !IR NAMES2 :5 A CL]K--?AT IS1 A MAN :O C\LD WRITE--WAS SO R>E & VALUABLE A P]SON1 ?AT EV5 IF HE W]E GUILTY ( HI< CRIMES1 HE WAS 5TITL$ TO P>DON1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! PUBLIC C\LD NOT AF=D TO LOSE HIS S]VICES4 ,EV5 AT ?AT TIME1 A WRITT5 CONTRACT MU/ BE SIGN$2 & M5 :O C\LD NOT WRITE1 EI!R 0MADE !IR M>K10 OR SIGN$ !IR CONTRACTS BY /AMP+ !IR SEALS UPON WAX AFFIX$ TO ! P>*M5T ON :I* !IR CONTRACTS W]E WRITT54 ,H5CE ! CU/OM ( AFFIX+ SEALS1 ?AT HAS CONT9U$ TO ?IS TIME4 

,! LAW HOLDS1 & REASON DECL>ES1 ?AT IF A WRITT5 9/RUM5T IS NOT SIGN$1 ! PRESUMPTION MU/ BE ?AT ! P>TY TO BE B\ND BY IT1 DID NOT *OOSE TO SIGN IT1 OR TO B9D HIMSELF BY IT4 ,& LAW & REASON BO? GIVE HIM UNTIL ! LA/ MOM5T1 9 :I* TO DECIDE :E!R HE WILL SIGN IT1 OR NOT4 ,NEI!R LAW NOR REASON REQUIRES OR EXPECTS A MAN TO AGREE TO AN 9/RUM5T1 UNTIL IT IS WRITT52 = UNTIL IT IS WRITT51 HE CANNOT KN[ ITS PRECISE LEGAL MEAN+4 ,& :5 IT IS WRITT51 & HE HAS HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO SATISFY HIMSELF ( ITS PRECISE LEGAL MEAN+1 HE IS !N EXPECT$ TO DECIDE1 & NOT BE=E1 :E!R HE WILL AGREE TO IT OR NOT4 ,& IF HE DO NOT !N SIGN IT1 HIS REASON IS SUPPOS$ TO BE1 ?AT HE DOES NOT *OOSE TO 5T] 9TO SU* A CONTRACT4 ,! FACT ?AT ! 9/RUM5T WAS WRITT5 = HIM TO SIGN1 OR ) ! HOPE ?AT HE W\LD SIGN IT1 GOES = NO?+4 

,:]E W\LD BE ! 5D ( FRAUD & LITIGATION1 IF ONE P>TY C\LD BR+ 9TO C\RT A WRITT5 9/RUM5T1 )\T ANY SIGNATURE1 & CLAIM TO HAVE IT 5=C$1 UPON ! GR\ND ?AT IT WAS WRITT5 = ANO!R MAN TO SIGN8 ?AT ?IS O!R MAN HAD PROMIS$ TO SIGN IT8 ?AT HE \<T TO HAVE SIGN$ IT8 ?AT HE HAD HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO SIGN IT1 IF HE W\LD8 BUT ?AT HE HAD REFUS$ OR NEGLECT$ TO DO SO8 YET ?AT IS ! MO/ ?AT C\LD EV] BE SAID ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4"9 ,! V]Y JUDGES1 :O PR(ESS TO D]IVE ALL !IR AU?ORITY FROM ! ,CON/ITUTION--FROM AN 9/RUM5T ?AT NOBODY EV] SIGN$--W\LD SPURN ANY O!R 9/RUM5T1 NOT SIGN$1 ?AT %\LD BE BR\<T BE=E !M = ADJUDICATION4 

,MOREOV]1 A WRITT5 9/RUM5T MU/1 9 LAW & REASON1 NOT ONLY BE SIGN$1 BUT MU/ ALSO BE DELIV]$ TO ! P>TY 7OR TO SOME ONE = HIM71 9 :OSE FAVOR IT IS MADE1 BE=E IT CAN B9D ! P>TY MAK+ IT4 ,! SIGN+ IS ( NO EFFECT1 UNLESS ! 9/RUM5T BE ALSO DELIV]$4 ,& A P>TY IS AT P]FECT LIB]TY TO REFUSE TO DELIV] A WRITT5 9/RUM5T1 AFT] HE HAS SIGN$ IT4 ,HE IS AS FREE TO REFUSE TO DELIV] IT1 AS HE IS TO REFUSE TO SIGN IT4 ,! CON/ITUTION WAS NOT ONLY NEV] SIGN$ BY ANYBODY1 BUT IT WAS NEV] DELIV]$ BY ANYBODY TO ANYBODY1 OR TO ANYBODY'S AG5T OR ATTORNEY4 ,IT CAN !RE=E BE ( NO MORE VALIDITY AS A CONTRACT1 ?AN CAN ANY O!R 9/RUM5T1 ?AT WAS NEV] SIGN$ OR DELIV]$4 
,V 

,AS FUR!R EVID5CE ( ! G5]AL S5SE ( MANK9D1 AS TO ! PRACTICAL NECESSITY !RE IS ?AT ALL M5'S IMPORTANT CONTRACTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( A P]MAN5T NATURE1 %\LD BE BO? WRITT5 & SIGN$1 ! FOLL[+ FACTS >E P]T95T4 

,= NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ YE>S--?AT IS1 S9CE #a#f#g#g--!RE HAS BE5 ON ! /ATUTE BOOK ( ,5GL&1 & ! SAME1 9 SUB/ANCE1 IF NOT PRECISELY 9 LETT]1 HAS BE5 RE5ACT$1 & IS N[ 9 =CE1 9 NE>LY OR QUITE ALL ! ,/ATES ( ?IS ,UNION1 A /ATUTE1 ! G5]AL OBJECT ( :I* IS TO DECL>E ?AT NO ACTION %ALL BE BR\<T TO 5=CE CONTRACTS ( ! MORE IMPORTANT CLASS1 UNLESS !Y >E PUT 9 WRIT+1 & SIGN$ BY ! P>TIES TO BE HELD *>GEABLE UPON !M4"9 

,! PR9CIPLE ( ! /ATUTE1 BE IT OBS]V$1 IS1 NOT M]ELY ?AT WRITT5 CONTRACTS %ALL BE SIGN$1 BUT ALSO ?AT ALL CONTRACTS1 EXCEPT ?OSE SPECIALLY EXEMPT$--G5]ALLY ?OSE ?AT >E = SMALL AM\NTS1 & >E TO REMA9 9 =CE BUT = A %ORT TIME--%ALL BE BO? WRITT5 & SIGN$4 

,! REASON ( ! /ATUTE1 ON ?IS PO9T1 IS1 ?AT IT IS N[ SO EASY A ?+ = M5 TO PUT !IR CONTRACTS 9 WRIT+1 & SIGN !M1 & !IR FAILURE TO DO SO OP5S ! DOOR TO SO MU* D\BT1 FRAUD1 & LITIGATION1 ?AT M5 :O NEGLECT TO HAVE !IR CONTRACTS--( ANY CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE--WRITT5 & SIGN$1 \<T NOT TO HAVE ! B5EFIT ( C\RTS ( JU/ICE TO 5=CE !M4 ,& ?IS REASON IS A WISE ONE2 & ?AT EXP]I5CE HAS CONFIRM$ ITS WISDOM & NECESSITY1 IS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT HAS BE5 ACT$ UPON 9 ,5GL& = NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 & HAS BE5 SO NE>LY UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ?AT NOBODY ?9KS ( REPEAL+ IT4 

,WE ALL KN[1 TOO1 H[ C>EFUL MO/ M5 >E TO HAVE !IR CONTRACTS WRITT5 & SIGN$1 EV5 :5 ?IS /ATUTE DOES NOT REQUIRE IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 MO/ M51 IF !Y HAVE MONEY DUE !M1 ( NO L>G] AM\NT ?AN FIVE OR T5 DOLL>S1 >E C>EFUL TO TAKE A NOTE = IT4 ,IF !Y BUY EV5 A SMALL BILL ( GOODS1 PAY+ = IT AT ! TIME ( DELIV]Y1 !Y TAKE A RECEIPT$ BILL = IT4 ,IF !Y PAY A SMALL BALANCE ( A BOOK ACC\NT1 OR ANY O!R SMALL DEBT PREVI\SLY CONTRACT$1 !Y TAKE A WRITT5 RECEIPT = IT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! LAW EV]Y:]E 7PROBABLY7 9 \R C\NTRY1 AS WELL AS 9 ,5GL&1 REQUIRES ?AT A L>GE CLASS ( CONTRACTS1 SU* AS WILLS1 DE$S1 ETC41 %ALL NOT ONLY BE WRITT5 & SIGN$1 BUT ALSO SEAL$1 WITNESS$1 & ACKN[L$G$4 ,& 9 ! CASE ( M>RI$ WOM5 CONVEY+ !IR RI<TS 9 REAL E/ATE1 ! LAW1 9 MANY ,/ATES1 REQUIRES ?AT ! WOM5 %ALL BE EXAM9$ SEP>ATE & AP>T FROM !IR HUSB&S1 & DECL>E ?AT !Y SIGN !IR CONTRACTS FREE ( ANY FE> OR COMPULSION ( !IR HUSB&S4 

,SU* >E SOME ( ! PRECAUTIONS :I* ! LAWS REQUIRE1 & :I* 9DIVIDUALS--FROM MOTIVES ( COMMON PRUD5CE1 EV5 9 CASES NOT REQUIR$ BY LAW--TAKE1 TO PUT !IR CONTRACTS 9 WRIT+1 & HAVE !M SIGN$1 @&C41 TO GU>D AGA9/ ALL UNC]TA9TIES & CONTROV]SIES 9 REG>D TO !IR MEAN+ & VALIDITY4 ,& YET WE HAVE :AT PURPORTS1 OR PR(ESSES1 OR IS CLAIM$1 TO BE A CONTRACT--! ,CON/ITUTION--MADE EI<TY YE>S AGO1 BY M5 :O >E N[ ALL DEAD1 & :O NEV] HAD ANY P[] TO B9D US1 BUT :I* 7IT IS CLAIM$7 HAS NEV]!LESS B\ND ?REE G5]ATIONS ( M51 CONSI/+ ( MANY MILLIONS1 & :I* 7IT IS CLAIM$7 WILL BE B9D+ UPON ALL ! MILLIONS ?AT >E TO COME2 BUT :I* NOBODY EV] SIGN$1 SEAL$1 DELIV]$1 WITNESS$1 OR ACKN[L$G$2 & :I* FEW P]SONS1 COMP>$ ) ! :OLE NUMB] ?AT >E CLAIM$ TO BE B\ND BY IT1 HAVE EV] READ1 OR EV5 SE51 OR EV] WILL READ1 OR SEE4 ,& ( ?OSE :O EV] HAVE READ IT1 OR EV] WILL READ IT1 SC>CELY ANY TWO1 P]HAPS NO TWO1 HAVE EV] AGRE$1 OR EV] WILL AGREE1 AS TO :AT IT MEANS4 

,MOREOV]1 ?IS SUPPOS$ CONTRACT1 :I* W\LD NOT BE RECEIV$ 9 ANY C\RT ( JU/ICE SITT+ UND] ITS AU?ORITY1 IF (F]$ TO PROVE A DEBT ( FIVE DOLL>S1 [+ BY ONE MAN TO ANO!R1 IS ONE BY :I*--AS IT IS G5]ALLY 9T]PRET$ BY ?OSE :O PRET5D TO ADM9I/] IT--ALL M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 & ?R\< ALL TIME1 SURR5D] NOT ONLY ALL !IR PROP]TY1 BUT ALSO !IR LIB]TIES1 & EV5 LIVES1 9TO ! H&S ( M5 :O BY ?IS SUPPOS$ CONTRACT1 >E EXPRESSLY MADE :OLLY IRRESPONSIBLE = !IR DISPOSAL ( !M4 ,& WE >E SO 9SANE1 OR SO WICK$1 AS TO DE/ROY PROP]TY & LIVES )\T LIMIT1 9 FI<T+ TO COMPEL M5 TO FULFILL A SUPPOS$ CONTRACT1 :I*1 9ASMU* AS IT HAS NEV] BE5 SIGN$ BY ANYBODY1 IS1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON--SU* PR9CIPLES AS WE >E ALL GOV]N$ BY 9 REG>D TO O!R CONTRACTS--! M]E/ WA/E PAP]1 B9D+ UPON NOBODY1 FIT ONLY TO BE ?R[N 9TO ! FIRE2 OR1 IF PRES]V$1 PRES]V$ ONLY TO S]VE AS A WITNESS & A W>N+ ( ! FOLLY & WICK$NESS ( MANK9D4 
,V,I4 

,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION1 BUT A LIT]AL TRU?1 TO SAY ?AT1 BY ! ,CON/ITUTION--NOT AS ,I 9T]PRET IT1 BUT AS IT IS 9T]PRET$ BY ?OSE:O PRET5D TO ADM9I/] IT--! PROP]TIES1 LIB]TIES1 & LIVES ( ! 5TIRE PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E SURR5D]$ UNRES]V$LY 9TO ! H&S ( M5 :O1 IT IS PROVID$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 %ALL NEV] BE 0QUE/ION$0 AS TO ANY DISPOSAL !Y MAKE ( !M4 

,?US ! ,CON/ITUTION 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEC4 #f7 PROVIDES ?AT1 0= ANY SPEE* OR DEBATE .<OR VOTE1.> 9 EI!R H\SE1 !Y .<! S5ATORS & REPRES5TATIVES.> %ALL NOT BE QUE/ION$ 9 ANY O!R PLACE40 

,! :OLE LAW-MAK+ P[] IS GIV5 TO !SE S5ATORS & REPRES5TATIVES1 .<:5 ACT+ BY A TWO-?IRDS VOTE.>"9 2 & ?IS PROVISION PROTECTS !M FROM ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! LAWS !Y MAKE4 

,! ,CON/ITUTION ALSO 5ABLES !M TO SECURE ! EXECUTION ( ALL !IR LAWS1 BY GIV+ !M P[] TO )HOLD ! SAL>IES (1 & TO IMPEA* & REMOVE1 ALL JUDICIAL & EXECUTIVE (FIC]S1 :O REFUSE TO EXECUTE !M4 

,?US ! :OLE P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T IS 9 !IR H&S1 & !Y >E MADE UTT]LY IRRESPONSIBLE = ! USE !Y MAKE ( IT4 ,:AT IS ?IS BUT ABSOLUTE1 IRRESPONSIBLE P[]8 

,IT IS NO ANSW] TO ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE TO SAY ?AT !SE M5 >E UND] OA? TO USE !IR P[] ONLY )9 C]TA9 LIMITS2 = :AT C>E !Y1 OR :AT %\LD !Y C>E1 = OA?S OR LIMITS1 :5 IT IS EXPRESSLY PROVID$1 BY ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 ?AT !Y %ALL NEV] BE 0QUE/ION$10 OR HELD TO ANY RESPONSIBILITY :ATEV]1 = VIOLAT+ !IR OA?S1 OR TRANSGRESS+ ?OSE LIMITS8 

,NEI!R IS IT ANY ANSW] TO ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE TO SAY ?AT ! P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS HOLD+ ?IS P[] CAN BE *ANG$ ONCE 9 TWO OR SIX YE>S2 = ! P[] ( EA* SET ( M5 IS ABSOLUTE DUR+ ! T]M = :I* !Y HOLD IT2 & :5 !Y CAN HOLD IT NO LONG]1 !Y >E SUCCE$$ ONLY BY M5 :OSE P[] WILL BE EQUALLY ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE4 

,NEI!R IS IT ANY ANSW] TO ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE TO SAY ?AT ! M5 HOLD+ ?IS ABSOLUTE1 IRRESPONSIBLE P[]1 MU/ BE M5 *OS5 BY ! PEOPLE 7OR PORTIONS ( !M7 TO HOLD IT4 ,A MAN IS NONE ! LESS A SLAVE BECAUSE HE IS ALL[$ TO *OOSE A NEW MA/] ONCE 9 A T]M ( YE>S4 ,NEI!R >E A PEOPLE ANY ! LESS SLAVES BECAUSE P]MITT$ P]IODICALLY TO *OOSE NEW MA/]S4 ,:AT MAKES !M SLAVES IS ! FACT ?AT !Y N[ >E1 & >E ALWAYS H]EAFT] TO BE1 9 ! H&S ( M5 :OSE P[] OV] !M IS1 & ALWAYS IS TO BE1 ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE4"9 

,! RI<T ( ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE DOM9ION IS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 & ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS ! RI<T ( ABSOLUTE1 IRRESPONSIBLE DOM9ION4 ,! TWO >E ID5TICAL2 ! ONE NECESS>ILY IMPLY+ ! O!R4 ,NEI!R CAN EXI/ )\T ! O!R4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ,CONGRESS HAVE ?AT ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE LAW-MAK+ P[]1 :I* ! ,CON/ITUTION--ACCORD+ TO !IR 9T]PRETATION ( IT--GIVES !M1 IT CAN ONLY BE BECAUSE !Y [N US AS PROP]TY4 ,IF !Y [N US AS PROP]TY1 !Y >E \R MA/]S1 & !IR WILL IS \R LAW4 ,IF !Y DO NOT [N US AS PROP]TY1 !Y >E NOT \R MA/]S1 & !IR WILL1 AS SU*1 IS ( NO AU?ORITY OV] US4 

,BUT !SE M5 :O CLAIM & EX]CISE ?IS ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE DOM9ION OV] US1 D>E NOT BE CONSI/5T1 & CLAIM EI!R TO BE \R MA/]S1 OR TO [N US AS PROP]TY4 ,!Y SAY !Y >E ONLY \R S]VANTS1 AG5TS1 ATTORNEYS1 & REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BUT ?IS DECL>ATION 9VOLVES AN ABSURDITY1 A CONTRADICTION4 ,NO MAN CAN BE MY S]VANT1 AG5T1 ATTORNEY1 OR REPRES5TATIVE1 & BE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 UNCONTROLLABLE BY ME1 & IRRESPONSIBLE TO ME = HIS ACTS4 ,IT IS ( NO IMPORTANCE ?AT ,I APPO9T$ HIM1 & PUT ALL P[] 9 HIS H&S4 ,IF ,I MADE HIM UNCONTROLLABLE BY ME1 & IRRESPONSIBLE TO ME1 HE IS NO LONG] MY S]VANT1 AG5T1 ATTORNEY1 OR REPRES5TATIVE4 ,IF ,I GAVE HIM ABSOLUTE1 IRRESPONSIBLE P[] OV] MY PROP]TY1 ,I GAVE HIM ! PROP]TY4 ,IF ,I GAVE HIM ABSOLUTE1 IRRESPONSIBLE P[] OV] MYSELF1 ,I MADE HIM MY MA/]1 & GAVE MYSELF TO HIM AS A SLAVE4 ,& IT IS ( NO IMPORTANCE :E!R ,I CALL$ HIM MA/] OR S]VANT1 AG5T OR [N]4 ,! ONLY QUE/ION IS1 :AT P[] DID ,I PUT 9TO HIS H&S8 ,WAS IT AN ABSOLUTE & IRRESPONSIBLE ONE8 OR A LIMIT$ & RESPONSIBLE ONE8 

,= /ILL ANO!R REASON !Y >E NEI!R \R S]VANTS1 AG5TS1 ATTORNEYS1 NOR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,& ?AT REASON IS1 ?AT WE DO NOT MAKE \RSELVES RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTS4 ,IF A MAN IS MY S]VANT1 AG5T1 OR ATTORNEY1 ,I NECESS>ILY MAKE MYSELF RESPONSIBLE = ALL HIS ACTS DONE )9 ! LIMITS ( ! P[] ,I HAVE 5TRU/$ TO HIM4 ,IF ,I HAVE 5TRU/$ HIM1 AS MY AG5T1 ) EI!R ABSOLUTE P[]1 OR ANY P[] AT ALL1 OV] ! P]SONS OR PROP]TIES ( O!R M5 ?AN MYSELF1 ,I !REBY NECESS>ILY MAKE MYSELF RESPONSIBLE TO ?OSE O!R P]SONS = ANY 9JURIES HE MAY DO !M1 SO LONG AS HE ACTS )9 ! LIMITS ( ! P[] ,I HAVE GRANT$ HIM4 ,BUT NO 9DIVIDUAL :O MAY BE 9JUR$ 9 HIS P]SON OR PROP]TY1 BY ACTS ( ,CONGRESS1 CAN COME TO ! 9DIVIDUAL ELECTORS1 & HOLD !M RESPONSIBLE = !SE ACTS ( !IR SO-CALL$ AG5TS OR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,?IS FACT PROVES ?AT !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS ( ! PEOPLE1 ( EV]YBODY1 >E REALLY ! AG5TS ( NOBODY4 

,IF1 !N1 NOBODY IS 9DIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( ,CONGRESS1 ! MEMB]S ( ,CONGRESS >E NOBODY'S AG5TS4 ,& IF !Y >E NOBODY'S AG5TS1 !Y >E !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE = !IR [N ACTS1 & = ! ACTS ( ALL :OM !Y EMPLOY4 ,& ! AU?ORITY !Y >E EX]CIS+ IS SIMPLY !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL AU?ORITY2 &1 BY ! LAW ( NATURE--! HI<E/ ( ALL LAWS--ANYBODY 9JUR$ BY !IR ACTS1 ANYBODY :O IS DEPRIV$ BY !M ( HIS PROP]TY OR HIS LIB]TY1 HAS ! SAME RI<T TO HOLD !M 9DIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE1 ?AT HE HAS TO HOLD ANY O!R TRESPASS] 9DIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,HE HAS ! SAME RI<T TO RESI/ !M1 & !IR AG5TS1 ?AT HE HAS TO RESI/ ANY O!R TRESPASS]S4 
,V,I,I4 

,IT IS PLA91 !N1 ?AT ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON--SU* PR9CIPLES AS WE ALL ACT UPON 9 C\RTS ( JU/ICE & 9 COMMON LIFE--! ,CON/ITUTION IS NO CONTRACT2 ?AT IT B9DS NOBODY1 & NEV] DID B9D ANYBODY2 & ?AT ALL ?OSE :O PRET5D TO ACT BY ITS AU?ORITY1 >E REALLY ACT+ )\T ANY LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY AT ALL2 ?AT1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !Y >E M]E USURP]S1 & ?AT EV]YBODY NOT ONLY HAS ! RI<T1 BUT IS MORALLY B\ND1 TO TREAT !M AS SU*4 

,IF ! PEOPLE ( ?IS C\NTRY WI% TO MA9TA9 SU* A GOV]NM5T AS ! ,CON/ITUTION DESCRIBES1 !RE IS NO REASON 9 ! WORLD :Y !Y %\LD NOT SIGN ! 9/RUM5T ITSELF1 & ?US MAKE KN[N !IR WI%ES 9 AN OP51 AU!NTIC MANN]2 9 SU* MANN] AS ! COMMON S5SE & EXP]I5CE ( MANK9D HAVE %[N TO BE REASONABLE & NECESS>Y 9 SU* CASES2 & 9 SU* MANN] AS TO MAKE !MSELVES 7AS !Y \<T TO DO7 9DIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE HAVE NEV] BE5 ASK$ TO SIGN IT4 ,& ! ONLY REASON :Y !Y HAVE NEV] BE5 ASK$ TO SIGN IT1 HAS BE5 ?AT IT HAS BE5 KN[N ?AT !Y NEV] W\LD SIGN IT2 ?AT !Y W]E NEI!R SU* FOOLS NOR KNAVES AS !Y MU/ NE$S HAVE BE5 TO BE WILL+ TO SIGN IT2 ?AT 7AT LEA/ AS IT HAS BE5 PRACTICALLY 9T]PRET$7 IT IS NOT :AT ANY S5SIBLE & HONE/ MAN WANTS = HIMSELF2 NOR SU* AS HE HAS ANY RI<T TO IMPOSE UPON O!RS4 ,IT IS1 TO ALL MORAL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 AS DE/ITUTE ( OBLIGATION AS ! COMPACTS :I* ROBB]S & ?IEVES & PIRATES 5T] 9TO ) EA* O!R1 BUT NEV] SIGN4 

,IF ANY CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( ! PEOPLE BELIEVE ! ,CON/ITUTION TO BE GOOD1 :Y DO !Y NOT SIGN IT !MSELVES1 & MAKE LAWS =1 & ADM9I/] !M UPON1 EA* O!R2 LEAV+ ALL O!R P]SONS 7:O DO NOT 9T]F]E ) !M7 9 PEACE8 ,UNTIL !Y HAVE TRI$ ! EXP]IM5T = !MSELVES1 H[ CAN !Y HAVE ! FACE TO IMPOSE ! ,CON/ITUTION UPON1 OR EV5 TO RECOMM5D IT TO1 O!RS8 ,PLA9LY ! REASON = SU* ABSURD & 9CONSI/5T CONDUCT IS ?AT !Y WANT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 NOT SOLELY = ANY HONE/ OR LEGITIMATE USE IT CAN BE ( TO !MSELVES OR O!RS1 BUT = ! DI%ONE/ & ILLEGITIMATE P[] IT GIVES !M OV] ! P]SONS & PROP]TIES ( O!RS4 ,BUT = ?IS LATT] REASON1 ALL !IR EULOGIUMS ON ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ALL !IR EXHORTATIONS1 & ALL !IR EXP5DITURES ( MONEY & BLOOD TO SU/A9 IT1 W\LD BE WANT+4 
,V,I,I,I4 

,! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 !N1 BE+ ( NO AU?ORITY1 ON :AT AU?ORITY DOES \R GOV]NM5T PRACTICALLY RE/8 ,ON :AT GR\ND CAN ?OSE :O PRET5D TO ADM9I/] IT1 CLAIM ! RI<T TO SEIZE M5'S PROP]TY1 TO RE/RA9 !M ( !IR NATURAL LIB]TY ( ACTION1 9DU/RY1 & TRADE1 & TO KILL ALL :O D5Y !IR AU?ORITY TO DISPOSE ( M5'S PROP]TIES1 LIB]TIES1 & LIVES AT !IR PLEASURE OR DISCRETION8 

,! MO/ !Y CAN SAY1 9 ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 IS1 ?AT SOME HALF1 TWO-?IRDS1 OR ?REE-F\R?S ( ! MALE ADULTS ( ! C\NTRY HAVE A TACIT UND]/&+ ?AT !Y WILL MA9TA9 A GOV]NM5T UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION2 ?AT !Y WILL SELECT1 BY BALLOT1 ! P]SONS TO ADM9I/] IT2 & ?AT ?OSE P]SONS :O MAY RECEIVE A MAJORITY1 OR A PLURALITY1 ( !IR BALLOTS1 %ALL ACT AS !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 & ADM9I/] ! ,CON/ITUTION 9 !IR NAME1 & BY !IR AU?ORITY4 

,BUT ?IS TACIT UND]/&+ 7ADMITT+ IT TO EXI/7 CANNOT AT ALL JU/IFY ! CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM IT4 ,A TACIT UND]/&+ BETWE5 ,A1 ,B1 & ,C1 ?AT !Y WILL1 BY BALLOT1 DEPUTE ,D AS !IR AG5T1 TO DEPRIVE ME ( MY PROP]TY1 LIB]TY1 OR LIFE1 CANNOT AT ALL AU?ORIZE ,D TO DO SO4 ,HE IS NONE ! LESS A ROBB]1 TYRANT1 & MURD]]1 BECAUSE HE CLAIMS TO ACT AS !IR AG5T1 ?AN HE W\LD BE IF HE AV[$LY ACT$ ON HIS [N RESPONSIBILITY ALONE4 

,NEI!R AM ,I B\ND TO RECOGNIZE HIM AS !IR AG5T1 NOR CAN HE LEGITIMATELY CLAIM TO BE !IR AG5T1 :5 HE BR+S NO WRITT5 AU?ORITY FROM !M ACCR$IT+ HIM AS SU*4 ,I AM UND] NO OBLIGATION TO TAKE HIS WORD AS TO :O HIS PR9CIPALS MAY BE1 OR :E!R HE HAS ANY4 ,BR++ NO CR$5TIALS1 ,I HAVE A RI<T TO SAY HE HAS NO SU* AU?ORITY EV5 AS HE CLAIMS TO HAVE3 & ?AT HE IS !RE=E 9T5D+ TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 OR MURD] ME ON HIS [N ACC\NT4 

,?IS TACIT UND]/&+1 !RE=E1 AMONG ! VOT]S ( ! C\NTRY1 AM\NTS TO NO?+ AS AN AU?ORITY TO !IR AG5TS4 ,NEI!R DO ! BALLOTS BY :I* !Y SELECT !IR AG5TS1 AVAIL ANY MORE ?AN DOES !IR TACIT UND]/&+2 = !IR BALLOTS >E GIV5 9 SECRET1 & !RE=E 9 A WAY TO AVOID ANY P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! ACTS ( !IR AG5TS4 

,NO BODY ( M5 CAN BE SAID TO AU?ORIZE A MAN TO ACT AS !IR AG5T1 TO ! 9JURY ( A ?IRD P]SON1 UNLESS !Y DO IT 9 SO OP5 & AU!NTIC A MANN] AS TO MAKE !MSELVES P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = HIS ACTS4 ,NONE ( ! VOT]S 9 ?IS C\NTRY APPO9T !IR POLITICAL AG5TS 9 ANY OP5 AU!NTIC MANN]1 OR 9 ANY MANN] TO MAKE !MSELVES RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTS4 ,!RE=E !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS CANNOT LEGITIMATELY CLAIM TO BE REALLY AG5TS4 ,SOMEBODY MU/ BE RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS2 & IF !Y CANNOT %[ ANY OP5 & AU!NTIC CR$5TIALS FROM !IR PR9CIPALS1 !Y CANNOT1 9 LAW OR REASON1 BE SAID TO HAVE ANY PR9CIPALS4 ,! MAXIM APPLIES H]E1 ?AT :AT DOES NOT APPE>1 DOES NOT EXI/4 ,IF !Y CAN %[ NO PR9CIPALS1 !Y HAVE NONE4 

,BUT EV5 !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS DO NOT !MSELVES KN[ :O !IR PRET5D$ PR9CIPALS >E4 ,!SE LATT] ACT 9 SECRET2 = ACT+ BY SECRET BALLOT IS ACT+ 9 SECRET AS MU* AS IF !Y W]E TO MEET 9 SECRET CONCLAVE 9 ! D>KNESS ( ! NI<T4 ,& !Y >E P]SONALLY AS MU* UNKN[N TO ! AG5TS !Y SELECT1 AS !Y >E TO O!RS4 ,NO PRET5D$ AG5T !RE=E CAN EV] KN[ BY :OSE BALLOTS HE IS SELECT$1 OR CONSEQU5TLY :O HIS REAL PR9CIPALS >E4 ,NOT KN[+ :O HIS PR9CIPALS >E1 HE HAS NO RI<T TO SAY ?AT HE HAS ANY4 ,HE CAN1 AT MO/1 SAY ONLY ?AT HE IS ! AG5T ( A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O >E B\ND BY ?AT FAI? :I* PREVAILS AMONG CONF$]ATES 9 CRIME1 TO /& BY HIM1 IF HIS ACTE1 DONE 9 !IR NAME1 %ALL BE RESI/$4 

,M5 HONE/LY 5GAG$ 9 ATTEMPT+ TO E/ABLI% JU/ICE 9 ! WORLD1 HAVE NO OCCASION ?US TO ACT 9 SECRET2 OR TO APPO9T AG5TS TO DO ACTS = :I* !Y 7! PR9CIPALS7 >E NOT WILL+ TO BE RESPONSIBLE4 

,! SECRET BALLOT MAKES A SECRET GOV]NM5T2 & A SECRET GOV]NM5T IS A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S4 ,OP5 DESPOTISM IS BETT] ?AN ?IS4 ,! S+LE DESPOT /&S \T 9 ! FACE ( ALL M51 & SAYS3 ,I AM ! ,/ATE3 ,MY WILL IS LAW3 ,I AM Y\R MA/]3 ,I TAKE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MY ACTS3 ,! ONLY >BIT] ,I ACKN[L$GE IS ! SWORD3 ,IF ANY ONE D5IES MY RI<T1 LET HIM TRY CONCLUSIONS ) ME4 

,BUT A SECRET GOV]NM5T IS LITTLE LESS ?AN A GOV]NM5T ( ASSASS9S4 ,UND] IT1 A MAN KN[S NOT :O HIS TYRANTS >E1 UNTIL !Y HAVE /RUCK1 & P]HAPS NOT !N4 ,HE MAY GUESS1 BE=EH&1 AS TO SOME ( HIS IMM$IATE NEI<BORS4 ,BUT HE REALLY KN[S NO?+4 ,! MAN TO :OM HE W\LD MO/ NATURALLY FLY = PROTECTION1 MAY PROVE AN 5EMY1 :5 ! TIME ( TRIAL COMES4 

,?IS IS ! K9D ( GOV]NM5T WE HAVE2 & IT IS ! ONLY ONE WE >E LIKELY TO HAVE1 UNTIL M5 >E READY TO SAY3 ,WE WILL CONS5T TO NO ,CON/ITUTION1 EXCEPT SU* AN ONE AS WE >E NEI!R A%AM$ NOR AFRAID TO SIGN2 & WE WILL AU?ORIZE NO GOV]NM5T TO DO ANY ?+ 9 \R NAME :I* WE >E NOT WILL+ TO BE P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE =4 
,I,X4 

,:AT IS ! MOTIVE TO ! SECRET BALLOT8 ,?IS1 & ONLY ?IS3 ,LIKE O!R CONF$]ATES 9 CRIME1 ?OSE :O USE IT >E NOT FRI5DS1 BUT 5EMIES2 & !Y >E AFRAID TO BE KN[N1 & TO HAVE !IR 9DIVIDUAL DO+S KN[N1 EV5 TO EA* O!R4 ,!Y CAN CONTRIVE TO BR+ AB\T A SUFFICI5T UND]/&+ TO 5ABLE !M TO ACT 9 CONC]T AGA9/ O!R P]SONS2 BUT BEYOND ?IS !Y HAVE NO CONFID5CE1 & NO FRI5D%IP1 AMONG !MSELVES4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >E 5GAG$ QUITE AS MU* 9 S*EMES = PLUND]+ EA* O!R1 AS 9 PLUND]+ ?OSE :O >E NOT ( !M4 ,& IT IS P]FECTLY WELL UND]/OOD AMONG !M ?AT ! /RONGE/ P>TY AMONG !M WILL1 9 C]TA9 CONT+5CIES1 MURD] EA* O!R BY ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S 7AS !Y LATELY DID DO7 TO ACCOMPLI% !IR PURPOSES AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,H5CE !Y D>E NOT BE KN[N1 & HAVE !IR 9DIVIDUAL DO+S KN[N1 EV5 TO EA* O!R4 ,& ?IS IS AV[$LY ! ONLY REASON = ! BALLOT3 = A SECRET GOV]NM5T2 A GOV]NM5T BY SECRET B&S ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S4 ,& WE >E 9SANE 5\< TO CALL ?IS LIB]TY6 ,TO BE A MEMB] ( ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S IS E/EEM$ A PRIVILEGE & AN HONOR6 ,)\T ?IS PRIVILEGE1 A MAN IS CONSID]$ A SLAVE2 BUT ) IT A FREE MAN6 ,) IT HE IS CONSID]$ A FREE MAN1 BECAUSE HE HAS ! SAME P[] TO SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT7 PROCURE ! ROBB]Y1 5SLAVEM5T1 & MURD] ( ANO!R MAN1 ?AT ?AT O!R MAN HAS TO PROCURE HIS ROBB]Y1 5SLAVEM5T1 & MURD]4 ,& ?IS !Y CALL EQUAL RI<TS6 

,IF ANY NUMB] ( M51 MANY OR FEW1 CLAIM ! RI<T TO GOV]N ! PEOPLE ( ?IS C\NTRY1 LET !M MAKE & SIGN AN OP5 COMPACT ) EA* O!R TO DO SO4 ,LET !M ?US MAKE !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO ?OSE :OM !Y PROPOSE TO GOV]N4 ,& LET !M ?US OP5LY TAKE ! LEGITIMATE RESPONSIBILITY ( !IR ACTS4 ,H[ MANY ( ?OSE :O N[ SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 WILL EV] DO ?IS8 ,H[ MANY WILL EV] D>E OP5LY PROCLAIM !IR RI<T TO GOV]N8 OR TAKE ! LEGITIMATE RESPONSIBILITY ( !IR ACTS8 ,NOT ONE6 
,X4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !RE EXI/S NO SU* ?+ AS A GOV]NM5T CREAT$ BY1 OR RE/+ UPON1 ANY CONS5T1 COMPACT1 OR AGREEM5T ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 ) EA* O!R2 ?AT ! ONLY VISIBLE1 TANGIBLE1 RESPONSIBLE GOV]NM5T ?AT EXI/S1 IS ?AT ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS ONLY1 :O ACT 9 CONC]T1 & CALL !MSELVES BY ! SEV]AL NAMES ( S5ATORS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 PRESID5TS1 JUDGES1 M>%ALS1 TREASUR]S1 COLLECTORS1 G5]ALS1 COLONELS1 CAPTA9S1 @&C41 @&C4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 IT IS ( NO IMPORTANCE :ATEV] ?AT !SE FEW 9DIVIDUALS PR(ESS TO BE ! AG5TS & REPRES5TATIVES ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES02 S9CE !Y CAN %[ NO CR$5TIALS FROM ! PEOPLE !MSELVES2 !Y W]E NEV] APPO9T$ AS AG5TS OR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ANY OP5 AU!NTIC MANN]2 !Y DO NOT !MSELVES KN[1 & HAVE NO MEANS ( KN[+1 & CANNOT PROVE1 :O !IR PR9CIPALS 7AS !Y CALL !M7 >E 9DIVIDUALLY2 & CONSEQU5TLY CANNOT1 9 LAW OR REASON1 BE SAID TO HAVE ANY PR9CIPALS AT ALL4 

,IT IS OBVI\S1 TOO1 ?AT IF !SE ALLEG$ PR9CIPALS EV] DID APPO9T !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS1 OR REPRES5TATIVES1 !Y APPO9T$ !M SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT71 & 9 A WAY TO AVOID ALL P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTS2 ?AT1 AT MO/1 !SE ALLEG$ PR9CIPALS PUT !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS =W>D = ! MO/ CRIM9AL PURPOSES1 VIZ43 TO PLUND] ! PEOPLE ( !IR PROP]TY1 & RE/RA9 !M ( !IR LIB]TY2 & ?AT ! ONLY AU?ORITY ?AT !SE ALLEG$ PR9CIPALS HAVE = SO DO+1 IS SIMPLY A TACIT UND]/&+ AMONG !MSELVES ?AT !Y WILL IMPRISON1 %OOT1 OR HANG EV]Y MAN :O RESI/S ! EXACTIONS & RE/RA9TS :I* !IR AG5TS OR REPRES5TATIVES MAY IMPOSE UPON !M4 

,?US IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! ONLY VISIBLE1 TANGIBLE GOV]NM5T WE HAVE IS MADE UP ( !SE PR(ESS$ AG5TS OR REPRES5TATIVES ( A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O1 TO COV] UP1 OR GLOSS OV]1 !IR ROBB]IES & MURD]S1 HAVE TAK5 TO !MSELVES ! TITLE ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 & :O1 ON ! PRET5SE ( BE+ 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 ASS]T !IR RI<T TO SUBJECT TO !IR DOM9ION1 & TO CONTROL & DISPOSE ( AT !IR PLEASURE1 ALL PROP]TY & P]SONS F\ND 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 
,X,I4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ! OA?S :I* !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS ( ! PEOPLE TAKE 0TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION10 >E ( NO VALIDITY OR OBLIGATION4 ,& :Y8 ,= ?IS1 IF = NO O!R REASON1 VIZ4 ?AT !Y >E GIV5 TO NOBODY4 ,!RE IS NO PRIVITY1 7AS ! LAWY]S SAY71--?AT IS1 NO MUTUAL RECOGNITION1 CONS5T & AGREEM5T--BETWE5 ?OSE :O TAKE !SE OA?S1 & ANY O!R P]SONS4 

,IF ,I GO UPON ,BO/ON ,COMMON1 & 9 ! PRES5CE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 ) :OM ,I HAVE NO CONTRACT ON ! SUBJECT1 TAKE AN OA? ?AT ,I WILL 5=CE UPON !M ! LAWS ( ,MOSES1 ( ,LYCURGUS1 ( ,SOLON1 ( ,JU/9IAN1 OR ( ,ALFR$1 ?AT OA? IS1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ( NO OBLIGATION4 ,IT IS ( NO OBLIGATION1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE IT IS 9TR9SICALLY A CRIM9AL ONE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IS GIV5 TO NOBODY1 & CONSEQU5TLY PL$GES MY FAI? TO NOBODY4 ,IT IS M]ELY GIV5 TO ! W9DS4 

,IT W\LD NOT ALT] ! CASE AT ALL TO SAY ?AT1 AMONG !SE HUNDR$ ?\S& P]SONS1 9 :OSE PRES5CE ! OA? WAS TAK51 !RE W]E TWO1 ?REE1 OR FIVE ?\S& MALE ADULTS1 :O HAD SECRETLY--BY SECRET BALLOT1 & 9 A WAY TO AVOID MAK+ !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO ME1 OR TO ! REMA9D] ( ! HUNDR$ ?\S&--DESIGNAT$ ME AS !IR AG5T TO RULE1 CONTROL1 PLUND]1 &1 IF NE$ BE1 MURD]1 !SE HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y HAD DESIGNAT$ ME SECRETLY1 & 9 A MANN] TO PREV5T MY KN[+ !M 9DIVIDUALLY1 PREV5TS ALL PRIVITY BETWE5 !M & ME2 & CONSEQU5TLY MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT !RE CAN BE ANY CONTRACT1 OR PL$GE ( FAI?1 ON MY P>T T[>DS !M2 = IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ,I CAN PL$GE MY FAI?1 9 ANY LEGAL S5SE1 TO A MAN :OM ,I NEI!R KN[1 NOR HAVE ANY MEANS ( KN[+1 9DIVIDUALLY4 

,SO F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 !N1 !SE TWO1 ?REE1 OR FIVE ?\S& P]SONS >E A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O HAVE SECRETLY1 & 9 A WAY TO SAVE !MSELVES FROM ALL RESPONSIBILITY = MY ACTS1 DESIGNAT$ ME AS !IR AG5T2 & HAVE1 ?R\< SOME O!R AG5T1 OR PRET5D$ AG5T1 MADE !IR WI%ES KN[N TO ME4 ,BUT BE+1 NEV]!LESS1 9DIVIDUALLY UNKN[N TO ME1 & HAV+ NO OP51 AU!NTIC CONTRACT ) ME1 MY OA? IS1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ( NO VALIDITY AS A PL$GE ( FAI? TO !M4 ,& BE+ NO PL$GE ( FAI? TO !M1 IT IS NO PL$GE ( FAI? TO ANYBODY4 ,IT IS M]E IDLE W9D4 ,AT MO/1 IT IS ONLY A PL$GE ( FAI? TO AN UNKN[N B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :OSE 9/RUM5T = PLUND]+ & MURD]+ O!R PEOPLE1 ,I ?US PUBLICLY CONFESS MYSELF TO BE4 ,& IT HAS NO O!R OBLIGATION ?AN A SIMIL> OA? GIV5 TO ANY O!R UNKN[N BODY ( PIRATES1 ROBB]S1 & MURD]]S4 

,= !SE REASONS ! OA? TAK5 BY MEMB]S ( ,CONGRESS1 0TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION10 >E1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ( NO VALIDITY4 ,!Y >E NOT ONLY CRIM9AL 9 !MSELVES1 & !RE=E VOID2 BUT !Y >E ALSO VOID = ! FUR!R REASON ?AT !Y >E GIV5 TO NOBODY4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT1 9 ANY LEGITIMATE OR LEGAL S5SE1 !Y >E GIV5 TO 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 BECAUSE NEI!R ! :OLE1 NOR ANY L>GE PROPORTION ( ! :OLE1 PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EV]1 EI!R OP5LY OR SECRETLY1 APPO9T$ OR DESIGNAT$ !SE M5 AS !IR AG5TS TO C>RY ! ,CON/ITUTION 9TO EFFECT4 ,! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE--?AT IS1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5--W]E NEV] ASK$1 OR EV5 P]MITT$1 TO SIGNIFY1 9 ANY =MAL MANN]1 EI!R OP5LY OR SECRETLY1 !IR *OICE OR WI% ON ! SUBJECT4 ,! MO/ ?AT !SE MEMB]S ( ,CONGRESS CAN SAY1 9 FAVOR ( !IR APPO9TM5T1 IS SIMPLY ?IS3 ,EA* ONE CAN SAY = HIMSELF3 

,I HAVE EVID5CE SATISFACTORY TO MYSELF1 ?AT !RE EXI/S1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 A B& ( M51 HAV+ A TACIT UND]/&+ ) EA* O!R1 & CALL+ !MSELVES 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 :OSE G5]AL PURPOSES >E TO CONTROL & PLUND] EA* O!R1 & ALL O!R P]SONS 9 ! C\NTRY1 &1 SO F> AS !Y CAN1 EV5 9 NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES2 & TO KILL EV]Y MAN :O %ALL ATTEMPT TO DEF5D HIS P]SON & PROP]TY AGA9/ !IR S*EMES ( PLUND] & DOM9ION4 ,:O !SE M5 >E1 9DIVIDUALLY1 ,I HAVE NO C]TA9 MEANS ( KN[+1 = !Y SIGN NO PAP]S1 & GIVE NO OP51 AU!NTIC EVID5CE ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]%IP4 ,!Y >E NOT KN[N 9DIVIDUALLY EV5 TO EA* O!R4 ,!Y >E APP>5TLY AS MU* AFRAID ( BE+ 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO EA* O!R1 AS ( BE+ KN[N TO O!R P]SONS4 ,H5CE !Y ORD9>ILY HAVE NO MODE EI!R ( EX]CIS+1 OR ( MAK+ KN[N1 !IR 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]%IP1 O!RWISE ?AN BY GIV+ !IR VOTES SECRETLY = C]TA9 AG5TS TO DO !IR WILL4 ,BUT AL?\< !SE M5 >E 9DIVIDUALLY UNKN[N1 BO? TO EA* O!R & TO O!R P]SONS1 IT IS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD 9 ! C\NTRY ?AT NONE BUT MALE P]SONS1 ( ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE YE>S & UPW>DS1 CAN BE MEMB]S4 ,IT IS ALSO G5]ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT ALL MALE P]SONS1 BORN 9 ! C\NTRY1 HAV+ C]TA9 COMPLEXIONS1 & 79 SOME LOCALITIES7 C]TA9 AM\NTS ( PROP]TY1 & 79 C]TA9 CASES7 EV5 P]SONS ( =EIGN BIR?1 >E P]MITT$ TO BE MEMB]S4 ,BUT IT APPE>S ?AT USUALLY NOT MORE ?AN ONE-HALF1 TWO-?IRDS1 OR1 9 SOME CASES1 ?REE-F\R?S1 ( ALL :O >E ?US P]MITT$ TO BECOME MEMB]S ( ! B&1 EV] EX]CISE1 OR CONSEQU5TLY PROVE1 !IR ACTUAL MEMB]%IP1 9 ! ONLY MODE 9 :I* !Y ORD9>ILY CAN EX]CISE OR PROVE IT1 VIZ41 BY GIV+ !IR VOTES SECRETLY = ! (FIC]S OR AG5TS ( ! B&4 ,! NUMB] ( !SE SECRET VOTES1 SO F> AS WE HAVE ANY ACC\NT ( !M1 V>IES GREATLY FROM YE> TO YE>1 ?US T5D+ TO PROVE ?AT ! B&1 9/EAD ( BE+ A P]MAN5T ORGANIZATION1 IS A M]ELY PRO TEMPORE AFFAIR ) ?OSE :O *OOSE TO ACT ) IT = ! TIME BE+4 ,! GROSS NUMB] ( !SE SECRET VOTES1 OR :AT PURPORTS TO BE !IR GROSS NUMB]1 9 DIFF]5T LOCALITIES1 IS OCCASIONALLY PUBLI%$4 ,:E!R !SE REPORTS >E ACCURATE OR NOT1 WE HAVE NO MEANS ( KN[+4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$ ?AT GREAT FRAUDS >E (T5 COMMITT$ 9 DEPOSIT+ !M4 ,!Y >E UND]/OOD TO BE RECEIV$ & C\NT$ BY C]TA9 M51 :O >E !MSELVES APPO9T$ = ?AT PURPOSE BY ! SAME SECRET PROCESS BY :I* ALL O!R (FIC]S & AG5TS ( ! B& >E SELECT$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! REPORTS ( !SE RECEIV]S ( VOTES 7= :OSE ACCURACY OR HONE/Y1 H[EV]1 ,I CANNOT V\*71 & ACCORD+ TO MY BE/ KN[L$GE ( ! :OLE NUMB] ( MALE P]SONS 09 MY DI/RICT10 :O 7IT IS SUPPOS$7 W]E P]MITT$ TO VOTE1 IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ONE-HALF1 TWO-?IRDS OR ?REE-F\R?S ACTUALLY DID VOTE4 ,:O ! M5 W]E1 9DIVIDUALLY1 :O CA/ !SE VOTES1 ,I HAVE NO KN[L$GE1 = ! :OLE ?+ WAS DONE SECRETLY4 ,BUT ( ! SECRET VOTES ?US GIV5 = :AT !Y CALL A 0MEMB] ( ,CONGRESS10 ! RECEIV]S REPORT$ ?AT ,I HAD A MAJORITY1 OR AT LEA/ A L>G] NUMB] ?AN ANY O!R ONE P]SON4 ,& IT IS ONLY BY VIRTUE ( SU* A DESIGNATION ?AT ,I AM N[ H]E TO ACT 9 CONC]T ) O!R P]SONS SIMIL>LY SELECT$ 9 O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT IS UND]/OOD AMONG ?OSE :O S5T ME H]E1 ?AT ALL ! P]SONS SO SELECT$1 WILL1 ON COM+ TOGE!R AT ! ,CITY ( ,WA%+TON1 TAKE AN OA? 9 EA* O!R'S PRES5CE 0TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,BY ?IS IS MEANT A C]TA9 PAP] ?AT WAS DRAWN UP EI<TY YE>S AGO4 ,IT WAS NEV] SIGN$ BY ANYBODY1 & APP>5TLY HAS NO OBLIGATION1 & NEV] HAD ANY OBLIGATION1 AS A CONTRACT4 ,9 FACT1 FEW P]SONS EV] READ IT1 & D\BTLESS MU* ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( ?OSE :O VOT$ = ME & ! O!RS1 NEV] EV5 SAW IT1 OR N[ PRET5D TO KN[ :AT IT MEANS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS (T5 SPOK5 ( 9 ! C\NTRY AS 0! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 & = SOME REASON OR ANO!R1 ! M5 :O S5T ME H]E1 SEEM TO EXPECT ?AT ,I1 & ALL ) :OM ,I ACT1 WILL SWE> TO C>RY ?IS ,CON/ITUTION 9TO EFFECT4 ,I AM !RE=E READY TO TAKE ?IS OA?1 & TO COOP]ATE ) ALL O!RS1 SIMIL>LY SELECT$1 :O >E READY TO TAKE ! SAME OA?4 

,?IS IS ! MO/ ?AT ANY MEMB] ( ,CONGRESS CAN SAY 9 PRO( ?AT HE HAS ANY CON/ITU5CY2 ?AT HE REPRES5TS ANYBODY2 ?AT HIS OA? 0TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION10 IS GIV5 TO ANYBODY1 OR PL$GES HIS FAI? TO ANYBODY4 ,HE HAS NO OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC EVID5CE1 SU* AS IS REQUIR$ 9 ALL O!R CASES1 ?AT HE WAS EV] APPO9T$ ! AG5T OR REPRES5TATIVE ( ANYBODY4 ,HE HAS NO WRITT5 P[] ( ATTORNEY FROM ANY S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HE HAS NO SU* LEGAL KN[L$GE AS IS REQUIR$ 9 ALL O!R CASES1 BY :I* HE CAN ID5TIFY A S+LE ONE ( ?OSE :O PRET5D TO HAVE APPO9T$ HIM TO REPRES5T !M4 

,( C\RSE HIS OA?1 PR(ESS$LY GIV5 TO !M1 0TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION10 IS1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 AN OA? GIV5 TO NOBODY4 ,IT PL$GES HIS FAI? TO NOBODY4 ,IF HE FAILS TO FULFILL HIS OA?1 NOT A S+LE P]SON CAN COME =W>D1 & SAY TO HIM1 Y\ HAVE BETRAY$ ME1 OR BROK5 FAI? ) ME4 

,NO ONE CAN COME =W>D & SAY TO HIM3 ,I APPO9T$ Y\ MY ATTORNEY TO ACT = ME4 ,I REQUIR$ Y\ TO SWE> ?AT1 AS MY ATTORNEY1 Y\ W\LD SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,Y\ PROMIS$ ME ?AT Y\ W\LD DO SO2 & N[ Y\ HAVE =FEIT$ ! OA? Y\ GAVE TO ME4 ,NO S+LE 9DIVIDUAL CAN SAY ?IS4 

,NO OP51 AV[$1 OR RESPONSIBLE ASSOCIATION1 OR BODY ( M51 CAN COME =W>D & SAY TO HIM3 ,WE APPO9T$ Y\ \R ATTORNEY1 TO ACT = US4 ,WE REQUIR$ Y\ TO SWE> ?AT1 AS \R ATTORNEY1 Y\ W\LD SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,Y\ PROMIS$ US ?AT Y\ W\LD DO SO2 & N[ Y\ HAVE =FEIT$ ! OA? Y\ GAVE TO US4 

,NO OP51 AV[$1 OR RESPONSIBLE ASSOCIATION1 OR BODY ( M51 CAN SAY ?IS TO HIM2 BECAUSE !RE IS NO SU* ASSOCIATION OR BODY ( M5 9 EXI/5CE4 ,IF ANY ONE %\LD ASS]T ?AT !RE IS SU* AN ASSOCIATION1 LET HIM PROVE1 IF HE CAN1 :O COMPOSE IT4 ,LET HIM PRODUCE1 IF HE CAN1 ANY OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC CONTRACT1 SIGN$ OR AGRE$ TO BY !SE M52 =M+ !MSELVES 9TO AN ASSOCIATION2 MAK+ !MSELVES KN[N AS SU* TO ! WORLD2 APPO9T+ HIM AS !IR AG5T2 & MAK+ !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY1 OR AS AN ASSOCIATION1 RESPONSIBLE = HIS ACTS1 DONE BY !IR AU?ORITY4 ,UNTIL ALL ?IS CAN BE %[N1 NO ONE CAN SAY ?AT1 9 ANY LEGITIMATE S5SE1 !RE IS ANY SU* ASSOCIATION2 OR ?AT HE IS !IR AG5T2 OR ?AT HE EV] GAVE HIS OA? TO !M2 OR EV] PL$G$ HIS FAI? TO !M4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 IT W\LD BE A SUFFICI5T ANSW] = HIM TO SAY1 TO ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 & ALL PRET5D$ ASSOCIATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O %\LD ACCUSE HIM ( A BREA* ( FAI? TO !M3 

,I NEV] KNEW Y\4 ,:]E IS Y\R EVID5CE ?AT Y\1 EI!R 9DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY1 EV] APPO9T$ ME Y\R ATTORNEY8 ?AT Y\ EV] REQUIR$ ME TO SWE> TO Y\1 ?AT1 AS Y\R ATTORNEY1 ,I W\LD SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION8 OR ?AT ,I HAVE N[ BROK5 ANY FAI? ,I EV] PL$G$ TO Y\8 ,Y\ MAY1 OR Y\ MAY NOT1 BE MEMB]S ( ?AT SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O ACT 9 SECRET2 APPO9T !IR AG5TS BY A SECRET BALLOT2 :O KEEP !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY UNKN[N EV5 TO ! AG5TS !Y ?US APPO9T2 & :O1 !RE=E1 CANNOT CLAIM ?AT !Y HAVE ANY AG5TS2 OR ?AT ANY ( !IR PRET5D$ AG5TS EV] GAVE HIS OA?1 OR PL$G$ HIS FAI?1 TO !M4 ,I REPUDIATE Y\ ALTOGE!R4 ,MY OA? WAS GIV5 TO O!RS1 ) :OM Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO DO2 OR IT WAS IDLE W9D1 GIV5 ONLY TO ! IDLE W9DS4 ,BEGONE6 

,X,I,I4 

,= ! SAME REASONS1 ! OA?S ( ALL ! O!R PRET5D$ AG5TS ( ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S >E ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 EQUALLY DE/ITUTE ( OBLIGATION4 ,!Y >E GIV5 TO NOBODY2 BUT ONLY TO ! W9DS4 

,! OA?S ( ! TAX-GA!R]S & TREASUR]S ( ! B&1 >E1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ( NO VALIDITY4 ,IF ANY TAX GA!R]1 = EXAMPLE1 %\LD PUT ! MONEY HE RECEIVES 9TO HIS [N POCKET1 & REFUSE TO P>T ) IT1 ! MEMB]S ( ?IS B& C\LD NOT SAY TO HIM3 ,Y\ COLLECT$ ?AT MONEY AS \R AG5T1 & = \R USES2 & Y\ SWORE TO PAY IT OV] TO US1 OR TO ?OSE WE %\LD APPO9T TO RECEIVE IT4 ,Y\ HAVE BETRAY$ US1 & BROK5 FAI? ) US4 

,IT W\LD BE A SUFFICI5T ANSW] = HIM TO SAY TO !M3 

,I NEV] KNEW Y\4 ,Y\ NEV] MADE Y\RSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO ME4 ,I NEV] GAVE MY OA? TO Y\1 AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,Y\ MAY1 OR Y\ MAY NOT1 BE MEMB]S ( ?AT SECRET B&1 :O APPO9T AG5TS TO ROB & MURD] O!R PEOPLE2 BUT :O >E CAUTI\S NOT TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N1 EI!R TO SU* AG5TS1 OR TO ?OSE :OM !IR AG5TS >E COMMISSION$ TO ROB4 ,IF Y\ >E MEMB]S ( ?AT B&1 Y\ HAVE GIV5 ME NO PRO( ( IT1 & Y\ HAVE NO PRO( ?AT Y\ EV] COMMISSION$ ME TO ROB O!RS = Y\R B5EFIT4 ,I NEV] KNEW Y\1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 & ( C\RSE NEV] PROMIS$ Y\ ?AT ,I W\LD PAY OV] TO Y\ ! PROCE$S ( MY ROBB]IES4 ,I COMMITT$ MY ROBB]IES ON MY [N ACC\NT1 & = MY [N PR(IT4 ,IF Y\ ?\<T ,I WAS FOOL 5\< TO ALL[ Y\ TO KEEP Y\RSELVES CONCEAL$1 & USE ME AS Y\R TOOL = ROBB+ O!R P]SONS2 OR ?AT ,I W\LD TAKE ALL ! P]SONAL RISK ( ! ROBB]IES1 & PAY OV] ! PROCE$S TO Y\1 Y\ W]E P>TICUL>LY SIMPLE4 ,AS ,I TOOK ALL ! RISK ( MY ROBB]IES1 ,I PROPOSE TO TAKE ALL ! PR(ITS4 ,BEGONE6 ,Y\ >E FOOLS1 AS WELL AS VILLA9S4 ,IF ,I GAVE MY OA? TO ANYBODY1 ,I GAVE IT TO O!R P]SONS ?AN Y\4 ,BUT ,I REALLY GAVE IT TO NOBODY4 ,I ONLY GAVE IT TO ! W9DS4 ,IT ANSW]$ MY PURPOSES AT ! TIME4 ,IT 5ABL$ ME TO GET ! MONEY ,I WAS AFT]1 & N[ ,I PROPOSE TO KEEP IT4 ,IF Y\ EXPECT$ ME TO PAY IT OV] TO Y\1 Y\ RELI$ ONLY UPON ?AT HONOR ?AT IS SAID TO PREVAIL AMONG ?IEVES4 ,Y\ N[ UND]/& ?AT ?AT IS A V]Y POOR RELIANCE4 ,I TRU/ Y\ MAY BECOME WISE 5\< TO NEV] RELY UPON IT AGA94 ,IF ,I HAVE ANY DUTY 9 ! MATT]1 IT IS TO GIVE BACK ! MONEY TO ?OSE FROM :OM ,I TOOK IT2 NOT TO PAY IT OV] TO SU* VILLA9S AS Y\4 
,X,I,I,I4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ! OA?S :I* =EIGN]S TAKE1 ON COM+ H]E1 & BE+ 0NATURALIZ$0 7AS IT IS CALL$71 >E ( NO VALIDITY4 ,!Y >E NECESS>ILY GIV5 TO NOBODY2 BECAUSE !RE IS NO OP51 AU!NTIC ASSOCIATION1 TO :I* !Y CAN JO9 !MSELVES2 OR TO :OM1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y CAN PL$GE !IR FAI?4 ,NO SU* ASSOCIATION1 OR ORGANIZATION1 AS 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 HAV+ EV] BE5 =M$ BY ANY OP51 WRITT51 AU!NTIC1 OR VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT1 !RE IS1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 NO SU* ASSOCIATION1 OR ORGANIZATION1 9 EXI/5CE4 ,& ALL OA?S ?AT PURPORT TO BE GIV5 TO SU* AN ASSOCIATION >E NECESS>ILY GIV5 ONLY TO ! W9DS4 ,!Y CANNOT BE SAID TO BE GIV5 TO ANY MAN1 OR BODY ( M51 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BECAUSE NO MAN1 OR BODY ( M51 CAN COME =W>D ) ANY PRO( ?AT ! OA?S W]E GIV5 TO !M1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 OR TO ANY ASSOCIATION ( :I* !Y >E MEMB]S4 ,TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A TACIT UND]/&+ AMONG A PORTION ( ! MALE ADULTS ( ! C\NTRY1 ?AT !Y WILL CALL !MSELVES 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 & ?AT !Y WILL ACT 9 CONC]T 9 SUBJECT+ ! REMA9D] ( ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO !IR DOM9ION2 BUT ?AT !Y WILL KEEP !MSELVES P]SONALLY CONCEAL$ BY DO+ ALL !IR ACTS SECRETLY1 IS :OLLY 9SUFFICI5T1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 TO PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( ANY SU* ASSOCIATION1 OR ORGANIZATION1 AS 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 OR CONSEQU5TLY TO PROVE ?AT ! OA?S ( =EIGN]S W]E GIV5 TO ANY SU* ASSOCIATION4 

,X,I,V4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ALL ! OA?S :I*1 S9CE ! W>1 HAVE BE5 GIV5 BY ,S\!RN M51 ?AT !Y WILL OBEY ! LAWS ( ,CONGRESS1 SUPPORT ! ,UNION1 & ! LIKE1 >E ( NO VALIDITY4 ,SU* OA?S >E 9VALID1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E EXTORT$ BY MILIT>Y P[]1 & ?REATS ( CONFISCATION1 & BECAUSE !Y >E 9 CONTRAV5TION ( M5'S NATURAL RI<T TO DO AS !Y PLEASE AB\T SUPPORT+ ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y W]E GIV5 TO NOBODY4 ,!Y W]E NOM9ALLY GIV5 TO 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,BUT BE+ NOM9ALLY GIV5 TO 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 !Y W]E NECESS>ILY GIV5 TO NOBODY1 BECAUSE1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !RE W]E NO 0,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 TO :OM ! OA?S C\LD BE GIV54 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE WAS NO OP51 AU!NTIC1 AV[$1 LEGITIMATE ASSOCIATION1 CORPORATION1 OR BODY ( M51 KN[N AS 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR AS 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 TO :OM ! OA?S C\LD HAVE BE5 GIV54 ,IF ANYBODY SAYS !RE WAS SU* A CORPORATION1 LET HIM /ATE :O W]E ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT COMPOS$ IT1 & H[ & :5 !Y BECAME A CORPORATION4 ,W]E ,MR4 ,A1 ,MR4 ,B1 & ,MR4 ,C MEMB]S ( IT8 ,IF SO1 :]E >E !IR SIGNATURES8 ,:]E ! EVID5CE ( !IR MEMB]%IP8 ,:]E ! RECORD8 ,:]E ! OP51 AU!NTIC PRO(8 ,!RE IS NONE4 ,!RE=E1 9 LAW & REASON1 !RE WAS NO SU* CORPORATION4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 EV]Y CORPORATION1 ASSOCIATION1 OR ORGANIZ$ BODY ( M51 HAV+ A LEGITIMATE CORPORATE EXI/5CE1 & LEGITIMATE CORPORATE RI<TS1 MU/ CONSI/ ( C]TA9 KN[N 9DIVIDUALS1 :O CAN PROVE1 BY LEGITIMATE & REASONABLE EVID5CE1 !IR MEMB]%IP4 ,BUT NO?+ ( ?IS K9D CAN BE PROV$ 9 REG>D TO ! CORPORATION1 OR BODY ( M51 :O CALL !MSELVES 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,NOT A MAN ( !M1 9 ALL ! ,NOR!RN ,/ATES1 CAN PROVE BY ANY LEGITIMATE EVID5CE1 SU* AS IS REQUIR$ TO PROVE MEMB]%IP 9 O!R LEGAL CORPORATIONS1 ?AT HE HIMSELF1 OR ANY O!R MAN :OM HE CAN NAME1 IS A MEMB] ( ANY CORPORATION OR ASSOCIATION CALL$ 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT !RE IS ANY SU* CORPORATION4 ,& S9CE NO SU* CORPORATION CAN BE PROV$ TO EXI/1 IT CANNOT ( C\RSE BE PROV$ ?AT ! OA?S ( ,S\!RN M5 W]E GIV5 TO ANY SU* CORPORATION4 ,! MO/ ?AT CAN BE CLAIM$ IS ?AT ! OA?S W]E GIV5 TO A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 & EXTORT$ ?OSE OA?S4 ,BUT ?AT C]TA9LY IS NOT 5\< TO PROVE ?AT ! OA?S >E ( ANY OBLIGATION4 
,X,V4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ! OA?S ( SOLDI]S1 ?AT !Y WILL S]VE A GIV5 NUMB] ( YE>S1 ?AT !Y WILL OBEY ! ORD]S ( !IR SUP]IOR (FIC]S1 ?AT !Y WILL BE> TRUE ALLEGIANCE TO ! GOV]NM5T1 & SO =?1 >E ( NO OBLIGATION4 ,9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CRIM9ALITY ( AN OA?1 ?AT1 = A GIV5 NUMB] ( YE>S1 HE WILL KILL ALL :OM HE MAY BE COMM&$ TO KILL1 )\T EX]CIS+ HIS [N JUDGM5T OR CONSCI5CE AS TO ! JU/ICE OR NECESSITY ( SU* KILL+1 !RE IS ?IS FUR!R REASON :Y A SOLDI]'S OA? IS ( NO OBLIGATION1 VIZ4 ?AT1 LIKE ALL ! O!R OA?S ?AT HAVE N[ BE5 M5TION$1 IT IS GIV5 TO NOBODY4 ,!RE BE+1 9 NO LEGITIMATE S5SE1 ANY SU* CORPORATION1 OR NATION1 AS 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 NOR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ANY LEGITIMATE S5SE1 ANY SU* GOV]NM5T AS 0! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 A SOLDI]'S OA? GIV5 TO1 OR CONTRACT MADE )1 SU* NATION OR GOV]NM5T1 IS NECESS>ILY AN OA? GIV5 TO1 OR A CONTRACT MADE )1 NOBODY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY SU* OA? OR CONTRACT CAN BE ( NO OBLIGATION4 
,X,V,I4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 ! TREATIES1 SO CALL$1 :I* PURPORT TO BE 5T]$ 9TO ) O!R NATIONS1 BY C]TA9 P]SONS CALL+ !MSELVES AMBASSADORS1 SECRET>IES1 PRESID5TS1 & S5ATORS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ! NAME1 & ON BEHALF1 ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 >E ( NO VALIDITY4 ,!SE SO-CALL$ AMBASSADORS1 SECRET>IES1 PRESID5TS1 & S5ATORS1 :O CLAIM TO BE ! AG5TS ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 = MAK+ !SE TREATIES1 CAN %[ NO OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC EVID5CE ?AT EI!R ! :OLE 0PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR ANY O!R OP51 AV[$1 RESPONSIBLE BODY ( M51 CALL+ !MSELVES BY ?AT NAME1 EV] AU?ORIZ$ !SE PRET5D$ AMBASSADORS & O!RS TO MAKE TREATIES 9 ! NAME (1 OR B9D+ UPON ANY ONE (1 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,NEI!R CAN !Y %[ ANY OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC EVID5CE ?AT EI!R ! :OLE 0PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR ANY O!R OP51 AV[$1 RESPONSIBLE BODY ( M51 CALL+ !MSELVES BY ?AT NAME1 EV] AU?ORIZ$ !SE PRET5D$ AMBASSADORS1 SECRET>IES1 & O!RS1 9 !IR NAME & BEHALF1 TO RECOGNIZE C]TA9 O!R P]SONS1 CALL+ !MSELVES EMP]ORS1 K+S1 QUE5S1 & ! LIKE1 AS ! RI<TFUL RUL]S1 SOV]EIGNS1 MA/]S1 OR REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES :OM !Y ASSUME TO GOV]N1 TO REPRES5T1 & TO B9D4 

,! 0NATIONS10 AS !Y >E CALL$1 ) :OM \R PRET5D$ AMBASSADORS1 SECRET>IES1 PRESID5TS & S5ATORS PR(ESS TO MAKE TREATIES1 >E AS MU* MY?S AS \R [N4 ,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !RE >E NO SU* 0NATIONS40 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 NEI!R ! :OLE PEOPLE ( ,5GL&1 = EXAMPLE1 NOR ANY OP51 AV[$1 RESPONSIBLE BODY ( M51 CALL+ !MSELVES BY ?AT NAME1 EV]1 BY ANY OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC CONTRACT ) EA* O!R1 =M$ !MSELVES 9TO ANY BONA FIDE1 LEGITIMATE ASSOCIATION OR ORGANIZATION1 OR AU?ORIZ$ ANY K+1 QUE51 OR O!R REPRES5TATIVE TO MAKE TREATIES 9 !IR NAME1 OR TO B9D !M1 EI!R 9DIVIDUALLY1 OR AS AN ASSOCIATION1 BY SU* TREATIES4 

,\R PRET5D$ TREATIES1 !N1 BE+ MADE ) NO LEGITIMATE OR BONA FIDE NATIONS1 OR REPRES5TATIVES ( NATIONS1 & BE+ MADE1 ON \R P>T1 BY P]SONS :O HAVE NO LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY TO ACT = US1 HAVE 9TR9SICALLY NO MORE VALIDITY ?AN A PRET5D$ TREATY MADE BY ! ,MAN 9 ! ,MOON ) ! K+ ( ! ,PLEIADES4 

,X,V,I,I4 

,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 DEBTS CONTRACT$ 9 ! NAME ( 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR ( 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 >E ( NO VALIDITY4 ,IT IS UTT]LY ABSURD TO PRET5D ?AT DEBTS TO ! AM\NT ( TW5TY-FIVE HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( DOLL>S >E B9D+ UPON ?IRTY-FIVE OR =TY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 :5 !RE IS NOT A P>TICLE ( LEGITIMATE EVID5CE--SU* AS W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO PROVE A PRIVATE DEBT--?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ AGA9/ ANY ONE ( !M1 ?AT EI!R HE1 OR HIS PROP]LY AU?ORIZ$ ATTORNEY1 EV] CONTRACT$ TO PAY ONE C5T4 

,C]TA9LY1 NEI!R ! :OLE PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NOR ANY NUMB] ( !M1 EV] SEP>ATELY OR 9DIVIDUALLY CONTRACT$ TO PAY A C5T ( !SE DEBTS4 

,C]TA9LY1 ALSO1 NEI!R ! :OLE PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NOR ANY NUMB] ( !M1 EV]1 BY ANY OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC & VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT1 UNIT$ !MSELVES AS A FIRM1 CORPORATION1 OR ASSOCIATION1 BY ! NAME ( 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 & AU?ORIZ$ !IR AG5TS TO CONTRACT DEBTS 9 !IR NAME4 

,C]TA9LY1 TOO1 !RE IS 9 EXI/5CE NO SU* FIRM1 CORPORATION1 OR ASSOCIATION AS 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 OR 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 =M$ BY ANY OP51 WRITT51 OR O!R AU!NTIC & VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT1 & HAV+ CORPORATE PROP]TY ) :I* TO PAY !SE DEBTS4 

,H[1 !N1 IS IT POSSIBLE1 ON ANY G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LAW OR REASON1 ?AT DEBTS ?AT >E B9D+ UPON NOBODY 9DIVIDUALLY1 CAN BE B9D+ UPON =TY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY1 :51 ON G5]AL & LEGITIMATE PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !SE =TY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE NEI!R HAVE1 NOR EV] HAD1 ANY CORPORATE PROP]TY8 NEV] MADE ANY CORPORATE OR 9DIVIDUAL CONTRACT8 & NEI!R HAVE1 NOR EV] HAD1 ANY CORPORATE EXI/5CE8 

,:O1 !N1 CREAT$ !SE DEBTS1 9 ! NAME ( 0! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES80 ,:Y1 AT MO/1 ONLY A FEW P]SONS1 CALL+ !MSELVES 0MEMB]S ( ,CONGRESS10 @&C4 :O PRET5D$ TO REPRES5T 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 BUT :O REALLY REPRES5T$ ONLY A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O WANT$ MONEY TO C>RY ON ! ROBB]IES & MURD]S 9 :I* !Y W]E !N 5GAG$2 & :O 9T5D$ TO EXTORT FROM ! FUTURE PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY ROBB]Y & ?REATS ( MURD] 7& REAL MURD]1 IF ?AT %\LD PROVE NECESS>Y71 ! MEANS TO PAY !SE DEBTS4 

,?IS B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O W]E ! REAL PR9CIPALS 9 CONTRACT+ !SE DEBTS1 IS A SECRET ONE1 BECAUSE ITS MEMB]S HAVE NEV] 5T]$ 9TO ANY OP51 WRITT51 AV[$1 OR AU!NTIC CONTRACT1 BY :I* !Y MAY BE 9DIVIDUALLY KN[N TO ! WORLD1 OR EV5 TO EA* O!R4 ,!IR REAL OR PRET5D$ REPRES5TATIVES1 :O CONTRACT$ !SE DEBTS 9 !IR NAME1 W]E SELECT$ 7IF SELECT$ AT ALL7 = ?AT PURPOSE SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT71 & 9 A WAY TO FURNI% EVID5CE AGA9/ NONE ( ! PR9CIPALS 9DIVIDUALLY2 & !SE PR9CIPALS W]E REALLY KN[N 9DIVIDUALLY NEI!R TO !IR PRET5D$ REPRES5TATIVES :O CONTRACT$ !SE DEBTS 9 !IR BEHALF1 NOR TO ?OSE :O L5T ! MONEY4 ,! MONEY1 !RE=E1 WAS ALL BORR[$ & L5T 9 ! D>K2 ?AT IS1 BY M5 :O DID NOT SEE EA* O!R'S FACES1 OR KN[ EA* O!R'S NAMES2 :O C\LD NOT !N1 & CANNOT N[1 ID5TIFY EA* O!R AS PR9CIPALS 9 ! TRANSACTIONS2 & :O CONSEQU5TLY CAN PROVE NO CONTRACT ) EA* O!R4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! MONEY WAS ALL L5T & BORR[$ = CRIM9AL PURPOSES2 ?AT IS1 = PURPOSES ( ROBB]Y & MURD]2 & = ?IS REASON ! CONTRACTS W]E ALL 9TR9SICALLY VOID2 & W\LD HAVE BE5 SO1 EV5 ?\< ! REAL P>TIES1 BORR[]S & L5D]S1 HAD COME FACE TO FACE1 & MADE !IR CONTRACTS OP5LY1 9 !IR [N PROP] NAMES4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O W]E ! REAL BORR[]S ( ?IS MONEY1 HAV+ NO LEGITIMATE CORPORATE EXI/5CE1 HAVE NO CORPORATE PROP]TY ) :I* TO PAY !SE DEBTS4 ,!Y DO 9DE$ PRET5D TO [N L>GE TRACTS ( WILD L&S1 LY+ BETWE5 ! ,ATLANTIC & ,PACIFIC ,OCEANS1 & BETWE5 ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO & ! ,NOR? ,POLE4 ,BUT1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( LAW & REASON1 !Y MI<T AS WELL PRET5D TO [N ! ,ATLANTIC & ,PACIFIC ,OCEANS !MSELVES2 OR ! ATMOSPH]E & ! SUNLI<T2 & TO HOLD !M1 & DISPOSE ( !M1 = ! PAYM5T ( !SE DEBTS4 

,HAV+ NO CORPORATE PROP]TY ) :I* TO PAY :AT PURPORTS TO BE !IR CORPORATE DEBTS1 ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S >E REALLY BANKRUPT4 ,!Y HAVE NO?+ TO PAY )4 ,9 FACT1 !Y DO NOT PROPOSE TO PAY !IR DEBTS O!RWISE ?AN FROM ! PROCE$S ( !IR FUTURE ROBB]IES & MURD]S4 ,!SE >E CONFESS$LY !IR SOLE RELIANCE2 & W]E KN[N TO BE SU* BY ! L5D]S ( ! MONEY1 AT ! TIME ! MONEY WAS L5T4 ,& IT WAS1 !RE=E1 VIRTUALLY A P>T ( ! CONTRACT1 ?AT ! MONEY %\LD BE REPAID ONLY FROM ! PROCE$S ( !SE FUTURE ROBB]IES & MURD]S4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IF = NO O!R1 ! CONTRACTS W]E VOID FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,9 FACT1 !SE APP>5TLY TWO CLASSES1 BORR[]S & L5D]S1 W]E REALLY ONE & ! SAME CLASS4 ,!Y BORR[$ & L5T MONEY FROM & TO !MSELVES4 ,!Y !MSELVES W]E NOT ONLY P>T & P>CEL1 BUT ! V]Y LIFE & S\L1 ( ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O BORR[$ & SP5T ! MONEY4 ,9DIVIDUALLY !Y FURNI%$ MONEY = A COMMON 5T]PRISE2 TAK+1 9 RETURN1 :AT PURPORT$ TO BE CORPORATE PROMISES = 9DIVIDUAL LOANS4 ,! ONLY EXCUSE !Y HAD = TAK+ !SE SO-CALL$ CORPORATE PROMISES (1 = 9DIVIDUAL LOANS BY1 ! SAME P>TIES1 WAS ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE SOME APP>5T EXCUSE = ! FUTURE ROBB]IES ( ! B& 7?AT IS1 TO PAY ! DEBTS ( ! CORPORATION71 & ?AT !Y MI<T ALSO KN[ :AT %>ES !Y W]E TO BE RESPECTIVELY 5TITL$ TO \T ( ! PROCE$S ( !IR FUTURE ROBB]IES4 

,F9ALLY1 IF !SE DEBTS HAD BE5 CREAT$ = ! MO/ 9NOC5T & HONE/ PURPOSES1 & 9 ! MO/ OP5 & HONE/ MANN]1 BY ! REAL P>TIES TO ! CONTRACTS1 !SE P>TIES C\LD !REBY HAVE B\ND NOBODY BUT !MSELVES1 & NO PROP]TY BUT !IR [N4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE B\ND NOBODY ?AT %\LD HAVE COME AFT] !M1 & NO PROP]TY SUBSEQU5TLY CREAT$ BY1 OR BELONG+ TO1 O!R P]SONS4 

,X,V,I,I,I4 

,! ,CON/ITUTION HAV+ NEV] BE5 SIGN$ BY ANYBODY2 & !RE BE+ NO O!R OP51 WRITT51 OR AU!NTIC CONTRACT BETWE5 ANY P>TIES :ATEV]1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T1 SO CALL$1 IS MA9TA9$2 & IT BE+ WELL KN[N ?AT NONE BUT MALE P]SONS1 ( TW5TY-ONE YE>S ( AGE & UPW>DS1 >E ALL[$ ANY VOICE 9 ! GOV]NM5T2 & IT BE+ ALSO WELL KN[N ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( !SE ADULT P]SONS SELDOM OR NEV] VOTE AT ALL2 & ?AT ALL ?OSE :O DO VOTE1 DO SO SECRETLY 7BY SECRET BALLOT71 & 9 A WAY TO PREV5T !IR 9DIVIDUAL VOTES BE+ KN[N1 EI!R TO ! WORLD1 OR EV5 TO EA* O!R2 & CONSEQU5TLY 9 A WAY TO MAKE NO ONE OP5LY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( !IR AG5TS1 OR REPRES5TATIVES1--ALL !SE ?+S BE+ KN[N1 ! QUE/IONS >ISE3 ,:O COMPOSE ! REAL GOV]N+ P[] 9 ! C\NTRY8 ,:O >E ! M51 ! RESPONSIBLE M51 :O ROB US ( \R PROP]TY8 ,RE/RA9 US ( \R LIB]TY8 ,SUBJECT US TO !IR >BITR>Y DOM9ION8 ,& DEVA/ATE \R HOMES1 & %OOT US D[N BY ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 IF WE RESI/8 ,H[ %ALL WE F9D !SE M58 ,H[ %ALL WE KN[ !M FROM O!RS8 ,H[ %ALL WE DEF5D \RSELVES & \R PROP]TY AGA9/ !M8 ,:O1 ( \R NEI<BORS1 >E MEMB]S ( ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S8 ,H[ CAN WE KN[ :I* >E !IR H\SES1 ?AT WE MAY BURN OR DEMOLI% !M8 ,:I* !IR PROP]TY1 ?AT WE MAY DE/ROY IT8 ,:I* !IR P]SONS1 ?AT WE MAY KILL !M1 & RID ! WORLD & \RSELVES ( SU* TYRANTS & MON/]S8 

,!SE >E QUE/IONS ?AT MU/ BE ANSW]$1 BE=E M5 CAN BE FREE2 BE=E !Y CAN PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ ?IS SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O N[ PLUND]1 5?RALL$1 & DE/ROY !M4 

,! ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS IS1 ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE ! WILL & ! P[] TO %OOT D[N !IR FELL[ M51 >E ! REAL RUL]S 9 ?IS1 AS 9 ALL O!R 7SO CALL$7 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES2 = BY NO O!RS WILL CIVILIZ$ M5 BE ROBB$1 OR 5SLAV$4 

,AMONG SAVAGES1 M]E PHYSICAL /R5G?1 ON ! P>T ( ONE MAN1 MAY 5ABLE HIM TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 OR KILL ANO!R MAN4 ,AMONG B>B>IANS1 M]E PHYSICAL /R5G?1 ON ! P>T ( A BODY ( M51 DISCIPL9$1 & ACT+ 9 CONC]T1 ?\< ) V]Y LITTLE MONEY OR O!R WEAL?1 MAY1 UND] SOME CIRCUM/ANCES1 5ABLE !M TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 OR KILL ANO!R BODY ( M51 AS NUM]\S1 OR P]HAPS EV5 MORE NUM]\S1 ?AN !MSELVES4 ,& AMONG BO? SAVAGES & B>B>IANS1 M]E WANT MAY SOMETIMES COMPEL ONE MAN TO SELL HIMSELF AS A SLAVE TO ANO!R4 ,BUT ) 7SO CALL$7 CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES1 AMONG :OM KN[L$GE1 WEAL?1 & ! MEANS ( ACT+ 9 CONC]T1 HAVE BECOME DIFFUS$2 & :O HAVE 9V5T$ SU* WEAPONS & O!R MEANS ( DEF5SE AS TO R5D] M]E PHYSICAL /R5G? ( LESS IMPORTANCE2 & BY :OM SOLDI]S 9 ANY REQUISITE NUMB]1 & O!R 9/RUM5TALITIES ( W> 9 ANY REQUISITE AM\NT1 CAN ALWAYS BE HAD = MONEY1 ! QUE/ION ( W>1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 IS LITTLE ELSE ?AN A M]E QUE/ION ( MONEY4 ,AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 ?OSE :O /& READY TO FURNI% ?IS MONEY1 >E ! REAL RUL]S4 ,IT IS SO 9 ,EUROPE1 & IT IS SO 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 ! NOM9AL RUL]S1 ! EMP]ORS & K+S & P>LIAM5TS1 >E ANY?+ BUT ! REAL RUL]S ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,!Y >E LITTLE OR NO?+ ELSE ?AN M]E TOOLS1 EMPLOY$ BY ! WEAL?Y TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 & 7IF NE$ BE7 MURD] ?OSE :O HAVE LESS WEAL?1 OR NONE AT ALL4 

,! ,RO?S*ILDS1 & ?AT CLASS ( MONEY-L5D]S ( :OM !Y >E ! REPRES5TATIVES & AG5TS1--M5 :O NEV] ?9K ( L5D+ A %ILL+ TO !IR NEXT-DOOR NEI<BORS1 = PURPOSES ( HONE/ 9DU/RY1 UNLESS UPON ! MO/ AMPLE SECURITY1 & AT ! HI<E/ RATE ( 9T]E/1--/& READY1 AT ALL TIMES1 TO L5D MONEY 9 UNLIMIT$ AM\NTS TO ?OSE ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O CALL !MSELVES GOV]NM5TS1 TO BE EXP5D$ 9 %OOT+ D[N ?OSE :O DO NOT SUBMIT QUIETLY TO BE+ ROBB$ & 5SLAV$4 

,!Y L5D !IR MONEY 9 ?IS MANN]1 KN[+ ?AT IT IS TO BE EXP5D$ 9 MURD]+ !IR FELL[ M51 = SIMPLY SEEK+ !IR LIB]TY & !IR RI<TS2 KN[+ ALSO ?AT NEI!R ! 9T]E/ NOR ! PR9CIPAL WILL EV] BE PAID1 EXCEPT AS IT WILL BE EXTORT$ UND] T]ROR ( ! REPETITION ( SU* MURD]S AS ?OSE = :I* ! MONEY L5T IS TO BE EXP5D$4 

,!SE MONEY-L5D]S1 ! ,RO?S*ILDS1 = EXAMPLE1 SAY TO !MSELVES3 ,IF WE L5D A HUNDR$ MILLIONS /]L+ TO ! ,QUE5 & ,P>LIAM5T ( ,5GL&1 IT WILL 5ABLE !M TO MURD] TW5TY1 FIFTY1 OR A HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE 9 ,5GL&1 ,IREL&1 OR ,9DIA2 & ! T]ROR 9SPIR$ BY SU* :OLESALE MURD]1 WILL 5ABLE !M TO KEEP ! :OLE PEOPLE ( ?OSE C\NTRIES 9 SUBJECTION = TW5TY1 OR P]HAPS FIFTY1 YE>S TO COME2 TO CONTROL ALL !IR TRADE & 9DU/RY2 & TO EXTORT FROM !M L>GE AM\NTS ( MONEY1 UND] ! NAME ( TAXES2 & FROM ! WEAL? ?US EXTORT$ FROM !M1 !Y 7! ,QUE5 & ,P>LIAM5T7 CAN AF=D TO PAY US A HI<] RATE ( 9T]E/ = \R MONEY ?AN WE CAN GET 9 ANY O!R WAY4 ,OR1 IF WE L5D ?IS SUM TO ! ,EMP]OR ( ,AU/RIA1 IT WILL 5ABLE HIM TO MURD] SO MANY ( HIS PEOPLE AS TO /RIKE T]ROR 9TO ! RE/1 & ?US 5ABLE HIM TO KEEP !M 9 SUBJECTION1 & EXTORT MONEY FROM !M1 = TW5TY OR FIFTY YE>S TO COME4 ,& !Y SAY ! SAME 9 REG>D TO ! ,EMP]OR ( ,RUSSIA1 ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA1 ! ,EMP]OR ( ,FRANCE1 OR ANY O!R RUL]1 SO CALL$1 :O1 9 !IR JUDGM5T1 WILL BE ABLE1 BY MURD]+ A REASONABLE PORTION ( HIS PEOPLE1 TO KEEP ! RE/ 9 SUBJECTION1 & EXTORT MONEY FROM !M1 = A LONG TIME TO COME1 TO PAY ! 9T]E/ & PR9CIPAL ( ! MONEY L5T HIM4 

,& :Y >E !SE M5 SO READY TO L5D MONEY = MURD]+ !IR FELL[ M58 ,SOLELY = ?IS REASON1 VIZ41 ?AT SU* LOANS >E CONSID]$ BETT] 9VE/M5TS ?AN LOANS = PURPOSES ( HONE/ 9DU/RY4 ,!Y PAY HI<] RATES ( 9T]E/2 & IT IS LESS TR\BLE TO LOOK AFT] !M4 ,?IS IS ! :OLE MATT]4 

,! QUE/ION ( MAK+ !SE LOANS IS1 ) !SE L5D]S1 A M]E QUE/ION ( PECUNI>Y PR(IT4 ,!Y L5D MONEY TO BE EXP5D$ 9 ROBB+1 5SLAV+1 & MURD]+ !IR FELL[ M51 SOLELY BECAUSE1 ON ! :OLE1 SU* LOANS PAY BETT] ?AN ANY O!RS4 ,!Y >E NO RESPECT]S ( P]SONS1 NO SUP]/ITI\S FOOLS1 ?AT REV]5CE MON>*S4 ,!Y C>E NO MORE = A K+1 OR AN EMP]OR1 ?AN !Y DO = A BEGG>1 EXCEPT AS HE IS A BETT] CU/OM]1 & CAN PAY !M BETT] 9T]E/ = !IR MONEY4 ,IF !Y D\BT HIS ABILITY TO MAKE HIS MURD]S SUCCESSFUL = MA9TA9+ HIS P[]1 & ?US EXTORT+ MONEY FROM HIS PEOPLE 9 FUTURE1 !Y DISMISS HIM AS UNC]EMONI\SLY AS !Y W\LD DISMISS ANY O!R HOPELESS BANKRUPT1 :O %\LD WANT TO BORR[ MONEY TO SAVE HIMSELF FROM OP5 9SOLV5CY4 

,:5 !SE GREAT L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY1 LIKE ! ,RO?S*ILDS1 HAVE LOAN$ VA/ SUMS 9 ?IS WAY1 = PURPOSES ( MURD]1 TO AN EMP]OR OR A K+1 !Y SELL \T ! BONDS TAK5 BY !M1 9 SMALL AM\NTS1 TO ANYBODY1 & EV]YBODY1 :O >E DISPOS$ TO BUY !M AT SATISFACTORY PRICES1 TO HOLD AS 9VE/M5TS4 ,!Y 7! ,RO?S*ILDS7 ?US SOON GET BACK !IR MONEY1 ) GREAT PR(ITS2 & >E N[ READY TO L5D MONEY 9 ! SAME WAY AGA9 TO ANY O!R ROBB] & MURD]]1 CALL$ AN EMP]OR OR A K+1 :O1 !Y ?9K1 IS LIKELY TO BE SUCCESSFUL 9 HIS ROBB]IES & MURD]S1 & ABLE TO PAY A GOOD PRICE = ! MONEY NECESS>Y TO C>RY !M ON4 

,?IS BUS9ESS ( L5D+ BLOOD-MONEY IS ONE ( ! MO/ ?OR\<LY SORDID1 COLD-BLOOD$ & CRIM9AL ?AT WAS EV] C>RI$ ON1 TO ANY CONSID]ABLE EXT5T1 AMONG HUMAN BE+S4 ,IT IS LIKE L5D+ MONEY TO SLAVE-TRAD]S1 OR TO COMMON ROBB]S & PIRATES1 TO BE REPAID \T ( !IR PLUND]4 ,& ! M5 :O LOAN MONEY TO GOV]NM5TS1 SO CALL$1 = ! PURPOSE ( 5ABL+ ! LATT] TO ROB1 5?RALL$1 & MURD] !IR PEOPLE1 > AMONG ! GREATE/ VILLA9S ?AT ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 ,& !Y AS MU* DES]VE TO BE HUNT$ & KILL$ 7IF !Y CANNOT O!RWISE BE GOT RID (7 AS ANY SLAVE-TRAD]S1 ROBB]S1 OR PIRATES ?AT EV] LIV$4 

,:5 !SE EMP]ORS & K+S1 SO CALL$1 HAVE OBTA9$ !IR LOANS1 !Y PROCE$ TO HIRE & TRA9 IMM5SE NUMB]S ( PR(ESSIONAL MURD]]S1 CALL$ SOLDI]S1 & EMPLOY !M 9 %OOT+ D[N ALL :O RESI/ !IR DEM&S = MONEY4 ,9 FACT1 MO/ ( !M KEEP L>GE BODIES ( !SE MURD]]S CON/ANTLY 9 !IR S]VICE1 AS !IR ONLY MEANS ( 5=C+ !IR EXTORTIONS4 ,!RE >E N[1 ,I ?9K1 F\R OR FIVE MILLIONS ( !SE PR(ESSIONAL MURD]]S CON/ANTLY EMPLOY$ BY ! SO-CALL$ SOV]EIGNS ( ,EUROPE4 ,! 5SLAV$ PEOPLE >E1 ( C\RSE1 =C$ TO SUPPORT & PAY ALL !SE MURD]]S1 AS WELL AS TO SUBMIT TO ALL ! O!R EXTORTIONS :I* !SE MURD]]S >E EMPLOY$ TO 5=CE4 

,IT IS ONLY 9 ?IS WAY ?AT MO/ ( ! SO-CALL$ GOV]NM5TS ( ,EUROPE >E MA9TA9$4 ,!SE SO-CALL$ GOV]NM5TS >E 9 REALITY ONLY GREAT B&S ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 ORGANIZ$1 DISCIPL9$1 & CON/ANTLY ON ! AL]T4 ,& ! SO-CALL$ SOV]EIGNS1 9 !SE DIFF]5T GOV]NM5TS1 >E SIMPLY ! HEADS1 OR *IEFS1 ( DIFF]5T B&S ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S4 ,& !SE HEADS OR *IEFS >E DEP5D5T UPON ! L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY = ! MEANS TO C>RY ON !IR ROBB]IES & MURD]S4 ,!Y C\LD NOT SU/A9 !MSELVES A MOM5T BUT = ! LOANS MADE TO !M BY !SE BLOOD-MONEY LOAN-MONG]S4 ,& !IR FIR/ C>E IS TO MA9TA9 !IR CR$IT ) !M2 = !Y KN[ !IR 5D IS COME1 ! 9/ANT !IR CR$IT ) !M FAILS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! FIR/ PROCE$S ( !IR EXTORTIONS >E SCRUPUL\SLY APPLI$ TO ! PAYM5T ( ! 9T]E/ ON !IR LOANS4 

,9 ADDITION TO PAY+ ! 9T]E/ ON !IR BONDS1 !Y P]HAPS GRANT TO ! HOLD]S ( !M GREAT MONOPOLIES 9 BANK+1 LIKE ! ,BANKS ( ,5GL&1 ( ,FRANCE1 & ( ,VI5NA2 ) ! AGREEM5T ?AT !SE BANKS %ALL FURNI% MONEY :5EV]1 9 SUDD5 EM]G5CIES1 IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO %OOT D[N MORE ( !IR PEOPLE4 ,P]HAPS ALSO1 BY MEANS ( T>IFFS ON COMPET+ IMPORTS1 !Y GIVE GREAT MONOPOLIES TO C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 9 :I* !SE L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY >E 5GAG$4 ,!Y ALSO1 BY UNEQUAL TAXATION1 EXEMPT :OLLY OR P>TIALLY ! PROP]TY ( !SE LOAN-MONG]S1 & ?R[ CORRESPOND+ BURD5S UPON ?OSE :O >E TOO POOR & WEAK TO RESI/4 

,?US IT IS EVID5T ?AT ALL !SE M51 :O CALL !MSELVES BY ! HI<-S\ND+ NAMES ( ,EMP]ORS1 ,K+S1 ,SOV]EIGNS1 ,MON>*S1 ,MO/ ,*RI/IAN ,MAJE/IES1 ,MO/ ,CA?OLIC ,MAJE/IES1 ,HI< ,MI<T9ESSES1 ,MO/ ,S]5E & ,POT5T ,PR9CES1 & ! LIKE1 & :O CLAIM TO RULE 0BY ! GRACE ( ,GOD10 BY 0,DIV9E ,RI<T10--?AT IS1 BY SPECIAL AU?ORITY FROM ,HEAV51-->E 9TR9SICALLY NOT ONLY ! M]E/ MISCREANTS & WRET*ES1 5GAG$ SOLELY 9 PLUND]+1 5SLAV+1 & MURD]+ !IR FELL[ M51 BUT ?AT !Y >E ALSO ! M]E/ HANG]S ON1 ! S]VILE1 OBSEQUI\S1 FAWN+ DEP5D5TS & TOOLS ( !SE BLOOD-MONEY LOAN-MONG]S1 ON :OM !Y RELY = ! MEANS TO C>RY ON !IR CRIMES4 ,!SE LOAN-MONG]S1 LIKE ! ,RO?S*ILDS1 LAU< 9 !IR SLEEVES1 & SAY TO !MSELVES3 ,!SE DESPICABLE CREATURES1 :O CALL !MSELVES EMP]ORS1 & K+S1 & MAJE/IES1 & MO/ S]5E & POT5T PR9CES2 :O PR(ESS TO WE> CR[NS1 & SIT ON ?RONES2 :O DECK !MSELVES ) RIBBONS1 & FEA!RS1 & JEWELS2 & SURR\ND !MSELVES ) HIR$ FLATT]]S & LICKSPITTLES2 & :OM WE SUFF] TO /RUT >\ND1 & PALM !MSELVES (F1 UPON FOOLS & SLAVES1 AS SOV]EIGNS & LAWGIV]S SPECIALLY APPO9T$ BY ,ALMI<TY ,GOD2 & TO HOLD !MSELVES \T AS ! SOLE F\NTA9S ( HONORS1 & DIGNITIES1 & WEAL?1 & P[]1--ALL !SE MISCREANTS & IMPO/ORS KN[ ?AT WE MAKE !M1 & USE !M2 ?AT 9 US !Y LIVE1 MOVE1 & HAVE !IR BE+2 ?AT WE REQUIRE !M 7AS ! PRICE ( !IR POSITIONS7 TO TAKE UPON !MSELVES ALL ! LABOR1 ALL ! DANG]1 & ALL ! ODIUM ( ALL ! CRIMES !Y COMMIT = \R PR(IT2 & ?AT WE WILL UNMAKE !M1 /RIP !M ( !IR GEWGAWS1 & S5D !M \T 9TO ! WORLD AS BEGG>S1 OR GIVE !M OV] TO ! V5GEANCE ( ! PEOPLE !Y HAVE 5SLAV$1 ! MOM5T !Y REFUSE TO COMMIT ANY CRIME WE REQUIRE ( !M1 OR TO PAY OV] TO US SU* %>E ( ! PROCE$S ( !IR ROBB]IES AS WE SEE FIT TO DEM&4 
,X,I,X4 

,N[1 :AT IS TRUE 9 ,EUROPE1 IS SUB/ANTIALLY TRUE 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ! IMMAT]IAL ONE1 ?AT1 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 !RE IS NO VISIBLE1 P]MAN5T HEAD1 OR *IEF1 ( !SE ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :O CALL !MSELVES 0! GOV]NM5T40 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE IS NO ONE MAN1 :O CALLS HIMSELF ! /ATE1 OR EV5 EMP]OR1 K+1 OR SOV]EIGN2 NO ONE :O CLAIMS ?AT HE & HIS *ILDR5 RULE 0BY ! ,GRACE ( ,GOD10 BY 0,DIV9E ,RI<T10 OR BY SPECIAL APPO9TM5T FROM ,HEAV54 ,!RE >E ONLY C]TA9 M51 :O CALL !MSELVES PRESID5TS1 S5ATORS1 & REPRES5TATIVES1 & CLAIM TO BE ! AU?ORIZ$ AG5TS1 = ! TIME BE+1 OR = C]TA9 %ORT P]IODS1 ( ALL 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 BUT :O CAN %[ NO CR$5TIALS1 OR P[]S ( ATTORNEY1 OR ANY O!R OP51 AU!NTIC EVID5CE ?AT !Y >E SO2 & :O NOTORI\SLY >E NOT SO2 BUT >E REALLY ONLY ! AG5TS ( A SECRET B& ( ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 :OM !Y !MSELVES DO NOT KN[1 & HAVE NO MEANS ( KN[+1 9DIVIDUALLY2 BUT :O1 !Y TRU/1 WILL OP5LY OR SECRETLY1 :5 ! CRISIS COMES1 SU/A9 !M 9 ALL !IR USURPATIONS & CRIMES4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO BE NOTIC$ IS1 ?AT !SE SO-CALL$ PRESID5TS1 S5ATORS1 & REPRES5TATIVES1 !SE PRET5D$ AG5TS ( ALL 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 ! MOM5T !IR EXACTIONS MEET ) ANY =MIDABLE RESI/ANCE FROM ANY PORTION ( 0! PEOPLE0 !MSELVES1 >E OBLIG$1 LIKE !IR CO-ROBB]S & MURD]]S 9 ,EUROPE1 TO FLY AT ONCE TO ! L5D]S ( BLOOD MONEY1 = ! MEANS TO SU/A9 !IR P[]4 ,& !Y BORR[ !IR MONEY ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 & = ! SAME PURPOSE1 VIZ41 TO BE EXP5D$ 9 %OOT+ D[N ALL ?OSE 0PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0--!IR [N CON/ITU5TS & PR9CIPALS1 AS !Y PR(ESS TO CALL !M--:O RESI/ ! ROBB]IES & 5SLAVEM5T :I* !SE BORR[]S ( ! MONEY >E PRACTIC+ UPON !M4 ,& !Y EXPECT TO REPAY ! LOANS1 IF AT ALL1 ONLY FROM ! PROCE$S ( ! FUTURE ROBB]IES1 :I* !Y ANTICIPATE IT WILL BE EASY = !M & !IR SUCCESSORS TO P]PETRATE ?R\< A LONG S]IES ( YE>S1 UPON !IR PRET5D$ PR9CIPALS1 IF !Y CAN BUT %OOT D[N N[ SOME HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( !M1 & ?US /RIKE T]ROR 9TO ! RE/4 

,P]HAPS ! FACTS W]E NEV] MADE MORE EVID5T1 9 ANY C\NTRY ON ! GLOBE1 ?AN 9 \R [N1 ?AT !SE S\LLESS BLOOD-MONEY LOAN-MONG]S >E ! REAL RUL]S2 ?AT !Y RULE FROM ! MO/ SORDID & M]C5>Y MOTIVES2 ?AT ! O/5SIBLE GOV]NM5T1 ! PRESID5TS1 S5ATORS1 & REPRES5TATIVES1 SO-CALL$1 >E M]ELY !IR TOOLS2 & ?AT NO IDEAS (1 OR REG>D =1 JU/ICE OR LIB]TY HAD ANY?+ TO DO 9 9DUC+ !M TO L5D !IR MONEY = ! W>4 ,9 PRO( ( ALL ?IS1 LOOK AT ! FOLL[+ FACTS4 

,NE>LY A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO WE PR(ESS$ TO HAVE GOT RID ( ALL ?AT RELIGI\S SUP]/ITION1 9CULCAT$ BY A S]VILE & CORRUPT PRIE/HOOD 9 ,EUROPE1 ?AT RUL]S1 SO CALL$1 D]IV$ !IR AU?ORITY DIRECTLY FROM ,HEAV52 & ?AT IT WAS CONSEQU5TLY A RELIGI\S DUTY ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE TO OBEY !M4 ,WE PR(ESS$ LONG AGO TO HAVE LE>N$ ?AT GOV]NM5TS C\LD RI<TFULLY EXI/ ONLY BY ! FREE WILL1 & ON ! VOLUNT>Y SUPPORT1 ( ?OSE :O MI<T *OOSE TO SU/A9 !M4 ,WE ALL PR(ESS$ TO HAVE KN[N LONG AGO1 ?AT ! ONLY LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( GOV]NM5T W]E ! MA9T5ANCE ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE EQUALLY = ALL4 ,ALL ?IS WE HAD PR(ESS$ = NE>LY A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,& WE PR(ESS$ TO LOOK ) PITY & CONTEMPT UPON ?OSE IGNORANT1 SUP]/ITI\S1 & 5SLAV$ PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE1 :O W]E SO EASILY KEPT 9 SUBJECTION BY ! FRAUDS & =CE ( PRIE/S & K+S4 

,NOT)/&+ ALL ?IS1 ?AT WE HAD LE>N$1 & KN[N1 & PR(ESS$1 = NE>LY A C5TURY1 !SE L5D]S ( BLOOD MONEY HAD1 = A LONG S]IES ( YE>S PREVI\S TO ! W>1 BE5 ! WILL+ ACCOMPLICES ( ! SLAVE-HOLD]S 9 P]V]T+ ! GOV]NM5T FROM ! PURPOSES ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 TO ! GREATE/ ( CRIMES4 ,!Y HAD BE5 SU* ACCOMPLICES = A PURELY PECUNI>Y CONSID]ATION1 TO WIT1 A CONTROL ( ! M>KETS 9 ! ,S\?2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! PRIVILEGE ( HOLD+ ! SLAVE-HOLD]S !M-SELVES 9 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL SUBJECTION TO ! MANUFACTUR]S & M]*ANTS ( ! ,NOR? 7:O AFT]W>DS FURNI%$ ! MONEY = ! W>74 ,& !SE ,NOR!RN M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S1 !SE L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY1 W]E WILL+ TO CONT9UE TO BE ! ACCOMPLICES ( ! SLAVE-HOLD]S 9 ! FUTURE1 = ! SAME PECUNI>Y CONSID]ATION4 ,BUT ! SLAVE-HOLD]S1 EI!R D\BT+ ! FIDELITY ( !IR ,NOR!RN ALLIES1 OR FEEL+ !MSELVES /RONG 5\< TO KEEP !IR SLAVES 9 SUBJECTION )\T ,NOR!RN ASSI/ANCE1 W\LD NO LONG] PAY ! PRICE :I* !SE ,NOR!RN M5 DEM&$4 ,& IT WAS TO 5=CE ?IS PRICE 9 ! FUTURE--?AT IS1 TO MONOPOLIZE ! ,S\!RN M>KETS1 TO MA9TA9 !IR 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CONTROL OV] ! ,S\?--?AT !SE ,NOR!RN MANUFACTUR]S & M]*ANTS L5T SOME ( ! PR(ITS ( !IR =M] MONOPOLIES = ! W>1 9 ORD] TO SECURE TO !MSELVES ! SAME1 OR GREAT]1 MONOPOLIES 9 ! FUTURE4 ,!SE--& NOT ANY LOVE ( LIB]TY OR JU/ICE--W]E ! MOTIVES ON :I* ! MONEY = ! W> WAS L5T BY ! ,NOR?4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,NOR? SAID TO ! SLAVE-HOLD]S3 ,IF Y\ WILL NOT PAY US \R PRICE 7GIVE US CONTROL ( Y\R M>KETS7 = \R ASSI/ANCE AGA9/ Y\R SLAVES1 WE WILL SECURE ! SAME PRICE 7KEEP CONTROL ( Y\R M>KETS7 BY HELP+ Y\R SLAVES AGA9/ Y\1 & US+ !M AS \R TOOLS = MA9TA9+ DOM9ION OV] Y\2 = ! CONTROL ( Y\R M>KETS WE WILL HAVE1 :E!R ! TOOLS WE USE = ?AT PURPOSE BE BLACK OR :ITE1 & BE ! CO/1 9 BLOOD & MONEY1 :AT IT MAY4 

,ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 & FROM ?IS MOTIVE1 & NOT FROM ANY LOVE ( LIB]TY OR JU/ICE1 ! MONEY WAS L5T 9 5ORM\S AM\NTS1 & AT 5ORM\S RATES ( 9T]E/4 ,& IT WAS ONLY BY MEANS ( !SE LOANS ?AT ! OBJECTS ( ! W> W]E ACCOMPLI%$4 

,& N[ !SE L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY DEM& !IR PAY2 & ! GOV]NM5T1 SO CALL$1 BECOMES !IR TOOL1 !IR S]VILE1 SLAVI%1 VILLAN\S TOOL1 TO EXTORT IT FROM ! LABOR ( ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLE BO? ( ! ,NOR? & ! ,S\?4 ,IT IS TO BE EXTORT$ BY EV]Y =M ( DIRECT1 & 9DIRECT1 & UNEQUAL TAXATION4 ,NOT ONLY ! NOM9AL DEBT & 9T]E/--5ORM\S AS ! LATT] WAS-->E TO BE PAID 9 FULL2 BUT !SE HOLD]S ( ! DEBT >E TO BE PAID /ILL FUR!R--& P]HAPS D\BLY1 TRIPLY1 OR QUADRUPLY PAID--BY SU* T>IFFS ON IMPORTS AS WILL 5ABLE \R HOME MANUFACTUR]S TO REALIZE 5ORM\S PRICES = !IR COMMODITIES2 ALSO BY SU* MONOPOLIES 9 BANK+ AS WILL 5ABLE !M TO KEEP CONTROL (1 & ?US 5?RALL$ & PLUND]1 ! 9DU/RY & TRADE ( ! GREAT BODY ( ! ,NOR!RN PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,9 %ORT1 ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL SLAV]Y ( ! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 ,NOR? & ,S\?1 BLACK & :ITE1 IS ! PRICE :I* !SE-L5D]S ( BLOOD MONEY DEM&1 & 9SI/ UPON1 & >E DET]M9$ TO SECURE1 9 RETURN = ! MONEY L5T = ! W>4 

,?IS PROGRAM HAV+ BE5 FULLY >RANG$ & SY/EMIZ$1 !Y PUT !IR SWORD 9TO ! H&S ( ! *IEF MURD]] ( ! W>1 & *>GE HIM TO C>RY !IR S*EME 9TO EFFECT4 ,& N[ HE1 SPEAK+ AS !IR ORGAN1 SAYS3 0,LET US HAVE PEACE40 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS IS3 ,SUBMIT QUIETLY TO ALL ! ROBB]Y & SLAV]Y WE HAVE >RANG$ = Y\1 & Y\ CAN HAVE 0PEACE40 ,BUT 9 CASE Y\ RESI/1 ! SAME L5D]S ( BLOOD-MONEY1 :O FURNI%$ ! MEANS TO SUBDUE ! ,S\?1 WILL FURNI% ! MEANS AGA9 TO SUBDUE Y\4 

,!SE >E ! T]MS ON :I* ALONE ?IS GOV]NM5T1 OR1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ANY O!R1 EV] GIVES 0PEACE0 TO ITS PEOPLE4 

,! :OLE AFFAIR1 ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O FURNI%$ ! MONEY1 HAS BE51 & N[ IS1 A DELIB]ATE S*EME ( ROBB]Y & MURD]2 NOT M]ELY TO MONOPOLIZE ! M>KETS ( ! ,S\?1 BUT ALSO TO MONOPOLIZE ! CURR5CY1 & ?US CONTROL ! 9DU/RY & TRADE1 & ?US PLUND] & 5?RALL$ ! LABOR]S1 ( BO? ,NOR? & ,S\?4 ,& ,CONGRESS & ! PRESID5T >E TO-DAY ! M]E/ TOOLS = !SE PURPOSES4 ,!Y >E OBLIG$ TO BE1 = !Y KN[ ?AT !IR [N P[]1 AS RUL]S1 SO CALL$1 IS AT AN 5D1 ! MOM5T !IR CR$IT ) ! BLOOD-MONEY LOAN-MONG]S FAILS4 ,!Y >E LIKE A BANKRUPT 9 ! H&S ( AN EXTORTION]4 ,!Y D>E NOT SAY NAY TO ANY DEM& MADE UPON !M4 ,& TO HIDE AT ONCE1 IF POSSIBLE1 BO? !IR S]VILITY & !IR CRIMES1 !Y ATTEMPT TO DIV]T PUBLIC ATT5TION1 BY CRY+ \T ?AT !Y HAVE 0,ABOLI%$ ,SLAV]Y60 ,?AT !Y HAVE 0,SAV$ ! ,C\NTRY60 ,?AT !Y HAVE 0,PRES]V$ \R ,GLORI\S ,UNION60 & ?AT1 9 N[ PAY+ ! 0,NATIONAL ,DEBT10 AS !Y CALL IT 7AS IF ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 ALL ( !M :O >E TO BE TAX$ = ITS PAYM5T1 HAD REALLY & VOLUNT>ILY JO9$ 9 CONTRACT+ IT71 !Y >E SIMPLY 0,MA9TA9+ ! ,NATIONAL ,HONOR60 

,BY 0MA9TA9+ ! NATIONAL HONOR10 !Y MEAN SIMPLY ?AT !Y !MSELVES1 OP5 ROBB]S & MURD]]S1 ASSUME TO BE ! NATION1 & WILL KEEP FAI? ) ?OSE :O L5D !M ! MONEY NECESS>Y TO 5ABLE !M TO CRU% ! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE UND] !IR FEET2 & WILL FAI?FULLY APPROPRIATE1 FROM ! PROCE$S ( !IR FUTURE ROBB]IES & MURD]S1 5\< TO PAY ALL !IR LOANS1 PR9CIPAL & 9T]E/4 

,! PRET5SE ?AT ! 0ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y0 WAS EI!R A MOTIVE OR JU/IFICATION = ! W>1 IS A FRAUD ( ! SAME *>ACT] ) ?AT ( 0MA9TA9+ ! NATIONAL HONOR40 ,:O1 BUT SU* USURP]S1 ROBB]S1 & MURD]]S AS !Y1 EV] E/ABLI%$ SLAV]Y8 ,OR :AT GOV]NM5T1 EXCEPT ONE RE/+ UPON ! SWORD1 LIKE ! ONE WE N[ HAVE1 WAS EV] CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ SLAV]Y8 ,& :Y DID !SE M5 ABOLI% SLAV]Y8 ,NOT FROM ANY LOVE ( LIB]TY 9 G5]AL--NOT AS AN ACT ( JU/ICE TO ! BLACK MAN HIMSELF1 BUT ONLY 0AS A W> MEASURE10 & BECAUSE !Y WANT$ HIS ASSI/ANCE1 & ?AT ( HIS FRI5DS1 9 C>RY+ ON ! W> !Y HAD UND]TAK5 = MA9TA9+ & 9T5SIFY+ ?AT POLITICAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & 9DU/RIAL SLAV]Y1 TO :I* !Y HAVE SUBJECT$ ! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 BO? :ITE & BLACK4 ,& YET !SE IMPO/ORS N[ CRY \T ?AT !Y HAVE ABOLI%$ ! *ATTEL SLAV]Y ( ! BLACK MAN--AL?\< ?AT WAS NOT ! MOTIVE ( ! W>--AS IF !Y ?\<T !Y C\LD !REBY CONCEAL1 ATONE =1 OR JU/IFY ?AT O!R SLAV]Y :I* !Y W]E FI<T+ TO P]PETUATE1 & TO R5D] MORE RIGOR\S & 9EXORABLE ?AN IT EV] WAS BE=E4 ,!RE WAS NO DIFF]5CE ( PR9CIPLE--BUT ONLY ( DEGREE--BETWE5 ! SLAV]Y !Y BOA/ !Y HAVE ABOLI%$1 & ! SLAV]Y !Y W]E FI<T+ TO PRES]VE2 = ALL RE/RA9TS UPON M5'S NATURAL LIB]TY1 NOT NECESS>Y = ! SIMPLE MA9T5ANCE ( JU/ICE1 >E ( ! NATURE ( SLAV]Y1 & DIFF] FROM EA* O!R ONLY 9 DEGREE4 

,IF !IR OBJECT HAD REALLY BE5 TO ABOLI% SLAV]Y1 OR MA9TA9 LIB]TY OR JU/ICE G5]ALLY1 !Y HAD ONLY TO SAY3 ,ALL1 :E!R :ITE OR BLACK1 :O WANT ! PROTECTION ( ?IS GOV]NM5T1 %ALL HAVE IT2 & ALL :O DO NOT WANT IT1 WILL BE LEFT 9 PEACE1 SO LONG AS !Y LEAVE US 9 PEACE4 ,HAD !Y SAID ?IS1 SLAV]Y W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ AT ONCE2 ! W> W\LD HAVE BE5 SAV$2 & A ?\S& TIMES NOBL] UNION ?AN WE HAVE EV] HAD W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RESULT4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A VOLUNT>Y UNION ( FREE M52 SU* A UNION AS WILL ONE DAY EXI/ AMONG ALL M51 ! WORLD OV]1 IF ! SEV]AL NATIONS1 SO CALL$1 %ALL EV] GET RID ( ! USURP]S1 ROBB]S1 & MURD]]S1 CALL$ GOV]NM5TS1 ?AT N[ PLUND]1 5?RALL$1 & DE/ROY !M4 

,/ILL ANO!R ( ! FRAUDS ( !SE M5 IS1 ?AT !Y >E N[ E/ABLI%+1 & ?AT ! W> WAS DESIGN$ TO E/ABLI%1 0A GOV]NM5T ( CONS5T40 ,! ONLY IDEA !Y HAVE EV] MANIFE/$ AS TO :AT IS A GOV]NM5T ( CONS5T1 IS ?IS--?AT IT IS ONE TO :I* EV]YBODY MU/ CONS5T1 OR BE %OT4 ,?IS IDEA WAS ! DOM9ANT ONE ON :I* ! W> WAS C>RI$ ON2 & IT IS ! DOM9ANT ONE1 N[ ?AT WE HAVE GOT :AT IS CALL$ 0PEACE40 

,!IR PRET5SES ?AT !Y HAVE 0,SAV$ ! ,C\NTRY10 & 0,PRES]V$ \R ,GLORI\S ,UNION10 >E FRAUDS LIKE ALL ! RE/ ( !IR PRET5SES4 ,BY !M !Y MEAN SIMPLY ?AT !Y HAVE SUBJUGAT$1 & MA9TA9$ !IR P[] OV]1 AN UNWILL+ PEOPLE4 ,?IS !Y CALL 0,SAV+ ! ,C\NTRY20 AS IF AN 5SLAV$ & SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE--OR AS IF ANY PEOPLE KEPT 9 SUBJECTION BY ! SWORD 7AS IT IS 9T5D$ ?AT ALL ( US %ALL BE H]EAFT]7--C\LD BE SAID TO HAVE ANY C\NTRY4 ,?IS1 TOO1 !Y CALL 0,PRES]V+ \R ,GLORI\S ,UNION20 AS IF !RE C\LD BE SAID TO BE ANY ,UNION1 GLORI\S OR +LORI\S1 ?AT WAS NOT VOLUNT>Y4 ,OR AS IF !RE C\LD BE SAID TO BE ANY UNION BETWE5 MA/]S & SLAVES2 BETWE5 ?OSE :O CONQU]1 & ?OSE :O >E SUBJUGAT$4 

,ALL !SE CRIES ( HAV+ 0ABOLI%$ SLAV]Y10 ( HAV+ 0SAV$ ! C\NTRY10 ( HAV+ 0PRES]V$ ! UNION10 ( E/ABLI%+ 0A GOV]NM5T ( CONS5T10 & ( 0MA9TA9+ ! NATIONAL HONOR10 >E ALL GROSS1 %AMELESS1 TRANSP>5T *EATS--SO TRANSP>5T ?AT !Y \<T TO DECEIVE NO ONE--:5 UTT]$ AS JU/IFICATIONS = ! W>1 OR = ! GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS SUCCE$$ ! W>1 OR = N[ COMPELL+ ! PEOPLE TO PAY ! CO/ ( ! W>1 OR = COMPELL+ ANYBODY TO SUPPORT A GOV]NM5T ?AT HE DOES NOT WANT4 

,! LESSON TAU<T BY ALL !SE FACTS IS ?IS3 ,AS LONG AS MANK9D CONT9UE TO PAY 0,NATIONAL ,DEBTS10 SO-CALL$1--?AT IS1 SO LONG AS !Y >E SU* DUPES & C[>DS AS TO PAY = BE+ *EAT$1 PLUND]$1 5SLAV$1 & MURD]$1--SO LONG !RE WILL BE 5\< TO L5D ! MONEY = ?OSE PURPOSES2 & ) ?AT MONEY A PL5TY ( TOOLS1 CALL$ SOLDI]S1 CAN BE HIR$ TO KEEP !M 9 SUBJECTION4 ,BUT :5 !Y REFUSE ANY LONG] TO PAY = BE+ ?US *EAT$1 PLUND]$1 5SLAV$1 & MURD]$1 !Y WILL CEASE TO HAVE *EATS1 & USURP]S1 & ROBB]S1 & MURD]]S & BLOOD-MONEY LOAN-MONG]S = MA/]S4 
,A,P,P,5,D,I,X4 

,9ASMU* AS ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS NEV] SIGN$1 NOR AGRE$ TO1 BY ANYBODY1 AS A CONTRACT1 & !RE=E NEV] B\ND ANYBODY1 & IS N[ B9D+ UPON NOBODY2 & IS1 MOREOV]1 SU* AN ONE AS NO PEOPLE CAN EV] H]EAFT] BE EXPECT$ TO CONS5T TO1 EXCEPT AS !Y MAY BE =C$ TO DO SO AT ! PO9T ( ! BAYONET1 IT IS P]HAPS ( NO IMPORTANCE :AT ITS TRUE LEGAL MEAN+1 AS A CONTRACT1 IS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! WRIT] ?9KS IT PROP] TO SAY ?AT1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! ,CON/ITUTION IS NO SU* 9/RUM5T AS IT HAS G5]ALLY BE5 ASSUM$ TO BE2 BUT ?AT BY FALSE 9T]PRETATIONS1 & NAK$ USURPATIONS1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 MADE 9 PRACTICE A V]Y WIDELY1 & ALMO/ :OLLY1 DIFF]5T ?+ FROM :AT ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF PURPORTS TO AU?ORIZE4 ,HE HAS H]ET(ORE WRITT5 MU*1 & C\LD WRITE MU* MORE1 TO PROVE ?AT SU* IS ! TRU?4 ,BUT :E!R ! ,CON/ITUTION REALLY BE ONE ?+1 OR ANO!R1 ?IS MU* IS C]TA9--?AT IT HAS EI!R AU?ORIZ$ SU* A GOV]NM5T AS WE HAVE HAD1 OR HAS BE5 P[]LESS TO PREV5T IT4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 IT IS UNFIT TO EXI/4 

.<"9 .> ,SEE 0,NO ,TREASON1 ,NO4 #b10 PAGES #e & #f4 

.<"9 .> ,SUPPOSE IT BE 0! BE/ GOV]NM5T ON E>?10 DOES ?AT PROVE ITS [N GOODNESS1 OR ONLY ! BADNESS ( ALL O!R GOV]NM5TS8 

.<"9 .> ,! V]Y M5 :O DRAFT$ IT1 NEV] SIGN$ IT 9 ANY WAY TO B9D !MSELVES BY IT1 AS A CONTRACT4 ,& NOT ONE ( !M PROBABLY EV] W\LD HAVE SIGN$ IT 9 ANY WAY TO B9D HIMSELF BY IT1 AS A CONTRACT4 

.<"9 .> ,I HAVE P]SONALLY EXAM9$ ! /ATUTE BOOKS ( ! FOLL[+ ,/ATES1 VIZ43 ,MA9E1 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 ,V]MONT1 ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,RHODE ,ISL&1 ,CONNECTICUT1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ,DELAW>E1 ,VIRG9IA1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 ,GEORGIA1 ,FLORIDA1 ,ALABAMA1 ,MISSISSIPPI1 ,T5NESSEE1 ,K5TUCKY1 ,OHIO1 ,MI*IGAN1 ,9DIANS1 ,ILL9OIS1 ,WISCONS91 ,TEXAS1 ,>KANSAS1 ,MISS\RI1 ,I[A1 ,M9NESOTA1 ,NEBRASKA1 ,KANSAS1 ,NEVADA1 ,CALI=NIA1 & ,OREGON1 & F9D ?AT 9 ALL !SE ,/ATES ! ,5GLI% /ATUTE HAS BE5 RE5ACT$1 SOMETIMES ) MODIFICATIONS1 BUT G5]ALLY 5L>G+ ITS OP]ATIONS1 & IS N[ 9 =CE4 

,! FOLL[+ >E SOME ( ! PROVISIONS ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS /ATUTE3 

0,NO ACTION %ALL BE BR\<T 9 ANY ( ! FOLL[+ CASES1 ?AT IS TO SAY3 4 4 4 4 

0,TO *>GE A P]SON UPON A SPECIAL PROMISE TO ANSW] = ! DEBT1 DEFAULT1 OR MISDO+S ( ANO!R3 4 4 4 4 

0,UPON A CONTRACT = ! SALE ( L&S1 T5EM5TS1 H]$ITAM5TS1 OR ( ANY 9T]E/ 91 OR CONC]N+ !M2 OR 

0,UPON AN AGREEM5T ?AT IS NOT TO BE P]=M$ )9 ONE YE> FROM ! WRIT+ !RE(3 

0,UNLESS ! PROMISE1 CONTRACT1 OR AGREEM5T1 UPON :I* SU* ACTION IS BR\<T1 OR SOME MEMOR&UM OR NOTE !RE(1 IS 9 WRIT+1 & SIGN$ BY ! P>TY TO BE *>G$ !RE)1 OR BY SOME P]SON !REUNTO BY HIM AWFULLY AU?ORIZ$3 4 4 4 4 

0,NO CONTRACT = ! SALE ( GOODS1 W>ES1 OR M]*&ISE1 = ! PRICE ( FIFTY DOLL>S OR MORE1 %ALL BE GOOD OR VALID1 UNLESS ! PUR*AS] ACCEPTS & RECEIVES P>T ( ! GOODS SO SOLD1 OR GIVES SOME?+ 9 E>NE/ TO B9D ! B>GA91 OR 9 P>T PAYM5T2 OR UNLESS SOME NOTE OR MEMOR&UM 9 WRIT+ ( ! B>GA9 IS MADE & SIGN$ BY ! P>TY TO BE *>G$ !REBY1 OR BY SOME P]SON !REUNTO BY HIM LAWFULLY AU?ORIZ$40 

.<"9 .> ,& ?IS TWO-?IRDS VOTE MAY BE BUT TWO-?IRDS ( A QUORUM--?AT IS TWO-?IRDS ( A MAJORITY--9/EAD ( TWO-?IRDS ( ! :OLE4 

.<"9 .> ,( :AT APPRECIABLE VALUE IS IT TO ANY MAN1 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT HE IS ALL[$ A VOICE 9 *OOS+ !SE PUBLIC MA/]S8 ,HIS VOICE IS ONLY ONE ( SEV]AL MILLIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahfi 3 ,NO ,TREASON ,V,I -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,NO ,TREASON ,V,I -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,NO ,TREASON ,V,I -- ,UPDAT$4 

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