,NIHILISM 

#aibe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ANTO9E ,HUB]T1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,N,I,H,I,L,I,S,M N4 M4 7FROM ,LAT9 NIHIL1 NO?+7 

,A DEEPLY ROOT$ & WIDELY SPREAD MISUND]/&+ IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ?IS WORD BORN1 #ge YE>S AGO1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE & PASS$ )\T BE+ TRANSLAT$ 7?ANKS TO ITS ,LAT9 ORIG971 9TO O!R LANGUAGES4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,5GL& & ELSE:]E1 ONE USUALLY UND]/&S BY 0NIHILISM0 A CURR5T ( IDEAS -- OR EV5 A SY/EM -- REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIAL POLITICS1 9V5T$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 HAV+ !RE 7OR HAV+ HAD7 NUM]\S ORGANIZ$ P>TISANS4 ,WE R\T9ELY SPEAK ( A 0NIHILI/ P>TY0 & ( 0! NIHILI/S10 ITS MEMB]S4 ,ALL ?IS IS FALSE4 ,IT IS TIME TO CORRECT ?AT ]ROR1 AT LEA/ = ! READ]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,5CYCLOP$IA4 

,! T]M NIHILISM HAS BE5 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE -- & ?US 9TO ! LANGUAGE -- BY ! FAM\S NOVELI/ ,IVAN ,TURG5EV 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#c71 T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,9 ONE ( HIS NOVELS1 NOTABLY1 ,TURG5EV DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS WAY A CURR5T ( IDEAS ?AT HAD >IS5 AMONG ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! LATE #a#h#eS4 ,! WORD WAS A SUCCESS & RAPIDLY 5T]$ 9TO CIRCULATION4 

,?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS HAD ABOVE ALL A PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL *>ACT]4 ,ITS FIELD ( 9FLU5CE ALWAYS REMA9$ V]Y SMALL1 HAV+ NEV] EXT5D$ BEYOND ! 9TELLECTUAL /RATUM4 ,ITS /YLE WAS ALWAYS P]SONAL & PEACEFUL1 BUT ?AT DID NOT PREV5T IT1 H[EV]1 FROM BE+ V]Y LIVELY1 IMBU$ ) A GREAT BREA? ( 9DIVIDUAL REVOLT & GUID$ BY A DREAM ( HAPP9ESS = ALL MANK9D4 ,! MOVEM5T IT HAD PROVOK$1 CONT5T$ ITSELF ) ! LIT]>Y DOMA9 & ESPECIALLY ?AT ( MORALS4 ,BUT 9 !SE TWO >EAS1 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT %R9K BE=E ! LA/ LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS1 ?AT IT NOT ONLY =MULAT$1 BUT S\<T TO APPLY 9DIVIDUALLY1 AS A RULE ( CONDUCT4 

,)9 !SE LIMITS1 ! MOVEM5T OP5$ ! WAY TO A V]Y PROGRESSIVE & 9DEP5D5T MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION3 AN EVOLUTION ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 BR\<T ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUAL Y\? TO EXTREMELY ADVANC$ G5]AL CONCEPTS & RESULT$ 91 AMONG O!RS ?+S1 ! EMANCIPATION ( CULTUR$ WOM51 ( :I* ! ,RUSSIA ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY C\LD RI<TLY BE PR\D4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO ADD ?AT ?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS1 :ILE BE+ /RICTLY MORAL & 9DIVIDUAL1 WAS NEV]!LESS 9 ITSELF1 ?ANKS TO ITS L>GELY HUMAN & EMANCIPATORY SPIRIT1 ! SE$ ( FUTURE SOCIAL IDEAS3 CONCEPTIONS ?AT SUCCE$$ IT & LAT] RESULT$ 9 A VA/ POLITICAL & SOCIAL ACTION1 ) :I*1 PRECISELY1 ?IS S*OOL ( ?\<T IS CONFUS$ TODAY \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,9DIRECTLY1 0NIHILISM0 PREP>$ ! T]RA9 = ! MOVEM5TS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( A M>K$LY SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y SORT1 ?AT APPE>$ LAT] UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( IDEAS PREVAL5T 9 ,EUROPE & ( EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL EV5TS4 ,! MISUND]/&+ IS1 PRECISELY1 9 ?AT WE CONFUSE1 UND] ! NAME ( 0NIHILISM01 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T LAT] L$ & REPRES5T$ BY ORGANIZ$ GR\PS OR P>TIES HAV+ AN AG5DA & A PURPOSE1 ) A S+LE /REAM ( IDEAS :I* PREC$$ & TO :I* ALONE ! WORD 0NIHILISM0 %\LD BE ATTRIBUT$4 

"9 "9 "9 

,AS A PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL CONCEPTION1 NIHILISM HAD = BASES3 ON ! ONE H&1 MAT]IALISM1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 9DIVIDUALISM1 BO? PU%$ TO ! EXTREMES4 

,=CE & ,MATT]1 ! FAM\S WORK ( ,BU*N] 7,G]MAN MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPH]1 #a#h#b#d-#a#h#i#i7 APPE>$ 9 ?AT ]A1 WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN1 LI?OGRAPH$ CL&E/9ELY & DI/RIBUT$1 DESPITE ! RISKS1 ) A V]Y GREAT SUCCESS1 9 ?\S&S ( COPIES4 ,?AT BOOK BECAME ! V]ITABLE GOSPEL ( ! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS FROM !N ON4 ,! WORKS ( ,MOLES*OTT1 ,*4 ,D>W9 & SEV]AL O!R =EIGN NATURALI/S & MAT]IALI/S1 EX]CIS$ & EQUALLY GREAT 9FLU5CE4 ,MAT]IALISM WAS ACCEPT$ AS AN 9CONTE/ABLE1 ABSOLUTE TRU?4 

,AS MAT]IALI/S1 ! 0NIHILI/S0 WAG$ A REL5TLESS W> AGA9/ RELIGION & AGA9/ EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS BEYOND PURE1 POSITIVE REASON2 AGA9/ EV]Y?+ F\ND TO BE \TSIDE MAT]IAL & IMM$IATELY USEFUL REALITY2 AGA9/ EV]Y?+ ?AT BELONG$ TO ! SPIRITUAL1 S5TIM5TAL1 IDEALI/ DOMA94 ,!Y DESPIS$ BEAUTY1 ! ES!TIC1 S5TIM5TAL LOVE1 ! >T ( DRESS+1 ( PLEAS+1 ETC 444 ,9 ?IS VE91 !Y W5T SO F> AS TO COMPLETELY DIS[N >T AS AN EXPRESSION ( IDEALISM4 ,!IR GREAT IDEOLOGI/1 ! BRILLIANT PUBLICI/ ,PIS>EV 7:O DI$ ACCID5TALLY 9 HIS Y\?71 LAUN*$1 9 ONE ( HIS >TICLES1 HIS FAM\S EXAMPLE1 SAY+ ?AT A SIMPLE %OEMAK] WAS 9F9ITELY MORE TO BE E/EEM$ & ADMIR$ ?AN ,RAPHAEL1 BECAUSE ! FIR/ PRODUC$ MAT]IAL & USEFUL OBJECTS1 :ILE ! WORKS ( ! SECOND S]V$ NO PURPOSE4 ,! SAME ,PIS>EV TRI$ DESP]ATELY1 9 HIS WRIT+S1 TO DE?RONE1 FROM ! MAT]IALI/ & UTILIT>IAN PO9T ( VIEW1 ! GREAT POET ,PU%K94 0,NATURE IS NOT A TEMPLE1 BUT A LABORATORY1 & MAN IS !RE TO WORK10 SAID ! NIHILI/ ,BAZ>OV 9 ! NOVEL ( ,TURG5EV4 7,9 SPEAK+ ( A 0FI]CE W>0 WAG$ BY ! NIHILI/S1 WE MU/ UND]/& BY ?IS A LIT]>Y & V]BAL 0W>10 & NO?+ MORE4 ,=1 AS ,I ALREADY SAID1 0NIHILISM0 LIMIT$ ITS ACTIVITY TO ! PROPAG&A ( ITS IDEAS 9 A FEW REVIEWS & SOME 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES4 ,?IS PROPAG&A WAS ALREADY DIFFICULT 5\<1 = IT HAD TO RECKON ) ! CZ>I/ C5SOR%IP & POLICE ?AT CRACK$ D[N ON 0=EIGN H]ESIES0 & EV]Y 9DEP5D5T ?\<T74 

,BUT ! TRUE BASIS ( 0NIHILISM0 WAS A SORT ( *>ACT]I/IC 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,RIS51 FIR/1 AS A NORMAL REACTION AGA9/ ALL ?AT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 CRU% FREE & 9DIVIDUAL ?\<T1 ITS BE>]1 ?IS 9DIVIDUALISM 5D$ BY R5\NC+1 9 ! NAME ( AN ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 ALL ! CON/RA9TS1 ALL ! %ACKLES1 OBLIGATIONS & TRADITIONS IMPOS$ ON 9DIVIDUALS BY ! FAMILY1 SOCIETY1 CU/OMS1 MORES1 BELIEFS1 ETC444 ,COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 MAN OR WOMAN1 FROM ALL ?AT C\LD ATTACK ITS 9DEP5D5CE OR ! LIB]TY ( ITS ?\<T3 SU* WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( 0NIHILISM40 ,IT DEF5D$ ! SACR$ RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO COMPLETE LIB]TY1 & ! 9VIOLABLE PRIVACY ( EXI/5CE 

,! READ] WILL EASILY UND]/& :Y ?IS CURR5T ( IDEAS HAS BE5 CALL$ 0NIHILISM40 ,WE MEAN BY ?IS ?AT ! P>TISANS ( ?AT IDEOLOGY ADMIT NO?+ 7NIHIL7 ( ?AT :I* WAS NATURAL & SACR$ = O!RS 7FAMILY1 SOCIETY1 RELIGION1 >T1 TRADITIONS1 ETC 444 7 ,TO ! QUE/ION ?AT ONE POS$ TO SU* A MAN3 -- :AT DO Y\ ACCEPT1 :AT DO Y\ APPROVE ( ALL ?AT IS >\ND Y\ & CLAIMS TO HAVE ! RI<T OR EV5 ! OBLIGATION TO EX]T OV] Y\ SOME 9FLU5CE8 -- ,! MAN RESPOND$3 NO?+ -- 0NIHIL40 ,HE WAS ?US A 0NIHILI/40 

"9 "9 "9 

,DESPITE ITS ESS5TIALLY 9DIVIDUAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL *>ACT] 7LET US NOT =GET ?AT IT DEF5D$ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 EQUALLY1 9 AN AB/RACT1 PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL FA%ION1 & NOT AGA9/ CONCRETE POLITICAL OR SOCIAL DESPOTISM71 NIHILISM1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 PREP>$ ! T]RA9 = ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REAL & IMM$IATE OB/ACLE1 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT IT DID NOT ITSELF UND]TAKE ?AT /RUGGLE4 ,IT DID NOT EV5 POSE ! QUE/ION3 :AT IS TO BE DONE TO G5U9ELY LIB]ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,IT REMA9$1 TO ! 5D1 9 ! DOMA9 ( PURELY IDEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS & PURELY MORAL ACCOMPLI%M5TS4 ,?AT O!R QUE/ION1 -- :I* IS TO SAY1 ! PROBLEM ( REAL ACTION1 ( A PRACTICAL /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION1 -- WAS POS$ BY ! FOLL[+ G5]ATION1 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g-#h4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E =M$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! REAL ACTION COMM5C$4 ,BUT IT NO LONG] HAD ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ! OLD 0NIHILISM0 ( ! PA/4 ,& ! WORD ITSELF REMA9$1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 AS A PURELY HI/ORICAL T]MS1 ! TRACE ( A MOVEM5T ( IDEAS 9 ! YE>S #a#h#f-#g4 

,! FACT ?AT ?OSE 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES HAVE ! HABIT ( UND]/&+ BY 0NIHILISM0 ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T PRIOR TO BOL%EVISM1 & SPEAK ( A 0NIHILI/ P>TY10 IS ONLY A HI/ORICAL ]ROR DUE TO ! IGNORANCE ( ! TRUE HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibd 3 ,NIHILISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,NIHILISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,NIHILISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/