,NIHILISM AS ,EGOISM 
,MAX ,/IRN] 

#aii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,KEIJI ,NI%ITANI 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,/IRN]'S ,CONTEXT 

,:ILE ,DO/OEVSKY & ,NIETZS*E MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ AS ! ?9K]S :O PLUMB$ ! DEP?S ( NIHILISM MO/ DEEPLY1 WE CAN SEE ! \TL9ES ( NIHILISM--?\< NOT FULLY DEVELOP$ AS SU*--9 AN E>LI] WORK PUBLI%$ BY ,MAX ,/IRN] 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N4.<#a.>,?ANKS TO ! REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 ,/IRN]'S WORK BY ,J4 ,H4 ,MACKAY 7,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,SE9 ,LEB5 UND ,SE9 ,W]K1 #a#h#i#g71 ATT5TION HAS BE5 DRAWN TO V>I\S SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,/IRN]'S IDEAS & ?OSE ( ,NIETZS*E4 ,IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT ,NIETZS*E DID NOT READ ,/IRN]'S WORK4 ,IF HE WAS ACQUA9T$ ) ,/IRN] AT ALL1 IT WAS PROBABLY 9DIRECTLY ?R\< ,LANGE'S ,HI/ORY ( ,MAT]IALISM4.<#b.> ,9 ! ABS5CE ( DIRECT & SUB/ANTIVE 9FLU5CE1 ! PRES5CE ( SU* SIMIL>ITIES RAISES A NUMB] ( QUE/IONS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 COMP>ISONS MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO OBSCURE ! GREAT DIFF]5CE 9 ! F\NDATIONS ( !IR PHILOSOPHIES & 9 ! SPIRIT ?AT P]VADES ! 5TIRETY ( !IR ?\<T4 ,AL?\< ,MACKAY REG>DS ,/IRN] F> MORE HI<LY ?AN HE DOES ,NIETZS*E1 !RE IS 9 ,/IRN] NO?+ ( ! GREAT METAPHYSICAL SPIRIT EXCAVAT+ ! SUBT]RANEAN DEP?S WE F9D 9 ,NIETZS*E4 ,/IRN]'S CRITIQUES DO NOT DISPLAY ! ANATOMICAL ?OR\<NESS ( ,NIETZS*E'S PA9/AK+ 5GAGEM5T ) ALL ASPECTS ( CULTURE2 NOR DOES ONE HE> 9 ,/IRN] ! PROPHETIC VOICE ( A ,Z>A?U/RA RES\ND+ FROM ! DEP?S ( ! S\L4 ,! UNIQUE /YLE ( ,/IRN]'S ?9K+ LAY 9 A COMB9ATION ( A RAZOR-%>P LOGIC ?AT CUTS ?R\< /RAI<T TO ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?+S & AN IRONY ?AT RADICALLY 9V]TS ALL /&PO9TS ) A LI<TNESS APPROA*+ HUMOR4 ,9 ?IS REG>D HIS WORK IS NOT )\T ITS G5IUS4 ,FEU]BA*1 EV5 ?\< HE WAS ONE ( ! PRIM>Y T>GETS ( ,/IRN]'S CRITICISMS1 ADMIR$ ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N GREATLY1 REF]R+ TO IT 9 A LETT] ADDRESS$ TO HIS BRO!R %ORTLY AFT] ! BOOK APPE>$ AS 0A WORK ( G5IUS1 FILL$ ) SPIRIT40 ,FEU]BA* ALL[$ ?AT EV5 ?\< :AT ,/IRN] HAD SAID AB\T HIM WAS NOT RI<T1 HE WAS NEV]!LESS 0! MO/ BRILLIANT & LIB]AT$ WRIT] ,I HAVE EV] KN[N40 

,/IRN]'S BOOK %[$ HIM AT HIS BE/ 9 HIS CONFRONTATION ) ! TURBUL5T ,ZEITGEI/ ( ! P]IOD1 SET 9 A HI<LY *>G$ POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E CULM9AT+ 9 ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,AMONG ! 9TELLIG5TSIA ! RADICAL IDEAS ( ! 0,HEGELIAN LEFT0 W]E 9 HI< FA%ION4 ,AS ,NIETZS*E WAS TO WRITE LAT]3 0,! :OLE ( HUMAN IDEALISM UP UNTIL N[ IS AB\T TO TURN 9TO NIHILISM0 7,W,P #f#a#g72 & 9DE$ SU* A TURN WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO %[ SIGNS ( EM]G+ FROM ! 9TELLECTUAL TURMOIL ( ! E>LI] P]IOD4 ,IT WAS ,/IRN] :O GRASP$ :AT ,NIETZS*E WAS TO CALL ! 0TURN 9TO NIHILISM0 9 ITS BEG9N+ /AGES1 PRES5T+ IT AS EGOISM4 

,>\ND ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#dS A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O CALL$ !MSELVES 0,DIE ,FREI50 US$ TO GA!R 9 ,HIPPEL'S TAV]N ON ! ,FRI$RI*/RASSE 9 ,B]L94 ,! C5TRAL FIGURE ( ! GR\P WAS ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 & SU* PEOPLE AS ,M>X & ,5GELS OCCASIONALLY ATT5D$ AS WELL4 ,/IRN] WAS AMONG !SE 0,FREE ,ONES40 ,! TR5D AT ?AT TIME WAS A %>P TURN AWAY FROM IDEALISM & ROMANTICISM 9 FAVOR ( REALISM & POLITICAL CRITICISM4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! LIB]ALS WAS FOCUS$ ON OV]?R[+ ! COALITION ( ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY1 & POLITICAL CONS]VATISM4 ,IT WAS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ,FEU]BA*'S ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY :I* APPE>$ 9 #ahda W\LD CAUSE A GREAT %OCK ?R\< ITS SEV]E CRITIQUE ( RELIGION4 ,! CURR5T ( ?\<T BROKE =? 9TO A RU%+ TORR5T4 ,9 NO TIME ,M>X & O!RS HAD DEVELOP$ ,FEU]BA*'S IDEAS 9TO A MAT]IALISM ( PRAXIS & HI/ORY1 :ILE ,BRUNO ,BAU] DEVELOP$ !M 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION ( 0CONSCI\SNESS ( SELF40 ,/IRN] !N TOOK ! LATT]'S IDEAS TO ! EXTREME TO DEVELOP A /&PO9T ( EGOISM4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?REE YE>S AFT] ,FEU]BA*'S ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY ?AT ,/IRN]'S ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N WAS PUBLI%$1 :I* %[S H[ RAPIDLY IDEAS W]E *ANG+ AT ! TIME4 ,HIS CRITIQUE ( ,FEU]BA* IS DIRECT$ AT HIS BASIC PR9CIPLE ( 0AN?ROPOLOGY10 ! /&PO9T ?AT 0HUMAN BE+0 IS ! SUPREME ESS5CE = HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,/IRN] & ,M>X EXEMPLIFY TWO 5TIRELY OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS ( TRANSC5D+ ! /&PO9T ( HUMANITY 9 HUMAN BE+S4 

,AS M5TION$ E>LI]1 ,FEU]BA* REPRES5T$ A REACTION AGA9/ ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY ( ABSOLUTE ,SPIRIT1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS ,S*OP5HAU] HAD1 S9CE BO? CRITICIZ$ ! IDEALISM ( ! SPECULATIVE ?9K+ 9 ,HEGEL & ! ,*RI/IAN 0RELIGI\S NATURE ( SPIRIT0 AT ITS F\NDATION4 ,BUT JU/ AS ,NIETZS*E DETECT$ A RESIDUE ( ! ,*RI/IAN SPIRIT 9 ,S*OP5HAU]'S NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS 0WILL TO LIFE10 ,/IRN] RECOGNIZ$ VE/IGES ( ! RELIGI\S SPIRIT & IDEALISM 9 ! !OLOGICAL NEGATION ( ,GOD & ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM 9 ,FEU]BA*4 ,BO? ,NIETZS*E & ,/IRN]1 BY PU%+ ! NEGATION ( IDEALISM & SPIRITUALISM TO ! EXTREME1 5D$ UP AT ! OPPOSITE POLE ( !IR PR$ECESSORS4 ,?IS MAY ACC\NT = SOME ( ! SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 !M4 

#b4 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,EGOISM 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( HIS MAJOR WORK ,/IRN] CITES ! MOTTO 0,I* HAB' ,ME9' ,SA*' AUF ,NI*TS GE/ELLT40 ,TRANSLAT$ LIT]ALLY1 ?IS MEANS 0,I HAVE F\ND$ MY AFFAIR ON NO?+40 ,H]E WE HAVE ,/IRN]'S BASIC /&PO9T 9 NUCE3 ! NEGATION ( ANY & ALL /&PO9TS4 ,NO?+1 :E!R ,GOD OR MORALITY1 MAY BE SET UP AS A GR\ND TO SUPPORT ! SELF & ITS ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS 9 EFFECT A /&PO9T ?AT REJECTS /&+ ON ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF ITSELF1 A /&PO9T BAS$ ON 0NO?+40 ,! MOTTO IS ORD9>ILY US$ TO EXPRESS ! ATTITUDE ( 9DIFF]5CE TO EV]Y?+1 ! FEEL+ ( 0,I DON'T C>E40.<#c.> ,IT MEANS A LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 ANY?+1 A LOSS ( ! PASSION TO IMM]SE ONESELF 9 ?+S1 & A FEEL+ ( G5]AL APA?Y4 ,BUT IT ALSO 9CLUDES A K9D ( NEGATIVE POSITIV5ESS1 A NON*ALANT ACCEPTANCE ( ?+S :I* APPROPRIATES !M AS ! LIFE-CONT5T ( ! SELF & 5JOYS ! LIFE ( ! SELF 9 ALL ?+S4 7,!RE >E AFF9ITIES H]E TO ! IDEA ( ACT+ 9 0EMPTY NON-ATTA*M5T0 9 ,LAO-TZU & ,*UANG-TZU4.<#d.>7 ,ITS POSITIV5ESS NEGATES ANY POSITIV5ESS ?AT MAKES SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF ! AFFAIR TO :I* ONE DEVOTES ONESELF4 ,IT IS AN ATTITUDE ( 5JOY+ :AT ONE HAS REJECT$ FROM ! SELF AS ! CONT5T ( ONE'S LIFE1 TRANS=M+ EV]Y?+ 9TO ! SELF'S [N CONC]N4 ,IT IS1 9 %ORT1 ! 0EGOI/IC0 PO/URE4 

,ONE NORMALLY CONSID]S ! HI<] ?+S TO BE ?OSE ?AT RELATE TO A UNIV]SAL AP>T FROM ! SELF4 ,ONE DEVOTES ONESELF TO SU* MATT]S & MAKES !M ! CONC]NS ( ! SELF4 ,! RELIGI\S P]SON S]VES ,GOD1 ! SOCIALI/ S]VES SOCIETY1 PATRIOTS !IR C\NTRY1 ! H\SEWIFE H] HOME1 AS ! CONC]N 7,SA*E7 ( ! SELF4 ,EA* SEES ! MEAN+ ( LIFE 9 ?IS CONC]N & F9DS HIS OR H] MISSION 9 IT4 ,TO EFFACE ! SELF & DEVOTE ONESELF TO ONE'S CONC]N IS REG>D$ AS A SUP]IOR WAY ( LIFE4 ,BY MAK+ ,GOD1 C\NTRY1 HUMANITY1 SOCIETY1 & SO =? ONE'S [N CONC]N1 ONE =GETS ! SELF & 9VE/S ONE'S 9T]E/ 9 SOME?+ \TSIDE ! SELF :I* !N BECOMES ONE'S [N AFFAIR4 ,?IS IS ONE'S ,SA*E1 ! FOCUS ( IDEALS OR VALUES REG>D$ AS SACR$4 ,! F\NDATION ( SU* CONC]N C\LD BE RELIGION OR E?ICS1 :I* >E /&PO9TS 9 :I* ONE MAKES SOME?+ BEYOND ONESELF ! SELF'S ,SA*E1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! SELF LOSES ITS [N ,SA*E4 ,BUT EV5 :]E RELIGION & E?ICS HAVE BE5 %AK5 BY SOME 0REVOLUTION0 OR O!R1 !SE REVOLUTION>Y /&PO9TS CONT9UE TO ACKN[L$GE SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF AS ! PROP] OBJECT ( ONE'S DEVOTION1 ?US RE/OR+ 9 A NEW GUISE ! V]Y RELIGI\S & E?ICAL /&PO9TS !Y HAD NEGAT$4 ,/IRN] /EPS 9 H]E TO ADVOCATE EGOISM AS ! UTT] NEGATION ( ALL SU* /&PO9TS4 

,NIETZS*E ?\<T ?AT ! IDEALS & VALUES ?AT HAD CONTROLL$ ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY UP TO ! PRES5T W]E HA/5+ ! ADV5T ( NIHILISM AS !IR [N LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE4 ,HE HIMSELF PREEMPT$ ?IS ADV5T VOLUNT>ILY & C>RI$ IT \T PSY*OLOGICALLY & EXP]I5TIALLY 9 HIMSELF1 & BY LIV+ NIHILISM ?R\< TO ! 5D TURN$ IT 9TO A /&PO9T ( WILL TO P[]4 ,?\< HE DID NOT USE ! WORD 0NIHILISM10 ,/IRN] TRI$-AS ,NIETZS*E WAS TO DO LAT]-TO DEMON/RATE LOGICALLY ?AT PREVI\S IDEALS & VALUES UND]M9E !MSELVES & COLLAPSE 9TO NO?+ PRECISELY AS A RESULT ( ! EF=T TO MAKE !M CONSUMMATE & EXHAU/IVE4 ,HE PROPOS$ HIS IDEA ( EGOISM AS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT & ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CE ( SU* A COLLAPSE4 ,HIS EGOISM EM]G$ FROM HIS DISCOV]Y ( ! HOLL[NESS ( ! F\NDATIONS ON :I* PREVI\S RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY1 & MORALITY HAD RE/$4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT ATTA9$ AN IRONIC DEP? NOT A*IEV$ BY ORD9>Y =MS ( EGOISM4 

,9 RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY ,GOD IS 0ALL 9 ALL10 & ALL ?+S O!R ?AN ,GOD >E TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO HIM4 ,FROM ,GOD'S PO9T ( VIEW1 EV]Y?+ IS P>T ( ! DIV9E ,SA*E4 ,GOD IS ,ONE1 & AS A UNIQUE BE+ DOES NOT TOL]ATE ANYONE'S REFUS+ TO BE P>T ( ! DIV9E ECONOMY4 0,HIS ,SA*E IS-A PURELY EGOI/IC ,SA*E40.<#e.> ,IT IS VIRTUALLY ! SAME ) HUMAN BE+S4 ,ALL SORTS ( PEOPLE DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! S]VICE ( HUMANITY1 BUT = HUMANITY ! ONLY CONC]N IS ?AT IT DEVELOP ITSELF ?R\< SU* DEVOTION4 ,= HUMANITY1 HUMANITY ITSELF IS ! ,SA*E4 ,AS ,/IRN] ASKS3 0,IS ! ,SA*E ( HUMANITY NOT A PURELY EGOI/IC ,SA*E80 7#d_/#d74 

,GOD & HUMANITY HAVE SET !IR CONC]N ON NO?+1 ON NO?+ O!R ?AN !MSELVES4 ,I MAY !N SET MY CONC]N SIMIL>LY ON MYSELF1 :O AS MU* AS ,GOD AM ! ,NO?+ ( ALL ELSE 78DAS ,NI*TS VON ALLEM &]571 :O AM MY ALL1 :O AM ! ONLY 9DIVIDUAL4 4 4 4 ,:AT IS DIV9E IS ,GOD'S CONC]N 7,SA*E71 :AT IS HUMAN IS 0MAN'S0 CONC]N4 ,MY CONC]N IS NEI!R DIV9E NOR HUMAN1 NOR ! TRUE1 ! GOOD1 ! JU/1 ! FREE1 & SO ON2 MY CONC]N IS ONLY M9E1 & IS NOT UNIV]SAL BUT ISUNIQUE1 AS ,I AM UNIQUE4 7#d-#e_/#e7 

,?IS IS ! /&PO9T ( 0! UNIQUE ONE & ITS [N10 :I*1 AS WE %ALL SEE PRES5TLY1 IS ALL !RE IS4 

,:Y DOES ,/IRN] REFUSE TO ACKN[L$GE A HI<] SELF 9 SOME?+ UNIV]SAL ABOVE ! SELF8 ,:Y CAN HE NOT ACKN[L$GE A TRU] LIFE ?AN ! LIFE ( ! SELF1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,GOD OR HUMANITY1 NATION OR SOCIETY8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 AT ! BASIS ( SU* RELIGI\S OR E?ICAL IDEAS-& EV5 ( IDEAS OPPOS$ TO !M-!RE IS A /&PO9T ( 0SPIRIT0 7,GEI/7 & ! 0SPIRITUAL0 WORLD4 ,ONCE ?IS SPIRIT WORLD HAS BE5 EXPOS$ AS A LIE1 ! RELIGI\S & E?ICAL WAYS ( LIFE BAS$ ON IT >E =C$ 9TO HYPOCRISY4 

,9 COM+ TO ?IS CONCLUSION1 ,/IRN] TOOK A POSITION 9 DIRECT CONFRONTATION TO ! IDEAS ( HIS IMM$IATE MILIEU1 PR9CIPALLY ?OSE ( ,FEU]BA*1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 A TIME ( HI/ORICAL CRISIS SU* CONFRONTATIONS TAKE ON ! QUALITY ( A FACE-(F ) HI/ORY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ,/IRN]'S [N WORDS1 ! PROBLEM IS ?AT 0SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S ( HI/ORY0 7AS ,NIETZS*E ALSO REALIZ$7 COME TO A HEAD 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,?US ,/IRN]'S CRITIQUE ( HI/ORY HAS A V]Y DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ! TYPICAL OBS]VATIONS ( ! G5]AL HI/ORIAN4 ,AS ) ,NIETZS*E1 HIS PHILOSOPHY CONFRONTS HI/ORY EXI/5TIALLY & SEES ! :OLE ( WORLD HI/ORY P]SPECTIVELY4 ,M>X CRITICIZES HIM = NUM]\S 9ACCURACIES ( HI/ORICAL FACT1 BUT = A ?9K] LIKE ,/IRN]1 :AT IS IMPORTANT >E NOT ! P>TICUL> DATA BUT ! UND]/&+ ( HI/ORY AS A :OLE4 

#c4 ,REALI/1 ,IDEALI/1 ,EGOI/-0,CREATIVE ,NO?+0 

,/IRN] DIVIDES HI/ORY 9TO ?REE P]IODS1 :I* HE COMP>ES TO ?REE /AGES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 NAMELY1 BOYHOOD1 Y\?1 & ! PRIME ( MANHOOD4 ,! BOY LIVES ONLY 9 RELATION TO ?+S 9 ?IS WORLD1 UNABLE TO CONCEIVE ( ANY?+ LIKE A SPIRITUAL WORLD BEYOND IT4 ,9 ?AT S5SE HE IS A REALI/4 ,9 G5]AL ! BOY IS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! P[] ( NATURE1 & ?+S LIKE P>5TAL AU?ORITY CONFRONT HIM AS NATURAL RA!R ?AN SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,/ILL1 FROM ! BEG9N+ !RE IS A DRIVE 9 ! BOY TO 0/RIKE TO ! GR\ND ( ?+S & GET >\ND BEH9D !M0 7H9T] DIE ,D+E KOMM572.<#f.> & ?R\< ! KN[L$GE HE GA9S HE CAN ELUDE OR GET ! BETT] ( ! P[]S ?AT GOV]N HIM4 ,:5 ! BOY KN[S SOME?+ TO BE TRUE1 ITS TRU? IS NOT SOME 9DEP5D5T BE+ TRANSC5D5T TO ! WORLD2 IT REMA9S A TRU? )9 ?+S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! BOY LIVES ONLY 9 ?IS WORLD4 

,! Y\?1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS AN IDEALI/4 ,HE FEELS ! C\RAGE TO RESI/ ?+S BE=E :I* HE HAD ONCE FELT FE> & AWE4 ,HE PRIDES HIMSELF ON HIS 9TELLIG5CE 9 SEE+ ?R\< SU* ?+S & OPPOS+ !M ) SOME?+ LIKE REASON OR CONSCI5CE4 ,HIS IS ! 0SPIRITUAL0 ATTITUDE4 ,9 ! Y\NG MAN1 0TRU?0 IS SOME?+ IDEAL ?AT EXI/S BY ITSELF FROM ! BEG9N+1 9DEP5D5T ( ! ?+S ( ! WORLD2 AS SOME?+ 0HEAV5LY0 IT IS OPPOS$ TO ALL DESPICABLE 0E>?LY0 ?+S4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T ?\<TS >E NO MORE ?AN DISEMBODI$ AB/RACT IDEAS1 PURE 0LOGICAL0 ?\<TS1 0ABSOLUTE0 IDEAS 9 ,HEGEL'S S5SE4 

,ONCE 9 ! PRIME ( LIFE1 H[EV]1 ! Y\? TURNS 9TO AN EGOI/4 ,HE KN[S ?AT ! IDEAL IS VOID4 ,9/EAD ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD FROM ! /&PO9T ( IDEALS1 HE SEE IT AS IT IS4 ,HE RELATES TO ! WORLD ACCORD+ TO HIS CONC]N 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! SELF4 0,! BOY HAD ONLY UNSPIRITUAL 9T]E/S1 FREE ( ?\<TS OR IDEAS2 ! Y\? HAD ONLY SPIRITUAL 9T]E/S2 BUT ! MAN HAS BODILY1 P]SONAL1 & EGOI/IC 7LEIBHAFTIG1 P]SONLI*1 EGOI/IS*7 9T]E/S40 ,OR AGA93 0,! Y\? F\ND HIMSELF AS SPIRIT & LO/ HIMSELF AGA9 9 UNIV]SAL SPIRIT1 9 .<! CONSUMMATE1.> HOLY SPIRIT1 9 ! HUMAN1 9 HUMANITY1 9 %ORT 9 ALL K9DS ( IDEALS2 ! MAN F9DS HIMSELF AS BODILY SPIRIT0 7#a#c_/#a#d74 

,! GR[? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?R\< ! /AGES ( REALI/1 IDEALI/1 & EGOI/ IS A PROCESS ( DISCOV]+ & ATTA9+ ! SELF4 ,AT FIR/ ! SELF GETS BEH9D ALL ?+S & F9DS ITSELF-! /&PO9T ( SPIRIT4 ,! SELF AS SPIRIT ACKN[L$GES ! WORLD AS SPIRIT1 BUT ! SELF MU/ !N GO BEH9D ?IS SPIRIT TO RECOV] ITSELF4 ,?IS CONSI/S ! REALIZATION ?AT ! SELF IS ! CREATOR-[N] ( ! SPIRITUAL WORLD1 SPIRIT1 ?\<TS1 & SO ON4 ,SPIRIT IS 0! FIR/ SELF-DISCOV]Y0 7#a_/#a72 ! SELF AS EGOI/ IS 0! SECOND SELF-DISCOV]Y0 7#a#c_/#a#d71 9 :I* ! SELF BECOMES TRULY ITSELF4 ,) ?IS LATT] /AGE1 ! SELF IS RELEAS$ FROM ITS TIES TO ?IS REAL WORLD & TO ! IDEAL WORLD BEYOND1 FREE TO RETURN TO ! VACUITY AT ! BASE ( ?OSE ?+S4 ,! VACUITY ( ?IS WORLD WAS ALREADY REALIZ$ 9 IDEALISM2 ! EGOI/ GOES ON TO SEE ! VACUITY ( ! O!R WORLD4 

,! EGOI/ BASES HIMSELF ON ABSOLUTE 0NO?+10 & ?IS IS NEI!R REALISM NOR AN IDEALISM4 ,:]E =M]LY 0SPIRIT0 WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! CREATOR-[N] ( ?IS WORLD1 ! EGOI/'S /&PO9T SEES ! SELF AS ! CREATOR & [N] ( SPIRIT & ! SPIRITUAL WORLD4 ,?IS IS :AT IT MEANS TO 0SET ONE'S CONC]N ON NO?+00NOT 9 ! S5SE ( A VOID1 BUT CREATIVE NO?+ 7DAS S*OPF]IS*E ,NI*TS71 ! NO?+ \T ( :I* ,I MYSELF AS CREATOR CREATE EV]Y?+40.<#g.> ,AT ! BASIS ( ,/IRN]'S EGOISM IS ! ,HEGELIAN IDEA ( ABSOLUTE NEGATIVITY 7ABSOLUTE ,NEGATIVITAT7 9 :I* REALISM & IDEALISM >E SUP]S$$4 

,P>ALLEL TO ! DEVELOPM5T 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM REALISM TO IDEALISM & EGOISM1 ,/IRN] SEES A SIMIL> DEVELOPM5T 9 WORLD HI/ORY4 ,HE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 0ANCI5TS0 & 0MOD]NS10 ! L9E BETWE5 !M BE+ DRAWN AT ! BIR? ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,AMONG !SE LATT] HE ALSO DI/+UI%ES 0FREE PEOPLE10 A G5]AL T]M = RADICAL LIB]ALS ( ! P]IOD :O CRITICIZ$ ! ,*RI/IAN WORLDVIEW & ITS MORALITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 EV5 !SE 0FREE PEOPLE0 HAD NOT YET ESCAP$ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN MORALITY !Y W]E BUSY NEGAT+ & H5CE W]E NOT YET TRUE EGOI/S4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ SECTION WE %ALL TRACE ?IS DEVELOPM5T FROM PAGANISM TO ,*RI/IANITY1 & FROM ,*RI/IANITY TO ! LIB]ALISM ?AT NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 EGOISM4 

#d4 ,FROM ,PAGANISM TO ,*RI/IANITY 

,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ! ANCI5T PAGANS & ! ,*RI/IANS AFT] !M HAD COMPLETELY OPPOSITE IDEAS ( TRU?4 ,= ! PAGANS1 ?+S & RELATIONS ( ?IS WORLD & ?IS E>? W]E TRUE1 :]EAS = ,*RI/IANITY TRU? RESID$ 9 HEAV54 ,:ILE ! PAGAN HELD TIES TO HOMEL& & FAMILY AS SACR$1 TO ! ,*RI/IANS !SE W]E SO MANY EMPTY FICTIONS4 ,= ! LATT] ! E>? WAS A =EIGN L&1 & !IR TRUE HO E 9 HEAV54 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,HEGELIAN ?\<T1 ,/IRN] VIEW$ ! DEVELOPM5T FROM PAGANISM TO ,*RI/IANITY DIALECTICALLY1 9S(> AS ,*RI/IANITY WAS ! 9EVITABLE UNFOLD+ ( ! OPPOSITE /&PO9T ( PAGANISM4 

0,= ! ANCI5TS ! WORLD WAS A TRU?10 SAYS ,FEU]BA*1 BUT HE =GETS TO ADD ! IMPORTANT PROVISO3 A TRU? :OSE UNTRU? !Y S\<T TO DISCOV]-& EV5TUALLY DID DISCOV] 7#a#e-#a#f_/#a#f74 

,LIKE ! Y\NG BOY :O NATURALLY WANTS TO GET BEH9D ?+S1 PRIMITIVE PEOPLES W]E POSSESS$ ( A DRIVE TO DISCOV] ! UNTRU? ( ?+S )9 ! V]Y P]SPECTIVE ?AT REG>DS ?+S AS TRUE4 ,?IS DIALECTICAL IRONY IS TYPICAL ( ,/IRN]'S HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,! FIR/ SIGNS ( ?IS DIALECTICAL PROGRESSION APPE>1 ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ) ! ,SOPHI/S4 ,REALIZ+ ! P[] ( 9TELLECTUAL UND]/&+1 !Y GREW PROGRESSIVELY CRITICAL ( E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY4 ,SOCRATES 9T]NALIZ$ ?IS CRITICISM FUR!R & BR\<T IT DEEP 9TO ! HE>T4 ,9 ,SOCRATES ! EF=TS ( ! HE>T TO PURIFY ITSELF CAME TO T]M1 & ?IS PURIFICATION GREW MORE & MORE RIGOR\S UNTIL NO?+ 9 ?IS WORLD WAS ABLE TO MEET ! /&>D ( ! HE>T'S PURITY4 ,\T ( ?IS DEVELOP$ ! /&PO9T ( ! ,SKEPTICS1 :O REFUS$ TO LET !MSELVES BE AFFECT$ BY ANY?+ 9 ?IS WORLD4 ,:AT BEGAN ) ! ,SOPHI/S1 ,/IRN] SAID1 WAS C>RI$ AHEAD BY ,SOCRATES & COMPLET$ BY ! ,SKEPTICS4 ,) ! ,SKEPTICS ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL WAS LIB]AT$ FROM ! BONDS ( LIFE1 GREW 9DIFF]5T TO ! WORLD1 & DEVELOP$ A PO/URE ?AT REFUS$ TO HAVE TO DO ) ANY?+-A /ATE ( M9D ?AT DID NOT C>E IF ! :OLE WORLD W]E TO COLLAPSE4 ,K>L ,JASP]S CONSID]S ! SKEPTICISM REPRES5T$ BY ,PYRRHO AS A K9D ( NIHILISM4.<#h.> ,9 ANY EV5T1 ?IS M5TALITY PAV$ ! WAY = ,*RI/IANITY1 S9CE = ! FIR/ TIME ! SELF HAD COME TO BE EXP]I5C$ AS 0WORLDLESS0 7WELTLOS71 AS 0SPIRIT03 0,?AT ONE BECAME AW>E ( ONESELF AS A BE+ ?AT IS NOT RELAT$ TO ANY?+1 A WORLDLESS BE+1 AS SPIRIT1 WAS ! RESULT ( ! 5ORM\S LABOR ( ! ANCI5TS0 7#a#i_/#b74 ,*RI/IANITY WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ! 0RESULT0 ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( PAGANISM4 

,= ,/IRN]1 ! /&PO9T ( SPIRIT 9 ! TRUE S5SE IS NOT ONE ( PASSIVE NEGATION & REFUS+ TO RELATE TO ! ?+S ( ?IS WORLD1 BUT AN ACTIVE /&PO9T ( *OOS+ TO RELATE TO SPIRITUAL ?+S1 & TO SPIRITUAL ?+S EXCLUSIVELY4 ,9ITIALLY1 !SE SPIRITUAL ?+S >E ! ?\<TS GRASP$ 9 REFLECTION1 BUT ! SPIRIT GOES ON TO CREATE A SPIRITUAL WORLD REALLY EXI/+ BEH9D ?+S4 ,9 ,/IRN]'S VIEW1 0,SPIRIT IS SPIRIT ONLY :5 IT CREATES SPIRITUAL ?+S40 ,SPIRIT IS REG>D$ AS SPIRIT ONLY OV] AGA9/ SPIRIT2 IT TAKES %APE ONLY ?R\< CONT9U$ POSITIVE 9T]E/ 9 SPIRITUAL ?+S4 ,?IS IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! WORLDLESS /&PO9T ( ! ,SKEPTICS & ! /&PO9T ( TRUE SPIRIT 9 ,*RI/IANITY'S CREATION ( A NEW SPIRITUAL WORLD4 ,& ONLY 9 ?IS K9D ( CREATION ( A WORLD UNIQUE TO ITSELF IS SPIRIT ABLE TO BECOME FREE4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! PAGANS REMA9$ 9 ! /&PO9T ( BE+ 0>M$ AGA9/ ! WORLD0 7#b#d_/#b#e74 

#e4 ,FROM ,*RI/IANITY TO ,LIB]ALISM 

,:5 ,*RI/IANITY SET UP ,GOD 9 ! WORLD BEYOND1 ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ?IS WAS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! NOTION ( SPIRIT ITSELF4 ,Y\R SELF IS NOT Y\R 0SPIRIT10 HE SAYS1 & Y\R 0SPIRIT0 IS NOT Y\R SELF4 ,9 SPIRIT Y\ SPLIT Y\RSELF 9TO TWO2 Y\R SPIRIT1 :I* IS CALL$ Y\R TRUE SELF1 BECOMES Y\R C5T]1 & ?IS C5T] ( ! SPIRIT IS SPIRIT ITSELF4 ,EV5 ?\< Y\ >E MORE ?AN SPIRIT & ALL SPIRITUAL ?+S COME FROM Y\1 Y\ CONSID] Y\RSELF L[] ?AN SPIRIT4 ,?IS SPIRIT IS Y\R IDEAL & AS SU* IS SET UP 9 ! WORLD BEYOND AS SOME?+ UNATTA9ABLE4 ,AS LONG AS SPIRIT IS IMAG9$ TO BE 9 CONTROL1 IT MU/ RESIDE 9 ! WORLD BEYOND4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,*RI/IAN !OLOGICAL WORLDVIEW EV5TUALLY REQUIRES AN IDEA ( ,GOD AS SPIRIT4 .<,SEE PP4 #c-#c#b_/#c#a-#c#d4.> ,! IRONY ( HI/ORY = ,/IRN] IS ?AT ! TRU? ( ! O!R WORLD :I* ,*RI/IANITY OPPOS$ TO ! PAGAN TRU? ( ?IS WORLD IS SOME?+ ( :I* ! ,*RI/IANS !MSELVES TRI$ 0TO DISCLOSE ! UNTRU?-& EV5TUALLY SUCCE$$0 7#b#d_/#b#f74 

,DUR+ ! C5TURIES PRIOR TO ! ,RE=MATION1 9TELLECTUAL UND]/&+1 LONG %ACKL$ BY DOGMA1 %[$ ! >DOR ( A ,SOPHI/-LIKE REBELLION4 ,ONLY ) ! ,RE=MATION DID ! PROBLEM ( ! HE>T :I* ,SOCRATES HAD PURSU$ COME TO BE TAK5 UP S]I\SLY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! NOTION ( ! HE>T BECAME SO VACU\S1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! SO-CALL$ LIB]ALS FROM ,FEU]BA* TO ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ?AT 0ONLY AN EMPTY CORDIALITY 7LE]E ,H]ZLI* IT7 REMA9$1 AS UNIV]SAL LOVE = ALL HUMAN BE+S1 LOVE ( 'HUMANITY1' CONSCI\SNESS ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS0 7#b#e_/#b#g74 ,?IS CORRESPONDS TO ! PO/URE ( ! ANCI5T ,SKEPTICS1 5D+ UP 9 ! 0PURE0 /&PO9T 9 :I* ! HE>T NOT ONLY CRITICIZES EV]Y?+ BUT ALSO KEEPS ! CRITICISM 5TIRELY FREE ( ANY EGOI/IC CONC]N ( ! CRITICIZ]4 ,IT IS ! /&PO9T ( CRITICISM ( ! CRITICAL /&PO9T ITSELF1 OR ABSOLUTE CRITICISM4 ,EV5 ?\< ?IS VIEW ( ! HE>T D]IV$ ORIG9ALLY FROM ,*RI/IANITY1 ! RELIGI\S CONT5T ABLE TO PUT UP ) CRITICISM FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! HE>T C\LD NO LONG] BE F\ND !RE4 ,! HE>T1 OR SPIRIT1 /&+ 9 FRONT ( ITSELF1 SPONTANE\SLY SEES ITSELF AS HAV+ BE5 A FICTION1 & ) ?AT ALL ?+S BECOME FICTIONS4 0,DRIV5 TO ! EXTREME $GE ( DIS9T]E/$ CORDIALITY WE MU/ F9ALLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! SPIRIT :I* ! ,*RI/IAN LOVES IS .<NO?+1 OR ?AT ! SPIRIT IS.>-A LIE0 7#b#f_/#b#g74 ,?IS IS REM9ISC5T ( ,NIETZS*E'S VIEW ?AT ?R\< ! S9C]ITY CULTIVAT$ BY ,*RI/IAN MORALITY ! VALUES & IDEALS E/ABLI%$ BY ?AT MORALITY ITSELF >E REVEAL$ AS FICTIONS4.<#i.> 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,FEU]BA*'S AN?ROPOLOGY /EPS 9 TO LIB]ATE PEOPLE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY4 ,AS ,/IRN] PO9TS \T1 H[EV]1 ! ATTEMPT ITSELF IS 5TIRELY !OLOGICAL4 ,FEU]BA*'S AN?ROPOLOGY 9T]NALIZ$ ! DIV9E SPIRIT 9TO ! ESS5CE ( HUMANITY 70UNS] ,WES5074 ,AS A RESULT1 WE >E SPLIT 9TO AN ESS5TIAL SELF & A NON-ESS5TIAL SELF1 & WE >E ?US AGA9 DRIV5 \T ( \R SELVES .<#c#c_/#c#d.>4 ,AS LONG AS WE >E NOT \R [N ESS5CE1 IT IS REALLY ! SAME :E!R IT BE SE5 AS A TRANSC5D5T 0,GOD0 EXT]NAL TO US1 OR AS AN 0ESS5CE0 9T]NAL TO US3 0,I AM NEI!R ,GOD NOR 'HUMANITY1' NEI!R ! SUPREME ESS5CE NOR MY ESS5CE0.<#c#c_/#c#e.>4 ,FEU]BA*'S IDEA ?AT MY ESS5CE IS 0HUMANITY0 & ,I AM SUPPOS$ TO REALIZE ?IS ESS5CE IS NOT REALLY ANY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM HE REJECT$4 ,I AM A HUMAN BE+1 TO BE SURE1 BUT 0HUMANITY0 IS NOT ME4 ,BE+ A 0HUMAN BE+0 IS AN ATTRIBUTE OR PR$ICATE ( M9E1 BUT ! 0HUMANITY0 ?AT IS PRESUM$ TO GIVE LAWS TO ! SELF & TRANSC5D ! SELF IS A <O/LY ILLUSION = ! V]Y REASONS ?AT ,FEU]BA* REG>D$ ,GOD AS AN ILLUSION4 ,?IS <O/ DRA9S ! EGO ( ITS CONT5T1 LEAV+ IT NULL & VOID4 ,FEU]BA* PREA*$ LOVE ( HUMANITY1 :]E 0! HUMAN IS ,GOD = ! HUMAN40 ,BUT = AN 0,I0 TO LOVE ! 0HUMANITY0 )9 A ,?\ DOES NOT 9DICATE TRUE LOVE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! OLD RELIGION :I* SPOKE ( LOV+ ,GOD 9 ONE'S NEI<BOR4 ,TRUE LOVE MEANS ?AT ,I AS AN 9DIVIDUAL LOVE A ,?\ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,/IRN] >GUES1 ,FEU]BA* M]ELY SUB/ITUT$ 0HUMANITY0 = ,GOD4 ,E?ICAL LOVE 7SITTLI*E ,LIEBE7 IS NO MORE ?AN A MOD]N SUB/ITUTE = RELIGI\S LOVE 7RELIGIOSE ,LIEBE71 :I* HAD BECOME DIFFICULT TO SU/A94 ,TRUE LOVE MU/ BE TOTALLY EGOI/IC1 9DIVIDUAL LOVE1 ! LOVE ( A ,?\ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ,/IRN] W\LD HAVE US UND]/& SPIRIT AS A SORT ( <O/4 ,! MOD]N WORLD MAY DISCLAIM BELIEF 9 <O/S1 BUT :AT !Y CALL SPIRIT 7,GEI/7 IS PRECISELY ?AT-A DISEMBODI$ SPIRIT OR SPECT]4 ,SPIRIT IS /ILL ?\<T TO BE BEH9D EV]Y?+4 ,! WORLD REMA9S FULL ( SPECT]S BECAUSE BO? ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 <O/S 7,SPUK7 & ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 SPIRIT >E SEEK+ SOME K9D ( SUPRAS5SIBLE WORLD BEH9D ! S5SIBLE WORLD4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y FABRICATE A K9D ( O!R WORLD & !N 9VE/ BELIEF 9 IT4 

,!RE >E <O/S EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD 7ES SPUNKT 9 D] GANZ5 ,WELT74 .<,ONLY 9 IT8.> ,NO3 RA!R1 ! WORLD ITSELF IS A K9D ( <O/2 .<IT IS UNCANNY-UNHEIMLI*-?R\< & ?R\<4.> IT IS ! W&]+ APP>ITIONAL BODY .<,S*E9LEIB.> ( A SPIRIT4 4 4 4 & DON'T BE SURPRIS$ IF Y\ F9D NO?+ O!R 9 Y\RSELF ?AN A <O/4 ,DOES Y\R SPIRIT NOT HAUNT Y\R BODY1 & ISN'T ?AT SPIRIT :AT IS TRUE & ACTUAL1 & ! BODY ONLY SOME?+ 0EPHEM]AL1 NULL0 OR M]E 0APPE>ANCE08 ,>5'T WE ALL <O/S1 UNCANNY BE+S AWAIT+ 0R$EMPTION0-?AT IS1 0SPIRITS08 7#c#e_/#c#g7 

,SPIRIT1 IT IS SAID1 IS HOLY4 ,GOD IS HOLY1 HUMANITY IS HOLY1 & SO ON4 ,BUT :AT ON E>? DOES IT MEAN TO REG>D SOME?+ AS HOLY8 ,H]E ,/IRN] LAUN*ES AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! SUBJECTIVITY BEH9D ! OBJECTIVE /&PO9T ( SPIRIT3 0,!RE IS A <O/ 9 Y\R HEAD1 & Y\ >E CRAZY 7DU HA/ E95 ,SP>R5 ZU VIEL740.<#a.> ,:AT IS ?IS ONE RAFT] .<,SP>R5.> TOO MANY8 ,IT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN IDEAL CREAT$ 9 ! HEAD1 AN IDEAL TO :I* ONE FEELS CALL$ OR TO ! ACTUALIZATION ( :I* ONE FEELS OBLIGAT$ TO DEVOTE ONESELF1 SU* AS ! K+DOM ( ,GOD1 ! REALM ( SPIRIT1 OR :AT HAVE Y\4 ,/IRN] CLAIMS ?AT ! V>I\S IDEALS EMPHASIZ$ 9 RELIGION1 MORALITY1 LAW1 & SO ON >E ALL IDEES FIXE.<#a#a.> ?AT LEAD PEOPLE >\ND BY ! NOSE & MAKE !M POSSESS$4 ,!Y BREA! SPIRIT 9TO PEOPLE1 9FLAT+ !M ) 9SPIRATION 7,BEGEI/]UNG7 & 5?USIASM 7,5?USIASMUS74 ,!Y MOVE PEOPLE & DRIVE !M 9TO FR5ZY & ! FANATICISM ( A BL9DLY UNQUE/ION+ FASC9ATION ) 0HOLY0 ?+S4.<#a#b.> ,:E!R IT IS A MATT] ( H>BOR+ <O/S & BL9D FAI? 7,SPUK UND ,SP>R57 OR ( BE+ POSSESS$ BY A C]TA9 IDEE FIXE1 ! FANATICISM IS BASICALLY ! SAME4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :E!R ONE TAKES RELIGI\S IDEALS AS HOLY1 OR M]ELY REG>DS E?ICAL IDEALS AS HOLY \T ( A MI/RU/ ( RELIGION4 ,ONE CAN BE JU/ AS FANATICAL 9 ONE'S MI/RU/ ( RELIGION & FAI? 9 E?ICS-JU/ AS POSSESS$ BY AN IDEE FIXE--AS 9 ONE'S RELIGI\S TRU/ .<#d#f_/#d#i.>4 ,9 BO? CASES ONE REMA9S FETT]$1 :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( 0SPIRIT40 ,RELIGION MEANS TO 0BE TI$10 AS 9DICAT$ BY ITS ETYMOLOGY 9 ! WORD RE-LIG>E4 ,RELIGION & ! HOLY OCCUPY ! DEEPE/ P>T ( \R 9N] BE+1 :]E FRE$OM ( ! SPIRIT EM]GES4 0,SPIRIT0 BECOMES FRE$OM )9 US1 BUT 9 ?AT V]Y FACT \R SELF BECOMES FETT]$ .<PP4 #d#i-#e#b_/#e#b-#e.>4 

,FEU]BA* UND]TOOK TO 9T]NALIZE SPIRIT AS HUMANITY & TO TRANSPOSE RELIGION 9TO E?ICS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ?IS MEANS MAK+ 0HUMANITY0 ! LAWGIV] RA!R ?AN ,GOD1 & PLAC+ ! SELF UND] ! GOV]NANCE ( E?ICAL RULES RA!R ?AN ,GOD4 ,?IS AM\NTS ONLY TO A *ANGE ( RUL]S1 & DOES NOT AFFECT ! SELF'S 5SLAVEM5T .<P4 #e#h_/#f#b.>4 ,9 FACT1 ?OSE :O HAVE RUL$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( SPIRIT HAVE DONE SO BY MEANS ( SU* IDEAS AS ! /ATE1 EMP]OR1 *UR*1 ,GOD1 MORALITY1 LAW1 ORD]1 & SO ON1 !REBY E/ABLI%+ POLITICAL1 E?ICAL1 & RELIGI\S HI]>*IES4 ,9DE$1 = ,/IRN]1 HI]>*Y ITSELF MEANS ! RULE ( IDEAS & SPIRIT .<PP4 #f#e-#g#d_/#f#i-#g#i.>4 ,SPIRIT CON/RUCTS SY/EMS ( RULE & OB$I5CE BY SACRALIZ+ LAW & DUTY & TRANS=M+ !M 9TO MATT]S ( CONSCI5CE4 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT CAN FUNDAM5TALLY DE/ROY ?IS K9D ( HI]>*ICAL SY/EM IS ! /&PO9T ( ! EGOI/ :I* DISCLOSES 0SPIRIT0 AS A FABRICATION4 ,IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE H[ ,/IRN]'S IDEAS CAME TO PROVIDE AN 9FLU5TIAL PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATION = AN>*ISM4 

#f4 ,FROM ,LIB]ALISM TO ,EGOISM 

,! CURTA9 CAME D[N ON ANCI5T HI/ORY :5 ! WORLD CEAS$ TO BE SE5 AS DIV9E4 ,! SELF AS SPIRIT BECAME MA/] ( ! WORLD & CONQU]$ IT AS ITS [N POSSESSION4 ,!RE ,GOD APPE>$ AS ! ,HOLY3 0,ALL ?+S HAVE BE5 DELIV]$ TO ME BY MY ,FA!R0 7,MAT!W #a#a3#b#g7 .<P4 #i#d_/#a#b.>4 ,?US ! SELF BECAME MA/] ( ! WORLD BUT DID NOT BECOME MA/] ( ITS [N IDEAL1 S9CE ! SPIRIT WAS SACRALIZ$ AS 0,HOLY ,SPIRIT40 ,A ,*RI/IAN 0)\T ! WORLD0 C\LD NOT YET BECOME A P]SON 0)\T ,GOD40 ,IF ! BATTLE DUR+ ! ANCI5T P]IOD HAD BE5 WAG$ AGA9/ ! WORLD1 ! M$IEVAL ,*RI/IAN BATTLE WAS F\<T AGA9/ ! SELF ITSELF4 ,! BATTLEGR\ND %IFT$ FROM \TSIDE ! SELF TO )9 IT4 ,! WISDOM ( ! ANCI5TS WAS A WISDOM ( ! WORLD1 A PHILOSOPHY2 ! WISDOM ( ! 0MOD]NS0 IS A KN[L$GE ( ,GOD1 A !OLOGY4 ,JU/ AS PHILOSOPHY GOT >\ND BEH9D ! WORLD1 SO !OLOGY TRIES TO GET >\ND BEH9D ,GOD4 ,! PAGANS COMPLETELY DISPOS$ ( ! WORLD1 BUT N[ ! PROBLEM IS TO DISPOSE ( ! SPIRIT4 ,= ALMO/ TWO ?\S& YE>S1 ,/IRN] SAYS1 WE HAVE /RIV5 TO CONQU] ! 0SPIRIT ?AT IS HOLY10 ! 0,HOLY ,SPIRIT40 ,H[EV] MANY TIMES ITS HOL9ESS HAS BE5 PLUCK$ (F & TRAMPL$ UND]FOOT1 ! GIGANTIC 5EMY CONT9UES TO RISE UP ANEW1 *ANG+ ITS %APE & NAMES .<#i#d-#i#e_/#a#c.>4 

,AS A PRIME EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON ,/IRN]1 LIKE ,NIETZS*E1 CITES MOD]N LIB]ALISM4 ,HE USUALLY REF]S TO MOD]N LIB]ALS AS 0! ,FREE ,ONES0 .<DIE ,FREI5.> 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0ANCI5TS0 & 0MOD]NS0 M5TION$ E>LI]4 ,:AT !Y HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y PLAN ! SOCIAL ACTUALIZATION ( ! /&PO9T ( HUMANITY & TRY TO NEGATE ! V>I\S IDEALS ( PREVI\S RELIGION & METAPHYSICS AS LIES4 ,/IRN] DI/+UI%ES ?REE K9DS ( LIB]AL ?\<T3 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & HUMANIT>IAN4 

,POLITICAL LIB]ALISM IS ! /&PO9T ( ! FRE$OM ( CITIZ5S4 ,! CITIZ5 CLASS ELIM9AT$ ! ABSOLUTE MON>* & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,NO LONG] A CLASS1 !Y UNIV]SALIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO A 0NATION0 .<#i#h_/#a#g.>4 ,UND] ! CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE ( LIB]ALISM1 ! PEOPLE GA9 POLITICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY AS MEMB]S ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y REG>D ?IS SY/EM AS AN ACTUALIZATION ( !IR PURE HUMANITY & SEE ANY?+ EXTRANE\S TO IT AS M]ELY PRIVATE OR EGOI/IC1 ADV5TITI\S1 & !RE=E 9HUMAN4 ,= ,/IRN]1 :AT HAS HAPP5$ IS ?AT TYRANNY ( ! LAW HAS REPLAC$ TYRANNY ( ! MON>*3 0,ALL /ATES >E TYRANNIES4 4 4 4 ,I AM ! >*-5EMY ( ! /ATE & AM SUSP5D$ 9 ! ALT]NATIVE *OICE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ME40 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM IS NOT MY [N FRE$OM BECAUSE MY [N WILL 7,EIG5-WILLE7 IS NEGAT$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! CITIZ5 /ATE EA* CITIZ5 NEGATES ! WILL ( ! RUL]1 :O HAD SUPPRESS$ 9DIVIDUAL WILL UP UNTIL !N1 & TAKES A /& ON P]SONAL FREE WILL4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! CITIZ5 VOLUNT>ILY SUPPRESSES 9DIVIDUAL WILL TO SEEK AN IDEALIZ$ ACTUALIZATION ( ! WILL & FRE$OM ( ! SELF ?R\< ! /ATE .<#a#f-#a#i_/#a#a#f-#a#a#i.>4 ,?IS POLITICAL FRE$OM MEANS ?AT ! POLIS BECOMES FREE & ! CONC]N 7,SA*E7 ( ! POLIS BECOMES MY CONC]N-BUT ?IS MEANS PRECISELY ?AT ,I AM TI$ TO ! /ATE FROM )9 MYSELF4 

,9 ! CITIZ5 /ATE1 POLITICAL EQUALITY WAS A*IEV$ BUT NOT EQUALITY ( PROP]TY4 ,?US 9 PLACE ( POLITICAL LIB]ALISM1 SOCIAL LIB]ALISM-NAMELY1 COMMUNISM-APPE>S ON ! /AGE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT 9 POLITICAL LIB]ALISM EA* P]SON R5\NCES ! SELF'S IMM$IATE RI<T TO RULE & TRANSF]S IT TO ! /ATE1 !REBY 9DIRECTLY REGA9+ ! RI<T TO RULE1 EV]YONE N[ HAS TO R5\NCE ! PROP]TY 7,EIG5TUM7 ( ! SELF & TRANSF] EV]Y?+ TO ! SOCIETY1 SO ?AT ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE MAY RECOV] ! PROP]TY ?AT BELONGS TO !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO COMMUNISM1 IT IS NOT ?AT \R DIGNITY AS HUMAN BE+S CONSI/S 9 AN ESS5TIAL EQUALITY AS *ILDR5 ( ! SAME /ATE1 AS ! B\RGEOISIE SAYS2 RA!R1 \R HUMAN DIGNITY CONSI/S 9 \R NOT EXI/+ = ! SAKE ( ! /ATE BUT = EA* O!R1 SO ?AT EA* P]SON EXI/S ESS5TIALLY ?R\< O!RS & = ! SAKE ( O!RS4 ,ALL ( US BECOME WORK]S = ! O!RS4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY >E ALL PEOPLE EQUAL & REPAID 9 EQUAL COMP5SATION4 ,?IS IS H[ ,/IRN] SEES COMMUNISM .<#a#a#g_/#a#b#i.>4 ,JU/ AS HIS CRITIQUE ( DEMOCRACY IS DIRECT$ AT ! /ATE AS ! SUPREME RUL]1 SO HIS CRITIQUE ( COMMUNISM IS DIRECT$ AT SOCIETY AS ! SUPREME PROP]TY [N]4 

,?AT WE BECOME EQUAL AS MEMB]S ( ! /ATE & GRANT IT ! /ATUS ( SUPREME RUL] ACTUALLY MEANS ?AT WE BECOME EQUAL Z]OES4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 :5 SOCIETY IS MADE ! SUPREME PROP]TY [N] WE BECOME EQUALLY 0TRAMPS0 7,LUMP574 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 9T]E/S ( 0HUMANITY10 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS FIR/ DEPRIV$ ( ! RI<T TO RULE BY ! /ATE1 & !N EV5 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S PROP]TY IS TAK5 AWAY BY SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS MORE1 9 COMMUNISM WE >E = ! FIR/ TIME EQUAL ONLY AS WORK]S1 NOT AS HUMAN BE+S OR 9DIVIDUAL SELVES .<#a#a#i_/#a#c.>4 

,?AT ! COMMUNI/ SEES 9 Y\ 0HUMANITY10 OR A BRO!R1 IS ONLY ! 0,SUNDAY-SIDE0 ( COMMUNISM2 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! WEEKDAY .<HE.> NEV] ACCEPTS Y\ SIMPLY AS A MAN1 BUT M]ELY AS A HUMAN WORK] OR A WORK+ MAN4 ,! LIB]AL PR9CIPLE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! FIR/ ASPECT1 BUT 9 ! SECOND ! UNLIB]AL IS CONCEAL$4 7#a#b#b_/#a#c#c7 

,! SATISFACTION ?AT COMMUNISM (F]S ! SPIRIT IT TAKES AWAY FROM ! BODY BY COMPELL+ ONE TO WORK4 ,COMMUNISM MAKES WORK]S FEEL ?IS COMPULSION AS SOCIAL DUTY & MAKES !M ?9K ?AT BE+ A WORK] & AB&ON+ EGOISM IS ! ESS5TIAL ?+4 ,JU/ AS 0CITIZ5S0 DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! /ATE1 SO DO 0WORK]S0 OBEY ! RULE ( SOCIETY & S]VE IT4 ,BUT SOCIETY IS A TOOL ?AT %\LD RA!R BE S]V+ \R 9T]E/S4 ,9S(> AS SOCIALI/S SEEK A SACR$ SOCIETY1 !Y >E AS %ACKL$ TO RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE AS ! LIB]ALS3 0,SOCIETY1 FROM :I* WE RECEIVE EV]Y?+1 IS ! NEW MA/]1 A NEW <O/1 A NEW 'SUPREME BE+1' :I* MAKES US BE> ! BURD5 ( 'DEVOTION & DUTY' 0 7#a#b#c_/#a#c#e74 ,SU* IS ,/IRN]'S CONCLUSION4 

,! ?IRD =M ( LIB]AL ?\<T IS HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,BRUNO ,BAU] & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,= ,/IRN]1 ?IS =M MO/ ?OR\<LY PURSUES ! /&PO9T ( 0HUMANITY0 AS ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]ALISM1 & IS !RE=E ! CONSUMMATE =M ( LIB]ALISM4 ,) ! 9DIVIDUAL AS CITIZ5 9 POLITICAL LIB]ALISM & AS WORK] 9 COMMUNISM1 HUMAN BE+ IS UND]/OOD FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! FULFILLM5T ( DESIRE4 ,EV5 9 ! CASE ( A WORK] :O REG>DS LABOR AS A DUTY TO SOCIETY & WORKS MUTUALLY = ! SAKE ( O!RS1 AN EGOI/IC 9T]E/1 ! FULFILLM5T ( ! MAT]IALI/IC DESIRE ( ! SELF1 LURKS B5EA? ! SURFACE4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ! CITIZ5 :O REG>DS DEVOTION TO ! /ATE AS A DUTY4 ,! ATTACK ( HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM IS DIRECT$ PRECISELY AT ?IS PO9T4 ,! HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALI/ CRITICIZES ! SOCIALI/3 0,AS ! CITIZ5 DOES ) ! /ATE1 SO ! WORK] MAKES USE ( SOCIETY = HIS [N EGOI/IC PURPOSES4 ,AFT] ALL1 DON'T Y\ /ILL HAVE AN EGOI/IC PURPOSE-Y\R [N WELF>E80 7#a#b#d_/#a#c#f74 ,! HUMANIT>IAN DEM&S ?AT HUMAN ACTION BE COMPLETELY FREE ( EGOI/IC CONC]N4 ,ONLY !RE IS TRUE HUMANITY F\ND & TRUE LIB]ALISM E/ABLI%$4 0,ONLY HUMANITY IS D9T]E/$2 ! EGOI/ IS ALWAYS CONC]N$ ) 9T]E/S0 7#a#b#e_/#a#c#g74 ,?US HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM TRIES TO PRESS ! NEGATION ( PRIVATE & EGOI/IC CONC]NS TO ! 9N]MO/ HE>T4 ,IT IS A CRITICAL LIB]ALISM ?AT DOES NOT /OP %ORT ) CRITICIZ+ O!RS1 BUT GOES ON TO CRITICIZE ITSELF4 

,:ILE ! POLITICIANS ?\<T !Y HAD ELIM9AT$ EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S [N WILL1 SELF-WILL 7,EIG5WILLE71 OR WILLFULNESS1 !Y DID NOT REALIZE ?AT ?IS SELF-WILL F\ND A SAFE REFUGE ?R\< PROP]TY 7,EIG5TUM74 

,:5 SOCIALI/S TAKE AWAY EV5 PROP]TY1 !Y DO NOT NOTICE ?AT [N]%IP SECURES ITS CONT9UATION )9 [NNESS 7,EIG5HEIT74.<#a#c.> 

,NO MATT] H[ MU* PROP]TY IS TAK5 AWAY1 OP9ION 7,ME9UNG7 9 ! HE>T REMA9S M9E 7DAS ,ME9IGE71 & TO ?AT EXT5T [N]%IP REMA9S4.<#a#d.> ,!RE=E1 WE MU/ ELIM9ATE NOT ONLY SELFWILL OR PRIVATE [N]%IP BUT ALSO PRIVATE OP9ION4 

,JU/ AS SELF-WILL IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! /ATE & PRIVATE PROP]TY TO ! SOCIETY1 PRIVATE OP9ION ALSO IS TRANSF]R$ TO SOME?+ UNIV]SAL-NAMELY1 TO 'MAN'-& !REBY BECOMES G5]AL HUMAN OP9ION4 4 4 4 ,JU/ AS SELF-WILL & PROP]TY BECOME P[]LESS1 SO MU/ [NNESS .<OR EGOISM.> 9 G5]AL BECOME P[]LESS4 7#a#b#h-#a#b#i_/#a#d#a7 

,HUMANE LIB]ALISM DEM&S ?AT WE AB&ON WELF>E-ISM1 VOLUNT>ILY CRITICIZE ALL EGOI/IC & 09HUMAN0 ?+S & ATTA9 0CONSCI\SNESS ( SELF0 AS 0HUMANITY40 ,FUR!R1 ) RESPECT TO LABOR1 IT DEM&S ?AT WE UND]/& IT 9 A UNIV]SAL S5SE1 AS 5COMPASS+ ALL ( HUMANK9D 9 SU* A WAY ?AT SPIRIT RE=MS ALL MAT]IAL ?+S4 ,LABOR = COMMUNISM1 9 CONTRA/1 IS M]ELY 0COLLECTIVE LABOR )\T SPIRIT40 

,/IRN] SAYS ?AT ) ?IS K9D ( HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM1 0! CIRCLE ( LIB]ALISM IS COMPLET$0 7#a#b#g-#a#b#h_/#a#d74 ,LIB]ALISM 9 G5]AL RECOGNIZES 9 HUMANITY & HUMAN FRE$OM ! PR9CIPLE ( ! GOOD1 & 9 ALL EGOI/IC & PRIVATE ?+S ! PR9CIPLE ( EVIL4 ,?IS /&PO9T IS TAK5 TO ! EXTREME 9 HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE EGOI/IC & PRIVATE CONC]NS FROM ! HUMAN HE>T4 ,! CRITIQUE ?AT 9CLUDES ?IS SELF-CRITICISM MAY BE ! BE/ ( ! CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORIES1 BUT = ,/IRN]1 IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT ! CONTRADICTION 9H]5T 9 LIB]ALISM 9 G5]AL APPE>S MO/ CLE>LY 9 HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM4 ,= 9 SPITE ( ! ELIM9ATION ( SELF-WILL1 PRIVATE PROP] 1 & PRIVATE OP9ION1 = ! R/ TIME ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL :O CANNOT BE ELIM9AT$ COMES TO LI<T4 0,[NNESS0-! SELFNESS ( ! SELF-IS REVEAL$4 ,CRITICAL LIB]ALISM TRIES ?R\< ITS 0CRITICISM0 TO ELIM9ATE FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL EV]Y?+ PRIVATE & EV]Y?+ ?AT W\LD EXCLUDE ALL O!RS4 ,BUT ! [NNESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS IMMUNE TO ?IS PURG+4 ,9DE$1 ! P]SON IS AN 9DIVIDUAL PRECISELY BECAUSE HE OR %E EXCLUDES FROM ! SELF EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NOT SELF4 ,9 ?IS S5SE WE MI<T SAY ?AT ! MO/ UNIQUE P]SON IS ! MO/ EXCLUSIVE4 ,?IS ELIM9ATES EV5 ! 0CRITICISM0 ?AT TRIES TO EXCLUDE ! V]Y ?+ ?AT EXCLUDES O!RS 7NAMELY1 ONE'S PRIVATE AFFAIRS74 ,AS ,/IRN] SAYS3 0,IT IS PRECISELY ! %>PE/ CRITIC :O IS HIT H>DE/ BY ! CURSE ( HIS [N PR9CIPLE0 7#a#c#d_/#a#d#h74 

,! PURSUIT ( FRE$OM1 ONCE >RIV$ AT HUMANIT>IAN LIB]ALISM1 GOES TO ! EXTREME ( MAK+ HUMANITY EV]Y?+ & ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON NO?+4 ,WE >E DEPRIV$ ( EV]Y?+ & \R ,LUMP5-CONDITION IS MADE COMPLETE4 ,A RADICAL REV]SAL N[ BECOMES POSSIBLE3 

,IF WE WANT TO ATTA9 ! NATURE ( [NNESS WE MU/ FIR/ DECL9E EV5 TO ! MO/ %ABBY1 ! MO/ DE/ITUTE CONDITION-BECAUSE WE MU/ REMOVE & DISC>D EV]Y?+ ?AT IS =EIGN TO ! SELF4 7#a#c#i_/#a#e#c7 

,! UTMO/ ,LUMP5-CONDITION IS ?AT ( A NAK$ MAN1 /RIPP$ EV5 ( HIS TATT]S 7,LUMP574 ,!RE=E1 :5 ONE REMOVES & DISC>DS EV5 ONE'S 0HUMANITY0 TRUE NAK$NESS-! CONDITION 7,5T-BLOSSUNG7 9 :I* ONE IS /RIPP$ ( ALL ?AT IS ALI5 TO ! SELFAPPE>S4.<#a#e.> ,! TRAMP ESCAPES HIS CONDITION BY TE>+ (F HIS RAGS4 ,SU* IS ! /&PO9T ( ,/IRN]'S EGOI/4 ,! EGOI/ I S ! >*5EMY ( ALL LIB]ALISM AS WELL AS ( ,*RI/IANITY3 TO HUMAN BE+S HE IS 9HUMAN2 TO ,GOD1 A DEVIL4 ,?\< REPUDIAT$ BY ALL =MS ( LIB]ALISM1 ! EGOI/ GOES ?R\< !M ONE AFT] ANO!R1 ELIM9AT+ FROM ! SELF ALL <O/S & RAFT]S ( IDEE FIXES4 ,F9ALLY1 ) ! TURN FROM ! ABSOLUTE DE/ITUTION ( ! SELF1 ! EGOI/ = ! FIR/ TIME CAN TRULY SAY 0,I AM ,I40 

#g4 ,[NNESS & ,PROP]TY-,ALL & ,NO?+ 

,! SELF AS EGOI/ WAS PRES5T ALL ALONG AS ! OBJECT ( ! MO/ BASIC NEGATIONS ( ! ,GOD ( RELIGION OR ! E?ICAL P]SON4 ,! SELF WAS REPUDIAT$ AS 0S9N]0 & 09HUMAN WRET*40 ,BUT NO?+ C\LD ]ASE ! SELF'S BE+ ! SELF-?IS BODILY SELF1 ) ITS 9H]5T ,I-NESS1 ITS [NNESS 7,EIG5HEIT74 ,BEAT5 D[N BY ,GOD1 ! /ATE1 SOCIETY1 & HUMANITY1 IT NEV]!LESS SL[LY BEGAN TO RAISE ITS HEAD AGA94 ,IT C\LD DO ?IS BECAUSE FANATICS BR&I%+ ,BIBLES OR REASON OR ! IDEALS ( HUMANITY 0>E UNCONSCI\SLY & UN9T5TIONALLY PURSU+ ,I-NESS0 7#c#e#h_/#d#c74 ,FIR/LY1 IT WAS REVEAL$ ?AT 0,GOD'S0 TRUE BODY WAS 0MAN10 :I* REPRES5T$ ONE /EP T[>D ! SELFDISCOV]Y ( ! EGO4 ,! SE>* = ! SELF REMA9$ UNCONSCI\S AS ! EGO LO/ ITSELF 9 FANATICISM OV] REASON OR ! IDEA ( HUMANITY4 ,9 HUMANISM'S D5UNCIATIONS ( ! EGOISM ( ! EGO AS 9HUMAN & SELFI%1 ! MORE VIGOR\S ITS EF=TS1 ! CLE>] IT BECAME ?AT ! EGO WAS NOT SOME?+ TO BE SET ASIDE4 ,IT WAS ONLY FROM ! DEP?S ( NIHILITY TO :I* ! EGO HAD BE5 BANI%$ ?AT IT C\LD1 9 A GE/URE ( NEGAT+ ALL NEGATION1 RISE TO RECLAIM ITSELF4 

,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( HIS WORK1 ,/IRN] DEVELOPS ?IS IRONICAL DIALECTIC2 9 ! SECOND HALF1 HE DEALS ) ! POSITIVE /&PO9T ( EGOISM1 %[+ H[ ! EGO CLAIMS ITS UNIQU5ESS & [NNESS1 EMBRACES )9 ITSELF ALL O!R ?+S & IDEAS1 ASSIMILATES & APPROPRIATES !M TO ITSELF AS [N] 7,EIGN]71 & ?US REA*ES ! AW>5ESS ( ! UNIQUE ONE 7,E9ZIGE7 :O HAS APPROPRIAT$ EV]Y?+ )9 HIS [N ,I-NESS & HAS MADE ! WORLD ! CONT5T ( HIS [N LIFE4 

,/IRN] UND]/&S ! [NNESS ( ! SELF AS ! CONSUMMATION ( 0FRE$OM40 0,FRE$OM0 IS ORIG9ALLY A ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E HAV+ TO DO ) FREE+ ! SELF FROM ?IS WORLD & R5\NC+ ALL ! ?+S ?AT WEI< ! SELF D[N4 ,?IS TEA*+ EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! AB&ON+ ( ,*RI/IANITY & ITS MORALITY 9 FAVOR ( A /&PO9T ( ! EGO 0)\T S91 )\T ,GOD1 )\T MORALITY1 & SO ON0 .<#a#e#g#a#a#g#c.>4 ,?IS 0FRE$OM10 H[EV]1 IS M]ELY NEGATIVE & PASSIVE4 ,! EGO /ILL HAD TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! ?+S FROM :I* IT HAS BE5 RELEAS$ & MAKE !M ITS [N2 IT MU/ BECOME !IR [N] 7,EIGN]74 ,?IS IS ! /&PO9T ( [NNESS 7,EIG5HEIT74 

,:AT A DIFF]5CE !RE IS BETWE5 FRE$OM & ,I-NESS4 4 4 4 ,I AM FREE FROM ?+S ?AT ,I HAVE GOT RID ( BUT ,I AM ! [N] 7,EIGN]7 ( ?+S :I* ,I HAVE )9 MY P[] 7,MA*T7 & :I* ,I CONTROL 7MA*TIG74.<#a#f.> 

,EIG5HEIT IS ! /&PO9T ( ! ,EIG5E2 9 ?IS /&PO9T FRE$OM ITSELF BECOMES MY PROP]TY = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,ONCE ! EGO CONTROLS EV]Y?+ & [NS IT AS ITS PROP]TY1 IT TRULY POSSESSES FRE$OM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :5 IT OV]COMES EV5 ! 0=M ( FRE$OM10 FRE$OM BECOMES ITS PROP]TY4 ,/IRN] SAYS ?AT 0! 9DIVIDUAL 7D] ,EIG5E7 IS ONE :O IS BORN FREE2 BUT ! LIB]AL IS ONE :O SEEKS FRE$OM1 AS A DREAM] & FANATIC0 7#a#f#d_/#a#h#a74 ,& AGA93 0,[NNESS HAS CREAT$ A NEW FRE$OM1 9S(> AS IT IS ! CREATOR ( EV]Y?+0 7#a#f#c_/#a#g#i74 ,?IS [NNESS IS ,I MYSELF1 & 0MY 5TIRE ESS5CE & EXI/5CE40 ,/IRN] CALLS ! ESS5TIAL BE+ ( ?IS K9D ( [NNESS 0UNNAMABLE10 0CONCEPTUALLY UN?9KABLE10 & 0UNSAYABLE0 7#a#d#h_/#a#f#d1 #a#h#c_/#b#a74 ,! EGO ?9KS & IS ! CONTROLL] & [N] ( ALL ?9K+1 BUT IT CANNOT ITSELF BE GRASP$ ?R\< ?\<T4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS EV5 SAID TO BE 0A /ATE ( ?\<TLESSNESS 7,G$ANK5LOSIGKEIT70 7#a#d#h_/#a#f#d74 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,FEU]BA*1 :O CONSID]S 0HUMANITY0 AS ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN BE+ & ! EGOI/ :O VIOLATES HUMANITY AS 0AN 9HUMAN WRET*10 ,/IRN] CLAIMS ?AT !RE IS NO WAY TO SEP>ATE ! NOTION ( A HUMAN BE+ FROM ITS EXI/5CE 7#a#g#h_/#a#i#e74 ,IF ANY?+1 ,/IRN]'S EXI/5TIALISM DISSOLVES ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN BE+ 9TO ITS UNNAMABLE ,EXI/5CE4 

,FROM EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 SAID1 ,/IRN]'S DEEP AFF9ITY ) ,NIETZS*E %\LD BE CLE>4 ,HIS /&PO9T ( ! 0P[]0 TO ASSIMILATE EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD 9TO ! SELF IS REM9ISC5T ( ,NIETZS*E'S IDEA ( WILL TO P[]4 ,9 ,NIETZS*E IT IS FOLLY AS ! CULM9ATION ( KN[L$GE1 & 9 ,/IRN] IT IS 0?\<TLESSNESS0 ?AT MAKES ALL ?9K+ MY PROP]TY4 ,! EGO 9 ,NIETZS*E IS ALSO ULTIMATELY NAMELESS1 OR AT MO/ SYMBOLICALLY CALL$ ,DIONYSUS4 ,9 ,/IRN]'S CASE WE ALSO F9D ! ELEM5T ( 0CREATIVE NO?+10 A CREATIVE NIHILISM4 ,?IS LATT] PO9T M]ITS CLOS] EXAM9ATION4 ,9 A REM>KABLE PASSAGE1 ,/IRN] CONFRONTS ! 0FAI? 9 TRU?10 JU/ AS ,NIETZS*E DOES1 & EMPHASIZES 0FAI? 9 ! SELF ITSELF0 AS ! /&PO9T ( NIHILISM4 

,AS LONG AS Y\ BELIEVE 9 TRU?1 Y\ DO NOT BELIEVE 9 Y\RSELF & >E A --S]VANT1 A RELIGI\S P]SON4 ,Y\ ALONE >E ! TRU?1 OR RA!R1 Y\ >E MORE ?AN ! TRU?1 :I* IS NO?+ AT ALL BE=E Y\4 ,( C\RSE EV5 Y\ 9QUIRE AFT] ! TRU?1 ( C\RSE EV5 Y\ 0CRITICIZE10 BUT Y\ DO NOT 9QUIRE AFT] A 0HI<] TRU?10 :I* W\LD BE HI<] ?AN Y\1 & Y\ DO NOT CRITICIZE ACCORD+ TO ! CRIT]ION ( SU* A TRU?4 ,Y\ 5GAGE ?\<TS & IDEAS1 AS Y\ DO ! APPE>ANCES ( ?+S1 ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ !M 4 4 4 Y\R [N1 Y\ WANT ONLY TO MA/] !M & BECOME !IR [N]1 Y\ WANT TO ORI5T Y\RSELF & BE AT HOME 9 !M1 & Y\ F9D !M TRUE OR SEE !M 9 !IR TRUE LI<T 4 4 4 :5 !Y >E RI<T = Y\1 :5 !Y >E Y\R PROP]TY4 ,IF !Y %\LD LAT] BECOME HEAVI] AGA91 IF !Y %\LD DIS5GAGE !MSELVES AGA9 FROM Y\R P[]1 ?AT IS !N PRECISELY !IR UNTRU?-NAMELY1 Y\R P[]LESSNESS4 ,Y\R P[]LESSNESS .<,OHNMA*T.> IS !IR P[] .<,MA*T.>1 Y\R HUMILITY !IR GREATNESS4 ,!IR TRU?1 !RE=E1 IS Y\1 OR IS ! NO?+.<#a#g.> ?AT Y\ >E = !M1 & 9 :I* !Y DISSOLVE1 !IR TRU? IS !IR NULLITY 7,NI*TIGKEIT74 7#c#e#c-#e#d#a_/#c#i#g-#i#h7 

,/IRN]'S ASS]TION H]E ?AT ! TRU? ( ?\<T IS ONE'S NIHILITY1 & ! P[] ( TRU? ONE'S P[]LESSNESS1 COMES TO ! SAME ?+ AS ,NIETZS*E'S ASS]TION ?AT 0! WILL TO TRU?0 IS ! IMPOT5CE ( ! WILL1 ?AT 0TRU?0 IS AN ILLUSION ) :I* ! WILL DECEIVES ITSELF1 & ?AT BEH9D A PHILOSOPHY ?AT SEEKS TRU? RUNS ! CURR5T ( NIHILISM4 ,FUR!R1 ,/IRN]'S IDEA ?AT :5 ?\<T BECOMES ONE'S PROP]TY IT BECOMES TRUE = ! FIR/ TIME P>ALLELS ,NIETZS*E'S SAY+ ?AT ILLUSION IS REAFFIRM$ AS USEFUL = LIFE FROM ! /&PO9T ( WILL TO P[]4 ,9 ,/IRN]'S T]MS1 NIHILITY AS P[]LESSNESS TURNS 9TO CREATIVE NO?+4 ,?IS 0SELF-OV]COM+ ( NIHILISM0 & 0FAI? 9 ! SELF0 CON/ITUTE HIS EGOISM4 ,HE GOES ON3 0,ALL TRU? 9 ITSELF IS DEAD1 A CORPSE2 IT IS ALIVE ONLY 9 ! WAY ?AT MY LUNGS >E ALIVE-NAMELY1 9 PROPORTION TO MY [N VITALITY0 7#c#e#d_/#c#i#h74 ,ANY TRU? E/ABLI%$ ABOVE ! EGO KILLS ! EGO2 & AS LONG AS IT KILLS ! EGO1 IT IS ITSELF DEAD1 & M]ELY APPE>S AS A 0<O/0 OR AN IDEE FIXE4 

,EV]Y TRU? ( AN ]A IS ! IDEE FIXE ( ?AT ]A 4 4 4 ONE WANT$ AFT] ALL TO BE '9SPIR$' 7BEGEI/]T7 BY SU* AN 'IDEA4' ,ONE WANT$ TO BE RUL$ BY A ?\<T-& POSSESS$ BY IT6 7#c#e#e_/#c#i#i-#d7 

,IT IS ?US POSSIBLE TO DISC]N A CLE> ?READ ( NIHILISM RUNN+ ?R\< ! FIFTY YE>S ?AT SEP>ATE ,NIETZS*E FROM ,/IRN]1 EA* ( :OM RECOGNIZ$ HIS NIHILISM AS ! EXPRESSION ( A GREAT REVOLUTION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORLD4 ,AS ,/IRN] SAYS3 0,WE >E /&+ AT ! BORD]L9E40 ,BO? W]E TRULY ?9K]S ( CRISIS 9 ! MO/ RADICAL S5SE4 

,WE SAW H[ ,FEU]BA* CRITICIZ$ ,HEGEL'S ABSOLUTE SPIRIT AS AN 0AB/RACTION0 & (F]$ A PO/URE ( TRULY REAL EXI/5CE 9 PLACE ( IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ?IS 0EXI/5CE0 ( ,FEU]BA*'S IS NO LESS ( AN AB/RACTION4 

,BUT ,I AM NOT M]ELY AB/RACTION1 ,I AM ALL 9 ALL1 & CONSEQU5TLY MYSELF AM AB/RACTION OR NO?+4 ,I AM ALL & NO?+2 .<,I AM NO M]E ?\<T1 BUT #a AM AT ! SAME TIME FULL ( ?\<TS1 A WORLD ( ?\<TS4.> ,HEGEL CONDEMNS ,I-NESS1 :AT IS M9E 7,ME9IGE7-?AT IS1 0OP9ION0 7,ME9UNG74 ,H[EV]1 0ABSOLUTE ?9K+0 4 4 4 HAS =GOTT5 ?AT IT IS MY ?9K+1 & ?AT IT IS ,I :O ?9K 7I* D5KE71 ?AT IT ITSELF EXI/S ?R\< ME 4 4 4 IT IS M]ELY MY OP9ION4 7#c#c#i_/#c#h#a-#h#b7 

,! SAME CAN BE SAID ( ,FEU]BA*'S EMPHASIS ON S5SATION .<,S9NLI*KEIT.> 9 OPPOSITION TO ,HEGEL3 

,BUT 9 ORD] TO ?9K & ALSO TO FEEL1 & SO = ! AB/RACT AS MU* AS = ! S5SIBLE1 ,I NE$ ABOVE ALL ?+S ME MYSELF1 & 9DE$ ME AS ?IS ABSOLUTELY DEF9ITE ME1 ?IS UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL4 7#c#d_/#c#h#b7 

,! EGO1 :I* IS ALL & NO?+1 :I* CAN CALL EV5 ABSOLUTE ?9K+ MY ?9K+1 IS ! EGO ?AT EXPELS FROM ! SELF ALL ?+S & IDEAS1 REVEALS ! NIHILITY ( ! SELF1 & AT ! SAME TIME NULLIFIES !IR 0TRU?40 ,IT IS ! SAME EGO ?AT !N MAKES !M ITS [N FLE% & BLOOD1 [N+ !M & 05JOY+0 7G5IESS57 ! USE ( !M4 ,! EGO 9S]TS NIHILITY BEH9D ! 0ESS5CE0 ( ALL ?+S1 BEH9D ! 0TRU?0 ( ALL IDEAS1 & BEH9D 0,GOD0 :O IS AT !IR GR\ND4 ,)9 ?IS NIHILITY !SE SACR$ ?+S :I* US$ TO REIGN OV] ! EGO >E /RIPP$ ( !IR \T] COV]+S TO REVEAL !IR TRUE NATURE4 ,! EGO TAKES !IR PLACE & MAKES ALL ?+S & IDEAS ITS [N1 BECOM+ ONE ) ! WORLD 9 ! /&PO9T ( NIHILITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,/IRN]'S EGOISM IS BAS$ ON SOME?+ SIMIL> TO :AT ,KI]KEGA>D CALL$ 0! ABYSS ( PAN!I/IC NIHILITY0 OR TO :AT ,NIETZS*E CALL$ 0PAN!I/IC FAI?0 9 ET]NAL RECURR5CE4 ,?IS IS :Y ,/IRN] CALL$ ?IS 0[NNESS0 ! CREATOR ( ALL ?+S1 BORN FREE4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T HE CAN CLAIM ?AT1 = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ?9K+ ITSELF BECOMES A M]E 0PA/IME0 7,KURZWEILE7 OR 0! EQUATION ( ! ?\<TLESS & ! ?\<TFUL ,I0 7#a#e_/#a#f#f74 ,I HAVE ALREADY T\*$ ON ! WAY 9 :I* ! ABYSS ( NIHILITY REVEALS ! TRUE FACE ( LIFE AS BOR$OM 7,LANGWEILE7 9 CONNECTION ) ,S*OP5HAU] & ,KI]KEGA>D4 ,! CREATIVE NIHILISM :I* OV]CAME ?IS K9D ( NIHILISM APPE>S AS 0PLAY0 9 ,NIETZS*E & AS 0PA/IME0 9 ,/IRN]4 

#h4 ,! ,/ATE & ! ,9DIVIDUAL 

,/IRN] DIFF]S FROM ,NIETZS*E 9 BE+ PRIM>ILY A SOCIAL ?9K]4 ,! EMPHASIS ( HIS MAJOR WORK IS ON A CRITIQUE ( V>I\S SOCIAL IDEAS & ON ! ADVOCACY ( A SOCIETY 0)\T GOV]NM5T OR LAW40 ,H]E ,I =GO TAK+ ON ?IS MANIFOLD >GUM5T 9 ORD] TO FOCUS ON ITS F\NDATIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE ITSELF4 ,SOCIAL IDEAS >E1 ( C\RSE1 IMPORTANT1 BUT = ME :AT MAKES !M IMPORTANT W\LD BE SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( ,DO/OEVSKY'S UND]/&+ ( SOCIALISM AS A!ISM4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS NECESS>Y TO T\* UPON ,/IRN]'S SOCIAL IDEAS TO SOME EXT5T 9 ORD] TO GIVE A COMPREH5SIVE EXPOSITION ( HIS NIHILISM4 

,/IRN] EXHIBITS ! SAME IRONY T[>D ! /ATE AS HE DOES T[>D 0TRU?40 

,IT IS NO LONG] SO MU* A MATT] ( ! /ATE BUT RA!R ( ME4 ,) ?IS ALL PROBLEMS REG>D+ SOV]EIGN P[]1 ! CON/ITUTION1 & SO ON COMPLETELY S9K D[N 9TO !IR TRUE ABYSS & NIHILITY .<IHR WAHRES ,NI*TS.>4 ,I-?IS NIHILITY-%ALL DRIVE \T MY V>I\S CREATIONS FROM MYSELF4 7#b#c#e_/#b#e#i7 

,/IRN] MEANS ?AT ! NIHILITY ( ! EGO IS 9S]T$ BEH9D ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE1 & ?AT 9 ?IS LI<T ! FUNDAM5TAL HOLL[NESS ( ! /ATE'S AU?ORITY IS REVEAL$4 ,AT ?AT PO9T ! HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT >E TO REPLACE ! /ATE EM]GE FROM ! 0CREATIVE NO?+0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( POLITICAL P>TIES & FACTIONS3 0,PRECISELY ?OSE :O %\T MO/ L\DLY ?AT ! /ATE NE$S AN OPPOSITION OPPOSE MO/ EAG]LY EV]Y K9D ( DI%>MONY )9 ! P>TY4 ,?IS IS PRO( ?AT !Y1 TOO1 ONLY WANT-A /ATE0 .<#b#c#e_/#b#f.>4 ,NEI!R ! /ATE NOR ! OPPOSITION P>TY IS ABLE TO BR+ AB\T ! COLLAPSE ( ! O!R2 RA!R1 BO? COLLAPSE :5 !Y COLLIDE ) ! EGO4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! CITIZ5S & P>TY MEMB]S >E MORE ?AN ! FACT ( !IR BELONG+ TO ! NATION OR P>TY4 ,[NNESS1 :I* CONTA9S AT ITS ROOTS SOME?+ UNPOLITICAL1 CANNOT BE EXT+UI%$1 NO MATT] H[ MU* /ATE & P>TY /R5G!N !IR B9D+ P[]4 ,ONCE ! EGO BECOMES AW>E ( ITS 9H]5TLY UNPOLITICAL NATURE & BECOMES EGOI/IC1 /ATE & P>TY COLLAPSE4 ,IT IS ! SAME WAY ) ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! /ATE & HUMANK9D4 

,! NATIONALI/S >E RI<T3 ONE CANNOT NEGATE ONE'S NATIONALITY4 ,& ! HUMANI/S >E RI<T3 ONE %\LD NOT REMA9 9 ! N>R[NESS ( NATIONALISM4 ,! CONTRADICTION IS RESOLV$ ONLY )9 UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALITY .<,E9ZIGKEIT.>3 NATIONALITY IS A PROP]TY .<,EIG5S*AFT.> ( M9E4 ,BUT ,I AM NOT R$UCIBLE TO MY PROP]TIES1 JU/ AS HUMANITY IS A PROP]TY ( M9E ?\< IT IS ONLY ?R\< MY 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT 0MAN0 RECEIVES ,EXI/5CE4 7#b#d#d-#d#e_/#b#g-#g#a7 

,PR\DHON & ! COMMUNI/S SAY ?AT ! WORLD BELONGS TO EV]YBODY4 ,!Y MAKE ! <O/ CALL$ 0EV]YBODY0 HOLY1 & SET IT UP AS A T]RIFY+ RUL] OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT ?IS EV]YBODY IS ACTUALLY EA* 9DIVIDUAL SELF = ITSELF1 & IT IS TO ?IS SELF ?AT ! WORLD BELONGS4 ,/IRN] SAYS3 0,JU/ AS ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL 7,E9ZELNE7 IS ! :OLE ( NATURE1 HE IS ALSO ! :OLE SPECIES02 OR 0,I AM ! [N] ( HUMANK9D1 ,I AM HUMANK9D 4 4 40.<#a#h.> ,?IS K9D ( EGOI/IC /&PO9T HAS BE5 RECOV]$ AS CREATIVE NO?+ FROM LI! ABYSS ( NIHILITY0 AFT] HAV+ BE5 NEGAT$ BY ALL O!R /&PO9TS & HAV+ ITSELF BROK5 ?R\< & NEGAT$ ALL O!R /&PO9TS4 ,N[ EV]Y?+ LIVES AS MY [N1 0LIKE MY LUNGS40 

,FROM ,PROTAGORAS TO ,FEU]BA* IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT 0MAN IS ! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S0 7#c#e#b_/#c#i#e72 BUT IT IS RA!R ! EGO ?AT IS ! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S4 ,?IS EGOI/IC PO/URE ALL[S US = ! FIR/ TIME TO 0JUDGE FROM ! SELF10 :ILE O!R /&PO9TS OBLIGE US TO 0JUDGE FROM ! O!R40 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ?+S 9TO ! 0VITALITY0 ( ! SELF AS ! PROP]TY & 05JOYM5T0 ( ! SELF SETS UP A NEW MODE ( 9T]C\RSE ) ! WORLD = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 0,MY 9T]C\RSE ) ! WORLD 4 4 4 IS 5JOYM5T ( ! WORLD 7,WELTG5USS7 & BELONGS TO MY SELF-5JOYM5T0 7#c#a#i_/#c#e#h74 ,! /&PO9T ( 5JOYM5T ( ! WORLD AS 5JOYM5T ( ! SELF 9 ,/IRN] IS REM9ISC5T ( ! SAMADHI ( 0SELF-5JOYM5T10 AN IMPORTANT /ATE 9 ,BUDDHI/ PRACTICE4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT 9 ,BUDDHISM ! SAMADHI ( SELF-5JOYM5T CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! SAMADHI ( 0! 5JOYM5T ( ! O!R40.<#a#i.> ,?IS IS1 ,I W\LD SAY1 ! LOCUS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 NO?+NESS .<MU.> 9 ,BUDDHISM & ,/IRN]'S NO?+NESS4 ,NO?+NESS 9 ,BUDDHISM IS 0SELF-B5EFIT-B5EFITT+-O!RS10.<#b.> :I* IS A HI<] & MORE COMPREH5SIVE /&PO9T4 ,/IRN] IS ?9K+ AB\T AN 0ASSOCIATION0 7,V]E97 ( 9DIVIDUALS %>+ ! /&PO9T ( ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL1 & HE IMAG9ES ! CITIZ5-/ATE ( ! POLITICAL LIB]ALS & ! SOCIETY ( ! COMMUNI/S DISSOLV+ 9TO ?IS K9D ( ASSOCIATION4 

,! ASSOCIATION ( UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS DIFF]S FROM ! /ATE OR SOCIETY 9 NOT BE+ MA/] OV] 9DIVIDUALS & MAK+ !M ITS S]VANTS3 0,Y\ CAN ASS]T Y\RSELF AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ONLY )9 ! ASSOCIATION0 7#c#a#b_/#c#d#i74 ,IT IS A RELATION%IP ( 9DIVIDUALS )\T MUTUAL DOM9ATION OR 5SLAVEM5T1 MUTUALLY 5JOY+ & MAK+ USE ( EA* O!R4 ,H[ CAN WE CONCEIVE ( EGOI/S UNIT+ TOGE!R8 ,OBVI\SLY WE CANNOT TAKE EGOISM 9 ITS ORD9>Y COLLOQUIAL S5SE4 ,/IRN] SAYS ?AT ! HAPP9ESS OR WELF>E ( O!RS IS A G5U9E CONC]N ( HIS4 ,9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! O!R'S PLEASURE ONE IS WILL+ 0TO SACRIFICE GLADLY 9NUM]ABLE PLEASURES0 .<#b#i_/#c#b#c.>4 ,I AM PREP>$ TO RISK 0MY LIFE1 MY WELF>E1 MY FRE$OM0-BECAUSE TO 5JOY ! O!R'S HAPP9ESS IS MY HAPP9ESS4 0,H[EV]1 ,I DO NOT SACRIFICE ME1 ME MYSELF TO ! O!R1 BUT REMA9 AN EGOI/ &-5JOY HIM0 7#b#i_/#c#b#d74 ,!RE %\LD BE NO MISUND]/&+ ! IMPORT ( !SE WORDS3 ,/IRN] MEANS ?AT ONE CAN SACRIFICE ONE'S LIFE = ! O!R BUT NOT ONE'S SELF4 ,TO SACRIFICE ONESELF = ! O!R IS TO GRANT ! O!R A 0<O/LY0 P[] & 5?RALL$ ONESELF TO IT1 ! SELF !REBY FAIL+ TO BE ITSELF4 ,?IS IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ORD9>Y EGOISM4 ,BUT CAN WE !N CONCEIVE ( AN ASSOCIATION ( EGOI/S 9 ?IS S5SE8 ,/IRN] ANSW]S ?IS QUE/ION AS FOLL[S3 

,IF !Y W]E ABLE TO BE P]FECT EGOI/S1 !Y W\LD EXCLUDE EA* O!R 5TIRELY & HOLD TOGE!R ?AT MU* MORE /RONGLY4 ,!IR DISGRACE IS NOT ?AT !Y EXCLUDE EA* O!R1 BUT ?AT !Y ONLY HALF DO ?IS4 7#a#h#a_/#a#i#h7 

,9 ANO!R PASSAGE ,/IRN] PURSUES ?IS ISSUE FUR!R 9 SUGGE/+1 P]HAPS ) ,HEGEL 9 M9D1 ?AT TO TRY TO DISSOLVE ! OPPOSITION ( TWO ?+S 9TO A ?IRD ?+ IS TO UND]/& !IR SIGNIFICANCE 9 TOO WEAK A S5SE4 ,OPPOSITION %\LD RA!R BE 9T5SIFI$4 ,?AT WE >E NOT 5TIRELY SEP>AT$ FROM O!RS1 ?AT WE SEEK A C]TA9 0COMMUNITY0 OR 0BOND0 ) O!RS & RECOGNIZE A C]TA9 IDEAL )9 ! COMMUNITY1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 \R WEAKNESS4 ,FROM ?IS HE DRAWS ! FOLL[+ REM>KABLE CONCLUSION1 :I* IS PROBABLY ONE ( ! CLE>E/ ANSW]S TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ONE HUMAN BE+ & ANO!R %\LD BE SET UP FROM A /&PO9T ( AFFIRMATIVE NIHILISM4 

,! F9AL & MO/ DECISIVE OPPOSITION1 ?AT ( ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL1 IS BASICALLY BEYOND :AT IS CALL$ OPPOSITION1 YET )\T S9K+ BACK 9TO 0UNITY0 & UNANIMITY4 ,AS A UNIQUE 9DIVIDUAL Y\ NO LONG] HAVE ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) ! O!RS & !RE=E ALSO NO?+ DIVISIVE OR HO/ILE2 Y\ DO NOT SEEK Y\R RI<T ) RESPECT TO HIM BE=E A ?IRD P>TY NOR /& ) HIM EI!R ON A 0GR\ND ( LAW0 .<,RE*TSBOD5.> OR ON ANY O!R COMMUNAL GR\ND4 ,OPPOSITION DISAPPE>S 9 P]FECT SEP>ATION 7,GES*I$5HEIT7 OR UNIQU5ESS 4 4 4 H]E EQUALLY CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 9EQUALITY & IS ITSELF NO?+ O!R ?AN 9EQUALITY 4 4 4 7#b#h-#i_/#b#b#i7 

,! PASSAGE CLE>LY EXEMPLIFIES ! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 ,/IRN]'S SOCIAL IDEAS & !IR PHILOSOPHICAL F\NDATION4 ,9DIVIDUALS >E 9DIVIDUALS BECAUSE !Y /& ON 0NO?+40 ,& = ! SAME REASON 0DECISIVE OPPOSITION0 & ITS 0COMPLETE DISAPPE>ANCE0 >ISE SIMULTANE\SLY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 5TIRELY SEP>AT$4 ,?IS IS ! 0ASSOCIATION0 ( ! EGOI/S3 BECAUSE !Y >E 5TIRELY SEP>AT$1 !Y >E A FIRM UNITY4 0,ONLY ) ! ULTIMATE SEP>ATION DOES SEP>ATION ITSELF COME TO AN 5D & TURN 9TO UNITY0 7#b#c#a_/#b#e#d74 ,MOREOV]1 !RE >E NO BONDS TO A ?IRD P>TY & !RE=E NO COMMUNITY EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS1 SO ?AT RELATION%IPS 9 T]MS ( RI<TS & LEGALITIES DISAPPE>4 ,?IS IDEA ( ,/IRN]'S MI<T SEEM NO MORE ?AN A TRICK ( LOGIC4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ONLY ! 0EGO0 HAS ! ATTRIBUTE ( BE+ ABSOLUTELY UNIQUE1 IT CANNOT BE A SPECIM5 ( SOME?+ UNIV]SAL4 ,= ?IS V]Y REASON1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( 0NO?+0 AT ! GR\ND ( ! EGO4 ,IF SU* EGOS >E1 MOREOV]1 TO ASSOCIATE ) EA* O!R1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ,/IRN]'S UND]/&+ ( !IR MODE ( ASSOCIATION GRASPS SOME?+ ?AT EV5 ,KANT & ,HEGEL W]E UNABLE TO APPRECIATE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT HE HAS HIT ON SOME?+ TOTALLY FAMILI> & YET DEEPLY HIDD5 CONC]N+ \R ASSOCIATION ) O!RS4 

,/IRN]'S VIEW APPE>S AT FIR/ GLANCE TO BE CLOSE TO ,FI*TE'S /&PO9T ( PURE EGO1 BUT HE REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 ,FI*TE'S EGO IS ! G5]ALIZATION ( AN 0,I0 ?AT ULTIMATELY EXI/S \TSIDE ( ME4 0,I AM NOT1 H[EV]1 ONE ,I ALONGSIDE O!R ,I'S1 BUT ! ONE & ONLY ,I 4 4 40 7#c#f#a_/#d#f74 ,H]E1 A G5]AL P]SON 9 ANY S5SE1 EV5 AN 0,I0 9 G5]AL1 MU/ BE NEGAT$4 ,9 SPITE ( ! ABYSS ( NIHILITY ?IS LEAVES US )1 OR RA!R BECAUSE ( IT1 ,I AM A BODILY EGO4 ,/IRN] REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZES ! FACT ( EMBODIM5T3 0!RE DOES NOT EXI/ ANY?+ HI<] ABOVE ! BODILY HUMAN BE+0 7#c#e#f_/#d74 ,?IS BODILY HUMAN BE+1 AS ,I SAID E>LI]1 IS UND]/OOD AS SOME?+ ?AT HAS GONE ?R\< ,HEGEL'S ABSOLUTE SPIRIT & PASS$ BEYOND IT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,/IRN] EMPHASIZES ! SELF'S F9ITUDE3 

,:5 ,FI*TE SAYS1 0,! ,I IS EV]Y?+10 ?IS APPE>S TO BE 9 P]FECT H>MONY ) MY [N EXPOSITIONS4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ?AT ! ,I IS EV]Y?+1 BUT RA!R ! ,I DE/ROYS EV]Y?+1 & ONLY ! ,I ?AT DISSOLVES ITSELF1 ?AT NEV] 0IS10 ! --F9ITE ,I1 IS REALLY #a4 ,FI*TE SPEAKS ( ! 0ABSOLUTE0 ,I1 :]EAS ,I SPEAK ( ME1 ! P]I%+ #a4 7#a#h#b_/#a#i#i7 

,! BACKGR\ND TO ! F9ITUDE ( :I* ,/IRN] SPEAKS LIES 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! SELF & ! DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y?+4 ,FEU]BA*'S 0HUMANITY0 IS NOT A 0P]I%+ & 9DIVIDUAL SELF10 9S(> AS ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SAID TO RAISE ITSELF BEYOND ! LIMIT ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 & 5T] 9TO ! UNITY ( LOVE BETWE5 ONE HUMAN BE+ & ANO!R4 ,EV5 H]E ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SE5 AS UNABLE TO GO BEYOND ! V>I\S LAWS GOV]N+ ?IS UNITY1 0! POSITIVE & ESS5TIAL DET]M9ATIONS ( ! .<HUMAN.> SPECIES40 ,/IRN] C\NT]S3 

,BUT ! SPECIES IS NO?+1 & IF ! 9DIVIDUAL RAISES HIMSELF BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( HIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 ?IS IS RA!R PRECISELY HE HIMSELF AS AN 9DIVIDUAL2 HE IS ONLY 9S(> AS HE RAISES HIMSELF1 HE IS ONLY 9S(> AS HE DOES NOT REMA9 :AT HE IS2 O!RWISE HE W\LD BE F9I%$1 DEAD4.<#b#a.> 

,/IRN] IS SAY+ ?AT 0! HUMAN SPECIES0 IS M]ELY A CONCEPTUALIZ$ IDEAL4 ,?IS NEGATION ( ! 0SPECIES0 IS ! /&PO9T ( NIHILITY )\T ANY K9D ( G5]AL P]SON1 & 9 ?IS /&PO9T 0GO+ BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( 9DIVIDUALITY0 HAS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT ONE 5T]S 9TO COMMUNAL RELATION%IPS ) O!RS AT ! /&PO9T ( ! SPECIES AS ,FEU]BA* W\LD HAVE IT1 BUT RA!R ?AT ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OV]FL[S1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! LIMITS ( ! SELF4 ,) ?IS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES = ! FIR/ TIME ! LIV+ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! T]MS 0DISSOLV+ ! SELF10 0P]I%+10 OR NOT REMA9+ 9 ! MODE ( FIX$ 0BE+40 ,ON ?IS /&PO9T1 EV]Y?+ ?AT ! SELF T\*ES FUZES ) ! SELF4 ,?IS IS ALSO1 ,I ?9K1 :AT ,/IRN] MEANS BY SAY+ ?AT IT IS NOT ?AT ! EGO IS EV]Y?+ BUT ?AT IT DE/ROYS EV]Y?+4 ,?US :AT HE MEANS BY ! P]I%+ & F9ITE EGO IS A CONT9UAL OV]FL[+ ( ! SELF1 :]E EV]Y?+ IS MELT$ 9TO ! SELF'S VITALITY1 & 05JOY$40 ,?IS FL[ ( NIHILITY ,/IRN]'S 0CREATIVE NO?+10 REPRES5TS A FUNDAM5TAL UNITY ( CREATIVE NIHILISM & F9ITUDE4 

,NIETZS*E1 IT WILL BE RECALL$1 ALSO EMPHASIZ$ ! BODILY ASPECT ( HUMAN BE+3 0! AWAK5$ ONE1 ! ONE :O KN[S1 SAYS3 ,I AM 5TIRELY BODY & NO?+ BESIDES2 & S\L IS ONLY A WORD = SOME?+ AB\T ! BODY4 ,! BODY IS A GREAT REASON 4 4 40 7,ZA #a1#d74 ,MOREOV]1 HE HOLDS FIX$ 0BE+0 TO BE AN ILLUSION1 BAS$ ON ! 0P]I%+0 ( BECOM+1 & AFFIRMS A ,DIONYSIAN LIFE ?AT MAKES ?IS P]I%+ ONE'S [N 0CEASELESS CREATION40 ,HE1 TOO1 SUBSCRIB$ TO ! FUNDAM5TAL UNITY ( CREATIVE NIHILISM & F9ITUDE1 :I* HE EXPRESS$ BY SPEAK+ ( 0?IS LIFE-?IS ET]NAL LIFE40 ,H]E ,/IRN]1 BREAK+ ) ,FEU]BA*1 & ,NIETZS*E1 BREAK+ ) ,S*OP5HAU]1 MEET AT A DEEP LEVEL1 EV5 ?\< !IR PO9TS ( DEP>TURE1 !IR CONC]NS1 !IR P]SPECTIVES1 & ALSO ! *>ACT]1 SCALE1 & PR(UNDITY ( !IR PHILOSOPHIES >E SOME:AT DIFF]5T4 

,M>X'S SATIRICAL CRITIQUE 5TITL$ 0,SA9T ,MAX0 DOES NOT %[ A V]Y PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ,/IRN]'S 5T]PRISE4 ,IT RA!R GIVES ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! MAT]IALI/IC VIEW ( HI/ORY DOES NOT HAVE ! :]E)AL = UND]/&+ ,/IRN]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :]E ,/IRN] WRITES3 0,I AM NOT NO?+ 9 ! S5SE ( A VOID BUT CREATIVE NO?+1 ! NO?+ \T ( :I* ,I MYSELF AS CREATOR CREATE EV]Y?+10 ,M>X TURNS ! WORDS >\ND BY SAY+3 0,! ,HOLY ,FA!R .<,/IRN].> C\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ?IS AS FOLL[S3 ,I AM EV]Y?+ 9 ! VOID ( NONS5SE BUT ! NULL CREATOR1 ! ALL FROM :I* ,I MYSELF AS CREATOR CREATE NO?+40.<#b#b.> ,/IRN] C\LD WELL HAVE RESPOND$ TO ?IS AS FOLL[S3 0,Y\ HAVE SAID SOME?+ WISE BY MI/AKE 9 SAY+ ?AT ,/IRN] CREATES NO?+ FROM EV]Y?+4 ,MY /&PO9T IS EXACTLY AS Y\ SAY1 BUT ITS MEAN+ IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM :AT Y\ ?9K40 

,= BO? ,/IRN] & ,NIETZS*E !IR NIHILISM WAS !IR EXI/5CE1 &1 AS A SELF-9T]PRETATION ( !IR EXI/5CE1 !IR PHILOSOPHY4 ,PHILOSOPHY 9 TURN WAS A /IMULUS T[>D ,EXI/5CE1 BUT NOT YET SCI5TIFIC 9 ! ORIG9AL S5SE4.<#b#c.> ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! HUMAN WAY ( BE+1 BO? CRITICIZ$ ! SCI5TIFIC /&PO9T4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = !IR NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>D TRADITIONAL METAPHYSICS4 ,BUT CAN A /&PO9T ( ! FUNDAM5TAL UNI ( CREATIVE NIHILISM & F9ITUDE LEAD TO A SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY8 ,CAN ! 9QUIRY 9TO NIHILISM AS ! SELF-9T]PRETATION ( EXI/5CE YIELD A ?9K+ 9 ! =M ( SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY8 ,OR TO PUT IT ! O!R WAY R\ND1 CAN ! ?9K+ ( SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY CON/ITUTE A /&PO9T ( ,EXI/5CE AS ! SELF-9T]PRETATION ( EXI/5CE8 ,IT IS NOT UNTIL ,HEIDEGG] ?AT WE HAVE AN EXI/5TIAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ?IS S5SE1 :]E ! /&PO9T ( SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY = ! FIR/ TIME APPE>S ON ! GR\ND ( NIHILISM 4 ,HIS ATTEMPT TO RECONNECT ) ! TRADITION ( METAPHYSICS BY 0DE/RUCT+0 IT.<#b#d.> OP5$ UP A NEW & EXPANSIVE PHASE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NIHILISM4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,MAX ,/IRN] 7REAL NAME3 ,JOHANN ,KASP> ,S*MIDT71 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM 7,/UTTG>T1 #a#i#h#a72 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,S4 ,T4 ,BY+TON1 ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#c74 ,A MORE REC5T ,5GLI% $ITION ( SELECTIONS FROM ! TEXT IS ! VOLUME BY ,JOHN ,C>ROLL1 ,MAX ,/IRN]3 ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N 9 ! 0,ROOTS ( ! ,RI<T0 S]IES $IT$ BY ,GEORGE ,/E9] 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#a71 :I* APPE>$ ! SAME YE> AS ! ONLY REC5T BOOK-L5G? /UDY ( ,/IRN] 9 ,5GLI%3 ,R4 ,W4 ,K4 ,PAT]SUN1 ,! ,NIHILI/IC ,EGOI/3 ,MAX ,/IRN] 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#a74 ,! CLASSIC /UDY LOCAT+ ,/IRN]'S WORK 9 ! MORE G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY IS ,K>L ,LO)1 ,FROM ,HEGEL TO ,NIETZS*E4 ,I RETA9 ! TRANSLATION ( ! TITLE AS 0,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N0 ONLY BECAUSE ! BOOK IS SO WIDELY KN[N UND] ?IS NAME4 ,! ,G]MAN TITLE IS ADMITT$LY DIFFICULT TO TRANSLATE1 BUT 0,EGO0 IS NOT A HAPPY R5D]+ ( ,D] ,E9ZIGE- ,/IRN]'S ESP\SAL ( 7A PECULI> =M (7 EGOISM NOT)/&+4 0,! ,UNIQUE ,ONE & ,ITS ,[N0 W\LD NOT ONLY BE A BETT] TRANSLATION ( ! ,G]MAN BUT ALSO ( ,NI%ITANI'S R5D]+ ( IT AS ,YUIITSU%A TO SONO %OYU4 

.<#b.> ,ON ! QUE/ION ( ,/IRN]'S 9FLU5CE ON ,NIETZS*E1 SEE ,C>ROLL1 PP4 #b#d-#b#e1 & ,PAT]SON1 *APT] #g4 ,= A REC5T TREATM5T ( ,LANGE'S 9FLU5CE ON ,NIETZS*E1 SEE ,GEORGE ,J4 ,/ACK1 ,LANGE & ,NIETZS*E 7,B]L91 #a#i#h#c74 

.<#c.> ,LO) PO9TS TO ! S\RCE ( ?IS MOTTO 9 ONE ( ,GOE!'S ,GESELLIGE ,LI$] 5TITL$ 0,VANITAS6 VANITATUM VANITAS60 :I* BEG9S ) ! L9ES3 0,I HAVE F\ND$ MY AFFAIR ON NO?+4_/,?AT'S :Y ,I FEEL SO WELL 9 ! WORLD40 ,I HAVE TO ?ANK MY FRI5D ,EB]H>D ,S*EIFFELE ( ,WAS$A ,UNIV]SITY = PO9T+ \T ?AT ,GOE! IS H]E P>ODY+ A ,PIETI/IC HYMN :I* BEG9S3 0,I HAVE F\ND$ MY AFFAIR ON ,GOD 4 4 4 0 ,LO) NOTES ?AT ,KI]KEGA>D WAS ALSO ACQUA9T$ ) ! L9E FROM ,GOE! & ?\<T IT 9T]E/+ AS 0! NIHILI/IC 'SUMMATION ( LIFE' ( A V]Y GREAT 9DIVIDUALITY 7,FROM ,HEGEL TO ,NIETZS*E1 P4 #d#a#a1 NOTE #a#e#e74 

.<#d.> ,KYOMU T5TAN-,*9ESE3 HSU-WU T'I5-T'AN4 ,AL?\< ?IS T]M DOES NOT ACTUALLY APPE> 9 ! ,LAO-TZU IT IS A QU9TESS5TIALLY ,TAOI/ PHRASE1 & APPE>S FREQU5TLY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,HUAI ,NAAN ,TZU1 A LAT] ,TAOI/ TEXT FROM ! ,HAN DYNA/Y4 ,9 *APT] #ae ( ! ,*UANG-TZU ! PHRASE HSU-WU RI5-T'AN OCCURS 9 A DESCRIPTION ( ! ,TAOI/ SAGE1 ( :OM IT IS SAID3 09 EMPT9ESS & NO?+NESS1 CALM & 9DIFF]5CE1 HE JO9S ) ,HEAV5'S ,P[]0-SEE ,A4 ,C4 ,GRAHAM1 ,*UANG ,TZU3 ,! ,9N] ,*APT]S 7,LONDON1 #a#i#h#a71 P4 #b#f#f4 ,?IS JO9+ ) ! P[] 7TE7 ( HEAV5 7T'I57 9VOLVES EMPTY+ ! SELF 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! =CES ( ! NATURAL WORLD CAN OP]ATE ?R\< IT UNOB/RUCT$LY-:I* MAY RESULT 9 A CONDITION NOT UNLIKE ! ONE ,/IRN] IS TALK+ AB\T1 ?\< FROM AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 

.<#e.> ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 P4 #d2 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM1 P4 #d4 ,REF]5CES T O ,/IRN]'S BOOK1 SEP>AT$ B Y A SLA%1 REF] TO ! PAGE NUMB]S FIR/ ( ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N & !N ( ! ,G]MAN $ITION4 ,= ! ,G]MAN TEXT ,I HAVE GIV5 REF]5CES TO ! NEW ,RECLAM $ITION RA!R ?AN TO ! #aia $ITION US$ BY ,NI%ITANI1 S9CE ! LATT] IS NO LONG] READILY AVAILABLE4 ,AS USUAL ,I HAVE TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ORIG9AL ,G]MAN :ILE 0LEAN+0 T[>D ,NI%ITANI'S ,JAPANESE R5D]+1 BUT ! RESULTS >E SIMIL> 5\< TO ,BY+TON'S TO 5ABLE ! READ] TO LOCATE PASSAGES 9 HIS TRANSLATION4 

.<#f.> #i_/#h2 ,I HAVE TRANSLAT$ ,NI%ITANI'S PHRASE RA!R LIT]ALLY2 A MORE IDIOMATIC R5D]+ ( 0H9T] DIE ,D+E KOMM50 W\LD BE SIMPLY 0TO GET TO ! BOTTOM ( ?+S40 

.<#g.> #e_/#e4 ,! ,G]MAN READS3 0,I* B9 .<NI*T.> ,NI*TS IM ,S9NE D] ,LE]HEIT1 SOND]N DAS S*OPF]IS*E ,NI*TS1 DAS ,NI*TS1 AUS WEL*EM ,I* SELB/ ALS ,S*OPF] ALLES S*AFFE40 ,NI%ITANI TRANSLATES ,LE]HEIT AS KU O1 :I* IS H]E R5D]$1 AS USUAL1 AS 0VOID40 ,NI*TS1 ) ITS OBVI\SLY 0POSITIVE0 MEAN+1 HE TRANSLATES AS MU1 0NO?+40 ,?IS IS A REM>KABLE PASSAGE1 :I* SURPRIS+LY ANTICIPATES BO? ,NIETZS*E & ,HEIDEGG] & RESONATES DEEPLY ) A :OLE RANGE ( ,BUDDHI/ & ,TAOI/ IDEAS4 ,A C\PLE ( S5T5CES LAT]1 9 RESPONSE TO HIS [N RHETORICAL QUE/ION CONC]N+ ! NE$ = HIS ,SA*E AT LEA/ TO BE 0GOOD10 ,/IRN] EXCLAIMS3 0,:AT IS GOOD OR EVIL6 4 4 4 ,I AM NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL4 ,NEI!R ( !M HAS ANY S5SE = ME40 

.<#h.> ,PSY*OLOGIE D] ,WELTANS*AUUNG51 PP4 #b#i#f-#c4 

.<#i.> ,SEE ABOVE1 *APT] #c1 SEC4 #d4 

.<#a.> #d#c_/#d#f4 0,\ HA/ E95 ,SP>R5 ZU VIEL0 MEANS LIT]ALLY 0Y\ HAVE ONE RAFT] TOO MANY10 EQUIVAL5T TO ! ,5GLI% EXPRESSION 0TO HAVE A SCREW LOOSE40 

.<#a#a.> ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,PREFACE TO ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 WRITT5 %ORTLY BE=E ,/IRN]'S BOOK WAS PUBLI%$1 ,FEU]BA* REF]R$ TO ,*RI/IANITY AS A 0FIX$ IDEA40 

.<#a#b.> ,! WORD 0FANATIC0 COMES FROM ! ,LAT9 FANUM1 MEAN+ 0TEMPLE40 ,5?USIASMUS HAS A SIMIL>LY RELIGI\S CONNOTATION1 BE+ D]IV$ FROM ! ,GREEK 5!OS1 :I* MEANS 0HAV+ GOD OR DIV9ITY 9 ONE40 

.<#a#c.> #a#b#h_/#a#d#a4 ,NI%ITANI TRANSLATES ,EIG5HEIT AS GASEI1 LIT]ALLY 0,I-NESS10 :I* EMPHASIZES ITS CONNECTION ) JIGA1 OR 0EGO40 

.<#a#d.> ,HEGEL HAD E>LI] PO9T$ TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ,ME9UNG1 0OP9ION10 & 0M95ESS02 SEE ,! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 SECTION ,A1 *APT] ,I1 :I* BE>S ! TITLE3 0,S5SE-,C]TA9TY3 OR ! ',?IS' & ',MEAN+' .<,ME95.>40 

.<#a#e.> ,ON ,NI%ITANI'S USE ( ! V]B DATSURAKU = 0REMOVES & DISC>DS10 SEE *APT] FIVE1 NOTE #f4 ,! IDEA ( 0CA/+ (F ALL ROBES0 ( ANY K9D FIGURES PROM95TLY 9 ! IDEAS ( ,R9ZAI2 SEE ,! ,RECORD ( ,L9-*I1 ,DISC\RSE #a#h4 ,/IRN]'S ADMONITION TO /RIP AWAY EV]Y?+ ?AT IS ALI5 TO ONESELF1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NOT TRULY ONE'S [N1 IS A REM>KABLE ANTICIPATION ( ! RESPECTS 9 :I* ! 0EXI/5TIAL0 ASPECTS ( ,KI]KEGA>D1 ,NIETZS*E1 & ,HEIDEGG] >E CONGRU5T ) LAT] ,BUDDHI/ IDEAS4 

.<#a#f.> #a#e#g_/#a#g#c4 ,/IRN]'S USE ( ,MA*T & MA*TIG H]E & ELSE:]E GIVES ! 5TIRE TEXT A QUITE DIFF]5T ILLUM9ATION :5 READ-AS ,NI%ITANI READS IT-9 ! LI<T ( ,NIETZS*E'S ,WILLE ZUR ,MA*T1 AS A P[] ?AT IS NOT PRIM>ILY PHYSICAL4 

.<#a#g.> ,I HAVE TRANSLAT$ ,/IRN]'S ,NI*TS H]E AS 0NO?+10 EV5 ?\< ,NI%ITANI USES KYOMU2 = ,NI*TIGKEIT LAT] 9 ! S5T5CE HE USES KUMUSEI1 :I* IS R5D]$1 AS USUAL1 0NULLITY40 

.<#a#h.> #a#h#c_/#b#a2 #b#d#e_/#b#g#a4 ,?IS ANTICIPATES ANO!R IMPORTANT !ME 9 ,KI]KEGA>D & ,NIETZS*E3 ! ID5TITY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL ) ! 5TIRE RACE4 

.<#a#i.> ,JIJUYO ZAMMAI & TAJUYO ZAMMAI2 ON ! IDEA ( ! SAMADHI ( SELF5JOYM5T1 SEE ,DOG51 ,%OBOG5ZO1 0,B5D[A10 #ae I4 ,NI%ITANI DISCUSSES 0SELF-JOY\S SAMADHI0 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! 0DROPP+-(F .<DATSURAKU,J ( BODY-&-M9D0 9 *APT] #e ( ,RELIGION & ,NO?+NESS4 

.<#b.> ,JIRIRITA KAKUGYO UMAN4 ,?IS IDEA IS ANO!R EXPRESSION ( 0! BODHISATTVA IDEAL0 ( ,MAHAYANA ,BUDDHISM1 9 :I* A P]SON'S 5LI<T5M5T CONDUCES TO ! 5LI<T5M5T ( ALL S5TI5T BE+S4 

.<#b#a.> #a#h#b_/#b4 ,?R\< A SLIP ( ! TONGUE1 OR P51 ,NI%ITANI TRANSLATES ! P5ULTIMATE PHRASE AS3 09S(> AS HE REMA9S :AT HE IS40 

.<#b#b.> ,SEE ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,I,I,I 0,SANKT ,MAX10 SEC4 #a4 

.<#b#c.> 0,PHILOSOPHY HAD NOT YET BECOME GAKU0-?IS WORD1 :I* APPE>S MANY TIMES 9 ! C\RSE ( ! NEXT SEV]AL PAGES1 HAS ! CONNOTATIONS ( 0LE>N+1 /UDY1 S*OL>%IP1 SCI5CE40 ,IT IS (T5 AN APT TRANSLATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,WISS5S*AIT1 :I* HAS A MU* BROAD] RANGE ( MEAN+ ?AN ! ,5GLI% 0SCI5CE02 ,I HAVE CONSEQU5TLY R5D]$ IT V>I\SLY ?R\< T]MS LIKE 0DISCIPL9E0 & 0S*OL>%IP0 AS WELL AS 0SCI5CE0 & O!R COGNATES4 

.<#b#d.> ,! REF]5CE IS TO ,HEIDEGG]'S PROJECT ( 0! DE/RUCTION 7,DE/RUKTION7 ( ! HI/ORY ( ONTOLOGY0 AS ANN\NC$ 9 8#f ( ,BE+ & ,TIMEA TAK+ AP>T ( ! TRADITION1 ) :AT ,HEIDEGG] CALLS A 0POSITIVE 9T5TION10 :I* IS AN IMPORTANT =]UNN] ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y MOVEM5T ( 0DECON/RUCTION4'' 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihi 3 ,NIHILISM AS ,EGOISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#b1 #bb 3 ,NIHILISM AS ,EGOISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,NIHILISM AS ,EGOISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/