,*APT] #i 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #i4 ,! ,RULE ( ,LAW V]SUS ! ,ORD] ( ,CU/OM 

  

,SIR ,ALFR$ ,ZIMM]N1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S FAVORITE HI/ORIAN1 9T5D$ SOME D]ISION :5 HE WROTE ?AT 0! MOD]N AN>*I/S HAVE RE9V5T$ 'UNWRITT5 LAWS1'0 BUT ,SIR ,ALFR$1 UNLIKE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 WAS RI<T 9 SPITE ( HIMSELF4.<#d#e#b.> ,MALATE/A EXPRESS$ ! AN>*I/ VIEW ( CU/OM3 0,CU/OM ALWAYS FOLL[S ! NE$S & FEEL+S ( ! MAJORITY2 & ! LESS !Y >E SUBJECT TO ! SANCTIONS ( LAW ! MORE >E !Y RESPECT$1 = EV]YONE CAN SEE & UND]/& !IR USE40.<#d#e#c.> ,SO DID ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK3 0,CU/OMS & NOT REGULATIONS >E ! NATURAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( MAN'S IDEAS ( JU/ICE1 & 9 A FREE SOCIETY CU/OMS W\LD ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! CON/ANT GR[? & T5SION 9 ?AT SOCIETY40.<#d#e#d.> ,CU/OM 7IT IS BETT] TO AVOID ! CONFUSIONI/ EXPRESSION 0UNWRITT5 LAWS07 IS A BASIC ORD]+ 9/ITUTION 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY :I* AN>*I/S APPRECIATE AS A WAY TO REPLACE ! LAW ( ! /ATE ) ACEPHAL\S ORD]4 ,:]E CU/OM PREVAILS1 IT EXPRESSES COMMON VALUES 0AL?\< NO COMMON POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CORRESPONDS TO !M40.<#d#e#e.> 

,?AT'S EXACTLY :Y ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CONDEMNS 0UN?9K+ CU/OM0 AS IRRATIONAL1 0AS A DIM =M ( 9H]IT$ TRADITION10.<#d#e#f.> AL?\< ?AT'S NOT :Y HE SAYS HE CONDEMNS IT4 ,HIS ,COMMUNE MAY GRUDG+LY TOL]ATE ! \T-(-DOORS 0P]SONALI/IC0 EXPRESSION ( VALUES BY DISSID5T1 DISCR$ITABLE 09DIVIDUALI/S0 BECAUSE !IR VALUES CANNOT F9D SOCIAL EXPRESSION -- 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y CANNOT 9FLU5CE LIFE -- UNTIL ! ASSEMBLY MUNICIPALIZES !M4 ,! DIRECTIONALITY ( LIFE IS A MUNICIPAL MONOPOLY4 ,BUT CU/OM IS IMPLICIT1 9SIDI\S1 EXTRA-9/ITUTIONAL &1 SC&AL\SLY1 DEMOCRATIC4 ,IT IS ! ONLY DECISION RULE :I* REALLY RE/S ON UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,IT IS H[ AFFAIRS >RANGE !MSELVES :5 EV]YBODY M9DS HIS [N BUS9ESS4 ,IT IS DEMOCRACY :5 !RE IS NO HURRY4 ,IF !RE IS ANY SOCIAL PROCESS 9 :I* DEMOCRACY & AN>*Y CO9CIDE1 IT IS CONS5SUS1 NOT ASSEMBLY MAJORIT>IANISM1 & CU/OM IS TACIT CONS5SUS4 

,BOOK*9 DEF9ES CU/OM AS 0BEHAVIOR ?AT IS UNREFLECTIVE1 ?AT IS PRACTIC$ UN?9K+LY AS ?\< IT W]E AN 9/9CTIVE RA!R ?AN A LE>N$ H]ITAGE40 ,BY N[ WE >E AL]T TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS NEV] PR(F]S A DEF9ITION ( HIS [N UNLESS IT DEP>TS SUB/ANTIALLY FROM :AT ! WORD REALLY MEANS4 ,! DICTION>Y DEF9ITION IS3 0,A HABITUAL OR USUAL PRACTICE2 A COMMON WAY ( BEHAV+2 USAGE1 FA%ION1 HABIT40.<#d#e#g.> ,REFLECTION IS IRRELEVANT4 ,CU/OM IS NOT BY DEF9ITION UNREFLECTIVE4 ,! EX-,DIRECTOR'S DEF9ITION IS BO? OV]9CLUSIVE & UND]9CLUSIVE4 ,OV]9CLUSIVE1 BECAUSE MU*1 P]HAPS MO/ UNREFLECTIVE HEHAVIOR IS NOT CU/OM4 ,IT IS :5 WE ACT 9 AN UNUSUAL WAY1 & REGRET IT1 ?AT WE >E WONT TO SAY1 0,I WASN'T ?9K+40 

,MO/ UN?9K+ BEHAVIOR IS NOT CU/OM>Y BEHAVIOR1 AL?\< SOME ( IT IS HABITUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,COMPLIANCE ) LAW IS AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE4 ,MO/ MOTORI/S OBEY ! TRAFFIC LAWS1 IF !Y OBEY !M AT ALL1 UN?9K+LY4 ,IF !Y PAUS$ TO REASON \T !IR EV]Y DECISION1 !Y W\LD NEV] GET \T ( ! DRIVEWAY4 ,ACTIVITIES LIKE RID+ A BICYCLE1 TY+ Y\R %OES1 SWIMM+1 & EV5 BREA?+ MAY ACTUALLY BE IMP$$ IF Y\ ?9K AB\T DO+ !M3 0,Y\R BREA?+ GOES WRONG ! MOM5T Y\R CONSCI\S SELF M$DLES ) IT0 7,GEORGE ,B]N>D ,%AW74.<#d#e#h.> ,CU/OMS >E OBEY$ -- OR RA!R1 OBS]V$ -- F> MORE WILL+LY1 OR RA!R1 MORE SPONTANE\SLY1 ?AN LAWS4.<#d#e#i.> ,! TRAFFIC EXAMPLE FUR!R %[S ?AT ! DEF9ITION IS DEFECTIVE BECAUSE IT FAILS TO DI/+UI% CU/OM FROM LAW1 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,BRONISLAW ,MAL9[SKI MAY HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO NOTICE4.<#d#f.> 

,! DEF9ITION IS ALSO DEFECTIVE BECAUSE IT IS UND]9CLUSIVE4 ,TO FOLL[ A CU/OM IS NOT NECESS>ILY UN?9K+4 ,MO/ ( ! CU/OMS :I* AN?ROPOLOGI/S ID5TIFY = A P>TICUL> PEOPLE >E EXPRESS$ 9 0EMIC0 OR NATIVE CATEGORIES ( ?\<T1 :I* MU/ BE REFLECT$ UPON 9 ORD] TO BE >TICULAT$ TO ! E?NOGRAPH]4.<#d#f#a.> ,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ! FIR/ TIME ABORIG9ES ?9K AB\T !IR CU/OMS IS :5 !Y >E DEBRIEF$ BY AN AN?ROPOLOGI/4 ,IT CAN EV5 HAPP5 9 \R [N ALWAYS AB]RANT SOCIETY ?AT PEOPLE HAVE TO LOOK UP & LE>N CU/OMS NOT PREVI\SLY FAMILI> TO !M1 AS P>5TS MAY DO1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 !Y SET \T TO PROVIDE A TRADITIONAL W$D+ = !IR *ILD4 ,BY ,BOOK*9'S DEFECTIVE DEF9ITION1 SU* MATT]S >E CU/OMS IF Y\ DON'T HAVE TO LOOK !M UP1 BUT !Y'RE NOT CU/OMS IF Y\ DO4 

,! JU/IFICATION ( MANY A CU/OM IS ?AT IT WAS ?\<T ?R\< ONCE1 IT WORK$1 & NOBODY HAS TO ?9K AB\T IT ANYMORE4.<#d#f#b.> ,SO IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY AN OBJECTION ?AT 0CU/OM PRESCRIBES H[ ONE DOES C]TA9 ?+S 9 A C]TA9 WAY BUT (F]S NO RATIONALE = DO+ IT ?AT WAY EXCEPT ?AT ?AT IS H[ ?+S HAVE 'ALWAYS BE5 DONE4'0 ,DESPITE ,PLATO1 ,R\SSEAU & ,BOOK*91.<#d#f#c.> R>ELY DOES ANY LAW COME PROVID$ ) A JU/IFICATION EI!R4 ,& :5 IT DOES1 ! PREAMBLE 7! EXPLANATION7 IS NOT TO BE TRU/$3 IT DOES NOT CONTROL ! 9T]PRETATION ( A /ATUTE4.<#d#f#d.> 

,CU/OM IS RECURR5T SOCIAL BEHAVIOR4 ,CU/OM IS COLLECTIVE HABIT4 ,CU/OM IS NOT SOME?+ AP>T FROM SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,CU/OM IS IMPLICIT 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ANY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,& 0EV5 9 SUPPOS$LY ADVANC$ SOCIETIES1 BEHAVIOR IS GOV]N$ MORE BY CU/OM ?AN BY LAW 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ?AT WORD40.<#d#f#e.> ,CU/OM IS NOT SOME?+ WE C\LD *OOSE TO DO )\T1 NOT )\T REV]SION TO ?AT /ATE ( NATURE 9 :I* ! EX-,DIRECTOR DISBELIEVES4 ,LIKE SOME ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S O!R AN?ROPOLOGICAL 9SI<TS1 ! NOTION ( CU/OM AS QUASI-9/9CTUAL SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 GLEAN$ FROM ! ,T>ZAN MOVIES :]E1 USUALLY EGG$ ON BY WIT*-DOCTORS1 ! NATIVES ACT \T 9SANE RITUALS LIKE ZOMBIES4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS ! ONLY P]SON :O BELIEVES IT IS LIT]ALLY TRUE ?AT 0,CU/OM IS ,K+40 ,BUT ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT IT IS NOT4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CU/OM & LAW1 AS EV]YBODY ELSE KN[S1 IS CO]CION4.<#d#f#f.> ,BOOK*9 CONCEIVES CU/OM TO BE AS CO]CIVE AS COMM&1 IF NOT MORE SO4 ,BUT :ATEV] ! =CE ( CU/OM IS 9 MOD]N /ATES1 ?AT IS NOT H[ IT IS 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,BOOK*9-VETT$ AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,PAUL ,RAD93 0,BUT CU/OMS >E AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! LIFE ( PRIMITIVE PEOPLES4 ,!RE IS NO COMPULSIVE SUBMISSION TO !M4 ,!Y >E NOT FOLL[$ BECAUSE ! WEI<T ( TRADITION OV]:ELMS A MAN4 ,?AT TAKES PLACE 9 \R CULTURE1 NOT 9 ?AT ( ABORIG9AL MAN4 ,A CU/OM IS OBEY$ !RE BECAUSE IT IS 9T]TW9$ ) A VA/ LIV+ NETWORK ( 9T]RELATIONS1 >RANG$ 9 A METICUL\S & ORD]$ MANN]40 ,!RE IS NO SOCIETY 9 :I* RULES >E AUTOMATICALLY FOLL[$4 ,?US AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,$MUND ,R4 ,LEA* SC(FS AT 0! CLASSIC AN?ROPOLOGICAL FICTION ?AT '! NATIVE IS A SLAVE TO CU/OM4'0.<#d#f#g.> 

,IT DOES NOT OCCUR TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ?AT 9 D5\NC+ CU/OM HE IS 0UN?9K+LY0 OBEY+ ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ( ALL CU/OMS3 LANGUAGE3 0,ALL SPEE* IS A =M ( CU/OM>Y BEHAVIOR40 ,?US ,BI%OP ,B]KELEY WROTE ( 0COMMON CU/OM1 :I* Y\ KN[ IS ! RULE ( LANGUAGE40.<#d#f#h.> ,EV]Y SOCIETY1 \RS 9CLUD$1 IS RIDDL$ ) CU/OMS 7CONC]N+ *ILD-RE>+1 = EXAMPLE71 MORE ?AN C\LD EV] BE R$UC$ TO LAW4 ,AS ! AN>*I/ ,H]B]T ,READ SAID1 CU/OMS CANNOT BE ELIM9AT$1 ONLY REPLAC$4 ,WE ALREADY HAVE LAWS :I* ONCE W]E CU/OMS1 SU* AS DRIV+ ON ! RI<T SIDE ( ! ROAD4.<#d#f#i.> ,A RULE CAN BE >BITR>Y 7DRIV+ ON ! LEFT SIDE WORKS JU/ AS WELL 9 O!R C\NTRIES7 )\T BE+ IRRATIONAL4.<#d#g.> ,:AT W\LD BE IRRATIONAL 9 A CASE LIKE ?AT IS NOT BE+ >BITR>Y4 ,CU/OM AS SU* CAN EV5 BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO LAW3 = 9/ANCE1 A LEGAL RULE MAY PRESCRIBE ?AT A CONTRACT MAY BE 9T]PRET$ 9 LI<T ( ! 0USAGE ( TRADE0 9 ! 9DU/RY4.<#d#g#a.> 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY IRRATIONAL AB\T CU/OM4 ,A REGUL> !ME 9 AN?ROPOLOGY IS ! DISCOV]Y ?AT SUP]FICIALLY IRRATIONAL CU/OMS S]VE POSITIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,?AT MAY EV5 BE ! CASE ) SU* FOOD TABOOS AS ! SACR$ C[ OR ! ,JEWI% & ,MUSLIM AB/5TION FROM PORK4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICANS HAVE !IR [N TABOOS AB\T :AT ANIMALS1 & :AT P>TS ( ANIMALS TO EAT4.<#d#g#b.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 TOO1 IS A 0VICTIM ( UN?9K+ CU/OM40 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DOES NOT EAT ! 9SECTS 9 HIS G>D54 

,PRESUMABLY FALL+ UND] ! RUBRIC ( CU/OM IS ! MO/ MY/]I\S PHRASE 9 ,BOOK*9'S DYSLEXICON1 0! BLOOD OA?40 ,HE DEPLOYS IT FREELY1 ALMO/ ALWAYS )\T DEF9+ IT1 AS IF ALL ! WORLD ALREADY SPOKE HIS PRIVATE LANGUAGE4 ,! T]M IS UNKN[N TO AN?ROPOLOGY & TO ! DICTION>Y4 ,I F9ALLY LOCAT$ AN EXPLANATION ( SORTS3 0,! LOYALTY ( K9 TO EA* O!R 9 ! =M ( ! BLOOD OA? -- AN OA? ?AT COMB9$ AN EXPRESSION ( DUTY TO ONE'S RELATIVES ) V5GEANCE = .<SIC.> !IR (F5D]S -- BECAME ! ORGANIC S\RCE ( COMMUNAL CONT9UITY40 ,?US HE REF]S TO 0! >*AIC GR\P CEM5T$ BY ! BLOOD OA?40.<#d#g#c.> ,?AT'S FUNNY1 BECAUSE IT'S G5]ALLY SUPPOS$ ?AT K9 TIES !MSELVES -- :AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS W\LD CALL 0M]E K9 TIES0 -- PROVIDE ! ORGANIC S\RCE ( COMMUNAL CONT9UITY4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE LAT] 7,*APT] #a71 ,BOOK*9 CONSID]S FAMILY RELATIONS BIOLOGICAL1 H5CE ORGANIC4 ,TRIBAL PEOPLES1 HE BELIEVES1 HAVE NOT EM]G$ FROM ANIMALITY4 ,BUT ! BLOOD OA? IS NOT BIOLOGICAL OR ORGANIC1 IT IS JURIDICAL4 ,IT HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR1 BUT V]Y MU* 9 COMMON ) ! OA? ( A WITNESS OR JUROR 9 C\RT2 &1 LIKE !M1 IT'S A COMPON5T ( LEGAL SY/EMS4 ,IT REPRES5TS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( CULTURE FROM BIOLOGY1 FROM K9%IP T[>D POLITY1 & FROM /ATUS T[>D CONTRACT4 7,9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC POLITICIAN ,LYCURGUS1 0:AT HOLDS DEMOCRACY TOGE!R IS ! OA?40.<#d#g#d.>7 

,?AT IS1 ! BLOOD OA? MI<T REPRES5T ALL !SE ?+S IF IT EXI/$4 ,IT DOESN'T4 ,IT IS A D>K FANTASY CONCOCT$ \T ( ,BOOK*9'S [N FAMILY LIFE -- ) ! FA!R BREA*+ ! BLOOD OA? ( HIS M>RIAGE V[S BY DES]TION.<#d#g#e.> -- COMP\ND$ ) MISREMEMB]$ SCRAPS ( #a#i? C5TURY AN?ROPOLOGY & MAYBE MORE ,$G> ,RICE ,BURR\<S4 ,ON ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ACC\NT1 ! BLOOD OA? %\LD BE A G5]AL IF NOT UNIV]SAL FEATURE ( TRIBAL LIFE1 9 :I* CASE MANY FIELDWORK]S W\LD DISCUSS IT4 ,I CAN F9D NO TEXT OR MONOGRAPH :I* EV5 M5TIONS IT4 ,?IS IS NO SURPRISE1 S9CE ! NOTION IS SOCIOLOGICALLY 7IF NOT QUITE LOGICALLY7 SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 ,IT SUPPOSES ?AT 9 A SOCIETY DEF9$ BY K9%IP1 FAMILY FEEL+ IS 9SUFFICI5T TO PROVIDE ASSI/ANCE OR REV5GE1 BUT ?AT A VOLUNT>I/IC TIE1 NOT 9 PR9CIPLE K9-BAS$1 MORE SUCCESSFULLY MOTIVATES RELATIVES TO FURNI% HELP :I* !Y W]E ALREADY OBLIGAT$ TO GIVE ANYWAY4 ,! BLOOD OA? MAY BE POSSIBLE1 BUT ONLY AS AN ANOMALY1 IRRELEVANT TO ! RISE ( CIVILIZATION :]E K9 TIES >E SUPPOS$ TO WEAK5 9 CITIES & P]HAPS NE$ RITUAL =TIFICATION !RE4 

,AH1 BUT ! WILY ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS AN EXPLANATION = ! UNIV]SAL ABS5CE ( SOME?+ :I* %\LD BE UNIV]SALLY PRES5T4 0,! BLOOD-TIE & ! RI<TS & DUTIES ?AT SURR\ND IT >E EMBODI$ 9 AN UNSPOK5 OA? ?AT COMPRIS$ ! ONLY VISIBLE UNIFY+ PR9CIPLE ( E>LY COMMUNITY LIFE40.<#d#g#f.> ,H[ CAN AN UNSPOK5 OA? BE VISIBLE8 ,IT ISN'T EV5 AUDIBLE6 ,UN=TUNATELY = ! ,SAGE1 AN OA? 0IS ORAL BY ITS V]Y NATURE02 9 ! E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD1 ONLY 9 R>E 9/ANCES >E !RE SIL5T OA?S4.<#d#g#g.> ,H[ CAN ANYBODY RELY ON A SIL5T OA?8 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! ONLY EXAMPLE ( A BLOOD OA? KN[N TO ME OR CIT$ BY ,BOOK*9 IS ! ONE TAK5 BY ! >I/OCRATIC EXT5D$ FAMILIES ( M$IEVAL ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES >\ND #ab ,A4,D43  
  

,DRAW+ UPON A /RONG S5SE ( CLAN & CONSANGU9ITY1 NOBLEM5 CLU/]$ 9TO TI<T-KNIT ASSOCIATIONS & BUILT =TIFI$ T[]S SO AS TO DEF5D !MSELVES OR TO EXP& !IR RI<TS & PRIVILEGES4 ,EA* SU* CONSORT>IA WAS A SWORN CORPORATE GR\P+1 CONSI/+ ( MALES DESC5D$ FROM A COMMON MALE ANCE/OR4 ,IT WAS !RE=E A MALE L9EAGE1 AL?\<1 :5 EXT9CTION ?REAT5$1 ! L9E MI<T BE TRANSF]R$ VIA A WOMAN4 ,9 TIME ! CONSORT>IA 5T]$ 9TO SWORN ASSOCIATION ) O!R LIKE NEI<BORHOOD GR\PS4 .<#d#g#h.>  
  

,H]E IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM LIT]ALLY ) A V5GEANCE3 CONF$]ATIONS ( SOV]EIGN NEI<BORHOODS 9 >MS4 ,& H]E IS K9%IP ) ! OA? SUP]ADD$4 ,!SE COMMUNES >E SO MANY C\NT]-EXAMPLES TO ! !ORY ?AT CITY LOYALTY NECESS>ILY SUPPLANTS K9 LOYALTY 7SEE ,*APT] #i74 ,O!RWISE1 ! USE ( BLOOD TO SOLEMNIZE AN OA? ) BLOOD ?R\< ! 0OA? SACRIFICE0 IS BE/ KN[N AMONG -- ,BOOK*9'S CLASSICAL ,GREEKS4 ,FROM ,HOM]IC ?R\< CLASSICAL TIMES1 OA?S W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY ANIMAL SACRIFICE & BLOOD LIBATIONS1 9VOLV+ IMM]SION ( ! H&S 9 ! BLOOD1 & DISMEMB]M5T ( ! ANIMAL FOLL[$ BY SQUEEZ+ OR TRAMPL+ UPON ITS TE/ICLES4 ,?IS GORY PROC$URE WAS US$ TO CONFIRM CONTRACTS & TREATIES AS WELL AS 9 C\RT4.<#d#g#i.> ,SO MU* = URBAN ,GREEK RATIONALITY4 

,ODDLY1 ,BOOK*9 NEV] SAYS :Y ! BLOOD OA? IS SO BLOODCURDL+4 ,HE RELIES 9/EAD ON PROVOK+ ! UNREASON+ QUALMS ( ! SQUEAMI% SU* AS MYSELF4 ,! BLOOD OA? HAS1 AFT] ALL1 NO?+ TO DO ) BLOOD2 IT IS A POLITICAL METAPHOR1 SOME?+ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS D5\NCES ALMO/ AS (T5 AS HE USES ONE4.<#d#h.> ,ONCE AGA9 ,I AM CON/RA9$ TO 9V5T AN >GUM5T = ,BOOK*9'S BALD CONCLUSION4 ,BY ! TIME ,I F9I% ?IS BOOK1 ,I MAY HAVE 9V5T$ MORE >GUM5TS = ,BOOK*9 ?AN HE HAS4 

,! ASSUMPTION ?AT 0BLOOD V5GEANCE0 IS 0UNREASON+ RETRIBUTION0 IS GRATUIT\S & P>O*IAL1 AS WELL AS =GETFUL ( ! PROM95T ROLE CAPITAL PUNI%M5T PLAY$ 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS & 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE4 ,:AT ! EX-,DIRECTOR HAS 9 M9D IS SOME CELLULOID IMAGE ( PREHI/ORIC ,MC,COYS & ,HATFIELDS TRAPP$ 9 AN 5DLESS CYCLE ( RETRIBUTION4.<#d#h#a.> ,?AT'S NOT H[ IT WORK$4 ,A FEUD -- ?REE OR MORE ALT]NAT+ HOMICIDAL ATTACKS -- IS NOT NECESS>ILY 5DLESS1 AL?\< IT MAY OCCASIONALLY LA/ A RA!R LONG TIME3 ON ! ,S\? ,PACIFIC ISL& ( ,BELLONA1 ONE C\NT]ATTACK CAME AFT] #bbe YE>S6.<#d#h#b.> ,AS ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN EXPLA9$ 7) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO ! ,IROQUOIS71 CLANS DID AV5GE ! MURD] ( !IR MEMB]S1 BUT IT WAS !IR DUTY FIR/ TO TRY = AN ADJU/M5T ( ! CRIME ?R\< APOLOGY & COMP5SATION4.<#d#h#c.> ,AMONG ! ,NU] ( ! ,SUDAN1 :]E KILL+S >E COMMON & ! BLOOD FEUD IS OBLIGATORY = A L9EAGE1 COMP5SATION IS USUALLY >RANG$ ?R\< ! M$IATION ( A LEOP>D-SK9 *IEF4 ,EV5 ! HEADHUNT+ ,JIV>O1 ! MO/ W>LIKE GR\P 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ACCEPT COMP5SATION :5 A KILL+ IS UN9T5TIONAL4.<#d#h#d.> ,AMONG ! ,G]MAN B>B>IANS1 ACCORD+ TO ,TACITUS1 ! BLOOD FEUD WAS AN OBLIGATION1 0BUT ! FEUDS DO NOT CONT9UE )\T POSSIBILITY ( SETTLEM5T10 S9CE EV5 MURD] WAS ATON$ = BY PAYM5T ( A SPECIFIC NUMB] ( CATTLE & %EEP4 ,9 ! ,ILIAD1 ,AJAX REM9DS ,A*ILLES ?AT EV5 ! SLAY+ ( A BRO!R OR *ILD MAY BE COMP5SAT$ BY A BLOOD PRICE4.<#d#h#e.> ,?US1 EV5 9 ! EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION1 LIKE ?IS ONE1 :]E ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS NOT MAK+ UP ALL ( HIS E?NOLOGICAL 9SI<T1 HE FOLL[S S\RCES LONG OBSOLETE4.<#d#h#f.> 

,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T REQUIRES ?AT ! BLOOD FEUD BE A UNIV]SAL FEATURE ( K9-BAS$ PRIMITIVE SOCIETY4 ,MO/ SU* SOCIETIES1 H[EV]1 DO NOT 5GAGE 9 BLOOD FEUDS4 ,9 A CROSS-CULTURAL /UDY ( ! 9/ITUTION1 FEUD+ WAS FREQU5T 9 #h SOCIETIES1 9FREQU5T 9 #a#d1 & ABS5T FROM #b#h4 ,IT WAS >GU$ ?AT C]TA9 SOCIAL /RUCTURAL FEATURES FAVOR$ FEUD+1 SPECIFICALLY1 PATRILOCAL SOCIETIES ) 0FRAT]NAL 9T]E/ GR\PS10 GR\PS ( RELAT$ M5 :O LIVE NE> ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y PROV$ TO BE POSITIVELY CORRELAT$1 AL?\< EV5 9 #a \T ( #be PATRILOCAL SOCIETIES1 FEUD+ WAS ABS5T4.<#d#h#g.> ,?US URBANIZATION IS NOT NECESS>Y TO AV]T ! BLOOD FEUD 9 MO/ PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT A FEATURE ( MO/ PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES4 

,! #a#i? C5TURY EVOLUTIONI/S PROP\ND$ ! !SIS ?AT PRIMITIVE JU/ICE WAS A PUNITIVE & AUTOMATIC DUTY 9 ORD] = !RE TO BE SOME?+ = \R 5LI<T5$ JU/ICE -- COMP5SATORY & =GIV+ 7AS WE ALL KN[7 -- TO EVOLVE \T (4.<#d#h#h.> ,ACTUALLY1 ! ,JIV>O DI/9CTION BETWE5 UN9T5TIONAL HOMICIDE 7TORT1 COMP5SATION7 & 9T5TIONAL HOMICIDE 7CRIME1 PUNI%M5T7 IS NOT ?AT F> REMOV$ FROM :]E ,AM]ICAN LAW IS TODAY1 & CLOS] /ILL TO :AT IT US$ TO BE4 ,NU] CU/OM ALSO DI/+UI%ES UN9T5TIONAL FROM 9T5TIONAL HOMICIDE1 BO? ( :I* >E COMP5SABLE1 BUT 9T5TIONAL HOMICIDE REQUIRES HI<] DAMAGES4 ,9DE$1 WE 79 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 HAVE 9 MANY >EAS GONE BACK TO ! /RICT LIABILITY RULES ( PRIMITIVE JURISPRUD5CE 7E4G41 /RICT LIABILITY = DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS1 WORK]S' COMP5SATION1 & NO-FAULT AUTOMOBILE 9SURANCE74 ,! CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 PRIMITIVE_/PUNITIVE & COMPLEX_/COMP5SATORY BREAKS D[N AT ! \TSET4 ,! MO/ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS & ! OLD EVOLUTIONI/S1 >E HUNT]-GA!R]S4 ,AMONG !M ! BLOOD FEUD1 IF IT EXI/S1 T5DS TO BE LESS PUNITIVE & AUTOMATIC1 & MORE COMP5SATORY & DISCRETION>Y ?AN AMONG TRIBAL PEOPLES 7H]D]S & AGRICULTURALI/S73 0,9DE$1 LEGAL E?NOLOGI/S DEMON/RATE LITTLE SYMPA?Y = AN EVOLUTION>Y S*EME 9 :I* PR9CIPLES ( COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY & /RICT LIABILITY >E CONSID]$ HALLM>KS ( PRIMITIVE LEGAL SY/EMS :ILE DOCTR9ES ( JU/ICE >E ?\<T EMBODI$ 9 CIVILIZ$ LEGAL 9/ITUTIONS40.<#d#h#i.> 

,! PASSAGE FROM ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN ALSO1 IT TURNS \T1 LOOKS LIKE ! REMOTE S\RCE ( ,BOOK*9'S MISCONCEPTION1 BECAUSE IT WAS CLOSELY P>APHRAS$ BY ,5GELS1 BUT NOT CLOSELY 5\<4 ,5GELS WROTE3 0,FROM ?IS -- ! BLOOD TIES ( ! G5S .<CLAN.> -- >OSE ! OBLIGATION .<,V]PFLI*TUNG.> ( BLOOD REV5GE1 :I* WAS UNCONDITIONALLY RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,IROQUOIS4 ,IF A NONMEMB] ( A G5S SLEW A MEMB] ( A G5S ! :OLE G5S TO :I* ! SLA9 P]SON BELONG$ WAS PL$G$ .<S*ULDET5.> TO BLOOD REV5GE40.<#d#i.> ,! FIR/ S5T5CE1 :I* IS CORRECT -- AT LEA/ = ONE TRIBE1 ! ,IROQUOIS -- SPEAKS ( AN OBLIGATION >IS+ \T ( ! FAMILY RELATION ITSELF4 ,READ CORRECTLY1 SO DOES ! SECOND4 0,PL$G$0 IS A MI/RANSLATION ( ! PA/ T5SE ( S*ULD51 A WORD PROP]LY R5D]$ AS 0[E2 BE 9DEBT$ TO40 ,! ,G]MAN WORDS 7TRANSITIVE V]BS7 = 0PL$GE0 >E NOT S*ULD5 BUT V]PHA5D5 OR V]PFLI*T54.<#d#i#a.> ,NO WORD LIKE 0PL$G$0 APPE>S 9 ,MORGAN1 & !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ALL ,5GELS DOES H]E IS REPEAT ,MORGAN1 OR TRY TO4 

,NO PRIM>Y S\RCES1 9CLUD+ A CLASSIC MONOGRAPH BY ,MORGAN1 & NO SECOND>Y S\RCES SAY ?AT ! ,IROQUOIS SWORE BLOOD OA?S4 ,9 FACT1 ,IROQUOIS PRACTICE REBUTS ! SUPPOSITION ( A REFLEXIVE1 AUTOMATIC RESORT TO V5GEANCE4 ,CRIME WAS ALMO/ UNKN[N4 ,IROQUOIS IDEOLOGY IDEALIZ$ ! 0/]N & RU?LESS W>RIOR 9 AV5G+ ANY 9JURY DONE TO ?OSE UND] HIS C>E10 BUT ! K9FOLK ( A MURD] OR WIT*CRAFT VICTIM W]E USUALLY EXPECT$ TO ACCEPT COMP5SATION FROM ! KILL]4 ,OR !Y MI<T KILL ! (F5D] -- ) IMPUNITY1 IF ! (F5D]'S FAMILY ADMITT$ HIS GUILT4 ,?US !RE WAS SCOPE = DISCRETION ON BO? SIDES4.<#d#i#b.> ,EV5 ,5GELS MU/ HAVE KN[N AS MU*1 S9CE HE WROTE ?AT 0BLOOD REV5GE ?REAT5S ONLY AS AN EXTREME OR R>ELY APPLI$ MEASURE40 ,MORGAN WROTE ?AT 0A RECONCILIATION WAS USUALLY EFFECT$1 EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 9 AGGRAVAT$ CASES ( PREM$ITAT$ MURD]40.<#d#i#c.> ,9 ANY CASE1 NO?+ CAN BE G5]ALIZ$ AB\T PREHI/ORIC BEHAVIOR FROM ! CU/OM ( A S+LE MOD]N-DAY TRIBE4 ,! EVID5TI>Y VOID IS TYPICAL ( ,BOOK*9'S 9EPT1 PRET5TI\S G5]ALIZ+4 

,! EX-,DIRECTOR HAS P]HAPS CONFUS$ HIS IMAG9$ BLOOD OA? ) ! 9/ITUTION ( BLOOD BRO!RHOOD1 ALSO KN[N AS BLOOD PACTS OR BLOOD COV5ANTS1 :]EBY UNRELAT$ 9DIVIDUALS SWE> MUTUAL LOYALTY AFT] AN EX*ANGE ( BLOOD4 ,IF SO1 HE HAS AGA9 BE5 CONF\ND$ BY IRONY4 ,BOOK*9 IS =EV] C>RY+ ON AB\T 0! /RANG]10 H[ HE IS FE>$ BY PRIMITIVES BUT WELCOM$ 9 ! CITY4 ,BLOOD PACTS >E (T5 5T]$ 9TO PRECISELY TO PROTECT ! /RANG] -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! TRAD]1 :5 HE V5TURES TO DI/ANT L&S :]E HE HAS NO K94.<#d#i#d.> ,A WELL-KN[N ESSAY ON ! SUBJECT IS 0,Z&E ,BLOOD-,BRO!RHOOD0 BY ,E4,E4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 :O HIMSELF 5T]$ 9TO ! RELATION%IP4 ,AMONG ! ,AZ&E ( C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 ! PR9CIPAL PURPOSE ( ! RELATION%IP IS (T5 BUS9ESS1 NOT JU/ICE3 TO SECURE = TRAD]S A SAFE-CONDUCT ?R\<1 & TO1 HO/ILE T]RITORY4 ,K9SM5 NEV] =M$ A BLOOD PACT3 0,A MAN CANNOT EX*ANGE BLOOD ) HIS [N K910 = ! OBVI\S REASON ?AT 0!Y W]E ALREADY B\ND TO ONE ANO!R BY ! SOCIAL TIES ( K9%IP40 ,AMONG ! ,TIKOPIA1 TOO1 :]E ! COV5ANT DOES NOT 9VOLVE EX*ANGE ( BODILY FLUIDS1 ! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( BOND FRI5D%IP IS TO GIVE A MAN A TRU/WOR?Y CONFIDANTE \TSIDE ! CIRCLE ( K94 ,9DE$1 /RANG]S >E FREQU5TLY TAK5 AS BOND-FRI5DS4 ,AMONG ! ,KWOMA 7,NEW ,GU9EA71 A 0PSEUDO-K9 RELATION%IP IS E/ABLI%$ ) ! Y\NG M5 :OSE BLOOD IS MIX$ ) HIS AT ! TIME ( ADUL?OOD40 ,! TWO >E ALWAYS UNRELAT$ BY K9 TIES4.<#d#i#e.> 

0,! ,/RANG]0 IS ,/RANG] ?AN MO/ ( ,BOOK*9'S TROPES4 ,HE HAS ALREADY APPE>$1 A SOLIT>Y FIGURE W&]+ 9 FROM ! WOODS1 AMONG ! BIG MAN'S 0COMPANIONS0 7,*APT] #e74 ,LIKE ! TALL TACITURN ,/RANG] RID+ 9TO A W>Y T[N 9 ! ,WE/]NS1 ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ,/RANG] EVOKES 0! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY'S DREAD ( ! /RANG]40 ,! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY HATES & FE>S ! ,/RANG]1 :O IS VIEW$ AS AN 5EMY & MAY BE SLA9 SUMM>ILY4.<#d#i#f.> ,! PROBLEM1 SEE1 IS ?AT 0TRIBAL & VILLAGE SOCIETIES >E NOTORI\SLY P>O*IAL4 ,A %>$ DESC5T1 BE IT FICTIONAL OR REAL1 LEADS TO AN EXCLUSION ( ! /RANG] -- EXCEPT1 P]HAPS .<6.>1 :5 CANONS ( HOSPITALITY >E 9VOK$40.<#d#i#g.> ,AMONG TRIBESM51 ! ,/RANG] IS 9 DANG] BECAUSE HE HAS NO K9 TO PROTECT HIM4 ,HAPPILY1 HI/ORY CAME TO ! RESCUE 9 ! =M ( ! CITY1 0! %ELT] ( ! /RANG] FROM RURAL P>O*IALISM40 ,! EM]G5CE ( CITIES BEGAN TO OV]COME ! SELF-5CLOS$ TRIBAL M5TALITY4 0,AS '/RANG]S' .<:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8.> BEGAN TO =M ! MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S 9 LATE CLASSICAL & M$IEVAL TIMES10 K9-BAS$ LIFE BECAME LIMIT$ TO URBAN ELITES4 ,9 ! CITY1 0! SUSPECT /RANG] BECAME TRANS=M$ 9TO ! CITIZ540.<#d#i#h.> 

,IT IS DIFFICULT EV5 TO IMAG9E ! TABLEAU4 ,:O ! HELL IS ! ,/RANG] & :AT IS HE DO+ 9 AN ALI5 COMMUNITY8 ,IS HE A T\RI/1 A HIT*HIK]1 A BACKPACK]8 ,SEEM+LY NOT4 ,IF HE HAS NO APP>5T BUS9ESS !RE1 IT MI<T NOT BE UNREASONABLE TO SUSPECT HE IS A ?IEF OR A SPY4 ,BUT :ILE HE MI<T 9SPIRE DI/RU/1 IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E :Y ! VILLAG]S %\LD FEEL FE> OR DREAD4 ,AFT] ALL1 !Y HEAVILY \TNUMB] HIM1 & SO1 AS ,BOOK*9 SAYS1 HE MI<T BE KILL$ ) IMPUNITY1 OR SIMPLY S5T ON HIS WAY4 ,LOGICALLY1 !N1 ! ,/RANG] %\LD BE ! FE>FUL ONE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ADDUCES NO EVID5CE BE>+ ON ?IS EM95TLY EMPIRICAL QUE/ION1 & H$GES BY SAY+ ?AT 0P]HAPS0 CU/OMS ( HOSPITALITY MI<T PROTECT ! ,/RANG]4 

,:Y 0P]HAPS08 ,!Y DO PROTECT ! ,/RANG] 9 MANY SOCIETIES1 = EXAMPLE1 AMONG ,B$\9S OR ! ,KABYLES3 AS ,KROPOTK9 WROTE1 0EV]Y /RANG] :O 5T]S A ,KABYLE VILLAGE HAS RI<T TO H\S+ 9 ! W9T]1 & HIS HORSES CAN ALWAYS GRAZE ON ! COMMUNAL L& = TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,BUT 9 CASE ( NE$ HE CAN RECKON UPON AN ALMO/ UNLIMIT$ SUPPORT40 ,AMONG PA/ORAL ,>ABS 9 NOR?WE/]N ,SUDAN1 :5 A TRAVEL] >RIVES !Y ?R[ A P>TY = HIM4 ,AMONG P59SUL> ,>ABS1 ACCORD+ TO ,T4,E4 ,LAWR5CE 7( ,>ABIA71 ! LAW ( ! DES]T WAS TO (F] ?REE DAYS' HOSPITALITY4 ,AMONG ! ,TIKOPIA ! TAK+ ( BOND-FRI5DS1 JU/ M5TION$1 0IS DONE P>TLY FROM ! TRADITION ( C>+ = ! WELF>E ( VISITORS40 ,ESKIMOS WELCOME ! UNFAMILI> ,/RANG] ) A FEA/1 AS 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,AMONG ,MONT5EGR9 TRIBESM5 7:ITE M5 CAN JUMP71 0G5]\S HOSPITALITY & HONE/Y W]E PRIME MORAL VALUES = M540.<#d#i#i.> ,& !RE IS NO BETT] EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,MORGAN1 ?AN ! ,IROQUOIS3  
  

,ONE ( ! MO/ ATTRACTIVE FEATURES ( ,9DIAN SOCIETY WAS ! SPIRIT ( HOSPITALITY BY :I* IT WAS P]VAD$4 ,P]HAPS NO PEOPLE EV] C>RI$ ?IS PR9CIPLE TO ! SAME DEGREE ( UNIV]SALITY1 AS DID ! ,IROQUOIS4 ,!IR H\SES W]E NOT ONLY OP5 TO EA* O!R1 AT ALL H\RS ( ! DAY1 & ( ! NI<T1 BUT ALSO TO ! WAYF>]1 & ! /RANG]4 ,SU* 5T]TA9M5T AS !IR MEANS AF=D$ WAS FREELY SPREAD BE=E HIM1 ) WORDS ( K9DNESS & ( WELCOME444 ,IF A NEI<BOR OR A /RANG] 5T]$ .<AN ,9DIAN WOMAN'S.> DWELL+1 A DI% ( HOMMONY1 OR :ATEV] ELSE %E HAD PREP>$1 WAS IMM$IATELY PLAC$ BE=E HIM1 ) AN 9VITATION TO P>TAKE4 ,IT MADE NO DIFF]5CE AT :AT H\R ( ! DAY1 OR H[ NUM]\S ! CALLS1 ?IS C\RTESY WAS EXT5D$ TO EV]Y COM]1 & WAS ! FIR/ ACT ( ATT5TION BE/[$4 ,?IS CU/OM WAS UNIV]SAL1 9 FACT ONE ( ! LAWS ( !IR SOCIAL SY/EM2 & A NEGLECT ON ! P>T ( ! WIFE TO OBS]VE IT1 WAS REG>D$ BO? AS A BREA* ( HOSPITALITY & AS A P]SONAL AFFRONT4.<#e.>  
  

,AMONG ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 GUE/-FRI5D%IP WAS AN EFFECTIVE SUB/ITUTE = K9%IP2 BUT ANY VISITOR1 GUE/-FRI5D1 AMBASSADOR OR ,/RANG]1 WAS F$ BE=E HE WAS ASK$ HIS BUS9ESS4 ,= ,HOM]1 0ALL W&]]S_/& BEGG>S COME FROM ,ZEUS10 & 0RUD5ESS TO /RANG]S IS NOT DEC5CY02 = ,AES*YLUS1 0,ZEUS PROTECTS ! SUPPLIANT10 0,ZEUS ! ,GOD ( ,/RANG]S40.<#e#a.> ,AL?\< 9HOSPITABLE TRIBES 7SU* AS ! ,DOBUANS7 DO EXI/1 ORD9>ILY1 0SAVAGES PRIDE !MSELVES 9 BE+ HOSPITABLE TO /RANG]S40.<#e#b.> 

,AL?\< ,BOOK*9'S ATTITUDES ANN\NCE !IR [N EMOTIONAL1 P]SONALI/IC ESS5CE1 A BASIC 9TELLECTUAL ]ROR 5T]S 9TO SEV]AL ( HIS FALLACIES1 NAMELY1 A *ILDI% LIT]ALISM4 ,HE TAKES EV]Y?+ AT FACE VALUE4 ,IF ! RULES SAY AN EYE = AN EYE & A TOO? = A TOO?1 TO HIM ?AT MU/ MEAN REAL EYES & REAL TEE? 9 PAIRS4 ,PEOPLE ( ! SAME BLOOD >E NOT M]ELY RELAT$ ?R\< DESC5T1 ! SAME BLOOD1 ! SAME FLUID1 FL[S 9 !IR VE9S1 & SOMEH[ !Y KN[ ?IS4 ,IF ! RULE ( 0BLOOD REV5GE0 REQUIRES ! RETALIATORY KILL+ ( A MAN 9 ANO!R CLAN :I* 0[ES BLOOD10 SU* A KILL+ BY ! SAME RULE REQUIRES ANO!R1 & SO =?4 ,FEUDS MU/ BE 5DLESS4 ,BUT 9 TRIBAL ,MONT5EGRO 7:OSE T]MS ,I AM US+71 ?AT IS NOT :AT USUALLY HAPP5$4 ,BY A V>IETY ( ME*ANISMS1 HOMICIDES W]E COMPOS$1 IF NOT IMM$IATELY1 !N SOON] OR LAT]1 DESPITE ! IDEOLOGY4.<#e#c.> ,!RE IS ALWAYS A DIFF]5CE1 9 ,ROSCOE ,P\ND'S PHRASE1 BETWE5 ! LAW ON ! BOOKS & ! LAW 9 ACTION4 

,! FIR/ G5]ATION ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO GO 9TO ! FIELD (T5 RETURN$ REPORT+ CONCEPTUALLY ELEGANT CLOCKWORK K9%IP SY/EMS4 ,DEP>TURES FROM ! SY/EM ON ! GR\ND W]E M9IMIZ$1 EXPLA9$ AWAY1 OR ADJUDG$ DEVIANT1 EV5 IF !Y W5T UNSANCTION$4 ,EV5TUALLY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S BEGAN TO SEE ! RULES AS SOME:AT FLEXIBLE1 & ABOVE ALL OP5 TO 9T]PRETATION4 ,!Y MI<T BE 9VOK$ SELECTIVELY & TACTICALLY1 P]HAPS AS B>GA9+ C\NT]S1 JU/ AS 9 \R CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM ! LEGAL DEF9ITION ( A CRIME 5T]S 9TO PLEA NEGOTIATIONS1 BUT AS ONLY ONE FACTOR4 ,9 APPLICATION TO P>TICUL> SITUATIONS1 CU/OM MAY BE NEGOTIABLE4 ,RAYMOND ,FIR?1 :O WAS 9 ?AT FIR/ G5]ATION1 WAS ALSO ONE ( ! FIR/ TO APPRECIATE ?AT ! IDEALIZ$ NATIVE RULES USUALLY PROVIDE = OPTIONS = ACTION4.<#e#d.> ,?US ! BLOOD FEUD IS NOT P]PETUAL1 ! ,/RANG] IS (T5 NOT ! 5EMY1 CU/OM IS NOT PROGRAMM+1 %AMANS >E NOT !OCRATIC T]RORI/S1 & RULES >E MADE TO BE BROK54 

,! REALITY ( L>GE-SCALE1 LONG DI/ANCE 9T]TRIBAL TRADE AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y1 HI/ORIC & PREHI/ORIC PRIMITIVES REVEALS ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S FE>S = ! ,/RANG] AS NEUROTIC PROJECTIONS4 0,9T]LOCK$ REGIONAL EX*ANGE SY/EMS HAVE BE5 9 EXI/5CE S9CE ! ,NEOLI?IC10 9DICAT+ EXT5SIVE P]MAN5T DEAL+S BETWE5 /RANG]S1 SO ?AT ,DANI% AMB] 5D$ UP 9 ,MYC5AEAN TOMBS1 & FAI5CE FROM ,EGYPT IS F\ND 9 ,POL& & ,BRITA94 ,AMB] CIRCULAT$ 9 ! ,BALTIC ZONE FROM ! E>LY ,NEOLI?IC 7#c#e-#b#e ,B4,C472 BY ! LATE ,NEOLI?IC 7#b#e-#a#i ,B4,C47 IT REA*$ ,G]MANY & NOR!RN ,FRANCE2 & BY ! E>LY ,BRONZE ,AGE 7#a#i-#a#f ,B4,C47 IT REA*$ ,BRITA91 S\!RN ,FRANCE1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,ROMANIA & ,MYC5AEAN ,GREECE4 ,CIRCULATION ( GOODS WAS A BASIC PRECONDITION ( ,NEOLI?IC SOCIETIES4 ,L>GE VOLUMES ( LUXURY GOODS MOV$ MORE ?AN SEV]AL HUNDR$ KILOMET]S4 ,FL9T M9ES W]E UP TO #ae MET]S DEEP4 ,PEASANT COMMUNITIES W]E NOT SELF-SUFFICI5T4.<#e#e.> ,IT WAS ! SAME ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,PREHI/ORIC PRIMITIVES REGUL>LY 9T]ACT$ ) MIDDLEM51 I4E41 ,/RANG]S4 ,SO DO CONTEMPOR>Y PRIMITIVES1 ! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE BE+ ! ,TROBRI&]S1 BUT ALSO1 AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 EV5 ! L[LY ,SAN4 

,9 REAL LIFE1 ! ,/RANG] 0AS SU*0 IS USUALLY NOT HAT$1 FE>$ OR MURD]$1 BECAUSE HE HAS BUS9ESS1 LIT]ALLY1 9 ! VILLAGE AFT] ALL4 0,USUALLY0 IS NOT 0ALWAYS03 9 ,FIJI1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,/RANG] IS SOMEONE Y\ CAN EAT4.<#e#f.> ,BOOK*9 HAS UNWITT+LY CONJUR$ UP ! PROTAGONI/ ( A FAM\S ESSAY 9 SOCIOLOGY1 0,! ,/RANG]0 BY ,GEORG ,SIMMEL4 ,UNLIKE1 SAY1 \R RELATION TO ! 9HABITANTS ( ,SIRIUS -- ! COMP>ISON IS ,SIMMELS' -- \R RELATION TO ! ,/RANG] IS P>T ( ! 9T]ACTION SY/EM ( A COMMUNITY :I* HE IS SIMULTANE\SLY 9SIDE & \TSIDE (4 ,! ,/RANG] IS 0AN ELEM5T ( ! GR\P ITSELF10 SO RELAT$ TO IT ?AT 0DI/ANCE MEANS ?AT HE1 :O IS CLOSE BY1 IS F>1 & /RANG5ESS MEANS ?AT HE1 :O ALSO IS F>1 IS ACTUALLY NE>40.<#e#g.> ,IF ?AT WAS A BIT AB/RACT1 ?IS IS NOT3 0,?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ECONOMICS ! /RANG] EV]Y:]E APPE>S AS ! TRAD]1 OR ! TRAD] AS /RANG]40 ,HIS POSITION IS ACTUALLY ACC5TUAT$ IF HE SETTLES 9 ! PLACE ( HIS ACTIVITY4 ,HE COMES 9 CONTACT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ) EV]YONE1 BUT HE 0IS NOT ORGANICALLY CONNECT$1 ?R\< E/ABLI%$ TIES ( K9%IP1 LOCALITY1 & OCCUPATION1 ) ANY S+LE ONE40 ,& 9 A WAY1 ! ,/RANG] REALLY DOES ANTICIPATE URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,ONE RELATES TO ! ,/RANG]1 UNLIKE P]SONS TO :OM ONE IS ORGANICALLY CONNECT$ 9 P>TICUL>I/IC RELATION%IPS1 ON ! BASIS ( MORE AB/RACT1 MORE G5]AL QUALITIES OR 9T]E/S 9 COMMON4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT TOO HE IS BO? NE> & F>4.<#e#h.> ,! RELATION%IP ) ! ,/RANG] IS ! FIR/ ALI5AT$1 ! FIR/ E/RANG$ RELATION%IP 7,SIMMEL USES ! WORD1 ! SAME WORD ,M>X US$74 

,! /ORY AB\T ! ELITES RETIR+ TO BROOD AB\T !IR BLOODL9ES :ILE ,/RANG]S CR[D 9TO T[N & TAKE OV] IS FUNNY BUT FALSE4 ,?AT NEV] HAPP5$ ANY:]E1 9CLUD+ ,A!NS1 ! ONE CITY Y\ MI<T ?9K ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS KN[S A LITTLE AB\T 7BUT Y\ W\LD BE WRONG74 ,9T]M>RI$ >I/OCRATIC OR PATRICIAN OLIG>*Y IS ! NORM 9 ! PRE-9DU/RIAL CITY1 BE IT ,BABYLON OR ,B>CELONA1 ,ALEX&RIA OR ,AM/]DAM1 ,T\RS OR ,T5O*TITLAN 7,*APT] #i74 ,AS DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #a#d1 AS ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY REA*$ ITS APEX UND] ,P]ICLES 7AN >I/OCRAT1 BY ! WAY71 ACCESS TO CITIZ5%IP BECAME MORE RE/RICT$ AS AN 9FLUX ( ,/RANG]S VA/LY 9CREAS$ ! POPULATION4 ,9 FACT1 ON ! PROPOSAL ( ,P]ICLES1 ! ASSEMBLY MADE CITIZ5%IP H]$IT>Y1 I4E41 A PRIVILEGE ( BLOOD4 ,CITIZ5%IP REMA9$ ! ZEAL\SLY GU>D$ PR]OGATIVE ( AN 5DOGAM\S CA/E UNTIL ,MAC$ONIAN & !N ,ROMAN HEGEMONY MADE IT MEAN+LESS4 

,IT IS1 9 FACT1 ! CITY -- UNTIL RELATIVELY REC5T TIMES USUALLY HUDDL$ BEH9D ITS WALLS -- :I* IS HI/ORICALLY ! EPITOME ( ! EXCLUSIVI/ COMMUNITY4 ,& ?AT IS AS TRUE1 PROBABLY MORE TRUE ( ! SUPPOS$ URBAN DEMOCRACIES :I* ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS AS H>B+]S ( HIS ,COMMUNES 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,ITALY & ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,9 ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS1 = EXAMPLE1 0/RANG]S W]E DISC\RAG$ OR D5I$ P]MISSION TO SETTLE40 ,9 FACT1 !Y W]E 0W>N$ \T03 0T[NS C\LD LEGALLY EJECT '/RANG]S' & HAVE CON/ABLES CONVEY !M FROM T[N TO T[N UNTIL !Y W]E RETURN$ TO ! T[N :]E !Y LEGALLY BELONG$4 ,SOCIETY HAD TO BE AN ORGANIC :OLE40 ,!SE COV5ANT$ COMMUNITIES -- 0TI<T LITTLE ISL&S0 -- TOOK URBAN EXCLUSIVISM TO AN EXTREME4 ,BETWE5 #agcg & #a#g#h#h1 ,WORCE/] ,C\NTY 9 ,MASSA*USETTS W>N$ \T #f1#g#f#d P]SONS3 0,?US ! SY/EM DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ UN=TUNATE /RANG]S40 ,AS LATE AS #a#g#i#a1 ! SELECTM5 W>N$ OV] #a P]SONS \T ( ,LANCA/]1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,PRIM>ILY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! POOR1 W>N+ \T ALSO S]V$ 0! PURPOSE ( KEEP+ \T P]SONS :OSE POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S OP9IONS W]E UNSATISFACTORY TO ! T[NS40.<#e#i.> 

,IT REQUIRES NO GREAT PSY*OLOGICAL 9SI<T TO REALIZE ?AT ! ,/RANG] IS ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF4 ,! FE> HE PROJECTS ONTO ! COMMUNITIES ( ALI5 ,O!RS EXPRESSES HIS E/RANGEM5T FROM !M1 JU/ AS HIS UTOPIAN ,COMMUNE REFLECTS A YE>N+ = ! LO/ COMMUNITY HE IMAG9ES FROM HIS *ILDHOOD4 ,HE IS1 LIKE ! EXIL$ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 NO:]E AT HOME -- 9 9T]NAL EXILE1 9 HIS CASE4 ,! EXPLANATION IS /RAI<T=W>D SOCIOLOGICALLY & BEG9S1 AGA91 ) ,SIMMEL3 TRADE IS 0! SPH]E 9DICAT$ = ! /RANG]1 :O 9TRUDES AS A SUP]NUM]>Y1 SO TO SPEAK1 9TO A GR\P 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC OCCUPATIONS >E ALREADY OCCUPI$ -- ! CLASSICAL EXAMPLE IS ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS40 ,! ,/RANG] IS ! ,JEWI% P$DL> ANXI\SLY APPROA*+ A ,G5TILE VILLAGE2 09 ! ,PALE ( ,SETTLEM5T ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA P$DL+ WAS AN IMPORTANT MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD UP TO #a#i#a#g40 ,ONLY ! ECONOMIC DIVISION ( LABOR BR+S ,JEW & ,G5TILE TOGE!R4 0,EA* DI/RU/S & FE>S ! O!R03 0,BEYOND ?IS SURFACE DEAL+1 H[EV]1 .<IS.> AN UND]LY+ S5SE ( DIFF]5CE & DANG]40.<#e#a.> 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS WAS BORN1 AS HE RELATES1 9 ! !N-,JEWI% <ETTO ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE SOON AFT] HIS LEFTI/ P>5TS >RIV$ FROM ! *AOS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS FIR/ LANGUAGE WAS ,RUSSIAN1 & ! NEW <ETTO HIS FAMILY 9HABIT$ WAS ,COMMUNI/ AS WELL AS ,RUSSIAN-,JEWI%3 0,9 A S5SE1 !Y REMA9$ A P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T EV5 AFT] !Y CAME TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40.<#e#a#a.> ,! RELEVANT 9FLU5CE IS NOT ,JUDAISM -- HIS P>5TS W]E SECUL> LEFTI/S -- BUT RA!R ! 9SUL> COMMUNITY ( ! %TETL1 ! 0T[NLET0 9 :I* ,JEWS ABID$1 OR SOJ\RN$ MI<T BE A BETT] WORD1 S9CE 0A LONG HI/ORY ( EXILE & EVICTION /R5G!NS ! T5D5CY TO REG>D ! DWELL+ PLACE AS A HUSK40 ,! ,JEWS & ! GOYIM >E NE>1 YET F>3 0,9 A SMALL /ETL ! ,JEWS & ! PEASANTS MAY BE CLOSE NEI<BORS4 ,9 A L>GE ONE1 MO/ ( ! ,JEWS LIVE 9 ! C5T] & ! PEASANTS ON ! \TSKIRTS1 NE> !IR FIELDS444 ,! NON-,JEW1 ! GOY1 IS A F>M]4 ,! ,JEW1 (FICIALLY PROSCRIB$ FROM [N+ L&1 IS URBAN40.<#e#a#b.> ,H]E IS ! ORIG9 ( ,BOOK*9'S URBAN ANTAGONISM TO ! C\NTRY4 ,! /ETL1 H[EV] HUMBLE1 IS A SEAT ( ,TALMUDIC LE>N+1 SET AP>T FROM & BETT] ?AN ! SURR\ND+ ILLIT]ATE1 ANIMALI/IC PEASANTRY4 ,! ,COMMUNE IS NOT ONLY A GLORIFI$ POLIS1 IT'S A GLORIFI$ /ETL1 9HABIT$ BY CULTURALLY SUP]IOR ,/RANG]S ( WELL-DEF9$ EXCLUSIVI/ /ATUS4 

,?AT !SE !MES REALLY DO ILLUM9ATE ,BOOK*9'S M5TALITE IS SUGGE/$ BY AN UNEXPECT$ S\RCE3 ,! ,WORLD ( ,%OLEM ,ALEI*EM1 BY ,MAURICE ,SAMUEL4 ,9 ONE ( ,ALEI*EM'S /ORIES1 A ,JEW NAM$ ,TEVYEH DRIVES HIS WAGON ?R\< ! VA/ ,RUSSIAN =E/ ON HIS WAY BACK TO ! %TETL3 0,! MAN ON ! DRIV]'S SEAT1 A LITTLE1 BE>D$ ,JEW 9 A RAGG$ CAPOTE1 KEEPS HIS EYES HALF CLOS$1 = HE HAS NO 9CL9ATION TO LOOK ON ! BEAUTIES ( NATURE40 ,LIKE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 ! URBANE ,TEVYEH IS 9DIFF]5T TO ,FIR/ ,NATURE1 OR EV5 AFRAID ( IT4 ,AS IT GR[S D>K1 0HE ?9KS ( ! DEMONS :O HAUNT ! =E/40 ,DESCRIB$ AS A 0WAGE-SLAVE10 ,TEVYEH HAS BE51 9 FACT1 5GAG$ 9 ! ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( LOGG+4 ,LIKE ,BOOK*91 HE IS IMPATI5T ) ANIMALITY3 HE KVET*ES TO HIMSELF AB\T ! SL[NESS ( HIS HORSE1 A 0WRET*$ BEA/40 ,LIKE ,BOOK*91 HE TRIES TO CONQU] HIS FE> ( ! NATURAL WORLD ) WORDS3 0,TEVYEH TRIES TO SP9 ! ?READ ( RATIONAL DISC\RSE40 ,F9ALLY1 ,TEVYEH -- ,SECOND ,NATURE -- TRIES TO IMP>T DIRECTIONALITY TO ,FIR/ ,NATURE BY TALK+ TO HIS HORSE3 0,H]E ,I AM AT LEA/ TALK+1 :ILE Y\ >E DUMB & CANNOT EASE Y\R PA9 ) WORDS4 ,MY CASE IS BETT] ?AN Y\RS4 ,= ,I AM HUMAN1 & A ,JEW1 & ,I KN[ :AT Y\ DO NOT KN[40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 0EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY WILL BECOME ! VOICE1 9DE$ ! EXPRESSION1 ( A NATURAL EVOLUTION R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S1 C>+1 & SYMPA!TIC TO ! PA91 SUFF]+1 & 9COH]5T ASPECTS ( AN EVOLUTION LEFT TO ITS [N1 WAYW>D UNFOLD+40.<#e#a#c.> ,H]E TOO HE E*OES A ,HELL5IC !ME3 0,9 ANCI5T ,GREEK CULTURE1 ! IMAGE ( HORSE & RID] REPRES5T$ ! VICTORY ( REASON 9 ! ET]NAL BATTLE ( CIVILIZATION ) AN>*Y4 ,HORSEMAN%IP HAD A SPIRITUAL MEAN+ AS ! DISCIPL9E ( \R ANIMAL IMPULSES0 7,CAMILLE ,PAGLIA74 ,! %TETL IS T9Y BUT CR[D$ AMID ! VA/ ,RUSSIAN EXPANSE3 ITS E?NOHI/ORIANS ASK3 0,:AT >E !Y %R9K+ FROM8 ,P]HAPS ! LONEL9ESS & =MLESSNESS ( SPACE1 P]HAPS ! WORLD ( ! UNCIRCUMCIZ$1 P]HAPS ! BRUTALIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( UNTAM$ NATURE4 ,!Y FE> ! BUCOLIC40.<#e#a#d.> 

,SO1 ! NEXT TIME Y\ ?9K ( ,TEVYEH1 ! ,FIDDL] ON ! ,RO(1 ?9K ( ,MURRY ,BOOK*91 ! ,FIDDL] ,) ! ,TRU?4 

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