,*APT] #h 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #h4 ,! ,SPECT] ( ,%AMANISM 

  

,! ,SAGE ( ,BURL+TON CONT9UES3 0,ONE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S GREAT A*IEVEM5TS WAS TO PROVIDE A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! PA/1 D5\NC+ ! TABOOS & %AMANI/IC TRICK]Y ?AT MADE TRIBAL PEOPLES ! VICTIMS ( UN?9K+ CU/OM AS WELL AS ! IRRATIONALITIES ?AT KEPT !M 9 BONDAGE TO HI]>*Y & CLASS RULE1 DESPITE .<8.> ITS D5UNCIATIONS ( ,WE/]N CANT & >TIFICIALITIES40.<#c#g#d.> ,MOPP+ UP ?IS MESS WILL TAKE ME A:ILE4 ,BUT BRIEFLY3 PRIMITIVE PEOPLES DON'T HAVE CLASS RULE -- ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*9 ! ,Y\NG]4.<#c#g#e.> 

,HAV+ CR$IT$1 OR RA!R DISCR$IT$1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T ) 9V5T+ PRIMITIVISM1 ! ,DIRECTOR N[ CR$ITS IT ) REFUT+ PRIMITIVISM BY D5\NC+ ! TABOOS & TRICKY %AMANS HOLD+ TRIBAL PEOPLES 9 BONDAGE4 ,BUT H[ W\LD 0A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! PA/0 BR+ AB\T !SE 9SI<TS8 #a#h? C5TURY ,EUROPEANS HAD LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 & LESS KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORIES ( ANY TRIBAL PEOPLES EXCEPT ?OSE M5TION$ 9 ! ,BIBLE & ! CLASSICS4.<#c#g#f.> ,!Y W\LDN'T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO LE>N MU* EV5 IF !Y WANT$ TO4 ,!Y W]E B>ELY BEG9N+ TO LE>N H[ TO UND]/& !IR [N HI/ORIES4 ,ANY?+ RESEMBL+ :AT WE N[ CALL E?NOHI/ORY WAS IMPOSSIBLE !N4 ,BOOK*9 IMPLIES ?AT ! ,AGE ( ,REASON WAS ! FIR/ HI/ORICI/ P]IOD4 ,9 FACT IT WAS ! LA/ P]IOD :I* WAS NOT4 

,! ,5LI<T5$ ONES POSIT$ A UNIV]SAL1 9V>IANT HUMAN NATURE4 ,PEOPLE >E ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E ! SAME3 ONLY !IR CIRCUM/ANCES >E DIFF]5T4.<#c#g#g.> ,! PHILOSOPHES PROCE$$ MU* AS ,BOOK*9 DOES3 0,! RECORDS ( ALL PEOPLES 9 ALL SITUATIONS HAD TO BE RANSACK$ EMPIRICALLY TO V]IFY ?OSE CON/ANT & UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT NATURAL REASON DECL>$ W]E SELF-EVID5T40.<#c#g#h.> ,! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES ALWAYS DET]M9E ! SAME BEHAVIOR1 ACCORD+ TO ,HUME3 0,IT IS UNIV]SALLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT !RE IS A GREAT UNI=MITY AMONG ! ACTIONS ( M51 9 ALL NATIONS & AGES1 & ?AT HUMAN NATURE REMA9S /ILL ! SAME1 9 ITS PR9CIPLES & OP]ATIONS4 ,! SAME MOTIVES ALWAYS PRODUCE ! SAME ACTIONS40 ,A POLITICIAN 9 #a#h? C5TURY ,BRITA9 OR ,AM]ICA1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL ACT ! SAME WAY AS AN ,A!NIAN OR ,ROMAN OR ,FLOR5T9E POLITICIAN ACT$1 AS REPORT$ BY ,?UCYDIDES1 ,LIVY OR ,MA*IAVELLI 7:O1 BY ! WAY1 MADE ?IS SAME OBS]VATION.<#c#g#i.>71 9 ! SAME SITUATION4 ,ONE CON/ANTLY COMES UPON /ATEM5TS LIKE ?IS ONE BY ,MONTESQUIEU3 0,MOD]N HI/ORY FURNI%ES US ) AN EXAMPLE ( :AT HAPP5$ AT ?AT TIME 9 ,ROME1 & ?IS IS WELL WOR? NOT+4 ,= ! OCCASIONS :I* PRODUCE GREAT *ANGES >E DIFF]5T1 BUT S9CE M5 HAVE HAD ! SAME PASSIONS AT ALL TIMES1 ! CAUSES >E ALWAYS ! SAME40.<#c#h.> ,SO REALLY !RE WAS NO?+ TO LE>N FROM ! PRIMITIVES4 ,!Y W]E M]ELY CONTEMPOR>Y CONFIRMATORY EXAMPLES ( A /AGE ( SOCIETY ALREADY FAMILI> FROM ,HOM] & ,HESIOD & ,TACITUS & ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS 9EXPLICABLY D5\NCES ?IS VIEW AS 0SOCIOBIOLOGICAL .<SIC.> NONS5SE40.<#c#h#a.> 

,BOOK*9 OV]DOES EV]Y?+1 BUT HIS PHILIPPIC AGA9/ %AMANISM ATTA9S A NEW PLATEAU ( EPILEPTOID FR5ZY WOR?Y ( A ,VICTORIAN MISSION>Y4 ,W]E IT NOT = HIS DEMON/RABLE IGNORANCE ( ALL ! LIT]ATURE ON %AMANISM1 ,I MI<T SUSPECT HIM ( HAV+ HE>D ( AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,GEORGE ,FO/]'S *>ACT]IZATION ( MAGICAL HEAL+ SY/EMS AS 0P]SONALI/IC40.<#c#h#b.> ,CLE>LY HE HAS NO IDEA ?AT %AMANS >E KN[N 9 MO/ CULTURES1 OR ?AT %AMANISM OBSESS$ HIS REV]$ ,5LI<T5M5T3 ,DID]OT1 ,H]D]1 ,MOZ>T & ,GOE! 0EA*1 9 HIS [N WAY1 ABSORB$ MAT]IAL FROM ! %AMANIC DISCUSSION ?AT WAS RAG+ & US$ :AT HE TOOK TO GIVE %APE TO HIS [N SPECIAL FIELD ( 5DEAVOR40.<#c#h#c.> 

0,%AMANI/IC TRICK]Y0 IS ! CRUDE/ K9D ( SOAPBOX FREE?\<T CLI*E4 ,SOME PRIMITIVE PEOPLES HAVE NO %AMANS TO DUPE !M4 ,MANY >E NOT 9 ?RALL TO SUP]NATURAL FE>S2 SOME HAVE AN OPPORTUNI/IC1 EV5 CASUAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! SPIRIT WORLD4 ,%AMANS -- HEAL]S ?R\< ACCESS TO ! SUP]NATURAL -- >5'T USUALLY FRAUDS 7?\< !RE >E QUACKS 9 ANY PR(ESSION73 !Y BELIEVE 9 :AT !Y DO4.<#c#h#d.> ,& :AT !Y DO DOES HELP4 ,M$ICAL SCI5CE IS TAK+ GREAT 9T]E/ 9 !IR M$ICATIONS4.<#c#h#e.> ,BEYOND ?AT1 %AMANS ALLEVIATE ! SUFF]+ ( VICTIMS ( ILLNESS BY PROVID+ AN EXPLANATION = IT4 ,AM]ICAN PHYSICIANS S]VE ! SAME %AMANI/IC FUNCTION1 AS !Y >E WELL AW>E4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 ?AT WAS ALMO/ ALL !Y DID :I* B5EFIT$ ! PATI5T1 AS PO9T$ \T BY ?9K]S AS DISP>ATE AS ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & ,IVAN ,ILLI*4 ,PSY*OANALYSIS1 AFT] ALL1 IS SECUL> %AMANISM4.<#c#h#f.> ,BY N[1 0MANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES HAVE DOCUM5T$ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( A RANGE ( M$ICAL SY/EMS ( TRIBAL1 PEASANT1 & O!R PEOPLES40.<#c#h#g.> 

,TO CLAIM1 AS SOME %AMANS DO1 ?AT !Y HAVE FL[N ?R\< ! AIR1 EXP]I5C$ 9C>NATION AS AN ANIMAL & SO =?1 !Y'D HAVE TO BE CRAZY1 RI<T8 ,WELL1 SOME ( !M >E CRAZY -- BY \R /&>DS4 ,9 SOME ( ! MANY SOCIETIES MORE HUMANI/IC ?AN \RS1 PSY*OTICS >5'T MOCK$ OR FE>$ OR W>EH\S$1 !Y >E *]I%$ = !IR GIFT ( ALT]$ /ATES ( CONSCI\SNESS -- & RECOGNIZ$ AS %AMANS4 ,!IR MY/ICAL EXP]I5CES1 AL?\< !Y MAY BE 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM S*IZOPHR5IA1 >E SOCIALLY VALU$4.<#c#h#h.> ,! DELUSIONAL >E S9C]E4 ,TO BELIEVE ! MISSION>Y C>ICATURE ( %AMANISM -- :I* IS LITTLE MORE ?AN DISP>AG+ ! COMPETITION -- REQUIRES IMPUT+ SU* A LEVEL ( CR$ULITY TO PRIMITIVES ?AT IT IS AMAZ+ !Y KEPT ! HUMAN RACE GO+ ALL BY !MSELVES = SO LONG4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,H4 ,L[IE EXPLA9S1 %AMANS HAVE (T5 US$ !IR MAGIC = P]SONAL GA91 BUT 0! %AMAN'S SECURITY IS (T5 QUITE ILLUSORY10 BECAUSE ( ! ?REAT ( V9DICTIVE RELATIVES1 0& 9 NOT A FEW REGIONS ! FEES PAID TO A %AMAN >E F> FROM G5]\S40 ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF HAS NOT$ H[ HAZ>D\S ! ROLE CAN BE1.<#c#h#i.> BUT NOT H[ ?AT UND]CUTS HIS >GUM5T4 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS SO APOPLECTIC AB\T %AMANS ?AT HE EV5 ACCUSES ,DAVID ,WATSON ( BE+ ONE6.<#c#i.> ,HE MAY SUSPECT ?AT ,WATSON IS TO BLAME = HIS POOR HEAL?4 ,OR P]HAPS HE IS DISPLAC+ HIS DISSATISFACTION ) HIS [N ,WE/]N M$ICAL C>E ONTO %AMANS4 ,SO RANT+1 REPETITI\S & RANCOR\S IS ! EX-,DEAN'S DIATRIBE1 :I* IS OV] ! TOP EV5 = HIM1 ?AT ONE SUSPECTS A P]SONALI/IC MOTIVE4 ,MY RESE>* HAS DISCLOS$ A POSSIBILITY4 ,9 #a#i#h#c1 A GREAT ,ALASKAN ,ESKIMO %AMAN NAM$ ,TIKIGAQ CLAIM$ TO HAVE KILL$ ,JOSEPH ,/AL9 9 ,M>* #aiec BY MALEFIC MAGIC4.<#c#i#a.> 7,P]HAPS ?IS WAS REV5GE = ! SAVAGE P]SECUTION ( ,ESKIMO %AMANS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION.<#c#i#b.> -- ANTI-%AMANISM IS ANO!R PREJUDICE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS /ILL %>ES ) HIS ,/AL9I/ M5TORS47 ,AT ONE TIME ,I MI<T HAVE ATTRIBUT$ ,BOOK*9'S ATTITUDE TO 5VY4 ,N[ ,I ?9K HE'S WORRI$ HE MI<T BE NEXT4 

,BOOK*9 APPE>S TO D]IVE HIS NOTIONS ( PRIMITIVE RELIGION FROM ! ,T>ZAN MOVIES4 ,! B5I<T$ PRIMITIVES1 HE BELIEVES1 >E ! MANIPULAT$ DUPES ( !IR %AMANS 70WIT*-DOCTORS0 W\LD BETT] CONVEY ,BOOK*9'S MEAN+74 ,!RE IS NO 9DICATION ?AT ,BOOK*9 EV5 KN[S :AT A %AMAN IS4 ,A %AMAN HEALS BY DRAW+ ON SUP]NATURAL P[]4 ,IT IS NOT OBVI\S H[ SU* A SKILL IS TRANSLATABLE 9TO POLITICAL P[]1 9 SOCIETIES )\T P[] POLITICS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 SOME PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES HAVE NO FULL-TIME RELIGI\S SPECIALI/S4 ,!Y >E SELDOM F\ND AMONG =AG]S4 ,9/EAD1 !RE >E P>T-TIME PRACTITION]S :O D]IVE !IR SUBSI/5CE FROM ! SAME ACTIVITIES AS O!R ADULTS4 ,MANY RECEIVE LITTLE REMUN]ATION & >E H>D PUT ECONOMICALLY4.<#c#i#c.> 

,ACCESS TO %AMANIC P[] MAY BE WIDESPREAD1 EV5 GRANT+ ?AT :]E !RE >E %AMANS ! OLD >E ALMO/ ALWAYS AMONG !M4 ,AMONG ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 0ANY ADULT MEMB] ( ! TRIBE 79CLUD+ WOM57 CAN PRACTICE SOME =MS ( BLACK MAGIC1 & ?IS IS TRUE :E!R !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BE SORC]]S .< "7 %AMANS.> OR NOT40 ,?US AMONG ! ,WALBIRI1 ALMO/ ANY MAN OV] #c MI<T BE A M$IC9E MAN4.<#c#i#d.> ,AMONG ONE GR\P ( 6,KUNG ,SAN1 HALF ! OLD] ADULT M5 & ONE-?IRD ( ! WOM5 0LE>N TO 6KIA10 & ! ,SAN !MSELVES VIEW ?IS AS A MANIFE/ATION ( !IR *]I%$ EGALIT>IANISM4.<#c#i#e.> ,AMONG O!R ,SAN /UDI$ 9 ! #a#i#eS1 \T ( #de M51 #cb W]E PRACTIC+ HEAL]S1 #i W]E OLD M5 RETIR$ FROM HEAL+1 & ONLY #d W]E )\T ! GIFT3 0,IT IS R>E TO F9D A MAN AMONG ! 6,KUNG :O IS NOT A M$IC9E MAN40.<#c#i#f.> ,! HEAL+ P[] IS TRADITIONALLY %>$1 NOT SOLD1 S9CE ITS ACTIVATION 9 ONE P]SON /IMULATES ITS ACTIVATION 9 O!RS4.<#c#i#g.> ,AMONG ! ,TIKOPIA1 9 PR9CIPLE ANYONE CAN PRACTICE MAGIC1 & !RE >E NO SPECIALI/S1 AL?\< C]TA9 =MS ( MAGIC >E APPROPRIATE TO C]TA9 SOCIAL RANKS4 ,AMONG ! ,YANOMAMO1 A TRIBAL PEOPLE PRACTIC+ %IFT+ CULTIVATION1 %AMANISM 0IS A /ATUS OR ROLE TO :I* ANY MAN CAN ASPIRE1 & 9 SOME VILLAGES A L>GE FRACTION ( ! M5 >E %AMANS40.<#c#i#h.> ,9 ! ,ZAMBALES PROV9CE ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 MO/ %AMANS >E ELD]LY WOM54.<#c#i#i.> ,AMONG ! ,JIV>O1 MO/ OLD M5 >E 0MORE OR LESS 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! >T40 ,AB\T ONE 9 F\R ( ! ,JIV>O M5 7& A FEW ( ! WOM57 >E %AMANS4.<#d.> 

,TO SPEAK ( 0%AMANI/IC TRICK]Y0 9 SU* CASES IS ABSURD -- :O >E ! %AMANS FOOL+1 EA* O!R8 ,YET ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS MA9TA9S ?AT1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 %AMANS W]E FRAUDS4.<#d#a.> ,NOR IS %AMANISM AN EASY ALT]NATIVE TO WORK+4 ,(T5 W\LD-BE %AMANS1 LIKE W\LD-BE DOCTORS 9 \R SOCIETY1 UND]GO AN >DU\S & PROTRACT$ 9ITIATION4.<#d#b.> ,&1 AS NOT$1 (T5 A %AMAN HAS TO HOLD D[N A DAY JOB TOO4 ,A CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ( IMPECCABLE CR$5TIALS1 ,ELIE ,RECLUS1 WROTE 9 #ahia ?AT ! ANGORAK1 ! ,ESKIMO %AMAN1 ABS5TS HIMSELF OCCASIONALLY BUT USUALLY 0TAKES P>T 9 ! HUNT+ & FI%+ EXP$ITIONS1 .<&.> EX]CISES SOME CRAFT 444 0.<#d#c.> ,! %AMAN IS NOT A PRIE/4 ,%AMANISM IS A FUNCTION BUT NOT AN OCCUPATION4 

,9 \R SOCIETY1 ! FUSION ( RELIGION ) MORALITY1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY A *UR*1 =MS AN OPPRESSIVE IDEOLOGY4 ,AMONG PRIMITIVES SU* AS ! ,SAN1 AS AMONG ! ,HOM]IC & EV5 ! ,CLASSICAL ,GREEKS1 !IR DEITIES >E NOT CLE>LY ASSOCIAT$ ) MORAL VALUES ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,AS ,E4,B4 ,TYLOR PUT IT1 !Y HAD 0!OLOGY )\T MORALS40.<#d#d.> ,IF ,BOOK*9 ASSUMES ?AT A MAJOR RELIGI\S ACTIVITY ( PRIMITIVES IS ! PROPITIATION ( SPIRITS :OM !Y REG>D ) AWE & DREAD1 HE HAS AGA9 MI/AK5 ! ,T>ZAN MOVIES = DOCUM5T>IES4 ,AMONG ! 0SIMPLE/ SOCIETIES10 PRAY] -- :I* EXPRESSES DEP5D5CE -- 0IS SELDOM PROM95T40.<#d#e.> ,?US ! ,SAN DO NOT SO MU* PRAY TO !IR GODS AS B]ATE !M = ANY DIFFICULTIES 9 !IR CIRCUM/ANCES3 0,! 6,KUNG SAY ?AT !Y SCOLD !IR GODS40.<#d#f.> ,MU* MORE IMPORTANT ?AN PRAY] IS MAGIC1 DEF9$ AS PEOPLE US+ WORDS1 OBJECTS & RITUALS TO OBTA9 SUP]NATURAL P[] TO FUR!R !IR [N 5DS4.<#d#g.> ,! MAGICIAN DOES NOT ASK = SUP]NATURAL P[]3 HE TAKES IT4 ,AS ,PAUL ,RAD9 SAID ) RESPECT TO ! ,W9NEBAGOS1 AL?\< :AT !Y DO C\LD BE CALL$ PRAY]1 0!RE SEEMS TO BE A PURELY ME*ANICAL RELATION ( CAUSE & EFFECTS BETWE5 ! (F]+S ( M5 & !IR ACCEPTANCE BY ! SPIRITS4 ,! LATT] >E NOT FREE TO REJECT !M EXCEPT 9 !ORY40.<#d#h.> 

,BOOK*9 SO R>ELY CITES RELEVANT & RESPECTABLE S*OL>%IP ?AT :5 IT LOOKS LIKE HE DOES1 /RICT SCRUT9Y IS 9 ORD]4 ,HE CITES ,PAUL ,RAD9'S ,! ,WORLD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,MAN.<#d#i.> 7#a#i#e#c7 9 SUPPORT ( HIS NOTION ( %AMANS AS PR$ATORY T]RORI/S4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y HE DOES NOT ACCEPT ! SAME S\RCE1 QUOT$ BEL[ 7,*APT] #i71.<#d#a.> :5 IT REBUTS HIS CONCEPTION ( UN?9K+1 CO]CIVE CU/OM4 ,RAD9 ONLY DISCUSSES %AMANISM 9 ONE SOCIETY1 ! ,YAKUTS ( C5TRAL ,CALI=NIA4 ,HE DISCUSSES ! RELIGION ( ONE O!R PEOPLE1 ! ,ESKIMOS1 9 ?AT *APT]1 BUT )\T EV5 M5TION+ !IR %AMANISM1 :I* IS CURI\S1 S9CE ,ESKIMO %AMANISM IS POSSIBLY ! MO/ FAM\S ( ALL4 ,!N AGA91 ,ESKIMO %AMANISM DOES NOT SUPPORT ! !SIS ?AT %AMANS 9TIMIDATE & EXPLOIT !IR FELL[S4 ,!Y EX]CISE NO AU?ORITY BY VIRTUE ( !IR %AMANIC ROLES4.<#d#a#a.> ,NEI!R DO ,W9NEBAGO %AMANS1 ON :I* ,RAD9 WAS ! EXP]T4.<#d#a#b.> 

,! SMALL PORTION ( ,RAD9'S TEXT RELI$ ON BY ,BOOK*9 BASES ITS G5]ALIZATIONS ON A S+LE SOCIETY1 ! ,YOKUTS ,9DIANS ( C5TRAL ,CALI=NIA4 ,?IS IS :AT ,BOOK*9 GOT \T ( ,RAD93  
  

,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ,PAUL ,RAD9 7:O.<M.> ,I US$ AS A S\RCE 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM7 HELD A V]Y SKEPTICAL ATTITUDE T[>D %AMANS1 REG>D+ !M AS ! E>LIE/ POLITICIANS ( ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES1 %Y/]S :O MANIPULAT$ CLI5TS = SELF-S]V+ PURPOSES 7:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT A NUMB] ( !M MAY NOT HAVE HAD GOOD 9T5TIONS .<8.>74 ,HE %[$ ?AT ! %AMANIC LIFE1 F> FROM BE+ A CALL+1 WAS (T5 WELL-ORGANIZ$ & BAS$ ON TRICK]Y H&$ D[N FROM FA!R TO SON OV] G5]ATIONS4 ,%AMANS 9 CONSOLIDAT$ TRIBES COMMONLY =M$ A SOCIAL ELITE1 BAS$ ON FE> & RE9=C$ BY ALLIANCES ) O!R ELITES1 SU* AS *IEFS4.<#d#a#c.>  
  

,BOOK*9 QUOTES ,RAD9 AS SAY+ ?AT ALLIANCES BETWE5 %AMANS & *IEFS >E 0CLE>LY A =M ( GANG/]ISM40 ,& A F9AL QUOTATION3 0,! DREAD ( ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! %AMAN'S ACTIVITIES HANGS OV] ! ORD9>Y 9DIVIDUAL40.<#d#a#d.> ,!SE >E ! ONLY QUOTATIONS1 & !RE >E NO O!R S\RCE REF]5CES4 ,EXCEPT = ! QUOTATIONS1 :I* >E M]ELY MISLEAD+1 EV]Y ATTRIBUTION TO ,RAD9 IS FALSE4 

,FIR/3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT %AMANS >E POLITICIANS1 MU* LESS ! E>LIE/ POLITICIANS4 ,9/EAD HE DISCUSSES ! ALLIANCE1 9 ONE TRIBE1 BETWE5 %AMANS & *IEFS4 ,HE DOES NOT DEPICT !SE P>TICUL> %AMANS AS EX]CIS+ POLITICAL P[]3 IT WAS = ! LACK ( SU* P[] ?AT !Y ALLI$ ) *IEFS4 ,! FE> 9SPIR$ BY ! %AMANS 0IS NOT DUE TO ANY UNUSUAL P[]S ?AT !SE M5 POSSESS BY VIRTUE ( BE+ %AMANS =1 AT BOTTOM1 !Y HAVE LITTLE1 BUT TO ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 !M & ! *IEF ( ! TRIBE40.<#d#a#e.> 

,SECOND3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT %AMANS W]E %Y/]S MANIPULAT+ !IR CLI5TS4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 ALL %AMANS CANNOT BE %Y/]S BECAUSE A %Y/] IS SOMEONE :O ACTS UNPR(ESSIONALLY4 ,%AMANISM IS ! WORLD'S OLDE/ PR(ESSION4.<#d#a#f.> ,! /&>D ( PRACTICE ( A PR(ESSION IS RELATIVE TO ! LEVEL ( PREVAIL+ PRACTICE4 ,NOR DO %AMANS MANIPULATE !IR CLI5TS 7H[8 TO :AT 5D872 AT WOR/ !Y OV]*>GE !M4 ,TE/IMONIALS TO ! S9C]ITY ( MO/ %AMANS AB\ND4 

,?IRD3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT %AMANISM IS NOT A CALL+4 ,OBVI\SLY IT IS1 9 BO? ! RELIGI\S & EV]YDAY S5SES ( ! WORD4.<#d#a#g.> ,9DIVIDUALS >E 0CALL$0 TO %AMANISM BY !IR DREAMS4 

,F\R?3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT %AMANS >E WELL-ORGANIZ$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE SAYS ?AT 0ALL ! ORGANIZATIONAL GIFTS !Y POSSESS$ W5T 9TO ! ELABORATION ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !M & ! *IEF ( ! TRIBE40.<#d#a#h.> ,%AMANISM IS NOT NECESS>ILY WELL-ORGANIZ$3 IT'S USUALLY NOT ORGANIZ$ AT ALL4 ,YAKUTS %AMANS W]E SOLE PRACTITION]S :O W]E SO F> FROM BE+ ORGANIZ$ ?AT !Y PRACTIC$ !IR BLACK MAGIC ON EA* O!R4 ,9 C5TRAL ,CALI=NIA :]E ! ,YAKUTS LIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,A4,L4 ,KROEB]1 0! BODY ( 9ITIAT$ %AMANS DO NOT =M A DEF9ITE SOCIETY OR ASSOCIATION40.<#d#a#i.> 

,FIF?3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT 9 CONSOLIDAT$ TRIBES1 %AMANS =M$ A SOCIAL ELITE4 ,!IR MUTUAL JEAL\SIES RUL$ ?AT \T4 ,RAD9 ALWAYS SPEAKS ( %AMANS AS UNCONNECT$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ANO!R S\RCE1 0!RE WAS NO =MAL ORGANIZATION ( %AMANS40.<#d#b.> ,!Y L9K$ UP1 NOT ) EA* O!R1 BUT ) *IEFS ON A ONE-TO-ONE BASIS4 ,ALSO1 ,RAD9 DOES NOT REF] TO 0CONSOLIDAT$ TRIBES0 BECAUSE ! EXPRESSION IS UNKN[N TO AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,ONLY ! EX-,DIRECTOR KN[S :AT IT MEANS4 

,SIX?3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT EV5 SAY ?AT %AMANIC LIFE WAS BAS$ ON TRICK]Y6 ,HE MU/ HAVE ?\<T SO1 BUT HE DID NOT SAY SO4 ,= PURPOSES ( HIS >GUM5T1 NOT ,BOOK*9'S1 CONC]N+ ! ALLIANCE ( %AMANS & *IEFS1 ! EFFICACY ( %AMANIC MAGIC IS IRRELEVANT4 ,HAD ! SPELLS ACTUALLY WORK$1 ! *IEF_/%AMAN ALLIANCE W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE FE>SOME4 

,SEV5?3 ,RAD9 DOES NOT SAY ?AT %AMANIC /ATUS WAS H]$IT>Y 9 ! AGNATIC L9E4 ,HE DOES NOT ADDRESS ! TOPIC4 ,IT SO HAPP5S ?AT AMONG ! ,YAKUTS1 IT WAS COMMON = SONS TO FOLL[ !IR FA!RS 9TO %AMANISM1 BUT ! CALL MAY COME TO ANY SEEK] OR EV5 COME UNS\<T3 0,!ORETICALLY1 ANY 9DIVIDUAL CAN OBTA9 HIS GIFT40.<#d#b#a.> ,9 O!R SOCIETIES1 SU* AS ! ,SAN1 ! ,YANAMAMO & ! ,JIV>O1 ! GIFT IS WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ )\T REG>D TO K9%IP4 

,:AT A TREM5D\S AM\NT ( MIS9=MATION ,BOOK*9 PACKS 9TO JU/ ?REE S5T5CES6 ,FROM HIS =M] H]O ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 ,BOOK*9 LE>N$1 AS P>T ( :AT ,HANNAH ,>5DT CALL$ 0! TOTALIT>IAN >T ( LY+10 ?AT A BIG LIE IS MORE LIKELY TO GO OV] ?AN A SMALL ONE4.<#d#b#b.> ,! L>G] ! LIE1 ! H>D] IT IS TO BELIEVE ?AT ANYBODY C\LD SAY SU* A ?+ UNLESS IT W]E TRUE4 ,& IT IS MU* MORE TR\BLE TO REFUTE A BIG LIE BECAUSE !RE'S SO MU* TO IT4 ,9 SAY+ ?AT HE DOES NOT LIE BECAUSE ( HIS 0MORAL /&>DS10.<#d#b#c.> ,BOOK*9 TOPS ALL HIS O!R DECEITS4 ,HIS /&>DS >E SET SO L[ Y\ C\LD /EP ON !M4 ,OR AS ,OSC> ,WILDE PUT IT1 :5 A DEMOCRAT WANTS TO SL+ MUD HE DOESN'T HAVE TO /OOP4.<#d#b#d.> 

,EV5 AFT] CORRECTION ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S FABRICATIONS1 !RE >E A C\PLE ( ?+S ,RAD9 REALLY DID SAY :I* CALL = CORRECTION !MSELVES4 ,HE DID SAY ?AT 0DREAD0 ( %AMANISM 0HANGS OV] ! ORD9>Y 9DIVIDUAL40 ,?IS %\LD BE UND]/OOD 9 LI<T ( ! TOPIC ( ! *APT] IT APPE>S 91 0,! ,ECONOMIC ,UTILIZATIONS ( ,MAGIC & ,RELIGION40 ,BOOK*91 AS WE SAW1 /RESS$ ! ROLE PLAY$ BY 0FE> & T]ROR0 9 ABORIG9AL RELIGION4.<#d#b#e.> ,?AT IS ! PORTRAIT ( 0PRIMITIVE TRIBES COMPLETELY DOM9AT$1 9 FACT1 ALMO/ P>ALYZ$ BY FE> & T]ROR10 ?AT ,RAD9'S EXAMPLES >E SUPPOS$ TO REFUTE3 0,EV]Y E?NOLOGI/ ) ANY FIELD-EXP]I5CE KN[S1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT NO SU* COMMUNITIES EXI/40.<#d#b#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,YAKUTS >E NOT SU* A COMMUNITY1 CONTR>Y TO ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S PRES5TATION ( !M4 ,CONSID]+ ! PO9T HE WAS TRY+ TO MAKE1 ,RAD9 MADE A POOR *OICE ( AN EXAMPLE4 ,BUT ! S\RCES ON :I* ,RAD9 RELIES DO NOT SU/A9 SO D>K A PICTURE EV5 ( ! ,YAKUTS4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 9 MORE RESPECTS ?AN ,RAD9 M5TION$1 ,YAKUTS SOCIETY IS EXCEPTIONAL4 

,RAD9 *OSE ! ,YAKUTS AS A TYPICAL HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETY ) ONLY ONE PECULI>ITY3 0A FIX$ UNIT ( EX*ANGE10 I4E41 %ELL MONEY4.<#d#b#g.> ,A TRIBAL SOCIETY ) A MONEY ECONOMY IS V]Y PECULI>4 ,AN EV5 CLE>] 9DICATION ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A TYPICAL =AG+ SOCIETY WAS ! 9/ITUTION ( *IEFTA9%IP4 ,OR RA!R1 IT IS TYPICAL ( ONE TYPE3 ! S$5T>Y TYPE4 ,! ,YAKUTS LIV$ 9 P]MAN5T VILLAGES1 AL?\< !Y SP5T ! SUMM] 9 CAMPS ELSE:]E4 ,!Y /OR$ FOOD1 :I* WAS ABUNDANT1 = ! W9T]4 ,9 SOME 7NOT ALL7 =AG+ SOCIETIES1 S$5T>9ESS IS ASSOCIAT$ ) 9CIPI5T POLITICAL AU?ORITY & /RATIFICATION4.<#d#b#h.> 

,:ATEV] M]IT ,RAD9'S >GUM5T MI<T HAVE = SU* SOCIETIES1 IT HAS NONE AS APPLI$ TO ! NONS$5T>Y =AG]S LIKE ! ,SAN4 ,! PRES5CE ( A *IEF M>KS A DECISIVE BREAK FROM ?AT WAY ( LIFE4 ,IT IS SU* 0V>Y+LY DEVELOP$ *IEFDOMS1 9T]M$IATE =MS ?AT SEEM CLE>LY TO HAVE GRADUALLY GR[N \T ( EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES & TO HAVE PREC$$ ! F\ND+ ( ALL ( ! BE/-KN[N PRIMITIVE /ATES40.<#d#b#i.> ,BOOK*91 OBLIVI\S TO ! CONSEQU5CES = HIS >GUM5T1 AGREES3 0,! *IEFDOM ( A SIMPLE TRIBAL SOCIETY1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS A POT5TIAL HI]>*Y1 USUALLY AN EM]G+ ONE40.<#d#c.> 

,BUT IF ! ,YAKUTS >E NOT TYPICAL =AG]S1 !Y >E TYPICAL ,CALI=NIA ,9DIAN =AG]S4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE REF]R$ TO 0! EXCEPTIONAL NATURE ( ,CALI=NIA HUNT]S & GA!R]S10 & !Y >E WELL AW>E ( ! CONTRA/3 0,! DATA PRES5T$ 9 SU* BOOKS AS ,MAN ! ,HUNT] .<6.> HAVE S]V$ TO UND]L9E ! FACT ?AT MO/ ,CALI=NIA SOCIETIES BE> A MORE /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE TO ,MELANESIAN *IEFDOMS ?AN !Y DO TO ,AU/RALIAN OR ,AFRICAN B&S40.<#d#c#a.> ,& :E!R OR NOT PRIMITIVES >E NORMALLY AFFLU5T1 ! ,CALI=NIA ,9DIANS W]E4 ,ACCORD+ TO A TRAPP] :O 5C\NT]$ !M 9 #a#h#b#g1 !Y LIV$ 9 0A C\NTRY :]E ! CREATOR HAS SCATT]$ A MORE ?AN ORD9>Y ,%>E ( HIS B\NTIES40.<#d#c#b.> 

,TO BE SURE1 ,YAKUTS *IEFTA9%IP IS AB\T AS MODE/ AS *IEFTA9%IP CAN BE4 ,ONE MI<T SAY IT WAS 9CIPI5T4 ,! POSITION WAS H]$IT>Y1 BUT IF ! COMMUNITY IS DISSATISFI$ ) A *IEF1 !Y DEPOSE HIM & *OOSE ANO!R *IEF FROM HIS FAMILY4.<#d#c#c.> 0,! RESPECT$ ELD]S ( A VILLAGE EX]CISE A PRACTICAL CONTROL OV] ! *IEF'S DECISIONS0.<#d#c#d.>2 HE RISKS HIS POSITION IF HE GOES AGA9/ !IR C\NSEL4 ,! *IEF'S P[]S1 ?\< REAL1 >E FEW4 ,HE DECIDES :5 V>I\S C]EMONIES WILL BE HELD 7= :I* HE IS PAID74.<#d#c#e.> ,HE IS ! FIR/ TO LEAVE = SUMM] CAMP1 AL?\< ! O!RS DO NOT NECESS>ILY FOLL[ HIM RI<T AWAY4.<#d#c#f.> ,HE ADJUDICATES DISPUTES :I* >E BR\<T TO HIM4 ,DISPUTES DO NOT HAVE TO BE BR\<T TO HIM1 BUT !RE IS AN ADVANTAGE IF !Y >E3 ! LOS] IS =BIDD5 TO TAKE PRIVATE V5GEANCE1 AS HE MI<T O!RWISE DO4 ,! *IEF IS ! RI*E/ MAN 9 ! VILLAGE & HE DOES NOT HUNT4.<#d#c#g.> ,SOME ( HIS 9COME HE R$I/RIBUTES TO ! V]Y POOR1 .<#d#c#h.> BUT ON NO?+ LIKE ! SCALE ?AT PREVAILS 9 ,POLYNESIA4 

,! BASIS ( ! *IEF'S ALLIANCE ) ! %AMAN IS HIS JUDICIAL P[]4 ,PEOPLE KN[ ?AT IF A %AMAN :O IS UND] HIS PROTECTION KILLS SOMEONE1 ! *IEF WILL IMMUNIZE HIM AGA9/ RETALIATION OR PROSECUTION4 ,9 RETURN1 ! %AMAN USES HIS MAGIC TO FUR!R ! *IEF'S 9T]E/S4.<#d#c#i.> ,TO TAKE AN EXTREME CASE1 IF A RI* MAN REFUS$ TO JO9 9 A F&ANGO1 !REBY D5Y+ ! *IEF HIS FEE1 ! %AMAN MI<T MAKE ! MAN SICK4 ,HE W\LD !N DRAG \T ! CURE 9 ORD] TO COLLECT REPEAT$ FEES = HIS H\SECALLS4 ,& !N HE W\LD SPLIT ! FEE ) ! *IEF.<#d#d.> -- :O W\LD HAVE ?\<T ?AT FEE-SPLITT+ IS NOT CONF9$ TO CIVILIZ$ PR(ESSIONALS6 ,IT WAS ONLY ?IS SPECIFIC EXAMPLE -- NOT %AMANISM 9 G5]AL1 OR EV5 ,YAKUTS %AMANISM 9 G5]AL -- :I* ,RAD9 CALL$ GANG/]ISM4.<#d#d#a.> ,BUT TO DWELL ON ! WOR/ POSSIBILITIES DI/ORTS ! PICTURE ( ,YAKUTS %AMANISM1 /ILL MORE SO ( %AMANISM G5]ALLY4 

,!RE W]E SEV]AL FACTORS :I* HELD ALL BUT ! BOLDE/ & GRE$IE/ ,YAKUTS %AMANS 9 *ECK4 

,AN IMPORTANT ONE WAS O!R %AMANS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNUSUAL = %AMANS TO KILL EA* O!R4.<#d#d#b.> ,ALSO1 ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 *IEFS & %AMANS1 AS BETWE5 GANG/]S1 WAS NEV] EASY4 ,9 SOME CASES ! *IEF W\LD AU?ORIZE OR EV5 ORD] ! EXECUTION ( A %AMAN3 0,SU* KILL+S1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT 9FREQU5T2 & ! %AMAN :O LIVES ABOVE SUSPICION WAS =TUNATE40.<#d#d#c.> ,! FRI5DS & FAMILY ( A REAL OR SUPPOS$ VICTIM W]E NOT NECESS>ILY P>ALYZ$ BY FE> & TREMBL+ &1 AS ONE 9=MANT RELAT$1 !Y 0DIDN'T ALWAYS TELL ! *IEF0 BE=E KILL+ ! %AMAN4.<#d#d#d.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,A4,L4 ,KROEB]1 = ,YAKUTS %AMANS1 MURD] WAS !IR NORMAL 5D4.<#d#d#e.> ,YET EV5 9 ?IS UNUSUALLY1 P]HAPS UNIQUELY CORRUPT ABORIG9AL SITUATION1 PEOPLE BELIEV$ ?AT MO/ %AMANS W]E NOT MALICI\S4 ,)CRAFT WAS AN EV]-PRES5T ?REAT1 0BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL LIV$ 9 A P]PETUAL /ATE ( ANXIETY & DREAD40.<#d#d#f.> ,RAD9 HIMSELF CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS NOT %AMANISM P] SE1 BUT POLITICALLY CONNECT$ %AMANISM :I* WAS ! S\RCE ( ANXIETY3 0,! BELIEF 9 SPIRITS OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 MAGICAL RITES & =MULAS BECOMES ( SECOND>Y CONSEQU5CE 4440 .<#d#d#g.> ,?US ,RAD91 ,BOOK*9'S SOLE RELIANCE1 REFUTES HIM4 

,WE MAY !RE=E DISMISS AS MALICI\S NONS5SE ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S *>ACT]IZATION ( ! %AMAN AS 0! 9CIPI5T ,/ATE P]SONIFI$40.<#d#d#h.> ,BOOK*9'S POSITION IS 5TIRELY LACK+ 9 LOGICAL OR EMPIRICAL SUPPORT4 ,IT IS LACK+ 9 LOGIC BECAUSE ! SUPPOS$ ABILITY TO KILL FROM AF> CANNOT BE A S\RCE ( POLITICAL P[] UNLESS !RE EXI/S A POLITICAL AU?ORITY TO PROTECT ! %AMAN AGA9/ RETALIATION -- & IF !RE IS SU* AN AU?ORITY1 HE1 NOT ! %AMAN1 IS ! 9CIPI5T /ATE P]SONIFI$4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY EMPIRICAL SUPPORT = ?IS NI<TM>E ( REASON4 ,BOOK*9'S GR&IOSE SPECULATIONS AB\T ! ORIG9S ( HI]>*Y >E 9 CONTRADICTION REG>D+ ! %AMAN'S ROLE4 ,9 ONE SC5>IO IT IS ! *IEFS & %AMANS :O SUCCE$ ! ELD]S & PREC$E ! Y\NG W>RIORS & 0BIG M50 ON ! LONG M>* T[>D /ATEHOOD4 ,9 ANO!R ! SEQU5CE IS3 BIG M51 W>RIORS1 *IEFS1 NOBLES1 !N 09CIPI5T1 QUASI1 OR P>TIAL /ATES0 -- BUT NO %AMANS6.<#d#d#i.> ,IT'S ALL DELIRI\S1 PRET5TI\S FANTASY1 NO?+ MORE4 

,IF EV5 ! ,YAKUTS DATA UTT]LY FAIL TO DEPICT %AMANS ON ! V]GE ( F\ND+ A /ATE1 IT'S HI<LY UNLIKELY !RE'S A BETT] EXAMPLE LURK+ SOME:]E 9 ! LIT]ATURE4 ,!RE IS NO HI/ORICAL OR E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE ( ANY TRANSITION TO /ATEHOOD 9 :I* %AMANS PLAY$ ANY P>T4 ,PRIE/S HAVE PLAY$ SU* P>TS1 BUT PRIE/S1 AS ,BOOK*9 CONFIRMS1 >E NOT %AMANS4.<#d#e.> ,9 ! WE/]N ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SOCIETIES BAS$ ON =AG+1 OR MIX$ =AG+ & EXTRACTIVE PURSUITS HAD %AMANS2 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES HAD PRIE/S4.<#d#e#a.> ,AS USUAL1 9CREAS+ SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IS ASSOCIAT$ 7IF NOT P]FECTLY CORRELAT$7 ) 9CREAS+ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 9 RELIGION AS 9 POLITICS4 ,! %AMANISM %UFFLE IS JU/ ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ,BOOK*9 9 ALL HIS VULG> VICI\SNESS DEFAM+ 9(F5SIVE PEOPLE 9 A CALL\S BUT CLUMSY ATTEMPT TO SCORE PO9TS 9 A PETTY POLITICAL SQUABBLE1 ! K9D HE WA/$ HIS LIFE ON4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bi 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

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