,*APT] #f 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #f4 ,BOOK ,FILL$ ) ,LIES 

  

,! LATE/ ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S IRONIC 9DISCRETIONS IS HIS HEAVY RELIANCE ON ,$W9 ,WILMS5'S ,L& ,FILL$ ) ,FLIES TO BA% ! AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S4 ,9 ,S,A,L,A1 ,BOOK*9 ASS]T$ AN AFF9ITY BETWE5 AN>*O-PRIMITIVISM & PO/-MOD]NISM1 ) SUBLIME 9DIFF]5CE TO ! FACT ?AT PO/-MOD]NISM HAS NO H>%] CRITIC ?AN ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN4.<#c#f.> ,TO ANY READ] ( ,WILMS5 NOT 9 ?RALL TO AN ULT]IOR MOTIVE1 ,WILMS5 IS BLATANTLY A PO/-MOD]NI/4.<#c#g.> ,ONE ( HIS REVIEW]S1 ,H5RY ,H>P5D+1 IS A BIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O IS *>M+LY 9NOC5T ( EXPOSURE TO ,PO,MO4 ,HE HAD 0A LOT ( TR\BLE0 ) ! BEG9N+ ( ! BOOK1 :I* CONTA9S 0AN AL>M+ DISCUSSION ( PEOPLE & ?+S BE+ 9T]PELLAT$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION & 9 ! FIR/ *APT]1 BUT MY BE/ EF=TS ) A DICTION>Y LEFT ME UTT]LY IGNORANT AB\T :AT IT ALL MEANT40.<#c#h.> ,NOT SURPRIS+LY3 ! J>GON 709T]PELLATION ( ! SUBJECT07 IS ?AT ( ,L\IS ,AL?USS]1 ! /RUCTURALI/ ,M>XI/ :O W5T MAD & MURD]$ HIS WIFE4.<#c#i.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,?OMAS ,HEADL&1 ,WILMS5-/YLE 0REVISIONISM IS NOT JU/ TE/+ & REJECT+ HYPO!SES4 ,P>TIALLY FUEL$ BY PO/MOD]NISM1 IT SEEMS TO BE IDEOLOGICALLY DRIV540.<#c#a.> 

,:5 IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h#i1 ,L& ,FILL$ ) ,FLIES CREAT$ A S5SATION1 AS IT WAS MEANT TO4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT DEBUNK ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM1 IT DID SO AS 9SULT+LY AS POSSIBLE4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT FURNI% />TL+ NEW DATA DRAWN FROM LANGUAGE1 >*AEOLOGY & HI/ORY 9 ADDITION TO FIELDWORK1 IT PLAC$ !M 9 A PRET5TI\S !ORETICAL APP>ATUS4 ,& IT SEE!D ) SELF-RI<TE\SNESS4 ,BY NOT RECOGNIZ+ ! ,SAN = :AT !Y >E -- AN UND]CLASS1 ! POORE/ ( ! POOR UND] COMPRADOR CAPITALISM -- ALL O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E IDEOLOGICALLY COMPLICIT 9 !IR SUBJUGATION4 ,S9CE ALL AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O HAVE LIV$ ) ! ,SAN >E /RONGLY COMMITT$ TO SOME NOTION ( !IR RI<TS & AUTONOMY1 NATURALLY !Y W]E 9FURIAT$ TO BE CA/IGAT$ AS ! DUPES OR TOOLS ( NEOCOLONIALISM4 ,REBUTTALS W]E SOON =?COM+1 & ! CONTROV]SY1 MU* ABAT$1 CONT9UES4 ,BUT ,WILMS5 5JOY$ A /RATEGIC ADVANTAGE3 HIS QUADRUPLE-B>REL$ %OTGUN ATTACK4 ,HIS L+UI/IC1 >*AEOLOGICAL1 HI/ORICAL & E?NOGRAPHIC RESE>*ES ALL CONV]G$ ON ! SAME OR ON CONGRU5T CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 ME?ODOLOGY AS 9 MORALS1 ,WILMS5 IS ! ,/EW>T ,HOME ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,ACADEMICS >E ! TIMID TYPE 9 ! BE/ ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BY TEMP]AM5T !Y PREF] TO BE ! BIG FI% 9 A POND H[EV] SMALL4 ,! PHRASE 0A S*OOL ( FI%0 SAYS AS MU* AB\T S*OOL AS IT DOES AB\T FI%4 ,SPECIALIZATION IS ! S\RCE & ! LIMIT ( ! ACADEMIC'S AU?ORITY4 ,! EXP]T 9 ONE SUBFIELD1 SU* AS E?NOGRAPHY1 CANNOT HELP BUT LOSE SELF-CONFID5CE -- SOME?+ HE PROBABLY NEV] HAD V]Y MU* ( -- :5 HIS C]TITUDES >E IMPEA*$ BY RESE>*ES 9 ?REE O!R SUBFIELDS4 ,HE BEG9S TO WOND] IF HE CAN BE SURE ( EV5 ! EVID5CE ( HIS [N S5SES 7OR :AT HE REMEMB]S TO BE SU*74 ,WILMS51 BY PURPORT+ TO POSSESS EXP]TIZE 9 SO MANY >EAS1 9TIMIDATES ! EXP]TS 9 ALL ( !M -- AT FIR/1 ANYWAY4 ,BUT S*OL>S HAVE />T$ *ECK+ UP ON ,WILMS51 JU/ AS AN>*I/S HAVE />T$ *ECK+ UP ON ,BOOK*91 & ) SIMIL> CONSEQU5CES4 

,MO/ ( ,$W9 ,WILMS5'S OBS]VATIONS ( #gS ,SAN >E /RIK+LY UNLIKE ! OBS]VATIONS ( ALL HIS DOZ5-ODD PR$ECESSORS 9 ! FIELD4 ,PREVI\S AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAD ALREADY REPORT$ H[ ABRUPTLY ! ,SAN =AG+ LIFE-WAY WAS SUCCUMB+ TO PRESSURES RANG+ FROM PROTRACT$ DR\<T TO 5TANGLEM5T 9 C\NT]9SURG5CY 9 ,S\?WE/ ,AFRICA TO ! S$5T>IZ+1 NATIONALIZ+ POLICIES ( NEWLY 9DEP5D5T ,BOTSWANA4 ,NOBODY D5IES ?AT MO/ ( ! ,SAN HAVE BE5 =C$ 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD-SY/EM AT ITS V]Y BOTTOM LEVEL -- & :ILE IT WAS HAPP5+1 NOBODY DID D5Y IT.<#c#a#a.> -- BUT ONLY ,BOOK*9 IS OBSC5E 5\< TO 5?USE OV] ?IS P>TICUL> EXT5SION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,HE DOESN'T C>E :AT HAPP5S TO PEOPLE SO LONG AS HE CAN TURN IT TO POLEMICAL ADVANTAGE4 

,MO/ ( ,WILMS5'S FIELDWORK WAS DONE AT A WAT]HOLE HE CALLS ,CAE,CAE1 :OSE 9HABITANTS HE LABELS1 ACCORD+ TO H[ HE CLASSIFIES !IR 0PR9CIPAL PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES10 AS V>I\SLY 0PA/ORALI/1 9DEP5D5T1 =AG]1 RELIANT1 & CLI5T0 -- A RA!R ELABORATE TYPOLOGY = JU/ #af H\SEHOLDS1 ONLY #i ( :I* W]E ,SAN4.<#c#a#b.> ,!RE'S ALMO/ A CATEGORY = EV]Y ,SAN H\SEHOLD1 :I* RA!R DEFEATS ! PURPOSE ( CATEGORIZATION4 ,9 #a#i#g#e-#a#i#g#f1 ONLY TWO H\SEHOLDS 7BO? ,SAN7 CONSI/$ ( =AG]S1 PEOPLE D]IV+ OV] #i#e.0 ( !IR FOOD FROM HUNT+ & GA!R+2 BY #a#i#g#i-#a#i#h1 BO? SUBSI/$ ON A COMB9ATION ( RELIEF & CASUAL WAGE-LABOR4 ,AS = ! 09DEP5D5TS10 :O [N$ SOME LIVE/OCK BUT D]IV$ OV] HALF !IR SUBSI/5CE FROM =AG+1 !RE W]E ?REE H\SEHOLDS 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD1 TWO 9 ! LAT]4.<#c#a#c.> ,?OSE 9 ! O!R H\SEHOLDS DID SOME HUNT+1 BUT SUBSI/$ MA9LY BY O!R MEANS4 ,N[ EV5 IF ,WILMS5'S F9D+S >E ACCURATE1 !Y D]IVE FROM A RIDICUL\SLY SMALL SAMPLE1 #b-#e H\SEHOLDS AT ! MO/1 ( PEOPLE :O W]E OBVI\SLY CAU<T UP 9 A PROCESS ( PROLET>IANIZATION SO ACCEL]AT$ ?AT IT W\LD HAVE MADE ,K>L ,M>X'S HEAD SP94 

,I READ A BUN* ( REVIEWS ( ,WILMS5'S BOOK1 PRO & CON1 BE=E ,I READ ! BOOK ITSELF4 ,NO?+ PREP>$ ME = ! %E]1 %OCK+ NE>-NO?+NESS ( ITS E?NOGRAPHIC DATABASE3 IT WAS LIKE READ+ ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,& NO?+ ,WILMS5 SAYS HE F\ND 9 ! FIELD1 EV5 IF TRUE1 REFUTES OR EV5 CALLS 9TO QUE/ION :AT PREVI\S RESE>*]S DISCOV]$ AB\T F> L>G] GR\PS ( ,SAN AT E>LI] TIMES & 9 O!R PLACES4 ,WILMS5 B]ATES HIS PR$ECESSORS = IGNOR+ HI/ORY 7!Y DIDN'T.<#c#a#d.>74 ,BUT HE'S ! ONE :O HAS TR\BLE ACCEPT+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT1 JU/ AS ! PEOPLE HE /UDI$ W]E LIV+ DIFF]5TLY 9 #aih ?AN !Y W]E 9 #a#i#g#e1 ! PEOPLE ?AT ,LEE1 ,DE,VORE1 ,H[ELL1 ,TANAKA & O!RS /UDI$ BE=E #aige MI<T HAVE 9 A RA!R %ORT TIME COME TO LIVE DIFF]5TLY4 ,M>JORIE ,%O/ACK1 :OSE FIR/ VISIT TO ! FIELD TOOK PLACE NE> ! 5D ( ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE PROJECT1 REPORT$ EXACTLY SU* A TRANS=MATION3  
  

,AL?\< PRESSURES = *ANGE W]E BE+ UNIV]SALLY FELT 9 #a#i#f#i1 ! TIME ( MY FIR/ FIELD TRIP1 6,KUNG TRADITIONS /ILL DOM9AT$4 ,BY ! SPR+ ( #a#i#g#e1 H[EV]1 :5 ,I MADE MY SECOND FIELD TRIP1 ! PACE ( *ANGE HAD 9CREAS$ & *ANGES C\LD BE SE5 EV]Y:]E4 ,GA!R$ & HUNT$ FOODS W]E /ILL 9 AMPLE EVID5CE1 BUT G>D5S W]E BE+ PLANT$1 H]DS ( GOATS W]E BE+ T5D$1 DONKEYS W]E BE+ US$ TO TRANSPORT FOOD FROM ! BU%1 & CATTLE W]E BE+ B\<T ) MONEY SAV$ FROM SELL+ CRAFTS4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! PEOPLE HAD *ANG$4 ,!Y W]E N[ LOOK+ TO ! AGRICULTURAL & H]D+ PEOPLE NE> !M AS A MODEL = !IR FUTURE4.<#c#a#e.>  
  

,WILMS5 IS ! VICTIM ( A TRAGIC FATE4 ,HE MISS$ ! LA/ *ANCE TO /UDY A PURE HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETY4 ,AS ( #a#i#f#h1 !RE W]E ONLY #bg SU* SOCIETIES KN[N TO BE 9 EXI/5CE4.<#c#a#f.> ,TODAY PROBABLY ALL ( !M >E GONE4 .<#c#a#g.> ,WILMS5'S FIR/ MONOGRAPH WAS AN >*AEOLOGICAL RECON/RUCTION ( A ,PALEO-,9DIAN SITE4 ,! OCCUPANTS W]E HUNT]-GA!R]S1 & 9 EXPLA9+ !IR WAY ( LIFE1 ,WILMS5 EXPLICITLY 9VOK$ ,MAN ! ,HUNT]4.<#c#a#h.> ,!SE W]E ! K9D ( PEOPLE HE WANT$ TO KN[ 9 ! FLE%4 ,BUT :5 HE W5T TO ! ,KALAH>I1 !Y W]E ALREADY GONE4 ,TO P]SUADE HIMSELF ?AT HE HAD LO/ NO?+1 ESPECIALLY NO?+ IRRECOV]ABLE1 HE P]SUAD$ HIMSELF & N[ TRIES TO P]SUADE O!RS ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ !RE TO LOSE1 EV5 IF ?AT MEANS DISMISS+ ALL HIS LUCKI] PR$ECESSORS AS LI>S & CONSPIRATORS4 ,WILMS5 MISS$ ! BOAT4 ,! HI/ORIAN HIMSELF NE$S HI/ORICIZ+4 

,AMONG ,WILMS5'S MO/ CONTROV]SIAL CLAIMS IS = LONG/&+ SOCIAL /RATIFICATION AMONG ! ,SAN & BETWE5 ! ,SAN & ,BANTU-SPEAK+ PEOPLES4 ,S9CE HIS E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE IS PALTRY1 HE RELIES MA9LY ON EVID5CE ( 9EQUALITY EMB$D$ 9 ! LANGUAGES ( ! ,SAN & !IR ,BANTU NEI<BORS1 SU* AS ! ,H]]O4 ,UN=TUNATELY = ,WILMS51 ONE ( HIS REVIEW]S1 ,H5RY ,H>P5D+1 ACTUALLY KN[S !SE LANGUAGES4 ,WILMS5 CLAIMS ?AT A WORD ! ,H]]O APPLY TO ! ,SAN !Y ALSO APPLY TO !IR CATTLE1 IMPLY+ ?AT ! ,SAN >E !IR *ATTELS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,H]]O APPLY ! SAME WORD TO ! ,AFRIKAAN]S1 & NOBODY W\LD SAY ?AT ! ,AFRIKAAN]S >E ! ,H]]O'S PROP]TY4 ,! ,H]]O WORD IMPLIES ANTAGONISM1 NOT [N]%IP1 JU/ AS ,I DO :5 ,I SAY ?AT ,FR$DIE ,BA] IS A C[4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H>P5D+1 ,WILMS5 D]IVES SOCIOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM BAD PUNS3 0,?IS ALL1 & MU* MORE1 IS FANCIFUL DRIVEL4 ,IT IS LIKE SAY+ ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,DEUTS*L& >E CALL$ ',G]MANS1' MEAN+ '9FECT$ PEOPLE1' FROM ! WORD 'G]M' MEAN+ A MICROORGANISM ?AT CAUSES ILLNESS4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y =AY 9TO L+UI/ICS APPE>S TO BE 5TIRELY CONTRIV$1 CREAT$ FROM NO?+1 EV5 :5 !RE IS NO REASON TO CONTRIVE ANY?+40 

,YET ANO!R 0BIZ>RE ANALYSIS10 ?IS ONE DRAWN FROM ,SAN K9%IP T]M9OLOGY1 ,H>P5D+ *>ACT]IZES ?USLY3 0,IT IS AS IF ,I W]E TO CLAIM ?AT ! ,5GLI% WORD GR&MO!R REF]S TO A CU/OM :]EBY OLD PEOPLE /AY AT HOME & GR9D :EAT = ! FAMILY BREAD & ?AT GR&MO!R IS REALLY A CORRUPTION ( GR9DMO!R4 ,( C\RSE1 IF ,I W]E TO WRITE SU* NONS5SE IT W\LD NEV] BE PUBLI%$4 ,$ITORS & REF]EES W\LD LAU< ME \T ! DOOR BECAUSE !Y W\LD BE FAMILI> ) ,5GLI%4 ,BUT H>DLY ANYONE 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA IS FAMILI> ) 6,KUNG & ,OTJIH]]O40.<#c#a#i.> 

,WILMS5 CLAIMS ?AT >*AEOLOGY DEMON/RATES -- WELL1 LET'S LET ,BOOK*9 SAY IT 9 HIS [N 9IMITABLE WAY -- 0,! ,SAN PEOPLE ( ! ,KALAH>I >E N[ KN[N TO HAVE BE5 G>D5]S BE=E !Y W]E DRIV5 9TO ! DES]T4 ,SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ACCORD+ TO ,$W9 ,WILMS51 ,SAN-SPEAK+ PEOPLES W]E H]D+ & F>M+ .<,WILMS5 NEV] SAYS !Y W]E F>M]S.>1 NOT TO SPEAK ( TRAD+ ) NEI<BOR+ AGRICULTURAL *IEFDOMS 9 A NETWORK ?AT EXT5D$ TO ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN4 ,BY ! YE> #a1 EXCAVATIONS HAVE %[N1 !IR >EA1 ,DOBE.<#c#b.>1 WAS POPULAT$ BY PEOPLE :O MADE C]AMICS1 WORK$ ) IRON1 & H]D$ CATTLE 444 0.<#c#b#a.> ,!SE CONCLUSIONS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS S]VES UP AS 9DISPUTABLE FACTS4 ,?AT !Y >E NOT4 

,K>IM ,SADR HAS TAK5 UP ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE'S EXASP]AT$ PROPOSAL = 9DEP5D5T REVIEW ( ALL ( ,WILMS5'S CONTROV]SIAL CLAIMS4.<#c#b#b.> ,SADR ADDRESSES ONLY ! >*AEOLOGICAL CLAIMS1 & CONCLUDES ?AT !Y >E UNSUPPORT$ BY :AT LITTLE EVID5CE IS AVAILABLE SO F>4 ,WILMS5'S ALLY ,D5B[1 AS ,SADR HAS RELAT$1 0SAYS ?AT HIS MODEL IS BAS$ ON OV] #d SURVEY$ SITES & EXCAVATIONS AT #bb LOCALITIES4 ,! #d OR MORE SURVEY$ SITES1 H[EV]1 PROVIDE NO RELEVANT EVID5CE4 ,! MODEL IS REALLY BAS$ ON A DOZ5 ( ! EXCAVAT$ SITES1 & ( !SE ONLY ?REE HAVE BE5 ADEQUATELY PUBLI%$40.<#c#b#c.> 

,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE AN EXP]T TO NOTICE H[ =C$ & FOOLI% SOME ( ! ,WILMS5I/ >GUM5TS >E4 ,ROCK PA9T+S ( UNC]TA9 AGE DEPICT+ /ICK FIGURES1 SUPPOS$LY ,SAN1 ALONGSIDE CATTLE >E CLAIM$ TO BE EVID5CE ?AT ! ,SAN AT SOME 9DEF9ITE PA/ TIME H]D$ CATTLE4 ,FROM ?IS PREMISE -- EV5 IF TRUE -- IS DRAWN ! ILLOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,SAN W]E WORK+ = ,BANTU BOSSES :O [N$ ! CATTLE4 ,:Y ! ,SAN W]E 9CAPABLE ( [N+ & H]D+ !IR [N CATTLE IS NOT DISCLOS$4 ,AS ,SADR SAYS1 0! /ICK FIGURES MAY BE H]D+ OR /EAL+ ! CATTLE1 OR ! ,BU%M5 MAY HAVE RECEIV$ ! CATTLE 9 FAIR TRADE4 ,TO /RET* ! PO9T1 MAYBE ! PA9T+S REPRES5T WI%FUL ?9K+4 ,ONE ALT]NATIVE IS AS SPECULATIVE AS ANO!R40 .<#c#b#d.> ,BESIDES1 AS ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ ASKS3 0,HAS ! ID5TITY ( ! ROCK PA9T+S BE5 UNEQUIVOCALLY E/ABLI%$80.<#c#b#e.> 

,ACTUALLY1 TO SAY ?AT ONE ALT]NATIVE IS AS SPECULATIVE AS ANO!R MAY BE AN UNW>RANT$ CONCESSION TO ,WILMS54 ,SOME ROCK PA9T+S DO DEPICT ,SAN RU/L+ CATTLE FROM ,BANTUS4 ,SAN W]E /EAL+ ,BANTU CATTLE AS REC5TLY AS ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b? C5TURY1.<#c#b#f.> & ?AT WAS LIKELY NOT A REC5T 9NOVATION4 ,!RE >E ALSO DEPICTIONS ( ,SAN 9 PROXIMITY TO CATTLE :I* RULE \T ! S]FDOM !ORY1 = EXAMPLE1 %[+ ,BANTUS (F]+ CATTLE TO A ,SAN RA9-MAK] 7A MU* S\<T AFT] SPECIALI/74.<#c#b#g.> ,SAN C\LD & DID H]D !IR [N CATTLE1 AS SOME DO TODAY4 ,9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ,EUROPEANS SAW ,SAN ) !IR [N CATTLE4.<#c#b#h.> ,SAN ROCK PA9T+ GOES BACK AT LEA/ #a1#e YE>S1 & POSSIBLY #a#i1 TO #b#g1 YE>S1.<#c#b#i.> & =W>D TO ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY4 ,!RE >E #b1 SITES1 & ALMO/ #a#e1 PA9T+S4.<#c#c.> ,YET ,WILMS5 IS UNABLE TO PO9T TO A S+LE PA9T+ :I* UNAMBIGU\SLY 9DICATES ,SAN SUBORD9ATION TO ! ,BANTUS4 

,! MA9 EVID5CE CIT$ TO %[ ,SAN 05CAPSULATION0 BY ,IRON ,AGE ,BANTU SPEAK]S FROM ! SIX? TO ELEV5? C5TURIES IS CATTLE & %EEP REMA9S F\ND AT ,SAN SITES 9 ! ,KALAH>I4 ,! PROPORTIONS1 H[EV]1 >E EXTREMELY SMALL1 LIKE ?OSE F\ND 9 ! ,CAPE >EA :]E !RE W]E NO ,IRON ,AGE *IEFDOMS TO 5CAPSULATE =AG]S4 ,! EVID5CE ( ALL K9DS IS SCANTY & 9CONCLUSIVE4 ,SAN MI<T HAVE BE5 5CAPSULAT$ AT C]TA9 TIMES & PLACES1 DOM9ANT AT O!RS4 ,NO?+ RULES \T ! POSSIBILITY 0?AT !Y MAY V]Y WELL HAVE RETA9$ !IR AUTONOM\S HUNT+ & GA!R+ WAY ( LIFE UNTIL HI/ORIC TIMES40.<#c#c#a.> 

,WILMS5 CLAIMS ?AT :5 ,EUROPEANS P]CEIV$ HUNT]-GA!R]S1 !Y W]E CON/RUCT+ !M AS SU* 9 ACCORDANCE ) IDEOLOGICAL PRECONCEPTIONS4 ,IT WAS ! O!R WAY >\ND3 #a#g? C5TURY ,EUROPEANS ORIG9AT$ ! /]EOTYPES1 SU* AS ! MIS]ABLE POV]TY ( ! ,SAN1 :I* ,WILMS5 IS TRY+ TO REVIVE TODAY4.<#c#c#b.> ,BUT :5 ,H]]O PA/ORALI/S1 REFUGEES FROM A VICI\S ,G]MAN MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN 9 ,S\?WE/ ,AFRICA1 PASS$ ?R\< ! ,KALAH>I 9 #aid & #a#i#e1 !Y1 TOO1 SAW ONLY ,SAN :O LIV$ 5TIRELY BY =AG+4.<#c#c#c.> ,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT !SE ,BANTUS W]E READ]S ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN OR ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS4 ,IT IS ALMO/ AS IF ! ,SAN W\LD HAVE BE5 =AG]S EV5 IF !RE HAD BE5 NO ,EUROPEANS TO CON/RUCT !M4 ,! ,SAN HAVE BE5 REPORT+ TO ,WE/]N E?NOGRAPH]S S9CE #a#i#e#a1 & ! MEMORIES ( SOME ( !SE 9=MANTS W5T BACK TO ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY4 ,NONE ( !M REMEMB]S OR HAS HE>D ( A TIME :5 ! ,SAN W]E H]D]S OR CULTIVATORS4.<#c#c#d.> ,9 #a#i#h#h1 ,PATRICIA ,DRAP] 9T]VIEW$ #ac ,SAN :OSE AGES RANG$ FROM ! #fS TO ! #iS4 ,EXCEPT = ONE WOMAN :O LIV$ 9 A BORD] >EA1 ALL !SE ,SAN SP5T !IR E>LY *ILDHOODS 9 ! BU%1 ) NO CONTACT :ATSOEV] ) ,BANTUS4.<#c#c#e.> 

,:I* BR+S US TO ! /RICTLY HI/ORICAL CONT5T ( ,WILMS5'S CASE4 ,HE MADE MORE1 & MORE SY/EMATIC USE1 ( >*IVAL EVID5CE ?AN ANY PREVI\S E?NOGRAPH] ( ! ,KALAH>I4 ,ID5TIFY+ !SE S\RCES & EMPHASIZ+ !IR IMPORTANCE MAY WELL BE HIS ONLY LA/+ ACCOMPLI%M5T4.<#c#c#f.> ,:AT HE MADE ( !M IS SOME?+ ELSE AGA94 ,TRAVEL]S REPORT$ SEE+ 0,BU%M5 ) CATTLE SOME:]E 9 ! ,KALAH>I 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY10 BUT S9CE NOBODY EV] D\BT$ ?AT ,BU%M5 HAVE LONG BE5 9 CONTACT ) CATTLE-RAIS+ ,BANTU1.<#c#c#g.> AS W]E =AG+ ,BU%M5 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ?IS DOES NOT PROVE ANY?+ AB\T ! ,BU%MAN WAY ( LIFE4.<#c#c#h.> 

,! V]Y FACT ?AT UNTIL ! #a#i#gS1 SOME ,SAN W]E /ILL PURE =AG]S DESPITE C5TURIES ( CONTACT ) H]D]S IS AN OBJECTION TO ,WILMS5'S !ORY1 :I* ASSUMES ?AT CONTACT MEANS SUBORD9ATION4 ,WILMS5 D5\NCES ! CLASSICAL SOCIAL EVOLUTIONI/S & ALSO ?OSE HE D]IDES1 ) QUE/IONABLE CAUSE1 AS !IR LATT]-DAY 9H]ITORS4 ,BUT HE %>ES ) !M ! ASSUMPTION ?AT UPON CONTACT ) ! HI<]1 MORE COMPLEX SY/EMS ( SOCIETY1 ! L[]1 SIMPL] SY/EMS >E SUBSUM$ OR ELSE WILT & WI!R AWAY4 ,TO ,WILMS51 AS TO ,BOOK*91 IT IS UN?9KABLE ?AT =AG]S MI<T HOLD !IR [N AGA9/ H]D]S OR F>M]S4 ,!Y >E1 BY DEF9ITION1 9F]IOR6 ,EXPOSURE TO A HI<] LEVEL ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS LIKE EXPOSURE TO PA?OG5S TO :I* ! SAVAGES HAVE NO IMMUNITY4 ,BUT 0CONTACT DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY 5TAIL ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( PEOPLES ?AT PRACTICE HUNT+-GA!R+ MODES ( EXI/5CE40 ,NOR DOES TRADE NECESS>ILY 5TAIL LOSS ( ECONOMIC AUTONOMY OR ! AB&ONM5T ( =AG+4 .<#c#c#i.> 

,WILMS5'S POSITION BEGS EV]Y QUE/ION4 ,= ALL ANYBODY KN[S1 =AG]S MI<T HAVE DEALT ) !IR NEI<BORS FROM A POSITION ( /R5G?4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#e1 EV5 #ahgg -- AS ,WILMS5 9=MS US -- ! NOR!RN ,SAN RECOGNIZ$ NO \TSIDE AU?ORITY OV] !M1 & !IR ,H]]O NEI<BORS RESPECT$ !IR MILIT>Y PR[ESS4.<#c#d.> ,IF Y\ LOOK AT ! SITUATION FROM A PURELY MILIT>Y P]SPECTIVE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! =AG]S HAD DEF9ITE ADVANTAGES OV] ! S$5T>Y ,BANTU H]D]S4 ,! ,BANTUS P]MAN5TLY OCCUPI$ VILLAGES :OSE LOCATIONS W]E EASY = AN 5EMY TO ASC]TA94 ,! ,SAN (T5 MOV$ !IR CAMPSITES1 TAK+ !IR SCANTY P]SONAL PROP]TY ) !M4 ,! ,BANTUS MA9LY LIV$ (F !IR CATTLE1 :OSE :]EAB\TS W]E EASILY KN[N1 & :I* C\LD BE /OL5 OR KILL$4 ,! ,SAN LIV$ (F ( WILD GAME & GA!R$ PLANT FOOD :I* NO 5EMY C\LD DE/ROY OR DESPOIL !M (4 ,! ,BANTUS C\LD PROBABLY MOBILIZE MORE MANP[] = W> ?AN ! ,SAN1 BUT TO DO :AT8 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 !IR NEI<BORS DID NOT REG>D ! ,SAN AS 0! H>MLESS PEOPLE40.<#c#d#a.> ,!RE'S NO REASON TO ?9K ?AT ,BU%M5 & ,BANTUS HAVE1 OR EV] HAD1 SOME CAUSE ( *RONIC CONFLICT4 ,WILMS5'S [N >GUM5T HOLDS O!RWISE4 ,!SE PEOPLES HAD SOME 9C5TIVE TO 9T]ACT1 P]HAPS SOME 9C5TIVE TO AVOID EA* O!R O!RWISE1 BUT NO KN[N 9C5TIVE TO WAGE P]MAN5T W> ON EA* O!R4 

,IT IS ABOVE ALL ) HI/ORY ?AT ,WILMS5 SEEKS TO OV]AWE ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,HIS BOOK IS V]Y MU* P>T ( ! HI/ORICAL TURN ! DISCIPL9E HAS TAK5 9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 0,PEOPLE )\T HI/ORY0.<#c#d#b.> NO:]E EXI/1 ( C\RSE4 ,B]AT+ O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/S AS AHI/ORICAL POSSESSES A /RATEGIC ADVANTAGE = SOMEONE LIKE ,WILMS5 9 ADDITION TO ITS TR5D9ESS4 ,:5 HE CONTRADICTS ! E?NOGRAPHY ( A DOZ5 PR$ECESSORS1 !Y >E 9CL9$ TO RETORT ?AT EI!R CONDITIONS *ANG$ OR ,WILMS5 IS WRONG4 ,IT W\LDN'T BE ! FIR/ TIME AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ ) AN IDEOLOGICAL AG5DA W5T 9TO ! FIELD & SAW :AT HE WANT$ TO SEE4.<#c#d#c.> ,BUT IF ,WILMS5 WAS A LATECOM]1 9DE$ A TOO-LATECOM] TO ! FIELD1 HE WAS ALMO/ A PIONE] 9 ! >*IVES :]E TIME IS ON HIS SIDE4 ,IF ! O!RS PO9T TO ! #a#i#fS1 HE CAN PO9T TO ! #a#h#fS4 ,TAKE ?AT6 ,BUT !RE IS A CRUCIAL DISADVANTAGE TOO4 ,!RE IS NO RETURN+ TO ! E?NOGRAPHIC #a#i#fS1 BUT ! >*IVAL #a#h#fS >E AVAILABLE = O!RS TO VISIT4 ,WILMS5'S CRITICS DID RESE>* HIS S\RCES1 AS ,I RESE>*$ ,BOOK*9'S1 & ) ! SAME DEVA/AT+ RESULTS4 

,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE & ,MA?IAS ,GU5!R S\<T \T ! TRAD]S' & TRAVEL]S' DI>IES 79 ,5GLI%1 ,G]MAN & ,AFRIKAANS71 ! MAPS1 ! LETT]S & ! O!R S\RCES ON :I* ,WILMS5 RELI$ TO PROVE ?AT ! REMOTE >ID REGION ( ! ,KALAH>I :]E ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE AN?ROPOLOGI/S F\ND =AG+ ,SAN A C5TURY LAT] WAS A MAJOR TRADE CROSSROADS 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! ,DOBE >EA1 ACCORD+ TO ,WILMS51 0PULS$0 ) COMM]CIAL ACTIVITY 9 :I* ,EUROPEANS1 ,BANTUS & ,SAN W]E ALL HEAVILY 9VOLV$4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT ! ,SAN1 H[EV]1 W]E H]D]S1 NOT HUNT]S -- !Y W]E ! S]FS ( ! ,BANTUS :OSE CATTLE !Y T5D$ -- & :5 DISEASE DECIMAT$ ! CATTLE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,SAN LO/ !IR LIVELIHOODS & W]E =C$ 9TO ! DES]T TO =AGE 70LIT]ALLY DEVOLV$1 PROBABLY V]Y MU* AGA9/ !IR WILL10 9 ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S LE>N$ WORDS74 ,EV5 A PRIORI !RE WAS REASON TO D\BT ?IS REM>KABLE DISCOV]Y4 ,AS ,H>P5D+ WRITES3 0,!RE IS MORE TRADE ?R\< ,XAI ,XAI ?AN ANY:]E 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA6 ,YET ,XAI ,XAI IS P]HAPS ! MO/ REMOTE ISOLAT$ PLACE ,I HAVE EV] VISIT$4 ,I AM READY TO BELIEVE ?AT ! OCCASIONAL TRAD] %[$ UP AT ,XAI ,XAI1 BUT ,I AM NOT READY TO BELIEVE ?AT IT WAS EV] A HUB ( MAJOR TRADE R\TES40.<#c#d#d.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,WILMS51 ! RECORDS LEFT BY ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S CONFIRM !IR COMM]CIAL ACTIVITY 9 ! ,DOBE >EA4 ,BUT NOT ACCORD+ TO ,LEE & ,GU5!R4.<#c#d#e.> ,REPEAT$LY1 ! DI>IES & MAPS CIT$ BY ,WILMS5 TO PLACE !SE ,EUROPEANS 9 OR NE> ! ,DOBE >EA ACTUALLY PLACE !M HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S AWAY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,EUROPEANS SAY ?AT !Y W5T WELL \T ( !IR WAY TO AVOID ! >EA4 ,IT WAS UNMAPP$ -- ALL ! MAPS ,WILMS5 REF]S TO DISPLAY ! ,DOBE >EA AS A BIG BLANK SPOT -- ITS COMM]CIAL POT5TIAL WAS LIMIT$1 & ITS 9HABITANTS1 :O W]E MO/LY ! !N-NUM]\S ,SAN1 W]E KN[N TO BE W>LIKE & HO/ILE TO 9TRUD]S4 

,! *ICAN]Y DOESN'T 5D !RE4 ,WILMS5'S L+UI/IC FLIMFLAMM]Y1 PREVI\SLY NOT$1 ISN'T CONF9$ TO OBSCURE ,AFRICAN LANGUAGES :]E HE MI<T HOPE TO GET AWAY ) IT4 ,HE MI/RANSLATES ,G]MAN TOO4 ,ONE ( HIS MO/ HI<LY-HYP$ F9D+S IS 9 A ,G]MAN-LANGUAGE S\RCE :I*1 HE CLAIMS1 ID5TIFIES 0OX50 AT AN >*AEOLOGICAL ,SAN SITE4 ,! ,G]MAN WORD QUOT$ ACTUALLY MEANS ONIONS1 NOT OX54 ,LEE & ,GU5!R ALSO ADDUCE O!R MI/RANSLATIONS4 ,9 SELF-S]V+ WAYS ,WILMS5 9S]TS WORDS :I* CLE>LY HAVE NO C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,G]MAN ORIG9ALS1 USUALLY = ! PURPOSE ( FAK+ EVID5CE ( E?NIC /RATIFICATION4 

,! ,PO/-,MOD]NI/ FAD 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & POSSIBLY ELSE:]E1 IS N[ BL[+ OV]4.<#c#d#f.> ,REVISIONISM 9 ! EXTREME =M ESP\S$ BY ,WILMS5 IS UNT5ABLE1 BUT NO?+ LESS EXTREME DEBUNKS ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !SIS AS ,BOOK*9 HAS C>ICATUR$ IT4 ,! READ] WILL BY N[ BE WE>Y ( 6,KUNG CALORIE-C\NT+ & K9DR$ ESOT]ICA3 & ,BOOK*9 IS C\NT+ ON IT4 ,HE DEPLOYS AN >GUM5T ALMO/ AS P]SUASIVE AS ! >GUM5T FROM =CE1 NAMELY1 ! >GUM5T FROM BOR$OM4 ,ANY?+ Y\ SAY1 ,MURRAY1 JU/ DON'T SAY IT TO ME6 ,ANYONE EV] 9VOLV$ ) A LEFTI/ GR\P KN[S ! S*OOL :]E ,BOOK*9 LE>N$ 0PROCESS40 ,BOOK*9'S P]V]SE P>ADISE IS PRECISELY ?IS PA?OLOGY G5]ALIZ$4.<#c#d#g.> ,! W9N] ( EV]Y >GUM5T IS ! GUY :O WON'T %UT UP1 ! ,LA/ ,MAN ,GR&/&+4 

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