,*APT] #e 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e4 ,/ONE ,AGE OR ,OLD ,AGE3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM 

  

,= MANY YE>S N[ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS EXHIBIT$1 AS ,I HAVE M5TION$1 A P]SONALI/IC PREOCCUPATION ) OLD AGE4 ,(T5 HIS OP9IONS >E SC>CELY SUBLIMAT$ EMOTIONS -- = EXAMPLE1 HIS TRANSP>5TLY AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ANXIETY ?AT 0! LIVES ( ! OLD >E ALWAYS CL\D$ BY A S5SE ( 9SECURITY40 ,& ONLY AN 9SECURE 7& P>ANOID7 OLD MAN C\LD SUPPOSE ?AT ONE ( ! GR\PS AGA9/ :I* MASS DISCONT5T IS *ANNEL$ BY REACTION>IES IS -- BESIDES ! USUAL SUSPECTS 7RACIAL M9ORITIES1 ! POOR1 ETC47 -- 0! ELD]LY40.<#a#h#g.> ,AS SO (T51 ,BOOK*9 E*OES HIS BELOV$ ,A!NIANS1 ?IS TIME ! ,>I/OPHANES *>ACT] :O SAYS3 0,ISN'T OLD AGE ! WOR/ ( EVILS8 ,( C\RSE IT IS40.<#a#h#h.> ,HIS 9SECURITIES >E NOT1 H[EV]1 0ALWAYS0 FELT BY ! ELD]LY -- NOT 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES3 0,! IDEA ?AT ONE MI<T FE> OR RES5T GR[+ UP OR GR[+ OLD DOES NOT EVID5TLY OCCUR 9 TRADITIONAL PRELIT]ATE1 PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES40.<#a#h#i.> 

,%ORTLY AFT] HE TURN$ #f1 ,BOOK*9'S ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b7 ADVANC$1 AMONG O!R ECC5TRICITIES1 ! !SIS ?AT ! ORIG9 ( HI]>*Y 9 HUMAN SOCIETY WAS G]ONTOCRACY1 DOM9ATION BY ! ELD]LY4 ,AFT] ALL1 0,PEOPLE :O HAVE LIV$ LONG] CAN (T5 BE EXPECT$ TO KN[ MORE ?AN ?OSE :O >E V]Y Y\NG40 ,OR TO ?9K !Y DO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 0G]ONTOCRACY1 :OSE PRIORITY ,I EMPHASIZE AS PROBABLY ! E>LIE/ =M ( HI]>*Y1 IS ONE ( ! MO/ WIDESPREAD HI]>*ICAL DEVELOPM5TS DESCRIB$ 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE10.<#a#i.> BUT HE NEGLECTS TO CITE A S+LE EXAMPLE ( !SE WIDESPREAD DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY OR1 SO F> AS ,I KN[1 ANY:]E ELSE4 ,! ONLY AN?ROPOLOGI/ TO REVIEW ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7& SURPRIS+LY SYMPA!TICALLY7 WROTE ?AT ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S 0EMPHASIS ON AGE /RATIFICATION AS ! KEY TO DOM9ATION IS UNCONV9C+ & SUFF]S FROM SU* A PAUCITY ( EMPIRICAL EVID5CE ?AT IT READS AT TIMES LIKE A ',JU/-,SO' /ORY40.<#a#i#a.> ,Y\'D ?9K AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ W\LD BE AW>E ?AT G]ONTOCRACY IS ONE ( ! MO/ WIDESPREAD HI]>*ICAL DEVELOPM5TS DESCRIB$ 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 BUT1 :AT DOES %E KN[ ANYWAY8 

,BOOK*9'S ,JU/-,SO /ORY IS UNRECORD$ 9 ANY E?NOGRAPHIC1 HI/ORICAL OR >*AEOLOGICAL S\RCE4 ,IT DOES NOT EV5 APPE> 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY CONJECTURAL HI/ORIES ALONGSIDE ! PRIMAL HORDE1 ! MATRI>*Y1 ANIMISM1 & ! 0PSY*IC UNITY0 ( MANK9D4 ,EXACTLY H[ HE KN[S ! ?\<TS ( PREHI/ORIC M5 IS UNCLE>1 S9CE HE WAS PROBABLY TOO Y\NG TO REMEMB] ANY?+4 ,IT LOOKS LIKE AN EXAMPLE ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S TRADEM>K 9TROSPECTIVE_/PROJECTIVE ME?OD4 ,OCCASIONALLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( AGE HI]>*Y -- OR RA!R1 ! EM]G5CE ( AGE GR\PS :I* MI<T BE RANK$ HI]>*ICALLY -- IS KN[N TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 HI/ORIC TIME4 ,! ONE EXAMPLE ,I CAME ACROSS1 ?\<1 DOES NOT SEEM TO CORROBORATE ,BOOK*9'S !ORY4 ,IT IS ! ,PLA9S ,9DIANS AFT] !Y BECOME HEAVILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! FUR TRADE3 0,AGE GRADES W]E BORR[$ FROM NEI<BOR+ GR\PS AS A ME*ANISM = EXPRESS+ & *ANNEL+ ! V]TICAL MOBILITY :I* ACCOMPANI$ 9CREAS+ WEAL?40.<#a#i#b.> ,9 ?IS CASE ! ORIG9 ( AGE GRADES WAS ECONOMIC -- NAMELY1 9CORPORATION 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD-SY/EM -- AN ASPECT ( SOCIAL *ANGE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS USUALLY IGNORES4 

,9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 ! /RON<OLD ( AGE GR\PS1 ! ORIG9 WAS MILIT>Y4 ,! AGE CLASS CONSI/+ ( ALL 9ITIAT$ MALES BEL[ ! CURR5T SET ( ELD]S1 :]E !RE IS ONLY ONE SU* SET1 IS ! W>RIOR AGE GRADE3 0,A POLITICAL SY/EM ( ?IS K9D IS CLE>LY FOCUS$ ON MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION40 ,! FIR/ ,ZULU K+1 ,D+ESWAYO1 0ORGANIZ$ REGIM5TS ( W>RIORS ON ! BASIS ( !IR SOCIAL AGE-GRADES1 & !REBY 9CREAS$ ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICI5CY & MORALE40 ,COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS DEMILIT>IZ$ ! W>RIOR AGE GRADES ?R\<\T ,AFRICA1 >TIFICIALLY TILT+ ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 FAVOR ( ! EASILY CONTROLL$ ELD]S4 ,?US AMONG ! ,SAMBURU1 ! EX-W>RIORS HAVE LO/ !IR P[] :ILE ! ELD] GRADE HAS RETA9$ !IRS1 & SO ! Y\NG] M5 HAVE 0TURN$ FROM W>RIORS 9TO ANGRY Y\NG M540.<#a#i#c.> ,Y\ CAN CALL IT G]ONTOCRACY IF Y\ WANT TO1 BUT BY ANY NAME1 IT IS A POLICY OR BYPRODUCT ( COLONIALISM :I* HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y4 

,9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT ,BOOK*9'S BELIEF 9 G]ONTOCRACY AS 0ONE ( ! OLDE/ =MS ( HI]>*Y0 OR 0! ORIG9AL =M ( HI]>*Y0 7:I* IS IT87 WAS WI%FUL ?9K+4.<#a#i#d.> ,! ,SAN1 = 9/ANCE1 HAVE NO G]ONTOCRACY4 ,A CROSS-CULTURAL /UDY ( ! ROLE ( ! AG$ F\ND A /RONG NEGATIVE CORRELATION 7-4#d#d7 BETWE5 HUNT+ & AG$ M5 9 C\NCILS4.<#a#i#e.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS MAY HAVE ]R$ BY G5]ALIZ+ FROM HIS [N1 NO D\BT SATISFY+ C>E] EXP]I5CE4 ,SOME?+ APPROXIMAT+ G]ONTOCRACY DOES PREVAIL ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES 7!RE IT'S KN[N AS 0T5URE071 BUT 9 FEW O!R >EAS ( ANY SOCIETY4 ,NO CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S BELIEVE ?AT TRUE G]ONTOCRACY EV] EXI/$ ANY:]E4 ,!IR 9FREQU5T USE ( ! WORD IS METAPHORICAL4 ,! WORD DOES NOT EV5 APPE> 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL 5CYCLOP$IAS & DICTION>IES4.<#a#i#f.> ,! EX-,DIRECTOR'S P]SONALI/IC OBSESSION ) AGE 9CREASES AS HIS [N DOES4 

,BY DEF9ITION1 G]ONTOCRACY1 AS AN -OCRACY1 DOES NOT APPE> AMONG /ATELESS 7ACRATIC7 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES4 ,:AT HAVE APPE>$ TO BE AGE-BAS$ HI]>*IES (T5 RESULT M]ELY FROM ! FACT ?AT IT MAY TAKE A LIFETIME TO ACCUMULATE ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL RES\RCES TO ASSUME AN 9FLU5TIAL ROLE3 AU?ORITY IS A*IEV$1 NOT ASCRIB$4.<#a#i#g.> ,! ,U4,S4 ,S5ATE IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,A FALSE IMPRESSION ( G]ONTOCRACY MAY ALSO RESULT FROM ! COMMON SITUATION :]E ROLES ( AU?ORITY1 SU* AS *IEF OR 7SOMETIMES7 ELD]1 >E HELD = LIFE1 SO ! AV]AGE AGE ( ! (FICIAL IS LIKELY TO BE MU* HI<] ?AN ! AV]AGE AGE ( ACCESSION TO (FICE1 ! LATT] BE+ ! TRUE 9DICATOR ( G]ONTOCRACY4 ,! ,U4,S4 ,SUPREME ,C\RT IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,BUT ONLY 09 RELATIVELY R>E CASES HAS AGE ALONE QUALIFI$ ONE = POSITIONS ( CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY40.<#a#i#h.> 

,BO? FACTORS >E AT WORK 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0G]ONTOCRACY0 ( ! ,JOKWELE ,KPELLE 9 ,LIB]IA4 ,! E?NOGRAPH] APPLIES ! T]M TO ! LOI NAMU1 HI< RITUAL (FICEHOLD]S :O1 IT IS AV]R$1 HAVE P[] OV] PUBLIC (FICIALS AL?\< !Y CANNOT HOLD PUBLIC (FICE !MSELVES4 ,H] S+LE ANECDOTE H>DLY P]SUADES ?AT ! P[] EXI/S1 BUT EV5 IF IT DOES1 IT RE/S ON O!R S\RCES ?AN AGE3 BIR?PLACE1 ANCE/RY1 LONG-T]M RESID5CE1 SKILLS AS PUBLIC SPEAK]S & ADVIS]S1 COMPLETION ( A PROGRESS ?R\< ! /AGES ( 9ITIATION ( ! RITUAL HI]>*Y ( A SECRET SOCIETY1 & F9ALLY1 RETIREM5T FROM ! CIVIL (FICE ( *IEF4 0,CLE>LY1 ! LOI NAMU DO NOT ATTA9 !IR POSITIONS SIMPLY BY BECOM+ OLD40 ,9 FACT1 ONLY #b4#c.0 ( ! POPULATION OV] #e BECOME LOI NAMU 7OR 0T[N ELD]S10 A LESS] HONOR71 & !RE W]E EI<T LOI NAMU 9 !IR LATE #fS OR #gS 9 A T[N ( #g#e#g4 ,! AU?OR MAKES CLE> ?AT !IR GLORY DOES NOT REFLECT ON ! ORD9>Y OLD/]S1 :O HAVE NO DI/9CTIVE PR]OGATIVES & MAY NOT BE TREAT$ RESPECTFULLY4.<#a#i#i.> ,H]E IS HI]>*Y ALL RI<T1 BUT NOT G]ONTOCRACY4 

,! EXI/5CE ( AGE-SETS OR AGE-GRADES 9 A M9ORITY ( SOCIETIES LIKEWISE DOES NOT 5TAIL G]ONTOCRACY4 ,! LEAD+ S*OL> ( AGE CLASS SY/EMS1 ,B]N>DO ,B]N>DI1 REJECTS ! APPLICATION ( ! WORD 0G]ONTOCRACY0 TO SU* SY/EMS4 ,AGE GR\PS MAY BE M]E CATEGORIES 0:I* NEV] ACT CORPORATELY10 AS AMONG ! ,NU] 9 ! ,SUDAN OR1 9 ,AU/RALIA1 ! ,WALBIRI4.<#b.> ,EV5 :]E POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 SU* AS IT IS1 IS ASSIGN$ TO A C]TA9 AGE GR\P1 IT IS MAY NOT BE ASSIGN$ TO ! OLDE/ AGE GR\P4 ,AMONG ! ,NYAKUSA ( ,EA/ ,AFRICA -- :O C>RY AGE DI/9CTIONS TO ! UNIQUE EXTREME ( RESID5TIAL SEGREGATION 9 0AGE-VILLAGES0 -- ! MIDDLE ( ?REE AGE GR\PS1 KN[N AS 0! RUL+ G5]ATION10 IS RESPONSIBLE = ADM9I/RATION & DEF5SE2 ! ELD] GR\P IS RESPECT$ BUT RE/RICT$ TO RITUAL FUNCTIONS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AMONG ! ,WALBIRI ( ,AU/RALIA1 ! #d-#e#e AGE GR\P1 >E ! M5 :O HAVE SE5 ALL ! C]EMONIAL & RITUAL OBJECTS1 & HAVE ! HI<E/ SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,BUT BY AGE #f ONE IS CONSID]$ AN 0OLD MAN10 5JOY+ ONLY RITUAL RECOGNITION4.<#b#a.> 

,AMONG ! ,>U%A ( ,TANZANIA1 NO AGE-GR\P DOM9ATES ! P>I% ASSEMBLY1 & ( ! F\R ADULT AGE-GR\PS1 ! ?IRD HI<E/1 ! JUNIOR ELD]S 7#b#e-#c#g7 MO/ HEAVILY P>TICIPATES 9 POLITICAL1 LEGAL & RITUAL AFFAIRS2 ! S5IOR ELD]S 7#c#g-#d#i7 P>TICIPATE TO A LESS] EXT5T1 BUT >E CONSID]$ 9DISP5SABLE 9 DIPLOMACY & DISPUTE RESOLUTION2 & ! RETIR$ ELD]S 7OV] #d#i7 0GIVE UP P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS UNLESS P]SONALLY 9VOLV$2 9DE$ !Y >E SPECIFICALLY EXCLUD$ & !IR EXP]I5CE IGNOR$40 ,9 FACT1 SOCIETIES :]E POLITICS IS ! PRIM>Y OR EXCLUSIVE PR]OGATIVE ( A MIDDLE-AG$ GR\P1 NOT ! ELD]S1 SEEM TO BE COMMON 9 ,AFRICA4 ,IT SEEMS LUDICR\S TO APPY ! T]M G]ONTOCRACY TO A SOCIETY LIKE ?AT ( ! ,SAMBURU :]E ! 0ELD]S0 >E ?OSE #ce & OLD]6.<#b#b.> ,& IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ G]ONTOCRACY C\LD EM]GE :]E ! RUL+ CLASS IS SUBJECT TO T]M LIMITS4 

,SU* IS ! PATT]N ALMO/ EV]Y:]E 9 ,OCEANIA 79CLUD+ ,AU/RALIA71 A VA/ >EA1 AL?\< ITS SOCIETIES DO DIVIDE ! LIFE CYCLE 9TO SEQU5TIAL /AGES DEF9$ BY PHYSICAL &_/OR BEHAVIORAL CRIT]IA4 ,OLD M5 P] SE W]E RELI$ UPON & RESPECT$ = !IR EXP]TIZE 9 MATT]S ( SACR$ RITUAL & BELIEF -- BUT ONLY )9 ?AT DOMA94 ,AS = ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 9 NE>LY EV]Y SOCIETY1 MO/ PRIVILEG$ OR 9FLU5TIAL ROLES 0W]E HELD BY MALES :O W]E PA/ 'Y\?' & NOT YET 'OLD4'0.<#b#c.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 AS DISCUSS$ BEL[1 IT IS ) G]ONTOCRACY ?AT HI]>*Y EM]GES1 0SL[LY1 CAUTI\SLY1 & (T5 UNNOTICEABLY0 -- FIR/ 0BIG M5_/SMALL M5 .<SIC.>10 !N W>RIORS_/FOLL[]S1 !N *IEFS_/COMMUNITY1 !N NOBLES_/PEASANTS1 & F9ALLY ! 09CIPI5T1 QUASI1 OR P>TIAL /ATES40.<#b#d.> ,IT W\LD SEEM1 !N1 ?AT SOCIETIES )\T G]ONTOCRACIES >E 9 NO IMM$IATE DANG] ( BECOM+ /ATES1 OR EV5 *IEFDOMS4 ,YET SEV]AL ,OCEANIAN SOCIETIES -- NOTABLY ,HAWAII & ,TAHITI -- DEVELOP$ :AT W]E AT LEA/ SOCIALLY /RATIFI$ COMPLEX *IEFDOMS4 ,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL DEBATE IS :E!R !Y W]E /ATES OR ONLY ON ! ?RE%OLD ( /ATEHOOD4.<#b#e.> ,EI!R WAY1 ! GR& !ORY ( ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS REFUT$4 

,BOOK*9'S CONJECTURAL RECON/RUCTION ( G]ONTOCRACY IS 9CONSI/5T & UNCONV9C+4 ,TO AN OLD MAN SU* AS HIMSELF1 RULE BY OLD M5 IS SIMPLY 0LOGICAL03  
  

,! LOGICAL BEG9N+S ( HI]>*Y1 AS WELL AS A GOOD DEAL ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL DATA AT \R DISPOSAL1 SUGGE/ ?AT HI]>*Y /EMS FROM ! ASC5DANCY ( ! ELD]S1 :O SEEM TO HAVE 9ITIAT$ ! E>LIE/ SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,?IS SY/EM ( RULE BY ! ELD]S1 B5IGN AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9ITIALLY .<H[ W\LD HE KN[8.>1 HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS A 0G]ONTOCRACY0 & IT (T5 9CLUD$ OLD WOM5 AS WELL AS OLD M5 .<NOT TRUE.>4 ,WE DETECT EVID5CE ( ITS BASIC1 PROBABLY PRIM>Y ROLE 9 VIRTUALLY ALL EXI/+ SOCIETIES UP TO REC5T TIMES -- BE IT AS C\NCILS ( ELD]S ?AT W]E ADAPT$ TO CLAN1 TRIBAL1 URBAN & /ATE =MS1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 SU* /RIK+ CULTURAL FEATURES AS ANCE/OR-WOR%IP & AN ETIQUETTE ( DEF]5CE TO OLD] PEOPLE 9 MANY DIFF]5T K9DS ( SOCIETIES4.<#b#f.>  
  

,?US HI]>*Y BEG9S1 9 P>T1 ) -- 7! LOGIC (7 HI]>*Y4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT A TAUTOLOGY IT IS GIBB]I%4 ,EI!R WAY1 IT IS NO SUPPORT = ! !SIS4 ,! CLAIM ?AT MANY E?NOGRAPHIC DATA SUPPORT ! IDEA ?AT G]ONTOCRACY IS ! FIR/ =M ( HI]>*Y IS FALSE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A TRUE G]ONTOCRACY1 BUT BECAUSE ORIG9S >E NOT NECESS>ILY D$UCIBLE FROM LAT] DEVELOPM5TS4 ,NO E?NOGRAPH] ( PATRI>*Y1 %AMANISM1 C\NCILS ( ELD]S1 AGE-CLASS SY/EMS OR ANY?+ ELSE HAS EV] DRAWN ! CONCLUSIONS FROM HIS DATA ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAS4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS PRES5TS G]ONTOCRACY AS A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! EVOLUTION T[>D ! /ATE4 ,S*OL>%IP ON ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE DOES NOT SO MU* AS M5TION AGE GR\PS1 MU* LESS G]ONTOCRACIES4 ,9DE$1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S R>ELY SPEAK ( G]ONTOCRACY1 NOT EV5 ) REF]5CE TO ,AU/RALIA4.<#b#g.> ,& AN >*AEOLOGI/ HAS MADE ! OBVI\S PO9T 7SEE BEL[7 ?AT IF1 AS ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS1 OLD PEOPLE 9 \R S5SE ( ! T]M W]E ABS5T 9 PREHI/ORIC TIMES1 0!N 9 PREHI/ORIC SOCIETIES !RE WAS NO G]ONTOCRACY40.<#b#h.> 

,REVEAL+ H]E IS ! EMPIRICAL P>T ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ME?ODOLOGY H]E 7IF A T5 DOLL> WORD CAN BE SAID TO APPLY TO A T5 C5T SCRIBBL]74 ,! EXI/5CE ( AN 9/ITUTION 9 ! PA/ IS 9F]R$ FROM ITS 0SURVIVALS0 9 ! PRES5T1 ! ONLY DIFFICULTY BE+ ?AT !RE IS NO 9DEP5D5T EVID5CE ?AT ! SURVIVAL WAS EV] P>T ( ! 9/ITUTION4 ,E4,B4 ,TYLOR1 ! FIR/ TO USE ! T]M1 DEF9$ IT3 0,!SE >E PROCESSES1 CU/OMS1 OP9IONS1 & SO =? :I* HAVE BE5 C>RI$ ON BY =CE ( HABIT 9TO A NEW /ATE ( SOCIETY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 :I* !Y HAD !IR ORIG9AL HOME1 & !Y ?US REMA9 AS PRO(S & EXAMPLES ( AN OLD] CONDITION ( CULTURE \T ( :I* A NEW] HAS EVOLV$40 ,9T]PRET+ SURVIVALS WAS CRUCIAL TO ! RECON/RUCTIONS ( ! PA/ 9 ! !ORIES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY SOCIAL EVOLUTIONI/S1 BUT CAME UND] WI!R+ ATTACK 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY FROM EMPIRICALLY ORI5T$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,TODAY1 !Y D5Y ?AT SURVIVALS EXPLA9 ANY?+3 0,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CONCEPT ( SURVIVAL IS ALMO/ A CONFESSION ( DEFEAT BE=E ! *ALL5GE TO F9D A CONTEMPOR>Y S5SE 9 ANY?+40.<#b#i.> ,EV5 AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O DOES NOT 0TOTALLY DISC\NT0 SURVIVALS ACKN[L$GES ?AT 0TO ID5TIFY SOME?+ AS A G5U9E SURVIVAL 9 ! PRES5T ALWAYS REQUIRES SOME 9DEP5D5T CORROBORATION40 ,)\T IT1 0TO SPEAK ( SURVIVALS M]ELY BEGS ! :OLE QUE/ION40.<#b#a.> 

,?US WE HAVE ?IS ME?OD TO ?ANK = ! !ORY ( 0MO!R RI<T0 LATELY REVIV$ BY FEM9I/S3 ! EXI/5CE ( MATRIL9EAL DESC5T 9 7A M9ORITY (7 CONTEMPOR>Y OR HI/ORICAL PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES IS TAK5 TO PROVE MATRI>*Y1 RULE BY WOM51 9 ! PREHI/ORIC PA/4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT !RE IS NO 9DEP5D5T EVID5CE ?AT MATRIL9EALITY & MATRI>*Y >E RELAT$1 OR = ?AT MATT] ?AT MATRI>*Y HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,9 FACT1 ALL KN[N SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ ALL KN[N MATRIL9EAL SOCIETIES1 >E PATRI>*AL4 ,/ILL LESS DOES ! EXI/5CE ( A TRAIT 9 SOME SOCIETIES 9 ! PRES5T PROVE ?AT IT EXI/$ 9 ALL SOCIETIES 9 ! PA/4 ,! SIMPLE/ SOCIETIES1 B&S ( HUNT]-GA!R]S1 >E PATRIL9EAL OR COMPOSITE1 NEV] MATRIL9EAL4.<#b#a#a.> ,MATRI>*Y DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! PRES5T1 !RE IS NO DIRECT EVID5CE ( ITS EXI/5CE 9 ! PA/1 & ALL ( ITS SUPPOS$ SURVIVALS MAY COEXI/ ) AU?ORITY SY/EMS :I* >E NOT MATRI>*AL4 ,E?NOHI/ORY REPORTS NO PATRIL9EAL SOCIETY :I* TURN$ MATRIL9EAL1 BUT REPORTS AT LEA/ ONE -- ! ,TIWI ( ,AU/RALIA -- :I* W5T FROM PATRIL9EAL TO MATRIL9EAL BE=E ! EYES ( ,WE/]N OBS]V]S4 ,& ! CL9*]3 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 PRIMITIVE MATRI>*Y4.<#b#a#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 G]ONTOCRACY DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! PRES5T1 !RE IS NO DIRECT EVID5CE ( ITS EXI/5CE 9 ! PA/1 & ALL ( ITS SUPPOS$ SURVIVALS MAY COEXI/ ) AU?ORITY SY/EMS :I* >E NOT G]ONTOCRATIC4 

,BOOK*9'S FIR/ CONT5TION :I* SMACKS ( BE+ AN >GUM5T IS ! PROPOSITION ?AT C\NCILS ( ELD]S >E TANTAM\NT TO G]ONTOCRACY BECAUSE !Y HAVE PLAY$ A BASIC ROLE 9 ALL SOCIETIES UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,HE IS WRONG1 FIR/1 BECAUSE UBIQUITY DOES NOT PROVE ANTIQUITY4 ,! /ATE1 = EXAMPLE1 IS UBIQUIT\S1 BUT NOBODY ?9KS IT IS OLD] ?AN AN>*Y4 ,MANY /ATES >E ( REC5T V9TAGE4 ,CAPITALISM IS ALSO UBIQUIT\S1 BUT IT IS RELATIVELY REC5T1 :]EAS ! DOME/IC MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ANCI5T BUT 9CREAS+LY M>G9ALIZ$4 

,SECOND1 ANTIQUITY DOES NOT PROVE PRIORITY4 ,NO MATT] H[ OLD G]ONTOCRACY IS1 PATRI>*Y1 = 9/ANCE1 MI<T BE OLD]4 

,?IRD1 C\NCILS ( ELD]S & ! LIKE PLAY NO P>T 9 ! LIVELY CURR5T DEBATE AMONG >*AOLOGI/S & E?NOHI/ORIANS ON ! ORIG9S ( ! /ATE1 :OSE ANTEC$5T IS USUALLY CONSID]$ TO BE ! COMPLEX *IEFDOM 9 RANK$ SOCIETY4.<#b#a#c.> 

,F\R?1 C\NCILS ( ELD]S >E NOT UBIQUIT\S4 ,?IS REQUIRES NO DOCUM5TATION4 ,!Y DO NOT EXI/ N[ 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETIES OR MO/ O!RS4 ,!Y DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! ,EUROPEAN MON>*IES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME2 OR 9 ANY ( ! ,HELL5IC & ,ITALIAN ,R5AISSANCE CITY-/ATES :I* ,BOOK*9 CELEBRATES2 OR AT ANY TIME 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E ALSO ABS5T FROM MANY SMALL-SCALE TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,NU]1 ! ,YANAMAMO1 ! ,TIKOPIA1 ! ,SAN1 ! ,MONT5EGR9S1 ! ,KAL+A ( NOR!RN ,LUZON1 ! ,BASS]I TRIBESM5 ( ,IRAN1 ,SICILIAN PEASANTS1 ! ,KA*9S1 ! ,TSEMBAGA ,M>+1 ETC41 TO M5TION ONLY SOME ?AT ,I HAPP5 TO KN[ (4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA1 ! SUPPOS$ /RON<OLD ( G]ONTOCRACY1 0!RE >E ALMO/ NO JUDICI>Y BODIES :I* WE CAN REASONABLY CALL 'C\NCILS4'0.<#b#a#d.> 

,BOOK*9'S RELIANCE ON ANCE/OR-WOR%IP IS1 = SEV]AL REASONS1 NO EVID5CE ( G]ONTOCRACY PA/ OR PRES5T4 ,I GRANT ?AT ! ASSOCIATION SEEMS PLAUSIBLE4 ,ANCE/RAL <O/S MAY BE CONJECTUR$ TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! SUP]IOR RI<TS ( ! ELD]S :O WILL BE JO9+ !M SOON4 ,BUT ANCE/OR WOR%IP IS NOT UNIV]SAL4 ,<O/S CANNOT PROMOTE ELD] P[] :]E ! LIV+ DO NOT ATTA* MU* IMPORTANCE TO ! <O/S1 AS AMONG ! ,NU]1 :O HAVE NO 0'ELD]S' CONC]N$ ) ! ADM9I/RATON ( ! C\NTRY40.<#b#a#e.> 

,FUR!RMORE1 AN AGE CLASS SY/EM IS A S9E QUA NON ( G]ONTOCRACY1 YET SOME ANCE/OR-WOR%IP+ SOCIETIES LACK !M4 ,SU* SY/EMS >E F> FROM UBIQUIT\S4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 AS R>E 9 ,EURASIA AS !Y HAVE BE5 COMMON 9 ,AFRICA4 ,\TSIDE ,AFRICA1 AGE SETS & AGE GRADES F9D ONLY LIMIT$ APPLICATION4 ,EV5 9 ,AFRICA !Y >E NOT 0OV]:ELM+LY IMPORTANT 9 MO/ SOCIETIES40 ,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA !Y >E F\ND ONLY 9 ,BRAZIL4.<#b#a#f.> ,AS NOT$ 9 ,ROY ,RAPPAPORT'S CLASSIC MONOGRAPH ,PIGS = ! ,ANCE/ORS1 ! RITUAL_/ECOLOGICAL CYCLE AMONG ! ,TSEMBAGA ( ,NEW ,GU9EA REVOLVES >\ND ANCE/OR WOR%IP1 BUT !RE IS VIRTUALLY NO SOCIAL DIFF]5TIATION BY AGE4.<#b#a#g.> ,! ,*9ESE >E WELL-KN[N = ANCE/OR WOR%IP1 BUT 9 TRADITIONAL ,*9A !RE W]E NO AGE-GRADES & 0AGE IS NOT1 ( ITSELF1 A QUALIFICATION = LEAD]%IP40.<#b#a#h.> 

,NOTE TOO ?AT ANCE/OR WOR%IP IS NOT ! CULT ( ! DEAD 9 G5]AL4 ,PEOPLE MAY WOR%IP ONLY !IR [N ANCE/ORS1.<#b#a#i.> :I* IS ! SPIRITUAL C\NT]P>T ( H\SEHOLD PATRI>*Y1 NOT G]ONTOCRACY4 ,EV5 :]E ! AG$ =M AN AGE GR\P 7I4E41 A CORPORATE GR\P7 & ANCE/OR-WOR%IP PREVAILS1 ! ELD] CLASS MAY BE ASSIGN$ RITUAL RA!R ?AN POLITICAL FUNCTIONS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 OR JU/ PUT \T TO PA/URE4.<#b#b.> ,ANCE/OR WOR%IP IS EV5 COMPATIBLE ) ! CU/OM ( KILL+ USELESS OLD M5 LIKE ,BOOK*94 ,9 A CROSS-CULTURAL /UDY ( ! ROLE ( ! AG$ 9 #ga SOCIETIES1 !RE WAS A POSITIVE CORRELATION 7"44#b#i7 BETWE5 ANCE/OR WOR%IP & ! PRACTICE ( KILL+ OLD M54.<#b#b#a.> ,9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES ?AT IS A RESPECTABLE ?\< NOT A /RONG POSITIVE CORRELATION1 BUT ON ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T1 ! CORRELATION %\LD BE /RONGLY NEGATIVE4 

,! PURPORT$ FACT ?AT ! AG$ POSSESS ESS5TIAL TE*NICAL OR RITUAL KN[L$GE :I* !Y TURN TO POLITICAL ADVANTAGE IS NOT UNIV]SALLY TRUE4 ,9 MANY SOCIETIES ALL ADULTS1 SUBJECT TO G5D] DIFF]5TIATIONS1 POSSESS ALL NECESS>Y KN[-H[3 0,UNLIKE ! MANUFACTUR$ CAPITAL ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 HUNT]-GA!R] CAPITAL /OCK IS KN[L$GE ?AT IS FREELY GIV5 & IMPOSSIBLE TO CONTROL = 9DIVIDUAL ADVANTAGE40 .<#b#b#b.> ,! AG$ POSSESS NO SU* SPECIAL KN[L$GE AMONG ! ,SAN1 :]E NOBODY RULES4 ,BOYS PLAY AT HUNT+ FROM AS E>LY AS AGE #c1 & RECEIVE =MAL 9/RUCTION FROM 0OLD] M50 7NOT 0OLD M507 FROM AGE #a#b4 ,! MA9 TRACK+ SKILLS1 ?\<1 >E ACQUIR$ 9 ! FIELD4 ,HUNT]S SAY ?AT IT TAKES A LIFETIME TO LE>N ! C\NTRY4 ,?US ! AG$ HAVE NO MORE TO TEA* ?AN O!R M51 & CANNOT IMP>T ! VITAL SKILLS TRA9+ GA9$ AWAY FROM CAMP4.<#b#b#c.> ,AMONG ! ,NETSILIK ,ESKIMO1 0,DESPITE ! COMPLEXITY ( >TICLES SU* AS ! KAYAK & ! COMPOSITE B[1 EV]Y MAN HAD ! SKILLS & ! TOOLS TO BE TE*NOLOGICALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T40 ,EV5 IF ! OLD MAKE !MSELVES USEFUL ) !IR CRAFT SKILLS1 AS AMONG ! ,ESKIMOS1 ONCE AN ELD]LY ,ESKIMO'S *ILDR5 LEAVE ! H\SEHOLD1 ! ELD] WILL BE RES5T$ AS A BURD5 & 5C\RAG$ TO KILL HIMSELF1 :I* HE IS USUALLY WILL+ TO DO4.<#b#b#d.> ,! ONLY KN[L$GE ! AG$ MI<T MONOPOLIZE IS RELIGI\S KN[L$GE1 AS 9 ,AU/RALIA4.<#b#b#e.> 

,ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT IF ?IS !ORY W]E VALID1 G]ONTOCRACY W\LD HAVE 0EM]G$0 9 ALL ! E>LIE/ HUMAN SOCIETIES1 :I* W\LD CONTRADICT ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S CONT9U$ BELIEF 9 PRIMITIVE EGALIT>IANISM4 ,TO PAT* HIS !ORY1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS EXPLA9S ?AT IT WAS 0GR[+ KN[L$GE0 :I* ! ELD]LY US$ TO TAKE P[]4 .<#b#b#f.> ,BUT IF ! GR[+ KN[L$GE WAS TE*NICAL1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE %>$ TO BE US$1 & IF IT WAS RITUAL OR ESOT]IC KN[L$GE1 S9CE ! ELD]S HAVE ALL ( IT ANYWAY1 :AT DIFF]5CE DOES IT MAKE IF IT GR[S OR NOT8 ,ESPECIALLY S9CE ,BOOK*9 W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO ASS]T ?AT SUP]/ITION 9 ANY QUANTITY IS NOT KN[L$GE AT ALL4 

,! HYPO!SIS MAKES NO S5SE4 ,EV5 IF ! ELD]S POSSESS$ ESS5TIAL TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO TRANSF] ?AT KN[L$GE 9 ORD] = IT TO BE US$ = EV]YBODY'S B5EFIT1 S9CE ! ELD]LY >E USUALLY1 OR EV5 BY DEF9ITION1 NO LONG] CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ !MSELVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS -- ,BOOK*9'S WORDS -- 0,I'VE CIT$ ! 9FIRMITIES & 9SECURITIES AG+ PRODUCES 9 ! ELD]LY & !IR CAPACITY TO BR+ !IR GREAT] EXP]I5CE & KN[L$GE TO ! S]VICE ( !IR 9CREAS+ /ATUS40 ,9 !IR DECREPITUDE !Y NE$ ! Y\NG AT LEA/ AS MU* AS ! Y\NG NE$ !M2 ! Y\NG >E ABLE-BODI$ & MORE NUM]\S ?AN ! OLD2 & ! OLD M5 WILL PROBABLY NE$ A FE$ BE=E ! Y\NG M5 NE$ A RITUAL4.<#b#b#g.> ,H]E IS A BLUNT DESCRIPTION ( ! SITUATION 9 ABORIG9AL ,AU/RALIA1 :I* IS G]ONTOCRATIC IF ANY PLACE IS3 0,PHYSICAL WEAKNESS ) ADVANC+ AGE MEANT LOSS ( /ATUS = PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 :ATEV] RELIGI\S KN[L$GE A MAN POSSESS$40 ,SUP]ANNUAT$ M5 W]E KN[N BY ! UNCOMPLIM5T>Y T]M 0CLOSE-UP DEAD40 ,AMONG ! ,>U%A ( ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 RETIR$ ELD]S >E 0RA!R PITI$ BY Y\NG] M51 & EV5 DESPIS$ AS 'TOO OLD = ANY?+4'0.<#b#b#h.> ,?US ! P5SION S*EME ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ATTRIBUTES TO ELD]LY PRIMITIVES FAILS :5 IT IS MO/ NE$$2 !Y LIVE ON *>ITY2 NO?+ REMA9S ( !IR =M] P[]4 

,RESPECT = ! AG$ HAS BE5 CLAIM$ TO BE 0PRACTICALLY UNIV]SAL10 & A REC5T CROSS-CULTURAL /UDY BAS$ ON ! ,HUMAN ,RELATIONS ,>EA ,FILES REPORT$ RESPECT = ! AG$ 9 #h#h.0 ( ! SAMPLE4 ,BUT ! SAME /UDY %[S ?AT RESPECT DOES NOT CONF] P[]1 AS WE SAW 9 ! ,NYAKUSA CASE4 #d#b.0 ( ! #f SOCIETIES W]E ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE ( !IR HELPLESS ELD]LY1 BUT 9 #b#f.0 ! AG$ W]E =SAK5 OR AB&ON$ & ALL[$ TO DIE1 & 9 ANO!R #a#i.0 !Y W]E KILL$4 ,(T51 !N1 RESPECT DOES NOT EV5 PREV5T ! USELESS ELD]LY FROM BE+ KILL$ OR LEFT TO DIE4.<#b#b#i.> ,9 ?IS RESPECT CIVILIZATION IS NO DIFF]5T4 ,:E!R ! OLD/] IS SET ADRIFT ON AN ICE FLOE1 =C$ 9TO A ,VICTORIAN WORKH\SE ON A SUB-SUBSI/5CE DIET1 OR D5I$ CO/LY M$ICAL C>E 9 A MOD]N NURS+ HOME1 IT AM\NTS TO KILL+ HIM4.<#b#c.> 

,! WAY ! ELD]S IMPOSE !IR IDEOLOGY 7WE >E TOLD7 IS ?R\< CONTROL OV] SOCIALIZATION ( ! Y\NG3  
  

,9ITIALLY1 ! M$IUM BY :I* ! OLD CREATE A MODICUM ( P[] = !MSELVES IS ?R\< !IR CONTROL ( ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS4 ,FA!RS TEA* !IR SONS ! >TS ( GETT+ FOOD2 MO!RS1 !IR DAU<T]S4 ,! ADULTS1 9 TURN1 CONSULT !IR P>5TS ON VIRTUALLY EV]Y DETAIL ( LIFE1 FROM ! WORKADAY PRAGMATIC TO ! RITUAL4 ,9 A PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY1 ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE COMP5DIUM ( KN[L$GE IS 9SCRIB$ ON ! BRA9S ( ! ELD]S4 ,H[EV] MU* ?IS KN[L$GE IS PR(F]$ ) CONC]N & LOVE1 IT IS NOT ALWAYS COMPLETELY DIS9T]E/$2 IT IS (T5 P]MEAT$1 EV5 IF UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY A C]TA9 AM\NT ( CUNN+ & SELF-9T]E/4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! Y\NG M9D %AP$ BY ! ADULTS1 AS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! CASE 9 ALL SOCIETIES1 BUT IT IS %AP$ TO RESPECT ! CURRICULUM ( ! ADULTS1 IF NOT !IR AU?ORITY4.<#b#c#a.>  
  

,EV]Y ABORIG9AL P>5T IS A MAMA'S BOY OR DADDY'S LITTLE GIRL4 ,NO ONE HAS EV] REPORT$ A SOCIETY 9 :I* ADULTS CONSULT !IR OLD P>5TS ON VIRTUALLY EV]Y DETAIL ( LIFE4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( ! DETAILS ( EV]YDAY LIFE >E R\T9E & REPETITI\S EV]Y:]E1 ,BOOK*9'S PORTRAYAL IS ( P>5TS1 SELF-SUPPORT+ ADULTS1 ) ! KN[-H[ & ! DEP5D5CY NE$S ( SMALL *ILDR54 ,H[ MANY TIMES DOES ANYONE NE$ TO BE TOLD H[ TO PLANT A YAM SE$8 ,! IMAGES >E >RE/+3 ! OLD ,ESKIMO MOM BUTTON+ UP H] SON'S P>KA BE=E HE GOES :AL+2 ! V5]ABLE ,SAN FA!R REM9D+ HIS SON1 AS HE DOES EV]Y DAY1 TO PO9T ! SPE> T[>D ! W>?OG2 ! ,NAVAJO MO!R1 ALWAYS !RE = H] DAU<T]1 TELL+ H] TO PREP>E TORTILLAS = D9N]1 JU/ LIKE LA/ NI<T4 ,IT TAKES AT LEA/ AS MU* PRACTICAL 9=MATION1 PROBABLY MORE1 TO NAVIGATE ! DAY 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 BUT ONLY ,NORMAN ,BATES CONSULTS HIS MO!R ON EV]Y DETAIL4 ,= ! ELD]S TO USE !IR 0MONOPOLY ( KN[L$GE0.<#b#c#b.> W\LD BE TO USE IT UP4 

,S9CE !IR ADULT (FSPR+ >E SU* HELPLESS NITWITS1 = ! AG$ TO CONTROL ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS !Y W\LD HAVE TO UND]TAKE MO/ ( ! SKILLS TRA9+ & *ILD RE>+1 BUT !RE >E FEW IF ANY SOCIETIES 9 :I* !Y HAVE DONE SO4 ,*ILDR5 >E SOCIALIZ$ BY !IR P>5TS1 (T5 AUGM5T$ BY OLD] *ILDR51 SIBL+S1 AUNTS & UNCLES 7BO? REAL & CLASSIFICATORY71 & SOMETIMES EV5 GR&P>5TS4 ,9 A FEW SOCIETIES1 GR&P>5TS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 *ILDRE>+1 BUT NOT 9 ! VA/ MAJORITY4 ,AT M9IMUM !Y W\LD HAVE TO LIVE 9 ! *ILD'S H\SEHOLD TO DO SO1 AS P>T ( AN EXT5D$ FAMILY1 BUT MANY SOCIETIES -- MORE ?AN HALF ( ?OSE 9 ,GEORGE ,PET] ,MURDOCK'S ,CROSS-,CULTURAL ,SURVEY -- HAVE ! NUCLE> FAMILY 9/EAD4 ,9 ! NUCLE> FAMILY1 !IR ROLE 9 *ILDRE>+ USUALLY RANGES FROM MODE/ TO NIL4 ,?US AN E>LY AN?ROPOLOGICAL CLASSIC ON SOCIALIZATION1 ,BECOM+ A ,KWOMA1 DOES NOT EV5 M5TION GR&P>5TS4.<#b#c#c.> ,BOOK*91 :O BELIEVES ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE CAN MANAGE \R COMPLEX SOCIETY )\T DEP5D5CY ON TE*NOCRATS1 9CONSI/5TLY BELIEVES ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE CANNOT MANAGE A SIMPLE SOCIETY )\T DEP5D5CY ON ELD]S4 

,I HAVE OV]SIMPLIFI$ ,BOOK*9'S COMPLEX1 9FLECT$ ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y4 ,IF IT W]E JU/ A MATT] ( WAIT+ ON OLD PEOPLE H& & FOOT1 ! B5IGN IF SELF-S]V+ HI]>*Y ( ! OLD W\LD ONLY BE ANNOY+4 ,!RE HAD TO BE O!R1 MORE CULPABLE MAK]S ( ! FULLY REALIZ$ HI]>*Y ( SOCIAL CLASS & ! /ATE4 ,! ELD]S' =M ( HI]>*Y & !IRS ALONE AT LEA/ BEGAN AS 0B5IGN40 ,= :AT HAPP5$ NEXT1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS EXON]ATES ! ELD]LY ( FULL RESPONSIBILITY3 0,C]TA9 /RATA1 SU* AS ! ELD]S & %AMANS & ULTIMATELY ! MALES 9 G5]AL1 BEGAN TO CLAIM PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES10 FROM :I* ! /ATE & ! CLASS SY/EM DULY FOLL[$4 ,TO ?IS 5L>G$ DOCKET ( DEF5DANTS HE ADDS ! F9AL AU?ORITY FIGURES1 ! 0BIG M503 0,:5 ! NUMB] ( HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES BEGAN TO MULTIPLY TO A PO9T :]E CULTIVABLE L& BECAME RELATIVELY SC>CE & W>F>E 9CREAS+LY COMMON1 ! Y\NG] W>RIORS BEGAN TO 5JOY A SOCIOPOLITICAL EM95CE ?AT MADE !M ! 'BIG M5' ( ! COMMUNITY1 %>+ P[] ) ! ELD]S & %AMANS40.<#b#c#d.> 

,Y\NG] M51 OLD] M51 %AMANS -- ?AT'S UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE 9 ! ,/ONE ,AGE6 ,?AT LEAVES NOBODY TO DOM9ATE BUT WOM5 & *ILDR5 -- 9 :I* CASE1 ! ORIG9 ( HI]>*Y IS PATRI>*Y -- YET ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS GASES US3 0! /]N] FEATURES ( PATRI>*Y W]E (T5 ABS5T DUR+ ?IS TRANSITIONAL P]IOD40.<#b#c#e.> ,ALL ! USUAL :IPP+-BOYS >E ON ! LI/ EXCEPT ! IMPORTANT ONE3 ! *IEF4 ,& BY PRE/IDIGITATION1 ,BOOK*9 HAS D]IV$ ! /ATE1 I4E41 CIVIL AU?ORITY1 FROM CIVIL AU?ORITY1 I4E41 ! /ATE1 JU/ AS HE D]IV$ HI]>*Y FROM HI]>*Y4 

0,BIG MAN0 IS A T]M ( >T &1 AS SU*1 BEYOND ! K5 ( A LIT]ALI/ LIKE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4 ,HE MAKES IT S\ND LIKE BIG M5 COMPRISE W>RIOR B&S4 ,BUT BIG M5 >E 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT GR\PS ( M51 & !Y NE$ NOT BE W>RIORS4 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S 7?AT NAME AGA967 PRODUC$ ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL *>ACT]IZATION ( ! BIG MAN ( ,MELANESIA4 ,HIS POSITION IS NOT AN (FICE -- HE IS A SELF-MADE 7BIG7 MAN -- & HIS P[] IS PURELY P]SONAL4 ,HE 0MU/ BE PREP>$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT HE POSSESSES ! K9DS ( SKILLS ?AT COMM& RESPECT -- MAGICAL P[]S1 G>D5+ PR[ESS1 MA/]Y ( ORATORICAL /YLE1 P]HAPS BRAV]Y 9 W> & FEUD .<EMPHASIS ADD$.>40 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE /RIVES TO ASSEMBLE A FACTION BY AMASS+ GOODS 7USUALLY PIGS1 %ELL MONEY & VEGETABLE FOODS7 & R$I/RIBUT+ !M 9 0PUBLIC GIVEAWAYS0 :I* ATTE/ TO HIS WEAL? & G5]OSITY4 ,! CORE ( HIS FACTION IS HIS H\SEHOLD1 5L>G$ BY PLURAL M>RIAGES & BY TAK+ 9 ! SOCIALLY DISCONNECT$1 BY 0F9ESS+0 VIA RECIPROCITY RELATIONS ) K9SM51 & BY PLAC+ M5 UND] OBLIGATIONS TO HIM NE> & F>4 ,HIS FACTION IS NOT A GR\P CAPABLE ( CORPORATE ACTION3 HE IS C5T]-MAN TO EA* ( HIS CLI5TS 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,IT DISSOLVES UPON HIS DEA?1 & (T5 COLLAPSES SOON]1 BECAUSE ! BIG MAN IS COMPET+ = P[] ) O!R BIG M5 :O >E DO+ ! SAME ?+S4 ,EV5TUALLY HE FAILS TO RECONCILE HIS SIMULTANE\S NE$S TO REW>D HIS CLI5TS & TO EXPLOIT !M4.<#b#c#f.> ,ALL ?IS IS PLAY$ \T 9 AUTONOM\S VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEOPLE4 

,:AT IS ! BIG MAN'S REAL ROLE 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ADVANC$ HI]>*Y8 ,HE DOESN'T PLAY ONE6 ,! *IEF1 ! MAN 9 ! EMPTY *AIR1 IS ! 9CIPI5T RUL]4 ,! BIG MAN'S QUE/ = P[] IS /RUCTURALLY SELF-DEFEAT+1 :I* IS NOT ! PA? TO ! /ATE3 0,DEVELOP+ 9T]NAL CON/RA9TS ! ,MELANESIAN BIG-MAN POLITICAL ORD] BRAKES EVOLUTION>Y ADVANCE AT A C]TA9 LEVEL4 ,IT SETS CEIL+S ON ! 9T5SIFICATION ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 ON ! 9T5SIFICATION ( H\SEHOLD PRODUCTION BY POLITICAL MEANS1 & ON ! DIV]SION ( H\SEHOLD \TPUTS 9 SUPPORT ( WID] POLITICAL ORGANIZATION40 ,O!R M5 WORK = ! *IEF2 ! BIG MAN WORKS = O!R M5 7,SAHL9S CALLS ?IS 0AUTOEXPLOITATION071 :I* IS NOT ! PA? TO CLASS /RATIFICATION4 ,! SY/EM IS UN/ABLE BECAUSE IT DEP5DS UPON ! BIG-MAN'S P]SONALI/IC SUCCESS4.<#b#c#g.> ,BIG-M5 DO NOT =M A GR\P BECAUSE !Y COMPETE ) EA* O!R4 ,& ANY 0W>RIOR0 ASPECT TO ! ROLE IS 9CID5TAL & NOT 9TR9SICALLY MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! G>D5+ ROLE OR ! MAGICAL ROLE4 ,IT HAS EV5 BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT BIG M5 >E JU/ FALL\T FROM COLLAPS$ *IEFDOMS4.<#b#c#h.> ,9 ?AT CASE1 BIG M5 C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A /AGE 9 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y BECAUSE !Y RESULT FROM DEVOLUTION1 NOT DEVELOPM5T1 FROM EVOLV+ HI]>*Y4 ,!RE IS NO KN[N EXAMPLE ( A BIG-MAN SY/EM GR[+ 9TO A *IEFDOM1 & 0! PROSPECT ( A *IEFDOM TO GR[ 9TO A /ATE SEEMS MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT ( A ',BIG-,MAN' SY/EM TO GR[ 9TO A *IEFDOM40.<#b#c#i.> ,IT IS LIKE SAY+ ?AT ! 0,BIG ,MAN ON ,CAMPUS0 IS ! ORIG9 ( ! ,DEAN%IP4 

,! FUN IS JU/ BEG9N+3 0,! BAS RELIEFS ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 & LAT] ! WRIT+S ( ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 LEAVE NO D\BT .<= ,BOOK*9 !RE IS ALWAYS 'NO D\BT'.> ?AT ! PRECONDITION = ! EM]G5CE ( TRIBAL 'BIG M5' 9VOLV$ NOT ONLY MAT]IAL SUFFICI5CY BUT CULTURAL 9F]IORITY40.<#b#d.> ,?IS DOES NOT EV5 DESCRIBE ! CONDITION ( BIG M51 MU* LESS !IR PRECONDITION4 ,!RE IS NO 0CULTURAL 9F]IORITY0 9 A HOMOG5E\S TRIBAL CULTURE2 = ! ?IRD TIME1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS SLIPS ! EFFECT 9 AHEAD ( ! CAUSE4 ,?IS /YLE ( REASON+ IS ,H]METIC -- IT IS1 9 ,BOOK*9SPEAK1 MY/ICAL3 0A CONSEQU5CE IS ASSUM$ & 9T]PRET$ AS ITS [N CAUSE0 7,UMB]TO ,ECO74.<#b#d#a.> ,& ?OSE BAS RELIEFS MU/ BE AN EYEFUL4 ,TOO BAD HE DOESN'T SAY :]E !Y >E4 ,H]ODOTUS MI<T HAVE WRITT5 SOME?+ REMOTELY RELEVANT TO BIG M5 7AL?\< HE DIDN'T71 BUT H>DLY ,>I/OTLE1 & C]TA9LY NOT ,PLATO4 ,CONTEMPT = 0B>B>IANS0 DOES NOT COMPORT WELL ) E?NOLOGICAL CURIOSITY4 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT QUITE F9I%$3  
  

,! MO/ *ALL5G+ =M ( SOCIAL /ATUS1 H[EV]1 IS PROBABLY ! P[] ?AT 0BIG M50 GA9$ & CONC5TRAT$1 9ITIALLY 9 !IR [N P]SONS1 LAT] 9 9CREAS+LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 0COMPANIES0 .<:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8.>4 ,H]E1 WE 5C\NT] A V]Y SUBTLE & COMPLEX DIALECTIC4 0,BIG M50 W]E NOTABLE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 = !IR G5]OSITY1 NOT ONLY = !IR PR[ESS4 ,!IR C]EMONIAL R$I/RIBUTION ( GIFTS TO PEOPLE -- A SY/EM = ! R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL? ?AT ACQUIR$ HI<LY NEUROTIC .<SIC.> TRAITS 9 ! ,POTLAT* C]EMONIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,9DIANS1 :]E BITT] CONTE/S BETWE5 0BIG M50 L$ TO AN ORGIA/IC 0DISACCUMULATION0 ( EV]Y?+ !Y [N$ 9 ORD] TO 0ACCUMULATE0 PRE/IGE )9 ! COMMUNITY -- MAY HAVE HAD V]Y B5IGN ORIG9S4  
  

,WAT* \T = ?OSE B5IGN ORIG9S6 ,:5EV] ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS SAYS 0DIALECTIC10 HE'S AB\T TO TELL A :OPP]4 ,SO H]E'S ! SEQU5CE3 0,EV]Y:]E ALONG ! WAY1 9 EFFECT .<SIC.>1 CONFLICT+ ALT]NATIVES CONFRONT$ EA* COMMUNITY AS POT5TIAL HI]>*IES BEGAN TO APPE>3 FIR/1 AS G]ONTOCRACIES1 LAT]1 AS 9DIVIDUAL 'BIG M5' & W>RIOR GR\PS40.<#b#d#b.> ,H[ DOES HE KN[ ! BIG M5 DIDN'T COME FIR/8 ,OR1 AS JU/ SUGGE/$1 LA/8 

,! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ POTLA*ES 9VOLV$ *IEFS1 NOT BIG M5 -- ?IS WAS ! V]Y DI/9CTION EXPLICAT$ 9 ,SAHL9S' >TICLE1 BETWE5 BIG M5 7,MELANESIA7 & *IEFS 7,POLYNESIA1 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/74 ,& ,BOOK*9 HAS SAID SO6 ,ELSE:]E ,SAHL9S EXPLA9S ?AT IF ! EXT]NAL FEA/+S ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ *IEFS & ,MELANESIAN BIG M5 >E SIMIL> AS PRE/IGE QUE/S1 NONE!LESS 0! *IEF HAS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T RELATION TO ! 9T]NAL ECONOMY40 ,! *IEF AS L9EAGE HEAD USES L9EAGE RES\RCES2 ! BIG MAN HAS TO E/ABLI% A P]SONAL CLAIM BY AUTOEXPLOITATION4.<#b#d#c.> ,FUR!RMORE1 = A BIG MAN1 HIS MILIT>Y PR[ESS1 IF ANY1 IS SECOND>Y TO HIS G5]OSITY1 NOT1 AS ,BOOK*9 W\LD HAVE IT1 ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,N[ WE >E TOLD ?AT ! POT5TIAL HI]>*IES EM]G$ SEQU5TIALLY3 G]ONTOCRACY1 BIG MAN1 W>RIOR GR\P4 ,WE KN[ :]E ,BOOK*9 ?9KS G]ONTOCRACY CAME FROM 7& WE KN[ BETT]74 ,:]E DO BIG M5 & W>RIOR GR\PS COME FROM8 ,IF BIG M5 >E W>RIORS1 !Y CANNOT V]Y WELL EM]GE FROM G]ONTOCRACIES ( ! 5FEEBL$4 ,W>RIOR GR\PS PRESUMABLY COME FROM BIG M54 ,:]E DO BIG M5 COME FROM8 

0,FROM \T ( ! SK9 ( ! MO/ ABLE HUNT] EM]G$ A NEW K9D ( CREATURE3 ! 'BIG MAN1' :O WAS ALSO A 'GREAT W>RIOR4'0 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT W>RIOR GR\PS EM]GE FROM1 WELL1 W>RIOR GR\PS4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ABLE/ HUNT] 9 EV]Y HUNT+ B& SU* AS FL\RI%$ = #i#i.0 ( HUMAN EXI/5CE -- :Y AFT] TWO MILLION YE>S DID HE F9ALLY />T TO GET \T ( L9E8 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS PROCE$S TO REPLACE ONE IMAG9>Y OA?1 ! 0BLOOD OA?10 ) ANO!R ONE1 0OA?S ( FEALTY0 SWORN BY 0SOLDI]LY 'COMPANIONS'0 7:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS87 RECRUIT$ FROM \TSIDE ! CLAN4 7,I SUSPECT ?AT ,BOOK*9 SWE>S A LOT47 ,:]EUPON 0'LESS] M5' .<:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8.> APPE>$ .<\T ( :OSE SK9 ?IS TIME8.> :O W]E OBLIG$ TO CRAFT HIS WEAPONS1 PROVIDE = HIS SU/5ANCE1 BUILD & ADORN HIS DWELL+S1 & F9ALLY1 ]ECT HIS =TIFICATIONS & MONUM5TALIZE HIS A*IEVEM5TS ) IMPRESSIVE PALACES & BURIAL SITES40.<#b#d#d.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS GAVE US AN EXPLANATION1 ALBEIT A PREPO/]\S ONE1 = ! G]ONTOCRAT EM]G+ \T ( ! WR9KL$ SK9 ( ! OLD MAN4 ,HE GIVES NO EXPLANATION H[ OR :Y ! BIG MAN EM]GES \T ( ! SK9 ( ! HUNT]4 ,IF HE W]E 0! MO/ ABLE HUNT]10 HE MU/ HAVE BE5 DO+ ALL RI<T ALREADY1 :Y ROCK ! BOAT8 ,:AT'S HIS MOTIVATION8 ,P]SONALI/IC SELF-ADVANCEM5T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! COMMUNITY8 ,BOOK*9 HAS TOLD US ?AT PEOPLE DON'T ?9K ?AT WAY 9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES4.<#b#d#e.> ,IF HE CAN'T TELL US :Y !Y *ANG$ !IR M9DS1 HE CAN'T TELL US H[ HI]>*Y EM]G$4 

,:Y DOES IT HAVE TO BE ! MO/ ABLE HUNT]8 ,! LEA/ ABLE HUNT] W\LD BE ! ONE MO/ MOTIVAT$ TO TRY SOME?+ HE MI<T BE BETT] AT1 LIKE ORD]+ PEOPLE >\ND4 ,:Y A HUNT]8 ,:Y NOT A G>D5]8 ,! ASSUMPTION IS GRATUIT\S UNLESS !Y'RE ALL HUNT]S4 ,BUT IF !Y'RE ALL HUNT]S1 ,BOOK*9 IS POSIT+ ! EM]G5CE ( RANK$ SOCIETY -- *IEFDOM -- DIRECTLY \T ( B& SOCIETY1 :I* IS IMPOSSIBLE IF ONLY BECAUSE *IEFDOMS >E 0AN ORD] ( MAGNITUDE L>G] ?AN SIMPL] POLITIES40.<#b#d#f.> ,ALMO/ 7IF NOT QUITE7 ALL AN?ROPOLOGI/S & >*AEOLOGI/S BELIEVE ?AT *IEFDOMS EM]GE ONLY FROM TRIBES4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS MI<T BE AFFILIAT+ ) ! M9ORITY VIEW1 BUT IT'S MORE LIKELY HE'S OBLIVI\S TO ! ISSUE1 OR HE MI<T HAVE M5TION$ IT4 

,! BIG MAN'S RET9UE IS 0DRAWN FROM CLANS O!R ?AN HIS [N1 9DE$1 FROM SOLIT>Y /RANG]S40.<#b#d#g.> ,H[ CAN ,BOOK*9 POSSIBLY KN[ ?IS8 ,D,N,A TE/+8 ,& :Y NOT DRAW M5 FROM ! BIG MAN'S [N CLAN1 S9CE !Y'D BE ! MO/ LIKELY TO SIGN ON ) HIM8 ,TWO PAGES LAT] HE TELLS US ?AT !Y DO6.<#b#d#h.> ,>E !RE NO $ITORS AT ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS8 ,9 REAL LIFE1 A BIG MAN'S ORIG9AL P[] BASE IS HIS H\SEHOLD & RELATIONS4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ASSUMES ! CONSEQU5T4 ,:O BUT A BIG MAN C\LD RECRUIT A MILIT>Y RET9UE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,AS DEPICT$1 ! BIG MAN'S DOM9ATION COMM5CES ) %E] BRUTE =CE4 ,BUT 0DIFFICULTIES >ISE FROM ! FACT ?AT =CE IS A CRUDE & EXP5SIVE TE*NIQUE = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( DECISIONS4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 =CE ITSELF HAS TO DEP5D ON 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS ?AT >E BAS$ ON SOME?+ O!R ?AN =CE40 ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF ADMITS ?AT EV5 ! /ATE CAN'T RULE BY BRUTE =CE ALONE4.<#b#d#i.> ,/ILL LESS CAN A *IEF1 :O DOES NOT1 9 FACT1 POSSESS ANY CO]CIVE P[]4.<#b#e.> 

,:Y %\LD ANYBODY REPUDIATE HIS SACR$ BLOOD OA? 7,*APT] #i7 = SU* A DUBI\S V5TURE8 ,& :O >E !SE 0SOLIT>Y /RANG]S10 :Y >E !Y SOLIT>Y1 & IF !Y >E SOLIT>Y 7RA!R ?AN M]ELY %Y71 H[ IS IT POSSIBLE !Y'RE /ILL ALIVE8 ,LORD ,BOL+BROKE RIDICUL$ ,LOCKE = POSIT+ PRE-POLITICAL 0SOLIT>Y VAGABONDS0 & 0/ROLL+ SAVAGES40 ,! MOCK]Y1 UNFAIRLY APPLI$ TO ,LOCKE1 FAIRLY APPLIES TO ,BOOK*94 ,:Y DIDN'T ! BIG MAN'S CLAN /OP HIS PUTS* BE=E IT />T$8 ,TWO OR ?REE WEAK M5 CAN ALWAYS KILL ONE /RONG MAN1 AS ,HOBBES REM>K$3 0,= AS TO ! /R5G? ( BODY1 ! WEAKE/ HAS /R5G? 5\< TO KILL ! /RONGE/1 EI!R BY SECRET MA*9ATION1 OR BY C($]ACY ) O!RS1 ?AT >E 9 ! SAME DANG] ) HIMSELFE40.<#b#e#a.> ,!SE 0COMPANIONS0 ALSO ALL[ = B\ND+ OV] DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES1 AL?\< ,BOOK*9 =M]LY TOLD US ?AT 0A LEAP FROM TRIBALISM TO DESPOTISM IS AN OBVI\S MY?40 ,)\T SOCIAL LOYALTIES OR TRADITIONS1 ! COMPANIONS 0CAN EASILY BE SET AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY OR RE>$ ABOVE IT 9TO A CO]CIVE MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY40.<#b#e#b.> ,?AT IS1 !SE D]AC9AT$ M]C5>IES SKIP OV] *IEFTA9%IP & CREATE ! /ATE \T ( COMMUNITIES ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEOPLE4 ,NO KN[N /ATES >E SO SMALL4 ,EV5 9 *IEFDOMS ! POPULATION IS AT LEA/ ONE ?\S&1 & USUALLY T5S ( ?\S&S4.<#b#e#c.> 

,! BE/ WAY TO MOCK ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS TO TAKE HIM S]I\SLY4 ,9 A /ILL /ATELESS SOCIETY ( 9DET]M9ATE SOCIOECONOMIC =M1 0LESS] M50 >E CRAFT+ ! BIG MAN'S WEAPONS4 ,:ILE !Y'RE AT IT1 :Y DON'T !Y CRAFT SOME = !MSELVES8 ,SUDD5LY -- = ?IS IS AN ABRUPT BREAK ) PREVI\S LIFE-WAYS -- YE/]DAY'S HUNT]S >E TODAY'S 5G9E]S1 >*ITECTS1 MASONS1 C>P5T]S1 OV]SE]S1 ETC4 ,! GREAT LEAP =W>D IS EV5 GREAT] ?AN IT SEEM$ AT FIR/4 ,! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD HAS SO F> ID5TIFI$ MONUM5TAL BUILD+ ONLY 9 /ATES4.<#b#e#d.> 0,HI]>*Y10 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 0DID NOT SUDD5LY EXPLODE 9TO PREHI/ORY4 ,IT EXP&$ ITS PLACE GRADUALLY1 CAUTI\SLY1 & (T5 UNNOTICEABLY1 BY AN ALMO/ METABOLIC .<SIC.> =M ( GR[? :5 'BIG M5' BEGAN TO DOM9ATE 'SMALL M5' .<:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8.>1 :5 W>RIORS & !IR 'COMPANIONS' BEG9 GRADUALLY TO DOM9ATE !IR FOLL[]S0 -- !IR FOLL[]S OR !IR SUBJECTS8 -- 0:5 *IEFS BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ! COMMUNITY1 & F9ALLY1 :5 NOBLES BEGAN TO DOM9ATE PEASANTS & S]FS40.<#b#e#e.> 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ONE AGE & IRON AGE ECONOMICS IS ?AT B& & TRIBAL PEOPLES PRODUCE NO SURPLUS1 AL?\< !Y C\LD4.<#b#e#f.> ,I CANNOT IMAG9E H[ AN EGALIT>IAN HUNT] 7OR G>D5]1 = ?AT MATT]7 C\LD 0GRADUALLY0 \T ( A FACE-TO-FACE K9%IP SOCIETY RECRUIT AN >M$ =CE SMALL 5\< = HIM TO SUPPORT BUT L>GE 5\< = A TAKEOV]4 ,IF !SE MISFITS & /RANG]S CAN BE SP>$ FROM SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITIES1 ! PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE !SIS MU/ BE TRUE4 ,IF NOT1 AFT] !IR RECRUITM5T BUT BE=E ! C\P1 :AT DOES ! BIG MAN DO1 TELL HIS M5 TO KEEP !IR DAY JOBS8 ,PRIVATE PLOTT+ C\LD NEV] ESCAPE NOTICE 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES :]E SOCIAL LIFE IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY PUBLIC4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! LA/ ACT1 ! ,PR9CE ( ,D5M>K APPE>S 9 ! PLAY4 0,/ILL ANO!R REF9EM5T ( HI]>*Y WAS ! TRANSITION FROM ! BIG MAN10 ?IS TIME DEF9$ SEMI-ACCURATELY1 09TO A QUASI-MON>*ICAL FIGURE :O EVOKES FE>0 ) HIS GOON SQUAD & PRET5SIONS TO SUP]NATURAL P[]4.<#b#e#g.> ,?US ! *IEF EM]GES \T ( ! SK9 ( ! BIG MAN1 BUT1 AS ) ! BIG MAN'S EM]G5CE \T ( ! SK9 ( ! HUNT]1 CAUSE & MOTIVE >E NOT M5TION$4 ,! BIG MAN IS NOT EXPLA9$1 NOR DOES HE EXPLA9 ANY?+4 ,ALL WE HAVE IS A R[ ( 9CREAS+LY HI]>*AL /ATUSES -- AN >RAY ( 0ALT]NATIVES0 = ! AN>*I/ SOCIETY %OPP+1 = REASONS UN/AT$1 = HI]>*Y4 ,IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E ?AT ?IS WAS A MATT] ( *OICE1 AL?\< WE DO HAVE ! ,BIBLICAL /ORY ( ! ,ISRAELITES IMPORTUN+ ,SAMUEL TO MAKE !M A K+1 0BUT ! ?+ DISPLEAS$ ,SAMUEL10 UND]/&ABLY 7,I ,SAM4 #h3 #f74 ,ADD ! K+ & ! S]IES IS COMPLETE1 BUT WE WILL NEV] UND]/& :Y1 AS ,HIS ,MAJE/Y ,ALLEY ,OOP COMES AS ! CULM9ATION ( ?REE UNEXPLA9$ TRANSMUTATIONS4 

,DESPITE ! SUBTITLE ( ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,BOOK*9 HAS FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 & HE NEV] EV5 TRIES TO EXPLA9 ANY PROSPECTS ( ITS DISSOLUTION4 ,:5 ,DAVID ,WATSON CONFESSES HIS 9ABILITY TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS SCA?+3 0,I HATE TO ?9K H[ DESICCAT$ SOCIAL !ORY W\LD BECOME IF ALL ITS ?9K]S EXHIBIT$ ! SAME PAUCITY ( CURIOSITY & SPECULATIVE V]VE ?AT ?IS (F-H&$ REM>K REVEALS40 ,A PRUD5T AGNO/ICISM COMP>ES FAVORABLY ) DELUSIONAL C]TITUDE4 ,RA!R W\LD ,I SAY1 ) ,MALATE/A1 ?AT 0! FACT ( NOT KN[+ H[ TO SOLVE A PROBLEM DOES NOT OBLIGE ONE TO ACCEPT UNCONV9C+ SOLUTIONS40.<#b#e#h.> 

,IT'S REM>KABLE = AN 9CIPI5T1 QUASI OR P>TIAL ,M>XI/ TO PR(F] A !ORY ( HI]>*Y -- OR ANY?+ ELSE1 = ?AT MATT] -- :I* COMPLETELY IGNORES ECONOMICS1 TE*NOLOGY & DEMOGRAPHY4 ,BOOK*9 DOES F9D IT 0DIFFICULT TO NOT BELIEVE ?AT CLASS RULE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE C\LD HAVE EM]G$1 FULLY ACC\T]$ & OMNIPRES5T1 L>GELY BECAUSE SURPLUSES MADE !IR EXI/5CE POSSIBLE40.<#b#e#i.> ,AL?\< ?AT'S MORE PLAUSIBLE ?AN SAY+ ?AT CLASS RULE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! /ATE EM]G$ BECAUSE OLD M5 FELT 9SECURE4 ,:AT'S EV5 MORE DIFFICULT IS TO BELIEVE ?AT IT'S POSSIBLE TO ANALYZE ! EM]G5CE ( *IEFDOMS & /ATES :ILE IGNOR+ SU* V>IABLES AS POPULATION SIZE1 POPULATION D5SITY1 S$5T>ISM1 AGRICULTURE1 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL CIRCUMSCRIPTION1 LONG DI/ANCE TRADE1 ECOLOGICAL V>IATION1 ESOT]IC WEAL?1 FISSION1 R$I/RIBUTION1 EXT]NAL IDEOLOGIES1 FOOD /ORAGE1 POT5TIAL = 9T5SIFICATION1 CRAFT SPECIALIZATION1 PRIMOG5ITURE1 & IRRIGATION4.<#b#f.> ,!SE >E AMONG ! CONCEPTS1 SOME SELF-EXPLANATORY1 SOME NOT1 :I* FIGURE 9 S]I\S CONTEMPOR>Y RESE>* & >GUM5T AB\T ! ORIG9S ( HI]>*Y4 

,AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( HI]>*Y1 NO MATT] H[ MANY PRIOR /AGES IT CONJECTURES1 HAS TO ASSIGN UNIQUE IMPORTANCE TO ! ONSET ( CO]CIVE HI]>*Y1 & RECOGNIZE ! FUNDAM5TAL DISCONT9UITY -- ! UNBRIDGEABLE *ASM -- BETWE5 /ATELESS & /ATE SOCIETIES4 ,! PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE !SIS IS TRUE4 ,= F>M]S1 SOCIAL COMPLEXITY LEADS TO ! LOSS ( P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE & A L[] /&>D ( LIV+3 0,! ESS5TIAL QUE/ION IS1 :Y DO SO MANY PEOPLE ACCEPT FROM A FEW A SOCIAL CONTRACT ?AT IS CLE>LY DISADVANTAGE\S8 ,! ONLY CONCEIVABLE ANSW] IS ?AT IT IS NOT A MATT] ( *OICE1 BUT ! PROCESS ?AT LEADS TO /RATIFICATION IS CO]CIVE1 ME*ANI/IC1 & HI<LY PR$ICTIVE40.<#b#f#a.> ,?AT ANSW] CANNOT BE F\ND BY SP9N+ PREHI/ORIC FAIRY TALES :I* MAKE ! CREATION MY?S ( PRIMITIVES LOOK PLAUSIBLE BY COMP>ISON4 

,TO SUM UP3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS NO !ORY ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y4 

,CLAIMS ( PRIMITIVE G]ONTOCRACY >E F\ND 9 TRAVELOGUES & OLD] ACC\NTS1 ESPECIALLY N>RATIVES BY MISSION>IES OR COLONIAL (FICIALS1 OR 9 E>LY E?NOGRAPHIES BAS$ ON ! MEMORIES ( NO/ALGIC OLD M54 ,! ,VICTORIANS W]E HI<LY SUSCEPTIBLE TO 9T]PRET+ ABORIG9AL PH5OM5A 9 T]MS ( !IR [N IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS NATIONALISM 70,TAKE ME TO Y\R LEAD]607 & ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! FIR/ 9/9CT ( COLONIZ]S IS TO 0F9D ! *IEF0 -- OR 9V5T HIM4.<#b#f#b.> ,9 SOME CASES1 SOME?+ LIKE G]ONTOCRACY WAS NOT OBS]V$1 IT WAS CON/RUCT$4 ,BRITI% COLONIAL RUL]S P]PETUAT$ ,NYAKUSA *IEFS 9 (FICE MU* LONG] ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE S]V$ 9 PRECOLONIAL DAYS1 & !Y EXP&$ ! P[] ( ! ,IGBO ELD]S 9 ,NIG]IA4.<#b#f#c.> ,/ORIES ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PATRI>*S W]E VIVIDLY FAMILI> TO ,VICTORIANS ( ! RESPECTABLE CLASSES4 ,?US ,JEHOVAH1 AFT] DEVOT+ F\R *APT]S ( ! ,BOOK ( ,EXODUS TO DICTAT+ RULES TO ! ,ISRAELITES1 CONT9U$3 0,COME UP UNTO ! ,L,O,R,D1 ?\1 & ,A>ON1 ,NADAB1 & ,ABIHU1 & SEV5TY ( ! ELD]S ( ,ISRAEL2 & WOR%IP YE AF> (F40 ,!RE >E MANY O!R REF]5CES4.<#b#f#d.> ,BOOK*9'S FAI? REFLECTS 0! /RONG G]ONTOCRATIC PREJUDICE WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,JUDAIC TRADITION40.<#b#f#e.> 

,BOOK*9 DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE NOTIC$ ?AT HIS NOTION ( A %ORT PRIMITIVE LIFESPAN1 DISCUSS$ BEL[1 CONTRADICTS HIS NOTION ( G]ONTOCRACY4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AV]AGE LIFESPAN ( =AG]S 7! ,SAN1 LET'S SAY7 IS #c YE>S1 AS HE SAYS AT ONE PO9T1 !Y DON'T HAVE 5\< ELD]S = G]ONTOCRACY4 ,ADULT =AG]S C\LD NOT CONSULT !IR P>5TS AB\T ALMO/ EV]Y DETAIL ( EV]YDAY LIFE BECAUSE NE>LY ALL !IR P>5TS W\LD BE DEAD4 ,TO MAKE MATT]S WORSE1 ,SAN B&S OR CAMPS >E RA!R SMALL1 #a-#c PEOPLE1 ) %IFT+ COMPOSITIONS1 9CLUD+ TEMPOR>Y RESID5TS4 ,9 #a#i#f#d1 ! AV]AGE POPULATION ( ! EI<T P]MAN5T WAT] HOLES 9 ! ,DOBE >EA WAS #e#h4 ,9 ! OLD] AGE GRADES1 WOM5 \TNUMB] M51 AS !Y DO 9 ALL SOCIETIES1.<#b#f#f.> #g FEMALES = #a MALE1 & IT IS ALWAYS MALE ELD]S :O MONOPOLIZE ESS5TIAL ESOT]IC KN[L$GE IF ANYONE DOES4 ,! P]C5TAGE ( ELD]LY MALES 7#f"47 RANG$1 AT ?REE PO9TS ( TIME1 FROM #g4#h.0 TO #i4#a.01 ) ! RATIO ( *ILDR5 TO ELD]S #c3#b4 ,ON ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ASSUMPTIONS1 ! AV]AGE WAT] HOLE W\LD NOT HAVE EV5 ONE RESID5T MALE ELD]4 

,OBVI\SLY HIS ASSUMPTIONS >E FALSE4 ,AV]AGE AGE ( DEA? IS ALWAYS IRRELEVANT1 & ,SAN ELD]S DO NOT MONOPOLIZE SACR$ KN[L$GE4 ,US+ REAL FIGURES -- :I* W]E AVAILABLE TO ,BOOK*9 -- & US+ A CONS]VATIVE E/IMATE ( #h.0 MALE ELD]S1 !RE W\LD ONLY BE AT MO/ ONE ELD] 9 EV]Y O!R CAMP4 ,BUT ACTUAL CAMPS V>Y WIDELY 9 SIZE1 SO ACTUALLY ! ODDS W]E OV] TWO TO ONE AGA9/ !RE BE+ A MALE ELD] 9 EV5 ! CAMP ) ! MO/ PEOPLE 7#c#e74 ,SOME CAMPS1 ( C\RSE DID 9CLUDE ELD]S4.<#b#f#g.> ,BUT ! PO9T IS ?AT ,BOOK*9'S VISION ( MALE ELD]S 9DOCTR9AT+ BOYS ) G]ONTOCRATIC VALUES IS DEMOGRAPHICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 

,AT ! TRIBAL LEVEL1 ! RESID5TIAL UNIT WILL BE L>G]1 9 ! L[ HUNDR$S1.<#b#f#h.> BUT MORTALITY MI<T BE HI<] & ! *ILDR5 MAY BE REQUIR$ TO COMM5CE SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITY SOON]4 ,I CAN JU/ B>ELY IMAG9E A VILLAGE ( #b HORTICULTURI/S ) #af ELD]S 9DOCTR9AT+ #bd OR MORE *ILDR51 BUT ONLY AP>T FROM ! H\SEHOLD 9 SOME?+ LIKE A S*OOL1 & ?AT ,I CAN'T IMAG9E AT ALL4 ,APP>5TLY1 NEI!R CAN ,BOOK*91 S9CE HE NO:]E H9TS ?AT ! OLD WISE M5 OP]AT$ S*OOLS4 

,PREHI/ORIC MAN1 ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 NEV] LIV$ PA/ AGE #e4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! REMA9S ( A ,NE&]?AL MAN 9 HIS FIFTIES %[ ?AT HIS PEOPLE NOT ONLY PROVID$ HIS FOOD BUT SPECIALLY PREP>$ IT = HIM1 MU* AS ,JANET ,BIEHL MU/ DO = ! EX-,DIRECTOR4 ,?AT OP9ION WAS BAS$ ON E>LI] MEASURES ( SKELETAL AG+ :I* W]E SY/EMATICALLY BIAS$4.<#b#f#i.> ,AT ! ,%ANID> SITE 9 ,IRAQ W]E F\ND TWO ,NE&]?AL 9FANTS1 ?REE Y\NG ADULTS1 & F\R OLD] ADULTS1 A FOSSIL SAMPLE 0CLE>LY DOM9AT$1 9 NUMB]S & DEGREE ( PRES]VATION1 BY ELD]LY MALES40 ,! AU?OR CITES ?REE O!R SITES CONTA9+ ELD]LY MALES4.<#b#g.> ,A SUMM>Y ( ! DATA FROM ALL ! MANY ,NE&]?AL REMA9S F\ND UP TO #aifa REVEALS ?AT #c#e4#h.0 ( !M W]E FROM #ca TO #f YE>S ( AGE AT DEA?4.<#b#g#a.> ,BESIDES1 IT IS NOT OBVI\S -- IF ?IS EV5 MATT]S -- ?AT ,NE&]?ALS W]E ! ANCE/ORS ( ?OSE N[ D5OM9AT$ 0ANATOMICALLY MOD]N HUMANS10 NAMELY1 \RSELVES4 ,! EXP]TS HAVE DEBAT$ ?AT QUE/ION = DECADES & !Y /ILL DO4 ,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 IT'S IRRELEVANT4 

,9 ,S,A,L,A1 & N[ AGA9 9 ITS SEQUEL1 ,BOOK*9 9DICTS ! ,SAN 7/&+ 9 = HUNT]-GA!R]S7 = !IR BRIEF LIFE-SPANS4 ,UNLIKE 9 ,S,A,L,A1 ,BOOK*9 ?IS TIME PROVIDES A S\RCE = HIS CLAIM ?AT ! AV]AGE ,SAN LIFESPAN IS #c YE>S -- IT IS ,HEADL&'S OLD REVIEW ( ,WILMS54.<#b#g#b.> ,HEADL& HAS DONE NO RESE>* ON ! ,SAN & PROVID$ NO REF]5CE TO ANYONE :O HAS4 ,9 ,S,A,L,A1 ,BOOK*9 LEFT ! IMPRESSION ?AT 0,WILMS5 & HIS ASSOCIATES0 CAME UP ) ?IS FIGURE1.<#b#g#c.> BUT ,WILMS5 DOES NOT EV5 REF] TO ,SAN LIFESPAN1 MU* LESS PURPORT TO E/IMATE IT BAS$ ON HIS [N RESE>*4 ,IT BEG9S TO LOOK AS IF ,BOOK*9 HAS NEV] READ ,WILMS54 

,>RIV+ AT AGES = ! ,SAN IS ACTUALLY A RESE>* PROBLEM4 ,! ,SAN DON'T KN[ H[ OLD !Y >E 7! USUAL SITUATION AMONG PRIMITIVES71 & 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE !Y CAN ONLY C\NT TO ?REE4.<#b#g#d.> ,! MO/ ?OR\< 9VE/IGATION ( ,SAN DEMOGRAPHY WAS DONE BY ,NANCY ,H[ELL1 A MEMB] ( ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE TEAM1 AMONG ! ,DOBE ,SAN4 ,H] E/IMATE ( LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIR? WAS #c-#c#e YE>S4.<#b#g#e.> ,ANO!R /UDY1 :I* ,I CIT$ 9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM1 PRODUC$ AN E/IMATE ( #cb YE>S4.<#b#g#f.> ,= ! 6"7,KADE ,SAN1 ,TANAKA'S E/IMATE WAS #d YE>S4.<#b#g#g.> ,BUT A ,SAN :O SURVIVES TO ! AGE ( #ae CAN EXPECT TO LIVE TO BE #e#e4.<#b#g#h.> ,LAURA ,M>%ALL C\NT$ #a#e.0 ( A 6,KUNG POPULATION :O W]E OV] #e4.<#b#g#i.> ,BY COMP>ISON1 ! LIFE EXPECTANCY = ANCI5T ,ROMANS WAS #b TO #c YE>S2.<#b#h.> ?US ! HI<E/ E/IMATE = ! CIVILIZ$ ,ROMANS IS ! L[E/ E/IMATE = ! SAVAGE ,SAN4 ,JU/ A C5TURY AGO1 ,AM]ICAN LIFE EXPECTANCY WAS ONLY #d YE>S4 ,& AS ! EX-,DIRECTOR REM>KS1 9 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 0TO BE 9 ONE'S MID-SIXTIES WAS TO BE QUITE ELD]LY40.<#b#h#a.> 

,>E !SE /ATI/ICS APPALL+8 ,NO D\BT !Y >E TO A SICK1 SC>$ OLD MAN LIKE ,BOOK*9 :O KN[S HIS TIME IS %ORT4 ,HAD HE DI$ AT #d1 NONE ( HIS BOOKS W\LD EV] HAVE BE5 WRITT54 ,IT IS EMB>RASS+LY OBVI\S ?AT HIS REC5T TIRADES >E ! \TBUR/S ( SOMEONE 9 A DESP]ATE HURRY TO P]PETUATE AN IDEOLOGICAL LEGACY HE RI<TLY P]CEIVES TO BE 9 ECLIPSE4 ,HE FE>S ! LOSS ( ! ONLY K9D ( IMMORTALITY HE BELIEVES 94 ,BUT HIS PRIVATE T]ROR AT ! PROSPECT ( DEA? & DISREG>D IS A P]SONALI/IC DEMON4 ,!RE IS MORE TO ! QUALITY ( LIFE ?AN ! QUANTITY ( LIFE4 ,H[ MU* MORE IS /RICTLY A VALUE JUDGM5T4 ,BOOK*9'S PHILHELL5ISM FAILS HIM H]E2 HE %\LD HE$ ,EPICURUS3 0,AS .<! WISE MAN.> DOES NOT *OOSE ! FOOD ?AT IS MO/ 9 QUANTITY BUT ?AT :I* IS MO/ PLEASANT1 SO HE DOES NOT SEEK ! 5JOYM5T ( ! LONGE/ LIFE BUT ( ! HAPPIE/40.<#b#h#b.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ONE ( ! ,GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES1 0,GOD ORIG9ALLY SET ! LIFE SPAN = ALL CREATURES AT #c YE>S2 F9D+ SO LONG A LIFE WE>ISOME1 ! ASS1 ! DOG1 & ! MONKEY HAD !IRS R$UC$ BY #a#h1 #a#b1 & #a YE>S RESPECTIVELY4 ,ONLY MAN WI%$ A LONG] LIFE1 & ADD$ TO HIS PREVI\S SPAN :AT ! O!RS HAD REL9QUI%$4 ,HE PAID DE>LY = LONGEVITY2 AT #dh HIS CONDITION BECAME ?AT ( ! ASS1 C>RY+ C\NTLESS BURD5S2 AT #f LIKE ! DOG'S1 GR[L+ TOO?LESSLY & DRAGG+ HIMSELF FROM CORN] TO CORN]2 & AT #g LIKE ! MONKEY'S1 A D]ISORY1 WITLESS CREATURE40.<#b#h#c.> ,I LEAVE TO ! READ] ! AMUSEM5T ( TRACK+ ?IS SEQU5CE ONTO ,BOOK*9'S C>E]4 ,A*ILLES *OSE A %ORT LIFE AS A H]O OV] A LONG LIFE AS A NOBODY4 ,PIRATES PREF]R$ A %ORT & M]RY LIFE TO A LONG] LIFE ( DRUDG]Y4 ,SOME PEOPLE1 AS ,ZAPATA PUT IT1 W\LD RA!R DIE ON !IR FEET ?AN LIVE ON !IR KNEES4 ,& SOME PEOPLE CAN PACK A LOT ( LIFE 9TO A %ORT SPAN4 ,IF =AG]S G5]ALLY LIVE LIVES ( LIB]TY1 CONVIVIALITY1 ABUNDANCE & EASE1 IT IS BY NO MEANS OBVI\S ?AT !IR %ORT]1 HI<-QUALITY LIVES >E 9F]IOR TO \R LONG]1 L[-QUALITY LIVES4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 TELLS US ?AT IT IS MOD]N M$ICAL TE*NOLOGY :I* IS KEEP+ HIM ALIVE4.<#b#h#d.> ,?IS IS NOT ! BE/ >GUM5T = MOD]N M$ICAL TE*NOLOGY4 ,MO/ ( ! MALADIES :I* AFFLICT \R ELD]S -- 9CLUD+ HYP]T5SION1 = :I* ,BOOK*9 RECEIVES TREATM5T -- >E NONEXI/5T AMONG ! ,SAN4.<#b#h#e.> ,!SE ABS5T CONDITIONS 9CLUDE OBESITY1 CORON>Y & HYP]T5SIVE HE>T DISEASE1 HI< *OLE/]OL1 & SUICIDE 7& HOMICIDE IS V]Y R>E74 ,VIRAL DISEASES >E UNKN[N AMONG HUNT]-GA!R]S4.<#b#h#f.> ,TUB]CULOSIS1 UNKN[N 9 PREHI/ORY1 0IS ASSOCIAT$ ) KEEP+ LIVE/OCK & LIV+ 9 S$5T>Y OR URBAN C5T]S40.<#b#h#g.> ,AMONG TRIBAL & B& PEOPLES1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE W\LD NEV] F9D A 0PORTLY0 FELL[1 %ORT ( BREA?1 0A MAN ( SIXTY OR SO1 BALD ON TOP1 FLATFOOT$ ON BOTTOM1 WIDE-ASS$ N>R[-M9D$ & SLOPE-%\LD]$1 HE RESEMBL$ 9 %APE A *ILD'S TOY KN[N AS ,MR4 ,POTATO-,HEAD40.<#b#h#h.> ,?AT IS1 ONE W\LD NEV] F9D -- AS H]E DESCRIB$ BY ,$W>D ,ABBEY -- ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,JUDG+ FROM ,S,A,L,A & 0,:I!R ,AN>*ISM80 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS NOT 5JOY+ HIS GOLD5 YE>S4 ,NOBODY ELSE IS 5JOY+ HIS GOLD5 YE>S EI!R4 

,LE/ ANYONE ELSE PANIC OV] ! /ATI/ICS1 LET'S CONSID] :AT !Y REALLY MEAN4 ,9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM ,I ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIR? IS NO MEASURE ( H[ LONG ?OSE :O SURVIVE 9FANCY1 OR :O REA* ANY P>TICUL> AGE1 CAN EXPECT TO LIVE4.<#b#h#i.> ,?AT'S :Y !RE >E JOBS = ACTU>IES4 ,BOOK*9 FIR/ FELL = ?IS FALLACY 9 ,S,A,L,A1 & ,I CORRECT$ HIM 9 ,A,A,L2 HE REPEAT$ IT 9 ! ON-L9E V]SION ( 0,:I!R ,AN>*ISM80 & ,I CORRECT$ HIM AGA9 9 ! %ORT] PAMPHLET V]SION ( ! PRES5T ESSAY4.<#b#i.> ,ITS RECOMMITM5T TO TEXT = A ?IRD APPE>ANCE CANNOT BE A MI/AKE4 ,IT IS A CONSCI\S LIE1 A RECRUDESC5CE ( ,BOOK*9'S IRREPRESSIBLE ,/AL9ISM4 

,9 ALL HUMAN POPULATIONS1 9CLUD+ \RS1 9FANT MORTALITY IS HI< RELATIVE TO ! MORTALITY ( ALL O!R AGE GR\PS EXCEPT ! V]Y OLD4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 AS ,NANCY ,H[ELL CONCLUD$1 0! 6,KUNG HAVE AN AGE PATT]N ( MORTALITY MORE OR LESS LIKE EV]YONE ELSE40.<#b#i#a.> ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE OBS]V$ ?AT 0! ,DOBE POPULATION PYRAMID LOOKS LIKE ?AT ( A DEVELOP$ C\NTRY1 = EXAMPLE1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >\ND #a#i40.<#b#i#b.> ,! HI< RATE ( 9FANT MORTALITY DEPRESSES ! AV]AGE LIFESPAN1 BUT REAL PEOPLE LIVE1 NOT ! AV]AGE LIFESPAN1 BUT !IR [N LIFESPANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! EX-,DIRECTOR1 BACK 9 ! ,OLD ,/ONE ,AGE1 0FEW LIV$ BEYOND !IR FIFTIE? YE>40 7MORE REC5TLY HE SAYS ?AT NO 0HUMAN BE+S SURVIV$ BEYOND ! AGE ( FIFTY074.<#b#i#c.> ,AS ,NANCY ,H[ELL DISCOV]$1 ?AT WAS NOT TRUE ( ! ,SAN4 ,OV] #a#g.0 W]E OV] #e2 #b#i.0 W]E OV] #d2 #d#c.0 W]E OV] #c4 ,ONE ,SAN MAN WAS APPROXIMATELY #h#b4.<#b#i#d.> ,9 #a#i#h#h1 ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ 9T]VIEW$ AT LEA/ ONE ,SAN :O WAS 9 HIS #iS4.<#b#i#e.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,TANAKA1 TOO1 MANY ,SAN LIVE F> BEYOND ! AGE ( #d4.<#b#i#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,%O/ACK1 A ,SAN :O LIVES TO BE #ae CAN EXPECT TO LIVE TO #e#e1 & #a.0 ( ! POPULATION WAS AG$ OV] #f4.<#b#i#g.> 

,TO !SE FIGURES WE MAY COMP>E ?OSE COMPIL$ FROM ! TOMB/ONES ( ANCI5T ,ROMANS 7N "7 #d1#e#g#e7 & NON-,ROMAN ,ITALIANS 7N "7 #c1#b#f#i74 ,ONLY #a.0 ( ! ,ROMANS W]E OV] #e1 COMP>$ TO #a#g.0 ( ! ,SAN2 = ! ,ITALIANS IT WAS #a#h4#d.04 #a#f.0 ( ! ,ROMANS & #b#b4#e.0 ( ! ,ITALIANS W]E OV] #d1 COMP>$ ) #b#i.0 ( ! ,SAN4 #b#f4#g.0 ( ! ,ROMANS & #a#h4#d.0 ( ! ,ITALIANS W]E OV] #c1 COMP>$ ) #d#c.0 ( ! ,SAN4 ,= BO? ANCI5T POPULATIONS1 ! LIFE EXPECTANCY ( P]SONS AG$ #e-#d#d WAS MU* LESS ?AN #b YE>S 9 EV]Y AGE COHORT4.<#b#i#h.> ,! LIFE EXPECTANCY = A ,SAN AT AGE #a#e1 ACCORD+ TO ,KONN] & ,%O/ACK1 IS #d YE>S4 ,! ,ROMAN & ,ITALIAN /ATI/ICS1 BY ! WAY1 BAS$ ON ! EVID5CE FROM TOMB/ONES1 GREATLY UND]E/IMATE MORTALITY1 BECAUSE V]Y FEW BABIES UND] ONE YE> OLD W]E BURI$ ) TOMB/ONES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,MODEL ,LIFE ,TABLES1 :I* AV]AGE ! LIFE EXPECTANCY RATES ( UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS1 ! FIR/ YE> ( LIFE HAS ! HI<E/ MORTALITY RATE 7#c#c4#b.07 EXCEPT = ! #f-#f#d COHORT 7#c#e.074.<#b#i#i.> ,ANO!R HI/ORIAN1 :OSE [N TOMB/ONE SURVEY PRODUC$ AN E/IMAT$ LIFESPAN ( #c1 OBS]V$ ?AT ! POPULATION /RUCTURE ( ! LAT] ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE RESEMBL$ ?AT ( ,9DIA 9 AB\T #a#i4.<#c.> 

,MORTALITY RATES = ,BOOK*9'S REV]$ CLASSICAL ,A!NS >E LIKE ! ,ROMAN RA!R ?AN ! ,SAN FIGURES4 ,A /UDY ( #b1#b#b CLASSICAL ,GREEK SEPUL*RAL 9SCRIPTIONS1 :]E AGA9 9FANTS & SMALL *ILDR5 >E UND]REPRES5T$1 AS *ILDR5 ( ! V]Y POOR MAY ALSO BE1 YIELD$ AN AV]AGE LIFE EXPECTANCY ( #b#i4#d#c YE>S -- A LITTLE L[] ?AN ! L[E/ FIGURE1 ,BOOK*9'S FALSE FIGURE1 = ,SAN LIFE EXPECTANCY4 #d#b4#f#c.0 ( ! SAMPLE DI$ BE=E !Y W]E #b#a1 & AN A/ONI%+LY HI< #f#d4#g#c.0 BE=E !Y W]E #c4 ,ONLY #a#f4#d#c.0 W]E OV] #e -- AGA9 L[] ?AN ! ,SAN FIGURE4.<#c#a.> ,DEA? WAS EV]-PRES5T3 0,9 ! ,GREEK WORLD DEA? WAS PREVAL5T AMONG P]SONS ( ALL AGE GR\PS1 :E!R AS A RESULT ( W>F>E1 ACCID5T1 OR ILLNESS OR1 9 ! CASE ( WOM51 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( GIV+ BIR?40.<#c#b.> ,9 F\R?-C5TURY ,A!NS1 ONLY #b.0 ( PEOPLE OV] #ah W]E OV] #d1.<#c#c.> REFLECT+ A MU* HI<] MORTALITY RATE ?AN AMONG ! ,SAN4 ,! HI< RESPECT ! ,GREEKS ACCORD$ !IR ELD]LY REFLECTS ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E NOT 5\< ( !M TO BE BURD5SOME4 

,9 HIS CELEBRAT$ ,FUN]AL ,ORATION1 ,P]ICLES CONSOL$ ! P>5TS ( SONS FALL5 9 ! W> BY ASSUR+ !M ?AT !IR TR\BLES >E ALMO/ OV]3 0,AS = ?OSE ( Y\ :O >E N[ TOO OLD TO HAVE *ILDR51 ,I W\LD ASK Y\ TO C\NT AS GA9 ! GREAT] P>T ( Y\R LIFE1 & REMEMB] ?AT :AT REMA9S IS NOT LONG40.<#c#d.> ,P>5TS ) ADULT *ILDR51 9 O!R WORDS1 WILL SOON BE DEAD4 ,IT OCCURS TO ME ?AT MANY ASPECTS ( ,GREEK LIFE -- SU* AS W> & PHILOSOPHY -- MI<T BE ILLUM9AT$ BY ! FACT & ! AW>5ESS ( E>LY DEA?4 ,ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S :O DISAGRE$ AB\T EV]Y?+ ELSE AGRE$ ?AT 0FE> ( DEA? IS ! SUPREME 5EMY ( LIFE40.<#c#e.> ,!SE 0APPALL+0 MORTALITY RATES HAVE NEV] TR\BL$ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 P]HAPS BECAUSE HE ADMIRES ALMO/ EV]Y?+ AB\T CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION BUT DESPISES EV]Y?+ AB\T ! ,SAN1 FROM !IR SIZE TO !IR %AMANISM1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 = !IR AN>*ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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