,*APT] #ah 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#h4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,P[] 

  

,AFT] IGNOR+ ! TOPIC S9CE #a#i#g#a1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ABRUPTLY PLACES ! ORGANIZATION QUE/ION ON ! AG5DA3  
  

,?OSE :O WI% TO OV]?R[ ?IS VA/ SY/EM WILL REQUIRE ! MO/ C>EFUL /RATEGIC JUDGM5T1 ! MO/ PR(\ND !ORETICAL UND]/&+1 & ! MO/ D$ICAT$ & P]SI/5T ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS TO EV5 %AKE ! DEEPLY 5TR5*$ B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,!Y WILL NE$ NO?+ LESS ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 5DEAVOR L$ BY KN[L$GEABLE & RESOLUTE PEOPLE :O WILL FOM5T MASS RESI/ANCE & REVOLUTION1 ADVANCE A COH]5T PROGRAM1 & UNITE !IR GR\PS 9TO A VISIBLE & ID5TIFIABLE CONF$]ATION4.<#a#c#a#a.>  
  

,AS REC5TLY AS ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#i#e71 ,BOOK*9 WROTE NO?+ AB\T REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 NOT EV5 AS A VIRTUE ( 0,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS40 ,9 ,JANET ,BIEHL'S ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7#a#i#i#g7 ! REVOLUTION>Y AG5T IS 0! MOVEM5T10 & ! ONLY ORGANIZATIONS = REVOLUTION>IES TO WORK 9 >E MUNICIPAL %AD[ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,N[ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CALLS = A VANGU>D ,ORGANIZATION 7OR ,ORGANIZATIONS7 :I* 0W\LD CONSI/ ( 9T]L9K$ AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT W\LD PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES40.<#a#c#a#b.> ,! ?R[AWAY1 0AFF9ITY GR\PS10 IS JU/ A SOP TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,BOOK*9 0P]PETUATES ALL ! 9COMPATIBILITIES ( A MY?IC 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM' ?AT SPR9KLES AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ) ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTS ( MASS POLITICAL P>TIES0 -- ,BOOK*9 IS TALK+ AB\T ,&RE ,GORZ BUT ! WORDS SUIT ! EX-,DIRECTOR EXACTLY4.<#a#c#a#c.> ,! CONF$]AL /RUCTURE IS A FACADE3 0,9TO ALL P>TIES10 WRITES ,MI*ELS1 0!RE 9S9UATES ITSELF ?AT 9DIRECT ELECTORAL SY/EM :I* 9 PUBLIC LIFE ! DEMOCRATIC P>TIES FI<T ) ALL POSSIBLE VIGOR0.<#a#c#a#d.> 7EXCEPT ?AT ,BOOK*9'S P>TY IS CONSI/5TLY UNDEMOCRATIC 9 PROMOT+ 9DIRECT ELECTIONS 9 GOV]NM5T AS WELL74 

,BOOK*9'S PROPOS$ MEANS ( OV]?R[+ HI]>*Y >E PAT5TLY HI]>*ICAL4 ,AN>*I/S1 HE DECLAIMS1 REQUIRE 0AN ORGANIZATION READY & ABLE TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 MOV+ GREAT MASSES ( WORK]S40 0,A VANGU>D IS NECESS>Y0 TO LEAD1 & ! MASSES >E TO FOLL[1 AS ALWAYS4 ,9EVITABLY ! MORE ADVANC$ & KN[L$GEABLE COMRADES LEAD ! O!RS1 !RE=E !SE RELATIONS %\LD BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 ) ! ADVANC$ MILITANTS =M+ AN 0ORGANIZ$ LEAD]%IP40 ,?IS EM95TLY CONS]VATIVE 7& NEO-,PLAT=MI/7 IDEA WAS ESP\S$ BY ,JOHN ,ADAMS1 :O ?\<T ! 0NATURAL >I/OCRACY0 %\LD BE LOCALIZ$ 9 ! SECOND *AMB] ( ! LEGISLATURE4 ,HIS FRI5D ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON KNEW BETT]3 0,I ?9K ?AT TO GIVE !M P[] 9 ORD] TO PREV5T !M FROM DO+ MIS*IEF1 IS >M+ !M = IT1 & 9CREAS+ 9/EAD ( REM$Y+ ! EVIL40.<#a#c#a#e.> 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ALSO BELIEVES ?AT ! ,ORGANIZATION %\LD BE C5TRALIZ$ AS MU* AS NECESS>Y4.<#a#c#a#f.> ,BOOK*9 MI<T PROTE/ ?AT HE 5VISIONS SOME?+ MORE RECIPROCAL & DIALECTICAL ?AN AN ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY DOM9AT+ A DISORGANIZ$ MAJORITY1 BUT ON HIS [N ACC\NT1 DIALECTICS IS NOT M]E RECIPROCITY1 0SOME ?+S >E 9 FACT V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DET]M9+ ?AN O!RS40 ,! ,ORGANIZATION IS V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DET]M9+ ?AN ! MASSES -- O!RWISE1 :AT IS ! ,ORGANIZATION =8 ,OBVI\SLY AN ORGANIZ$ CAUCUS ( ! BE/ & ! BRI<TE/ MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ,BOOK*9'S ASCRIPTION ( DEMOCRACY TO ! FACE-TO-FACE URBAN ASSEMBLY4 ,AS ,MI*ELS OBS]V$ ) RESPECT TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 0:ILE ?IS SY/EM LIMITS ! EXT5SION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( DELEGATION1 IT FAILS TO PROVIDE ANY GU>ANTEE AGA9/ ! =MATION ( AN OLIG>*ICAL CAM]ILLA40.<#a#c#a#g.> 

,BOOK*9 HAS =GOTT5 ! EVOLUTION>Y LOGIC ( ,L59ISM4 ,FIR/ AN ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY =MS TO LEAD ! MASSES BAS$ ON ITS ADVANC$ !ORY & SUP]IOR KN[L$GE4 ,BUT )9 ! ,ORGANIZATION1 A LEAD]%IP = ! LEAD]S =MS1 AGA9 BAS$ ON ITS EV5 MORE ADVANC$ !ORY & EV5 GREAT] KN[L$GE3 0,EV5 9 ?OSE GR\PS :I* WANT TO ESCAPE ! SOCIAL GIV5S10 ACCORD+ TO ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE1 0BECAUSE ( UNEQUAL COMM& ( !ORY1 ! GANG IS EV5 MORE HI]>*IC ?AN ! G5]AL SOCIETY40.<#a#c#a#h.> ,! PROCESS MAY UNFOLD UNTIL ! MO/ ADVANC$ & KN[L$GEABLE LEAD] 7OR SO IT IS PRUD5T = ! LESS] LEAD]S TO REG>D HIM7 RE/S ATOP ! HI]>*Y AS ! ONLY UNL$ LEAD]4 ,HE MI<T BE CALL$ ! ,*AIRMAN1 OR ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y1 ! ,PRIME ,MOV]1 ! ,POPE1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 OR JU/ ! ,LEAD]4 ,HE IS ! ONLY MEMB] ( ! ,ORGANIZATION & -- AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION -- ! ONLY MEMB] ( SOCIETY :O ACTS )\T BE+ ACT$ ON4 ,SU* A P]SON IS SAID TO EX]CISE P[]4 

,IT US$ TO BE ?AT :5 HIS CRITICS ASSOCIAT$ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ) SU* ,L59I/ NOTIONS AS ! VANGU>D1 ! MASSES1 ! M9IMAL & MAXIMAL PROGRAMS1 DUAL P[]1 ! TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM1 & DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM1.<#a#c#a#i.> HE EXPLOD$ 9 RI<TE\S 9DIGNATION4 ,N[ IT APPE>S ?AT HIS CRITICS KNEW :]E HE WAS HEAD$ BE=E HE DID4 ,Y\ CAN M>K ! REV]SAL BY NOT+ ! WORDS HE USES N[ ?AT HE =M]LY PLAC$ 9 CONTEMPTU\S QUOTATION M>KS3 0LEAD]S10 0MASSES10 0VANGU>DS10 0TRANSITIONAL PROGRAMS10 0LEFT10 0LIB]ATE10 0MASS ORGANIZATION10 0MAN10 0PUBLIC SPH]E10 0PRECONDITION10 0RADICAL10 EV5 0REVOLUTION>Y40.<#a#c#b.> ,=M]LY HE ?\<T IT 0S9I/]0 TO SPEAK ( 0! MASSES10 N[ HE OV]USES ! PHRASE ) NOT A WORD ( EXPLANATION4 ,:AT ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D 7ONE ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S LEA/ FAVORITE PEOPLE7 SAID ON ?IS PO9T IS APPOSITE3 0,! T]M 'MASS' IS NOT A CONCEPT4 ,IT IS A LEITMOTIF ( POLITICAL DEMAGOGY1 A S(T1 /ICKY1 LUMP5ANALYTICAL NOTION40.<#a#c#b#a.> 

,& N[ ,BOOK*91 AFT] YE>S ( EQUIVOCATION1 OP5LY CALLS = 9VOLVEM5T 9 ELECTIONS1 AS HIS CRITICS HAVE ALWAYS ACCUS$ HIM (4.<#a#c#b#b.> ,ONLY LOCAL ELECTIONS1 ( C\RSE1 BUT HIS HALFHE>T$ ATTRIBUTION ( A LESS] DEGREE ( /ATISM TO LOCAL GOV]NM5TS IS D]ISORY4 ,IF Y\ >E >RE/$1 OV] #i#i.0 ( ! TIME IT WILL BE BY ! LOCAL 7MUNICIPAL OR C\NTY7 POLICE1 & Y\ WILL BE HELD 9 ! LOCAL JAIL4 ,IF Y\ >E PROSECUT$1 OV] #i#i.0 ( ! TIME IT WILL BE BY ! LOCAL DI/RICT ATTORNEY4 ,IF Y\ >E CONVICT$ ( A MISDEMEANOR1 Y\ WILL BE 9C>C]AT$1 IF Y\ >E1 9 ! LOCAL JAIL4 ,ON ! CIVIL SIDE1 Y\ WILL BE EVICT$ BY ! LOCAL %]IFF & DIVORC$ BY ! LOCAL C\RT4 ,IF /ATISM IS A V>IABLE1 LOCAL GOV]NM5TS >E ! MO/ /ATI/ ( ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5TS4 ,:I* IS PROBABLY :Y ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS COVETS !IR P[]4 

,EXI/+ =MS ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* >E REPRES5TATIVE & BUREAUCRATIC1 PRECLUDE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! GOAL ( ! ,ORGANIZATION MU/ BE TO TAKE !M OV] & DO AWAY ) !M4 ,FACILITAT+ ?IS1 ,BOOK*9 WROTE #be YE>S AGO1 IS A NEW 0MULTITUDE ( V>I\S LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS1 'ALLIANCES1' & BLOCK COMMITTEES ?AT /RESS LOCAL CONTROL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC JU/ICE03 0,COMMUNITY & ACTION GR\PS HAVE 9VAD$ LOCAL POLITICS1 A T]RA9 ?AT WAS ONCE ! EXCLUSIVE PRES]VE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 ON A SCALE ?AT HAS SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ ! 5TIRE L&SCAPE ( MUNICIPAL POLICY MAK+40.<#a#c#b#c.> ,?AT LA/ BIT IS1 ( C\RSE1 NOT TRUE4 ,! L&SCAPE ( MUNICIPAL POLICY MAK+ IS AS IT WAS #be YE>S AGO1 & #be YE>S BE=E ?AT4 ,! GOAL ( COMMUNITY ACTIVI/S 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS COMMUNITY C\NCILS1 :I* >E SOME?+ LIKE :AT ,BOOK*9 CALL$ = 9 ,BURL+TON4.<#a#c#b#d.> ,BUT BY #a#i#g#h1 ?IS WAS ! SITUATION3 0!Y HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY SPORADIC1 & EV5 AT !IR BE/ !Y SELDOM ATTA9 ACTIVE P>TICIPATION FROM MORE ?AN A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! CITIZ5RY40.<#a#c#b#e.> ,GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS COME & GO4 ,) ! ONGO+ DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION1 LOCAL GR\PS >E ALWAYS LOS+ ANY MODE/ 9FLU5CE !Y HAD4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! GRADUAL DECL9E ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ CONT9UES4 ,NO ONE EV] SETS UP NEW ONES3 !Y >E HI/ORICAL SURVIVALS4 ,MONTANA PRES5TS AN 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE ( ! POPUL> DEM& = T[N MEET+S4 ,9 #a#i#g#b1 A NEW CON/ITUTION 9 ONE /ATE AU?ORIZ$ SMALL T[NS TO ADOPT T[N MEET+ GOV]NM5T4 ,NONE DID4.<#a#c#b#f.> ,9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 TO PROMOTE P>TICIPATION -- :I* IT IS SUPPOS$ TO FE> -- ! LEGISLATURE 9 #aiie PROVID$ = 0REF]5DUM T[N MEET+S0 BY LOCAL OPTION4 ,!RE >E TWO SESSIONS4 ,! FIR/ OR 0DELIB]ATIVE0 SESSION IS = DISCUSSION & AM5DM5T ( ! W>RANT >TICLES4 ,AT ! SECOND1 ! >TICLES >E VOT$ ON & T[N (FICIALS >E ELECT$4 ,AV]AGE ATT5DANCE AT ! FIR/ SESSION IS #b.0 ( ELIGIBLES4 #g#e.0 ( ATT5DEES >E FROM GOV]NM5T BODIES4.<#a#c#b#g.> ,IT IS SELF-GOV]NM5T -- BY GOV]NM5T4 ,I CAN SEE ?IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,COMMUNE4 

,IF CITY POLITICS WAS EV] ! EXCLUSIVE PRES]VE ( POLITICAL P>TIES 7:I* ,I D\BT71 ?AT TIME WAS 5D+ BY ! #a#h#gS4 ,FROM ! #a#h#gS ?R\< ! #a#i#cS1 MIDDLE-CLASS & BUS9ESS ASSOCIATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ :I* S\<T TO RE=M BOSS-RIDD5 URBAN GOV]NM5TS & POLICE =CES4.<#a#c#b#h.> ,IF ?W>T$ LOCALLY1 !Y MI<T APPLY TO SYMPA!TIC /ATE LEGISLATURES = LEGISLATION4 ,?IS !Y C\LD DO = A REASON ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DISLIKES BUT DOES NOT UND]/&1 AL?\< IT IS HI<LY RELEVANT TO HIS POLITICAL AMBITIONS4 ,! /ATES1 LIKE ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 >E RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION & BUILT 9 TO ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE IT CREATES4.<#a#c#b#i.> ,MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS >E NOT M5TION$1 & !Y HAVE NO ,F$]AL CON/ITUTIONAL /ATUS4 

0,! CURR5T LEGALI/IC IMAGE ( ! CITY AS A 'CREATURE' ( ! /ATE10 ,BOOK*9 ASSURES US1 0IS AN EXPRESSION ( FE>1 ( C>EFUL DELIB]ATION 9 A PURPOSIVE EF=T TO SUBDUE POPUL> DEMOCRACY40.<#a#c#c.> ,! EX-,DIRECTOR CALLS ! IMAGE 0CURR5T0 TO IMPLY1 FALSELY1 ?AT IT IS SOME?+ NEW2 9 FACT1 IT WAS JU/ AS CURR5T 9 ! #a#h#gS1 OR #a#g#gS1 & 9 FACT GOES BACK TO M$IEVAL ,5GL&4 ,?IS IS WI%FUL ?9K+ RAIS$ TO A FAI?1 A V]SION ( IDEALISM (T5 SIGNAL$ BY ! EX-,DIRECTOR BY APP5D+ -I/IC TO AN O!RWISE MEAN+FUL ADJECTIVE4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ( EI!R ! FE> OR ! CONSPIRACY4 ,:AT ?W>TS ! ,ORGANIZATION IS NOT A 0LEGALI/IC IMAGE0 BUT A LEGAL REALITY4 ,MUNICIPALITIES D]IVE !IR LEGAL /ATUS FROM ! /ATES1 & !Y EX]CISE ONLY 5UM]AT$ P[]S1 N>R[LY 9T]PRET$ 7! 0,DILLON ,RULE074.<#a#c#c#a.> 

,?US1 9 ! UNLIKELY EV5T ?AT ! ,ORGANIZATION ELECT$ ITS ACTIVI/S TO EV]Y POSSIBLE LOCAL (FICE1 !Y W\LD NOT BE ALL[$ TO SUBV]T ! LOCAL P[] /RUCTURE4 ,= ONE ?+1 MU* ( :AT A CITY DOES IS ON BEHALF ( ! /ATE1 SU* AS 5=C+ ITS CRIM9AL LAW4.<#a#c#c#b.> ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ITS C\NCIL MEMB]S RADICALLY ALT]$ ! POLICE DEP>TM5T -- CIVIL S]VICE LAWS W\LD ONLY BE ! FIR/ OB/ACLE1 FOLL[$ BY ! UNIONS -- !IR 5EMIES W\LD 5TANGLE !M 9 LITIGATION &1 FAIL+ ?AT 7NOT ?AT ,I ?9K IT W\LD FAIL71 !Y MI<T APPEAL TO ! /ATE LEGISLATURE = A /ATE TAKEOV] ( ! =CE4 ,IT'S MORE ?AN AN AB/RACT POSSIBILITY4 ,9 #a#h#e#g1 ! /ATE ( ,NEW ,YORK TOOK CONTROL ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY POLICE =CE FROM ! ,TAMMANY ,HALL MA*9E & REPLAC$ NE>LY ALL ! POLICE2 LOCAL CONTROL WAS NOT RE/OR$ UNTIL AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,9 #a#h#h#e1 ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ 9 ,BO/ON4 ,! MAYORS ( MAJOR ,NEW ,YORK CITIES W]E LIKEWISE /ATE APPO9TEES 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4.<#a#c#c#c.> ,BOOK*9'S /RATEGY CONTEMPLATES A P]IOD ( 0DUAL P[]0 -- :I*1 #be YE>S AGO1 WAS ALREADY EM]G+6 -- :I* SEEMS TO MEAN A SITUATION ( =MAL OR 9=MAL ,ORGANIZATION DOM9ANCE OV] ! CITY :I* WILL 0C\NT]VAIL0 ! /ATE & NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS4.<#a#c#c#d.> ,?AT LEAVES ! LATT]1 ESPECIALLY ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 PL5TY ( OPPORTUNITY1 FROM A POSITION ( AS YET UNDIM9I%$ /R5G?1 TO HOLD ! ,COMMUNE TO EXI/+ LAW OR TO RE/RICTIVE NEW LAW4 ,:AT IS ! RISE ( URBANISM & ! DECL9E ( CITIZ5%IP ?AT HE'S BELLYA*+ AB\T IF NOT ! /ATE'S SUP]IOR P[] POSITION8 ,BESIDES1 DUAL P[] IS A ,L59I/1 NOT AN AN>*I/ CONCEPT1 S9CE AN>*I/S AIM TO ABOLI% P[]1 NOT DUPLICATE IT4.<#a#c#c#e.> 

,IF ! ,DIRECTOR ,AM]ITUS REALLY BELIEVES MOD]N CITIES >E A P[] VACUUM 7OR1 AS HE MI<T SAY1 AN 0AIRLESS VACUUM07 = ! ,ORGANIZATION TO SWOO% 9TO1 HE'S BE5 SP5D+ TOO MU* TIME AT T[N MEET+S & NOT 5\< TIME OBS]V+ EV5 ,BURL+TON CITY GOV]NM5T OR JU/ READ+ ! NEWSPAP]4 ,:5 ! LONG-GONE GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! #fS & #gS W5T TO CITY HALL1 !Y HAD TO WAIT 9 L9E4 ,MANY O!R PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS W]E1 & >E1 ALREADY !RE3 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,WOM5 ,VOT]S1 ! ,P,T,A1 PR(ESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS1 *AMB]S ( COMM]CE1 *UR*ES1 UNIONS1 TAXPAY]S' LEAGUES1 ! M$IA1 S]VICE ORGANIZATIONS1 GOOD-GOV]NM5T GR\PS1 & MANY BUS9ESS ORGANIZATIONS3 !RE'S AN ORGANIZATION EQUIPP$ TO LOBBY = EV]Y BUS9ESS 9T]E/ 9 ! CITY4.<#a#c#c#f.> ,A NEI<BORHOOD POLITICAL ASSOCIATION IS JU/ ANO!R 9T]E/ GR\P4.<#a#c#c#g.> ,! ,ORGANIZATION'S MILITANTS1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y EXHIBIT ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S VIC>I\S >ROGANCE & S5SE ( DE/9Y1 >E LIKELY TO ALI5ATE NOT ONLY ! (FICEHOLD]S BUT ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS TOO1 SOME ( :I* >E POT5TIAL COALITION P>TN]S4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,ORGANIZATION WILL />T \T WEAK & DECL9E FROM !RE4 

,BOOK*9 DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y =MS ( ORGANIZATION :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 NECESS>Y = REVOLUTIONS BE=E >E NECESS>Y N[4 ,AFT] ALL1 AS HE HAS TOLD US HIMSELF1 S\ND+ JU/ LIKE ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS1 ALL ORGANIZATIONS1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 T5D TO R5D] !MSELVES AUTONOM\S1 TO BE ALI5AT$ FROM !IR ORIG9AL AIMS1 & TO BECOME 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 ,IT IS NO D\BT TRUE ?AT IGNOR+ ! PROBLEM DOES NOT SOLVE IT1 BUT 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! PROBLEM DOESN'T SOLVE IT EI!R4 ,! CASE /UDY = ,MI*ELS' CONCLUSION ?AT 0:O SAYS ORGANIZATION1 SAYS OLIG>*Y0 WAS A NOM9ALLY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ P>TY ) 9/RUCT$ DELEGATES & ALL ! RE/ ( ! DEMOCRATIC RIGM>OLE4 ,COMB9E L>GE-SCALE ORGANIZATION ) ! PURSUIT ( P[]1 & 0! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY IS A /ATE )9 A /ATE0 7,MI*ELS71 0! P>TY IS NO?+ BUT A /ATE 9 ! /ATE0 7,/IRN]71 ! P>TY IS 0NO?+ MORE ?AN A /ATE :I* IS WAIT+ = ! OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUIRE P[]0 7,BOOK*974.<#a#c#c#h.> 

,! AU?OR ( A HI/ORY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S :O ALSO CONSID]S ORGANIZATION ! ONLY ROAD TO REVOLUTION MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE DISCUSS$ 9 SOME DETAIL ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 BUT HE DEVOT$ ONLY A FEW PAGES TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T1 & CLAIM$ ?AT ! CONF$]ATION WAS MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ITS RULES W\LD SUGGE/4.<#a#c#c#i.> ,WE >E EXPECT$ TO TAKE HIS WORD = IT4 ,9 #aigd HE AGA9 APPROV$ ( ! RA!R DIFF]5T /RUCTURES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 & HE 9TRODUC$ ! IDEA ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT40 ,YET DESPITE !SE DULY CONF$]AL /RUCTURES1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS REPORT$ DEVELOPM5TS SU* AS ,MI*ELS PR$ICTS4 ,9 ! ,C,N,T1 0*>ISMATIC 9DIVIDUALS .<'9FLU5TIAL MILITANTS8'.> AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION CAME V]Y CLOSE TO ACT+ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC MANN]40 ,& 0! ,F,A,I 9CREAS+LY BECAME AN 5D 9 ITSELF & LOYALTY TO ! ORGANIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 IT WAS UND] ATTACK OR CONFRONT$ ) SEV]E DIFFICULTIES1 T5D$ TO MUTE CRITICISM40.<#a#c#d.> ,9 NO PUBLI%$ WORK HAS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CONSID]$ IF !RE WAS A RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I & !IR LEAD]S ACCEPT+ GOV]NM5T M9I/RIES4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T LET ONLY SELECT$ LEAD]S & 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 9 ON ITS POLITICAL AMBITIONS BE=E JO9+ ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#g1 CLAIM+ IT WAS JO9+1 NOT A GOV]NM5T1 BUT A 0,REGIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL40.<#a#c#d#a.> ,! ,C,N,T1 9 IDEOLOGY & 9 ORGANIZATION1 WAS SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ ON F$]AL PR9CIPLES ) ALL POSSIBLE SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ USURPATION ( P[] BY ! LEAD]%IP4 ,CLE>LY ,MI*ELS1 NOT ,BOOK*91 IS ! BETT] PROGNO/ICATOR ( ! 9H]5TLY UNDEMOCRATIC FATE ( A L>GE-SCALE POLITICAL ,ORGANIZATION1 EV5 ONE ?AT IS AN>*I/4 

,TO ILLU/RATE ! FRI<TFUL CONSEQU5CES ( FAILURE TO UNITE 9 A WELL-L$ ,ORGANIZATION1 ,BOOK*9 CITES AN EPISODE 9 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i#a#i4 ,! /ORY AS HE TELLS IT IS ?IS3 TO PROTE/ ! DISMISSAL ( ! LEFTI/ *IEF ( POLICE 767 9 ,B]L91 0! CITY'S LEFTI/ ORGANIZATIONS -- ! ,9DEP5D5TS ,SOCIAL .<SIC.> ,DEMOCRATS1 ! PRE-,L59I/ .<SIC.> ,COMMUNI/S >\ND ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,%OP ,/EW>DS -- DI/RIBUT$ LEAFLETS D5\NC+ ! MOVE & CALL+ = A PROTE/ RALLY40  
  

,!Y >E CORRECTLY DESCRIB$ AS POT5TIALLY ! GREATE/ PROLET>IAN >MY ! WORLD HAD EV] SE51 & !Y W]E 9 A BELLIG]5T1 9DE$ REVOLUTION>Y MOOD4 ,!Y WAIT$ EXPECTANTLY 9 ! SQU>ES & /REETS = !IR LEAD]S -- :O HAD CALL$ ! MOBILIZATION -- TO GIVE !M ! SIGNAL TO MOVE4 ,NONE WAS =?COM+4 ,?R\<\T ! 5TIRE DAY1 :ILE ?IS HUGE PROLET>IAN >MY WAIT$ = TACTICAL GUIDANCE1 ! 9DECISIVE LEAD]S DEBAT$ AMONG !MSELVES4 ,F9ALLY EV5+ APPROA*$1 & ! MASSES ( >M$ PROLET>IANS DRIFT$ HOME1 HUNGRY & DISAPPO9T$4.<#a#c#d#b.> 

,! NEXT DAY1 A ,MONDAY1 ANO!R APPEAL TO TAKE TO ! /REETS WAS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! WORK]S1 & ! SAME NUM]ICALLY HUGE MASS ( >M$ WORK]S REAPPE>$1 ONCE AGA9 READY = AN UPRIS+4 ,!IR DEMON/RATION WAS COMP>ABLE 9 ITS POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>Y =CE TO ! ONE ?AT HAD ASSEMBL$ ON ! PREVI\S DAY -- BUT ! LEAD]S /ILL BEHAV$ 9DECISIVELY1 /ILL DEBAT+ !IR C\RSE ( ACTION )\T COM+ TO ANY DEF9ITIVE .<SIC.> CONCLUSION4 ,BY NI<TFALL1 AFT] WAIT+ ?R\<\T ! DAY .<#a#c#d#c.> 9 A COLD FOG & /EADY RA91 ! CR[D DISP]S$ AGA91 NEV] TO RETURN4.<#a#c#d#d.>  
  

,! MORAL8 0,HAD ! LEAD]S BE5 UNIFI$ & DECISIVE2 HAD !Y GIV5 ! SIGNAL TO UNSEAT ! GOV]NM5T1 ! WORK]S MI<T WELL HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ OV] ,B]L910 P]HAPS SP>K+ UPRIS+S ?R\<\T ,G]MANY4 0,HAD TODAY'S LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S BE5 ON ! SC5E 9 #a#i#a#i10 ADDS ,BOOK*91 0,I CAN ONLY SUPPOSE ?AT !IR POSITION -- OR LACK ( ONE -- W\LD HAVE HELP$ TO SEAL ! DOOM ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION BY EXCLUD+ DECISIVE ORGANIZ$ ACTION40.<#a#c#d#e.> ,?ANK GOODNESS !Y W]5'T !RE1 O!RWISE ! ,REVOLUTION MI<T HAVE FAIL$6 

,IF ,I HAD TO RANSACK ! HI/ORY BOOKS = AN ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL CAUTION>Y TALE1 ?IS JU/ MI<T BE IT4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DEM&S A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION3 ! ,B]L9 WORK]S HAD ?REE ( !M1 WORK+ -- = ONCE -- CLOSELY & H>MONI\SLY TOGE!R1 AT LEA/ DUR+ ?IS EPISODE4 ,! EX-,DIRECTOR DEM&S LEAD]S3 #hf LEAD]S MET ON ,SUNDAY NI<T4 ,! ,B]L9 WORK]S HAD SO MANY LEAD]S ?AT !Y C\LD SP>E SOME TO LEAD ! O!R SIDE TOO4 ,= TODAY'S 5EMIES W]E ALMO/ LIT]ALLY YE/]DAY'S LEAD]S3 ! ,GOV]NM5T CONSI/$ ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TO :I* ALL ! WORK]S ADH]$ 9 ,NOVEMB] & MANY /ILL ADH]$ 9 ,JANU>Y4 

,BOOK*9 W\LD NOT BE ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IF HE TOLD A /ORY )\T LEAV+ SOME?+ IMPORTANT \T4 ,! WORK]S W]E NOT AS %EEPLIKE AS HE MAKES !M \T TO BE4 ,ON ?AT FIR/ DAY1 NOT EV]YBODY WAIT$ = ORD]S3 0,JU/ AS ON ,NOVEMB] #i A FEW C\RAGE\S PEOPLE SUDD5LY TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE1 ISSU$ 9/RUCTIONS & ASSEMBL$ 9 >M$ GR\PS & COLUMNS40 ,!Y OCCUPI$ ! MAJOR NEWSPAP] PUBLI%]S & ! RAILWAY /ATIONS1 ) >M$ COLUMNS ROAM+ ! /REETS ALL NI<T.<#a#c#d#f.> -- 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y />T$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION W\LD FAIL BECAUSE ! O!R WORK]S RELI$ ON ORGANIZATIONAL LEAD]%IP 9/EAD ( !MSELVES4 

,:AT TRANSPIR$ ,SUNDAY NI<T IS ALSO 9T]E/+4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ?REE ORGANIZATIONS ,BOOK*9 M5TIONS ASSEMBL$ AT POLICE HEADQU>T]S 767 9 A /ATE ( HI< EXCITEM5T AFT] ! DAY'S UNEXPECT$ EV5TS4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS BLAMES ! LEAD]%IP AS NOT 0UNIFI$ & DECISIVE40 ,BUT !Y W]E BO?4 ,! VOTE 0TO TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T & C>RY IT ON UNTIL ITS OV]?R[0 C>RI$ BY A VOTE ( #h-#f4 ,?AT RESOLVE WAS IMPLICIT AT BE/ 9 ! FLI] CALL+ ! ,MONDAY MASS RALLY1 SAY+3 0,N[ BIGG] ISSUES >E AT /AKE40 ,SO ,MONDAY W5T MU* AS ,SUNDAY HAD1 ) SOME ADDITIONAL OCCUPATIONS4.<#a#c#d#g.> 

,N[ IT IS NOT EV5 OBVI\S ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ]R$4 ,ON ,SUNDAY IT WAS CAU<T BY SURPRISE2 EVID5TLY NONE ( ! PLAT=M SPEAK]S1 NOT EV5 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 FELT AU?ORIZ$ TO ORD] A REVOLUTION ON HIS [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT IS LEAD]S TOO1 NOT JU/ FOLL[]S1 :O BECOME DEP5D5T ON ! ,ORGANIZATION4 ,& ON ,SUNDAY NI<T1 ! TWO SOLDI]S' DELEGATES W>N$ ?AT ! SOLDI]S & EV5 ! MILIT>Y VANGU>D1 ! SAILORS1 C\LD NOT BE C\NT$ ON4 ,!Y PROV$ PROPHETIC3 ON ,MONDAY ! LEAD]S APPEAL$ TO ! TROOPS1 & ! #e#c-MAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE TRANSF]R$ TO ! SAILORS' HEADQU>T]S1 BUT NONE ( ! >M$ =CES W\LD ACT3 0,:AT HAD HAPP5$8 ,ABOVE ALL IT WAS ?IS3 ! HOP$-= SUPPORT ( ! TROOPS = ?IS SECOND WAVE ( REVOLUTION HAD FAIL$ TO MAT]IALIZE40.<#a#c#d#h.> ,IT'S POSSIBLE ?AT !RE WAS NO 9SURRECTION1 NOT BECAUSE ! LEAD]S W]E 9DECISIVE1 BUT BECAUSE !Y MADE A DECISION NOT TO CALL ONE AT ?AT TIME )\T MILIT>Y SUPPORT4 ,BUT ?IS MU* IS C]TA93 0,EVID5TLY NOBODY WAS READY TO ATTEMPT A DECISIVE ASSAULT ON ! ,GOV]NM5T BUILD+S )\T BE+ GIV5 ! ORD] -- & NO ORD] CAME40.<#a#c#d#i.> 

,NO ORD] CAME4 ,= DECADES1 ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$1 $UCAT$1 & DRILL$ BY ! PRIDE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,9 ?AT TIME1 ?IS 0NUM]ICALLY HUGE0 P>TY BECAME HI]>*IC1 BUREAUCRATIC1 C5TRALIZ$ & DISCIPL9$1 ! UNWITT+ %AD[ ( A HI]>*IC1 BUREAUCRATIC1 C5TRALIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ SOCIETY4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#h#i#e1 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL ID5TIFI$ !SE ASPECTS ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS1 :OSE P>TY MEMB]%IP CO/ HIM :AT ,BOOK*9 W\LD CALL AN ALLUR+ ACADEMIC C>E]1 WROTE ,POLITICAL ,P>TIES1 A SOCIOLOGICAL CLASSIC1 TO EXPLA9 :Y A P>TY :OSE IDEOLOGY WAS DEMOCRACY WAS ITSELF AN OLIG>*Y4.<#a#c#e.> ,I'LL DRAW ON SOME ( ITS 9SI<TS A LITTLE LAT]4 ,ITS PRES5T 9T]E/ IS ?AT IT DESCRIBES ! S*OOL 9 :I* A G5]ATION ( ,G]MAN WORK]S LE>N$ POLITICS4 ,!IR CAPACITY = SELF-ACTIVITY F\ND NO ORGANIZATIONAL *ANNELS ( EXPRESSION1 9 FACT1 RANK & FILE 9ITIATIVE WAS /RONGLY DISC\RAG$4 ,!SE WORK]S W]E US$ TO LOOK+ TO LEAD]S = DIRECTIONS4 ,)\T !M1 AT A CRITICAL YET FLEET+ MOM5T1 !Y WAIT$1 & !N !Y WAIT$ AGA91 & !N IT WAS ALL OV]4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION FAIL$ BECAUSE IT WAS MORE ,G]MAN ?AN REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,]N/ ,TOLL]1 A MAJOR FIGURE 9 ! ,BAV>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 0ALAS1 ! ,G]MAN WORKM5 HAD BE5 TOO LONG ACCU/OM$ TO BL9D OB$I5CE2 !Y WANT$ ONLY TO OBEY4 ,!Y CONFUS$ BRUTALITY ) /R5G?1 BLU/] ) LEAD]%IP1 SUPPRESSION ( FRE$OM ) DISCIPL9E4 ,!Y MISS$ !IR ACCU/OM$ ATMOSPH]E2 !Y F\ND !IR FRE$OM *AOS10 !Y W]E1 9 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S WORDS1 0! ,BIS-,M>XIAN ,SOCIALI/S ( ,G]MANY40.<#a#c#e#a.> ,L59 PRAIS$ !M = !IR SUBS]VI5CE TO !IR LEAD]S4 ,!Y FAIL$ FROM TOO MU* ORGANIZATION & NOT 5\< SPONTANEITY4 ,]N/ ,S*NEID]1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CONTEMPORANE\S ,WILHELM%AV5 NAVAL MUT9Y1 CONCLUD$ ?AT 0! POLITICAL P>TIES >E NO BETT] 9=M$ ?AN ! MASSES4 ,?IS HAS BE5 PROV$ 9 ALL ACTUAL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES4 ,AS LONG AS P>TIES OP]ATE AS SEP>ATE GR\PS )9 ! MASS1 ! MASS IS NOT REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT NEI!R >E ! P>TIES40.<#a#c#e#b.> 

,& BY ! WAY 444 ,BOOK*9 DOESN'T REALLY BELIEVE ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION FAIL$ = LACK ( A VANGU>D ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT IS -- AS HE ONCE WROTE PRIOR TO ACQUIR+ AN 9T]E/ 9 SAY+ ! OPPOSITE -- A 0CRUDE SIMPLIFICATION40 ,HE E>LI] 9CLUD$ ?AT REVOLUTION ON ! LI/ ( #b?-C5TURY REVOLUTIONS :I* C\LD NOT HAVE WON BECAUSE !RE WAS !N NO 0MAT]IAL BASIS0 = A REVOLUTION = ! G5]AL 9T]E/3 0,IT IS NOT = WANT ( ORGANIZATION ?AT ! PA/ REVOLUTIONS ( RADICAL ELEM5TS ULTIMATELY FAIL$ BUT RA!R BECAUSE ALL PRIOR SOCIETIES W]E ORGANIZ$ SY/EMS ( WANT40.<#a#c#e#c.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS N[ SAYS ?AT :I* IS NOT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bi 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/