,*APT] #af 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#f4 ,FANTASIES ( ,F$]ALISM 

  

,ONE ( ITS PROPON5TS 9SI/S ?AT FACE-TO-FACE DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAS TO MEET A V]Y DEM&+ /&>D3  
  

,! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT POSITIVE ACT ( POLITICAL RECOGNITION :I* A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY MU/ PAY TO ITS MEMB]S IS TO GIVE EA* ( !M FREQU5T & REALI/IC OPPORTUNITIES TO BE HE>D1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ACCESS TO ASSEMBLIES SUFFICI5TLY SMALL SO ALL CAN REASONABLY BE ASSUR$ TIME TO SPEAK1 & TO MATT]S ( SUFFICI5T MOM5T TO COMM& PRACTICAL ATT5TION4.<#a#d#i.>  
  

,BOOK*9'S /&>D IS JU/ AS HI<3  
  

,! ,GREEKS1 WE >E (T5 REM9D$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 HORRIFI$ BY A CITY :OSE SIZE & POPULATION PRECLUD$ A FACE-TO-FACE1 (T5 FAMILI> RELATION%IP BETWE5 CITIZ5S444 ,9 MAK+ COLLECTIVE DECISIONS -- ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN ECCLESIA WAS1 9 SOME WAYS1 A MODEL = MAK+ SOCIAL DECISIONS -- ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY %\LD HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUIRE 9 FULL ! MEASURE ( ANYONE :O ADDRESSES ! ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y %\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO ABSORB HIS ATTITUDES1 /UDY HIS EXPRESSIONS1 & WEI< HIS MOTIVES AS WELL AS HIS IDEAS 9 A DIRECT P]SONAL 5C\NT] & ?R\< DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSION4  
  

,DIRECT DEMOCRACY MU/ 0LIT]ALLY BE DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE1 ( ! K9D ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 & ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S40.<#a#e.> ,?AT IS :AT DID NOT PREVAIL 9 ! ,A!NIAN ASSEMBLY1 AS WE SAW 9 ,*APT] #a#d1 BUT ?AT IS :AT W\LD HAVE TO PREVAIL IF LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS TO BE ANY?+ BUT A FACADE = OLIG>*Y4 ,H]E1 !N1 IS ! CORE ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S GR& !ORY1 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 FIL*$ FROM ,MILTON ,KOTTL]4.<#a#e#a.> 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS WILL NOT PROVIDE AN E/IMATE ( ! POPULATION ( AN URBAN ,COMMUNE1 BUT IT W\LD BE )9 REASONABLE WALK+ DI/ANCE ( ITS NEI<BORS4 ,HE DOES PUT ITS >EA AT ONE TO TWELVE BLOCKS4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE APPE>S TO APPROVE ( ,PLATO'S ,PY?AGOREAN FIGURE1 9 ! ,LAWS1 ( A POLIS POPULATION ( #e1#d4.<#a#e#b.> ,JANET ,BIEHL SAYS ?AT MUNICIPALITIES 0MAY RANGE FROM A SMALL VILLAGE OR T[N 9 A RURAL >EA1 TO A SMALL CITY1 TO A NEI<BORHOOD 9 A VA/ METROPOLIS LIKE ,NEW ,YORK40 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS SEEMS TO CONTEMPLATE A L[] UPP] LIMIT :5 HE SAYS ! ,COMMUNE W\LD BE BAS$ ON NEI<BORHOODS1 W>DS1 0EV5 BLOCKS40.<#a#e#c.> ,BUT :I* W>DS8 ,:I* BLOCKS8 ,BOOK*9 IGNORES ! QUE/IONS :]E1 H[1 & BY :OM1 ! ALL-IMPORTANT B\ND>IES ( ! ,COMMUNE >E TO BE DRAWN4 

,! ,COMMUNE IS1 WE >E TOLD1 AN 0ORGANIC0 UNIT4 ,= ONCE ! IRONIC QUOTATION M>KS >E UNWITT+LY APPROPRIATE4 ,! CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS ( ,COMMUNAL SOCIETY >E TREAT$ AS GIV5S3 0,POPUL>1 EV5 BLOCK1 ASSEMBLIES CAN BE =M$ IRRESPECTIVE ( ! SIZE ( ! CITY1 PROVID$ ITS ORGANIC CULTURAL COMPON5TS CAN BE ID5TIFI$ & !IR UNIQU5ESS FO/]$40 7,ID5TIFI$ BY :OM8 ,& :AT HAPP5S TO ! PEOPLE 9 >EAS :]E IT CAN'T87 ,CITIES CONSI/ ( NEI<BORHOODS1 0L>GELY ORGANIC COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( ID5TITY1 :E!R !Y >E DEF9$ BY A %>$ CULTURAL H]ITAGE1 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 A COMMONALITY ( SOCIAL VIEWS1 OR EV5 AN ES!TIC TRADITION SU* AS ,GRE5WI* ,VILLAGE40.<#a#e#d.> ,ACTUALLY ?IS APPROXIMATES ! DEF9ITION ( A COMMUNITY1 A GEOGRAPHICAL CLU/]+ ( PEOPLE ) %>$ 9T]E/S1 *>ACT]I/ICS & ASSOCIATION4.<#a#e#e.> ,BUT = ,BOOK*9 ! COMMUNITY IS USELESS1 DESPITE ITS MU* GREAT] FUNCTIONAL REALITY1 BECAUSE IT IS USUALLY NOT A FACE-TO-FACE AGGREGATION USABLE AS ! ,COMMUNE'S ATOMIC UNIT4 ,SAD TO SAY1 NEI<BORHOOD OR COMMUNITY1 CALL IT :AT Y\ WILL1 CANNOT BE TAK5 = GRANT$ BY ! W\LD-BE BUILD]S ( ! MUNICIPAL /ATE3 0,! NOTION ( A COMMUNITY AS A COHESIVE1 LOCALLY BAS$ SOCIAL SY/EM ) %>$ VALUES & A S5SE ( BELONG+ IS NOT ! MO/ USEFUL WAY TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! COMPLEX TEXTURES ( URBAN SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,COMMUNITIES 9 ?IS S5SE DO OCCUR 9 CITIES1 YET MANY URBANITES LIVE 9 >EAS :I* DO NOT RESEMBLE ! TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY40.<#a#e#f.> 

,EV5 TO SPEAK ( A TRIBAL SOCIETY AS 0ORGANIC10 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS US$ TO DO1.<#a#e#g.> IS TO SPEAK METAPHORICALLY BY ANALOGY FROM LIV+ ORGANISMS4 ,BOOK*9 MAY NOT KN[ ?IS1 S9CE HE ?9KS PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E BIOLOGICAL1 LIKE WOLF PACKS OR AN?ILLS 7,*APT] #a#a74 ,9 FACT1 0ORGANIC0 IS ! SORT ( POLITICAL METAPHOR ?AT HE IRRATIONALLY D5\NCES AS IRRATIONALI/1 EV5 FASCI/IC4.<#a#e#h.> ,! TYPICAL URBAN NEI<BORHOOD IS SO F> FROM RESEMBL+ AN ORGANISM AS TO MAKE ! METAPHOR MY/IFY+4 ,EXCEPT = 9CORPORAT$ VILLAGES1 FEW T]RITORIES (1 SAY1 #a1 PEOPLE S]VE ANY SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONS -- IF ONLY BECAUSE !Y N[ LACK POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* TO FUNCTION1 & (T5 ALSO BECAUSE !IR RESID5TS %>E FEW 9T]E/S OR ATTITUDES4 ,! B\ND>Y ( A BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM IS ITS SK94 ,! B\ND>Y ( A /ATE IS ! BORD]4 ,! B\ND>Y ( A NEI<BORHOOD IS (T5 VAGUE & FLEXIBLE4.<#a#e#i.> ,RESID5TS (T5 DISAGREE AB\T ! B\ND>IES & ) ! OP9IONS ( \TSID]S AS TO :]E ! B\ND>IES >E4 ,:E!R A CITY HAS NEI<BORHOODS AT ALL IS AN EMPIRICAL QUE/ION4.<#a#f.> ,:I* IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 S9CE :E!R !Y EXI/ OR :]E !Y >E IS AT PRES5T IRRELEVANT4 ,BUT IT WILL BE HI<LY RELEVANT UND] ,COMMUNAL RULE4 

,! 5TIRE QUIXOTIC !ORY ( URBAN MUNICIPALISM PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! POLITICALLY VIABLE MUNCIPALITIES >E ALREADY H]E4 ,?US ,BIEHL WRITES1 0,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM REF]S TO SU* POT5TIAL POLITICAL COMMUNITIES AS MUNICIPALITIES4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! MUNICIPALITIES ?AT EXI/ TODAY V>Y WIDELY 9 SIZE & LEGAL /ATUS .<SIC3 NEI<BORHOODS HAVE NO LEGAL /ATUS.>2 !Y MAY RANGE FROM A SMALL VILLAGE OR T[N 9 A RURAL >EA1 TO A SMALL CITY1 TO A NEI<BORHOOD 9 A VA/ METROPOLIS LIKE ,NEW ,YORK4 ,BUT !Y /ILL HAVE SUFFICI5T FEATURES & TRADITIONS 9 COMMON ?AT WE MAY USE ! SAME NAME = !M40.<#a#f#a.> ,AL?\< ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS (T5 RIDICUL$ ,E4,F4 ,S*UMA*]1 :OSE FAME HE 5VIES1 = SAY+ 0SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL10 HE IS NOT ABOVE APPROPRIAT+ ! POSITIVE RESONANCE ( 0SMALL40 ,! CON/ANT USE ( QUANTITATIVE LANGUAGE )\T ANY QUANTIFICATION 9VITES SUSPICION ?AT ,BOOK*9 IS BE+ DESIGN$LY VAGUE BECAUSE ANY FIGURE HE M5TIONS C\LD BE P\NC$ UPON AS 9CONSI/5T ) ONE ASPECT OR ANO!R ( HIS UTOPIA4 ,I D>ESAY ANY FIGURE WILL BE TOO SMALL = VIABLE SOV]EIGNTY OR TOO L>GE = DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,9DE$1 HE (T5 SPEAKS1 AS ,BIEHL DOES H]E1 ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! PRIM>Y POLITICAL UNIT2 BUT ELSE:]E ! MUNICIPALITY IS A F$]ATION ( NEI<BORHOODS1 & IT IS ! PRIM>Y POLITICAL UNIT4 ,IF ! REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T ( A MUNICIPALITY IS ! SOV]EIGN1 !N ,COMMUNALISM HAS NONE ( ! VIRTUES CLAIM$ = IT4 

,COMMUNAL B\ND>IES >E NEI!R SELF-EVID5T NOR SELF-CON/RUCT+4 ,! ONLY WAY ALL ,COMMUNES C\LD HAVE 0SUFFICI5T FEATURES & TRADITIONS 9 COMMON0 IS ! WAY ,BIEHL MAKES SURE !Y DO -- BY DEF9ITION4 ,DO Y\ NE$ FEATURES & TRADITIONS OR FEATURES OR TRADITIONS8 ,NEW COMMUNITIES WILL USUALLY HAVE FEATURES BUT NO TRADITIONS 9 COMMON4 ,9 O!RS1 ! ONLY 0TRADITIONS0 %>$ >E :AT !Y %>E ) MILLIONS ( O!R MASSIFI$ MIDDLE-CLASS :ITES1 SU* AS CONV5TIONAL PIETY & :AT ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD CALL$ ,MASSCULT4 ,!RE MAY BE NO?+ TO DI/+UI% !M AS PEOPLE FROM ! NEI<BORHOODS >\ND !M1 NOT EV5 AN >BITR>Y S5SE ( NEI<BORHOOD4 ,SU* PEOPLE T5D TO BE ?OSE :O >E SATISFI$ ) ! /ATUS QUO & CONT5T TO LEAVE POLITICS TO REPRES5TATIVES1 EXP]TS & \TSID]S4 ,IF FEATURES-&-TRADITIONS IS A REQUIREM5T = MUNICIPALITY /ATUS1 MANY NEI<BORHOODS DON'T SATISFY IT4 ,WILL !SE ATTRIBUTES BE 5G9E]$ BY ! NEI<BORHOODS ?AT DO HAVE !M1 EX]CIS+ A COLONIAL PROTECTORATE8 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 ! SPREAD ( ,COMMUNES WILL BE A PROTRACT$1 UNEV5 PROCESS3 0,SOME NEI<BORHOODS & T[NS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ADVANCE MORE RAPIDLY ?AN O!RS 9 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS40.<#a#f#b.> ,= AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( TIME1 !RE WILL BE ASSEMBLIES 9 SOME NEI<BORHOODS BUT NOT O!RS4 ,A SMALL1 UNREPRES5TATIVE M9ORITY 7( ,ORGANIZATION MILITANTS1 USUALLY7 WILL HAVE A FREE H& TO DEF9E ! ,COMMUNE'S ID5TITY MORE OR LESS P]MAN5TLY 9 A MANN] AT ONCE SELF-S]V+ & SELF-FULFILL+4 ,!RE WILL BE A /RONG TEMPTATION TO G]RYM&]+ -- TO DRAW+ ! L9ES SO AS TO B5EFIT ?OSE :O >E DRAW+ !M1 ESPECIALLY S9CE !RE IS NO ORGANIZ$ OPPOSITION ACROSS ! B\ND>Y4 ,! APPORTION]S MAY DRAW ! L9ES TO EXCLUDE 5CLAVES ( M9ORITIES1 ON ! PRETEXT1 IF !Y FEEL !Y NE$ ONE1 ?AT ! M9ORITIES LACK ! REQUISITE E?NIC1 ECONOMIC OR IDEOLOGICAL 0ID5TITY0 ) ! DESIGNAT$ DOM9ANT GR\P4 ,NEI<BORHOODS WILL BECOME MORE P>O*IAL ?AN !Y ALREADY >E -- AN ODD CONSEQU5CE ( A UNIV]SALI/IC IDEOLOGY4 ,! L9E MI<T BE DRAWN TO 9CLUDE VALUABLE REAL E/ATE 7A /REET1 A GAS /ATION1 A LIBR>Y7 & EXCLUDE NUISANCES 7A LAGG>D ,COMMUNE MAY F9D ITSELF /UCK ) ! CITY DUMP74 ,BELAT$LY ORGANIZ$ ,COMMUNES WILL NOT ACCEPT ! JU/ICE ( FIR/-COME1 FIR/-S]V$1 BUT !RE IS NO HI<] AU?ORITY = !M TO APPLY TO = R$RESS4 

,S9CE ,BOOK*9 IS ALMO/ 9DIFF]5T TO ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( HIS IDEAL SOCIETY 7,*APT] #a#g71 IT IS H>D TO BE SURE :AT ABSURDITIES AWAIT !RE4 ,!RE >E RES\RCES CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO CITIES -- OIL FIELDS1 HYDROELECTRIC P[] DAMS1 M9ES -- LOCAT$ F> FROM !M4 ,:O [NS !M8 ,! NE>E/ ONE-HORSE T[N8 ,:O MA9TA9S 9T]/ATE HI<WAYS1 A /R+ ( TRUCK /OPS8 ,DOES A COLLEGE [N ITS COLLEGE T[N8 ,DOES A COMPANY T[N [N ITS COMPANY8 ,DOES ,WA%+TON'S ,CAPITOL ,HILL NEI<BORHOOD :]E ,I US$ TO LIVE [N ! ,CAPITOL & ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,CONGRESS8 ,H[ DOES ! COMMON SITUATION PLAY \T ( A L>GE FACTORY 9 A SMALL T[N8 ,!RE MAY BE F> MORE WORK]S ?AN T[NSM51 MAYBE EV5 MORE WORK]S :O LIVE \TSIDE ( T[N ?AN T[NSM54 ,9 ,PITTSBUR<1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 ONLY #b.0 ( WORK]S WORK$ 9 OR NE> !IR NEI<BORHOODS4.<#a#f#c.> ,! 0CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL CITY0 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY SEGREGATION BY L& USE FUNCTION & BY CLASS-BAS$ NEI<BORHOODS4 ,EV]YBODY BUT ,BOOK*9 KN[S ?AT PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RY HAS FL$ ! CITIES = ! SUBURBS & EXURBS4 ,NO LONG] ! C5T] ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 ! CITY IS =TUNATE IF IT S]VES AS A C5T] ( ADM9I/RATION1 9=MATION EX*ANGE & S]VICE PROVISION4.<#a#f#d.> ,BECAUSE WE LIVE 9 ! K9D ( COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY CELEBRAT$ BY ! EX-,DIRECTOR1 NEI!R NEI<BORHOOD NOR CITY SELF-SUFFICI5CY IS EV5 REMOTELY POSSIBLE4 ,ALL ! CRITICAL ECONOMIC DECISIONS >E MADE ELSE:]E4 

,TAK+ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS AT FACE VALUE1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! T[N C\LD MANAGE ! FACTORY 7OR EV5 A DOZ5 FACTORIES 9 AN 9DU/RIAL P>K7 9 ITS [N 9T]E/1 AL?\< SU* DECISIONS >E AS IMPORTANT OR MORE IMPORTANT TO ! WORK]S 7& TO DI/ANT CONSUM]S7 AS TO ! T[NSM54 ,AS WORK]S )\T CIVIC RI<TS1 !Y RESEMBLE ! METICS ( ,A!NS4 ,IT IS NO USE !IR TAK+ !IR PROBLEMS HOME TO !IR ASSEMBLIES1 BECAUSE EV5 IF ! ASSEMBLIES C>$ AB\T ! P]SONALI/IC EXTRAT]RITORIAL PROBLEMS ( SOME ( !IR CITIZ5S1 !Y >E P[]LESS TO ACT BEYOND !IR BORD]S4 ,AB\T ALL ?AT ,BOOK*9 SAYS1 & SAYS (T51 RELEVANT TO ! PROBLEM IS ?AT ASSEMBLIES >E NOT TO LEGISLATE 9 !IR [N 0P>TICUL>I/IC0 9T]E/S1 BUT 9 ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,?AT SOLVES ! PROBLEM ALL RI<T1 BUT ONLY BY JU/IFY+ ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T1 S9CE IT DOESN'T MATT] :O RULES AS LONG AS !Y >E GUID$ BY ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,!RE W\LD !N BE NO NE$ TO SET UP ANY?+ AS CUMB]SOME & 9EFFICI5T AS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 

,H[ MANY LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO F$]ATE A NATIONAL POPULATION ( #b#f#b1#g#f#a1 .<:5 ,I FIR/ WROTE !SE PAGES3 N[ IT IS OV] #cf MILLION.>1 ( :I* #a#h#i1#e#b#d1 >E OV] #a#h8 ,BOOK*9 & ,I HAVE 9DEP5D5TLY CONCLUD$ ?AT F\R F$]AL LEVELS BEYOND ! ,COMMUNE W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO REA* ! NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,9 HIS F9AL PRE-AN>*I/ DAYS AS A DEMOCRATIC DEC5TRALI/1 ,BAKUN9 ?\<T IT W\LD BE ?REE LEVELS1 BUT HE WAS ?9K+ ( ! MU* SMALL] NATIONS ( #a#i? C5TURY ,EUROPE1 SO HIS E/IMATE IS ON ! SAME SCALE AS M9E4.<#a#f#e.> ,= A DEMON/RATION1 WE HAVE TO MAKE SOME ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ! AV]AGE SIZE ( A ,COMMUNE IS #a1 PEOPLE1 ( :I*1 US+ ! NATIONAL AV]AGE1 #g#e4#a#b.0 OR #gea >E ADULTS4.<#a#f#f.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS W\LD APP>5TLY GO ?AT HI<1 MAYBE HI<]1 S9CE ,COMMUNES MAY BE BAS$ ON 0NEI<BORHOODS40.<#a#f#g.> 

,ONE ?\S&1 ,I SUBMIT1 IS OBVI\SLY TOO L>GE TO SATISFY EV5 A WEAK /&>D ( FACE-TO-FACE 9T]ACTION -- = EV]YBODY TO KN[ EV]YBODY ELSE1 MORE OR LESS -- ESPECIALLY CONSID]+ ! ANOMIE PREVAIL+ 9 MO/ URBAN NEI<BORHOODS4 ,IT IS A R>E 9DIVIDUAL 9 ANY NEI<BORHOOD :O KN[S EV5 #e ( HIS NEI<BORS1 UNLESS HE IS A POLITICIAN4 ,MANY URBANITES HAVE CONTACTS ) V]Y FEW NEI<BORS4 ,& *>ACT]I/ICALLY !Y 9T]ACT ) O!RS 09 HI<LY SEGM5TAL ROLES0 7,L\IS ,WIR?74 ,9 FACT1 URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONS TYPICALLY EXHIBIT :AT ,SIMMEL CALL$ 0RES]VE10 AN 9DIFF]5CE OR EV5 MILD REPULSION1 SU* ?AT 0WE FREQU5TLY DO NOT EV5 KN[ BY SI<T ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 \R NEI<BORS = YE>S40 ,AS ! PIONE]+ URBANI/ ,ROB]T ,E4 ,P>K PUT IT3 0,WE DON'T EV] REALLY GET TO KN[ ! URBANE P]SON H5CE NEV] KN[ :5 TO TRU/ HIM40.<#a#f#h.> 

,FUR!RMORE1 UNLIKE ! ORGANIC NEI<BORHOODS ( URBAN LEG5D1 TODAY'S URBAN NEI<BORHOODS >E POPULAT$ 9 GREAT P>T BY PEOPLE COM+ FROM OR1 SOON] OR LAT]1 GO+ TO SOME:]E ELSE4 ,! 0ORGANIC0 E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS >E AMONG ! MO/ TRANSI5T1 AS ,LUC ,SANTE /ATES3 0,NEI<BORHOOD /ABILITY HAS BE5 SOME?+ ( A *IM]A 9 ,MANHATTAN'S HI/ORY4 ,9 MANY IF NOT MO/ CASES1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! GREAT WAVES ( IMMIGRATION1 AN E?NIC GR\P'S H>D-F\<T SETTLEM5T ( AN >EA WAS IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY ITS MOV+ ELSE:]E .<AS DID ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9.>444 ,:5 A RELATIVE DEGREE ( PROSP]ITY WAS A*IEV$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( A QU>T]1 !Y W\LD ?R[ ?AT QU>T] AWAY1 & IT W\LD BE PICK$ UP & MOV$ 9TO BY !IR SUCCESSORS ON ! L[] RUNG40.<#a#f#i.> ,! GEOGRAPHICALLY MOBILE T5D TO BELIEVE1 ) SOME JU/IFICATION1 ?AT IF ANY POLITICS AT ALL IS RELEVANT TO !IR LIVES IT IS /ATE & NATIONAL POLITICS4 ,?AT'S :Y VOT] TURN\T IS L[E/ -- CONSI/5TLY SO -- 9 LOCAL ELECTIONS1 9 :I* ORD9>Y MEMB]S ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC R>ELY P>TICIPATE EXCEPT TO VOTE4 ,!IR 9DIFF]5CE IS JU/IFI$3 ! G5]AL TR5D IS T[>D R$UC+ LOCAL AUTONOMY /ILL FUR!R4.<#a#g.> 

,9 A BIG CITY1 !RE IS ! OPPORTUNITY TO MEET MORE PEOPLE1 BUT !RE WILL BE LITTLE T5D5CY = ONE'S ACQUA9TANCES TO RESIDE 9 ONE'S [N NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 FACT1 = MANY ! LURE ( ! BIG CITY IS PRECISELY ! POSSIBILITY 7:I* IS USUALLY A PROBABILITY7 ( GEOGRAPHICAL & SOCIAL SEP>ATION ( RESID5CE FROM OCCUPATIONAL1 RELIGI\S1 RECREATIONAL & O!R ASSOCIATIONAL ACTIVITIES4.<#a#g#a.> ,?US ONE S\RCE ( LOCAL POLITICAL APA?Y IS ?AT VOCATIONAL 9T]E/S HAVE BECOME MORE IMPORTANT4.<#a#g#b.> ,9 MOD]N CONDITIONS1 M]E PROP9QUITY IS A RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT BASIS ( COMMON 9T]E/S1 & )\T COMMON 9T]E/S1 !RE IS LITTLE REASON TO GET TO KN[ ! NEI<BORS4 ,! NEI<BORS %OP AT #a SUP]M>KETS & #e MALLS 9/EAD ( AT ! G5]AL /ORE2 !Y WOR%IP 9 #b DIFF]5T *UR*ES OR NO:]E2 !Y DR9K 9 A DOZ5 DIFF]5T B>S DEP5D+ ON :E!R !Y >E GAY1 BLACK1 /UD5TS1 SPORTS FANS1 S+LES1 W9E SNOBS1 W9OS1 ETC4 ,9 ,PITTSBUR<1 = EXAMPLE -- :I* HAS CLE>LY DEL9EAT$ NEI<BORHOODS -- LESS ?AN HALF ! RESID5TS USE !IR NEI<BORHOODS = %OPP+ OR RELIGI\S1 HEAL?1 OR RECREATIONAL S]VICES4.<#a#g#c.> ,! REALITY IS ?AT 0COMMUNITY IMPLIES AN ASSOCIATION ( LIKE M9DS1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT A RESID5TIAL NEI<BORHOOD IS G5]ALLY AN AGGREGATE ( /RANG]S :O HAPP5 TO LIVE NEXT DOOR TO ONE ANO!R40.<#a#g#d.> ,! EXTREME YET REVEAL+ EXPRESSION ( URBAN RES]VE IS :]E URBANITES IGNORE A CRIME OR A CRIME VICTIM :5 !Y C\LD EASILY CALL #i#a#a4.<#a#g#e.> 

,HI<LY NEI<BORLY NEI<BORHOODS DO EXI/1 USUALLY RE/+ ON AN E?NIC BASE -- :AT ,BOOK*9 CALLS 0CULTURALLY DI/9CT NEI<BORHOODS0 OR 0COLORFUL E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS0 -- BUT !RE >E NOT MANY ( !M & !IR NUMB] IS DW9DL+4.<#a#g#f.> ,FANTA/ICALLY1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CLAIMS ?AT ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TODAY CONSI/S ( 0L>GELY ORGANIC COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( ID5TITY40 7,!RE >E MANY =M] ,NEW ,YORK]S LIKE HIM1 0N[ LIV+ ELSE:]E 9 A SUBURB OR A SMALL CITY1 :O WAX NO/ALGIC AB\T !IR =M] LIVES 9 ! 'BIG CITY4'07.<#a#g#g.> ,Y\ DO T5D TO F9D ! ,BLOODS & ,CRIPS 9 DIFF]5T NEI<BORHOODS4 ,BUT ! E?NIC NEI<BORHOOD IS USUALLY1 = ! SECOND G5]ATION 7,BOOK*9 IS TYPICAL71 A PLACE ( ASSIMILATION SOON LEFT BEH9D4 ,! ,JEWI% RADICAL ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE :I* ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS FONDLY REMEMB]S 7AS ONE ( 0A ?\S& VILLAGES07 IS GONE4 ,9DE$1 AS HE REMEMB]S IT1 IT WAS NEV] !RE4 ,ITS ,G]MAN1 !N ,JEWI% & !N ,ITALIAN NEI<BORHOODS 0W]E TRANS=M$ )9 DECADES & EV5TUALLY VANI%$ AS !IR COHORT ( RESID5TS VOLUNT>ILY RELOCAT$ TO BETT] NEI<BORHOODS ONLY TO BE REPLAC$ BY NEWCOM]S ( DIFF]5T E?NIC BACKGR\NDS40 .<#a#g#h.> ,! 0V5]ATION ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE0 COMM5C$ AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 BY :I* TIME1 NOT CO9CID5TALLY1 MO/ ( ITS ,JEWI% POPULATION HAD MOV$ ELSE:]E4 ,IT WAS Y\NG ,JEWI% WRIT]S ( ! #a#i#fS :O CREAT$ ! MY? ( 0! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE AS A PLACE :]E ,JEWS HAD RESI/$ ! RULE ( B\RGEOIS RESPECTABILITY40.<#a#g#i.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 :O D5\NCES MY?1 IS AN EXAMPLE ( ITS P[]4 

,IT WAS ! SAME EV]Y:]E4 ,9 ,BROOKLYN1 E>LY #b? C5TURY COMMUNITIES LIKE ,CAN>SIE1 ,FLATBU%1 ,B5SONHUR/ & ,BR[NSVILLE >E COMMUNITIES NO LONG]4.<#a#h.> ,GONE TOO >E ,BO/ON'S ,WE/ ,5D 7,ITALIAN71 ,DETROIT'S ,POLET[N1 & MANY SIMIL> URBAN COMMUNITIES4 ,& ! IRONY IS ?AT ?OSE ?AT REMA9 FEEL MORE OR LESS BESIEG$ BY CURR5T URBAN TR5DS & REACT ) A DEF5SIVE CONS]VATISM :I* MAKES !M AMONG ! LESS LIKELY NEI<BORHOODS TO TAKE UP ,BOOK*9'S RADICAL PROPOSALS1 UNLESS 9 A REACTION>Y WAY4 ,I CAN ?9K ( ONLY ONE >GUM5T :I* MI<T ATTRACT !M3 :5 !Y >E SELF-GOV]N+1 NO ONE CAN /OP !M FROM KEEP+ \T BLACKS1 SOME?+ ZON+ ALREADY S]VES TO DO4 ,EV5 P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRAT ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,B>B] WEAKLY ADMITS ?AT ONLY 0$UCATION0 MI<T ?W>T EXCLUSIVI/ BIGOTRY4 ,= ,BOOK*91 ! BE/ NEI<BORHOOD = A ,COMMUNE IS A HOMOG5E\S NEI<BORHOOD4 ,LET'S BE BLUNT3 0,HOMOG5E\S NEI<BORHOODS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS :ITE NEI<BORHOODS40.<#a#h#a.> ,S\? ,BO/ON1 AFT] ALL1 IS AS ORGANIC AS A NEI<BORHOOD GETS4 ,9 ,PITTSBUR<1 PRIM>Y TIES >E /RONGE/ 9 :ITE E?NIC ,CA?OLIC NEI<BORHOODS4.<#a#h#b.> ,!N !RE >E ! GAT$ COMMUNITIES ) !IR PHYSICAL B>RI]S1 SECURITY GU>DS & WELL-SCRE5$ AFFLU5T1 HOMOG5E\S POPULATIONS4 ,!SE MI<T BE CALL$ 0COLORLESS E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS40 ,!RE >E #c1 GAT$ COMMUNITIES ) ALMO/ F\R MILLION RESID5TS1 & !Y >E 9CREAS+ RAPIDLY4 ,BOOK*9 CAN ONLY BABBLE ?AT 0EV5 !SE 5CLAVES >E OP5+ UP A DEGREE ( NUCLEATION ?AT C\LD ULTIMATELY BE US$ 9 A PROGRESSIVE S5SE40.<#a#h#c.> 

,BOOK*9 IS CONV9C$ ?AT HIS HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES PROVE ?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS WORKABLE EV5 9 L>GE CITIES1 SU* AS ,A!NS ) OV] #b#e1 PEOPLE1 OR ,P>IS ) OV] #g#e1 7ONE ( ! ?REE FIGURES HE'S PROVID$74 ,ATT5DANCE W\LD BE ON ! LEVEL ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS OR ANCI5T ,A!NS 7H[ CAN HE POSSIBLY KN[ ?IS87.<#a#h#d.> -- :I* ONE8 ,IT WAS USUALLY MU* HI<] 9 ,A!NS4 ,BUT ,A!NS & ,P>IS >E C\NT]-EXAMPLES 7,*APT]S #ad & #a#c74 ,SO IS ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ 7,*APT] #a#c74 ,9 FACT1 EV]Y KN[N EXAMPLE IS A C\NT]-EXAMPLE4 ,AFT] EXTOLL+ ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY1 ,M4,I4 ,F9LEY ADMITS3 0,BUT1 !N AS N[1 POLITICS WAS A WAY ( LIFE = V]Y FEW MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY40.<#a#h#e.> 

,:E!R ATT5DANCE IS L>GE OR SMALL1 H]E LIES A CONTRADICTION4 ,! MORE CITIZ5S :O ATT5D1 ! LESS ! ASSEMBLY CAN BE SAID TO BE A FACE-TO-FACE GR\P4 ,BUT ! FEW] CITIZ5S :O ATT5D1 ! LESS LEGITIMACY ! ASSEMBLY HAS 9 CLAIM+ TO SPEAK = ALL4 ,AS 9 ANY CASE ( SAMPL+1 ! SMALL] ! ATT5D+ GR\P1 ! LESS ACCURATELY IT REFLECTS ! COMPOSITION ( ! TOTAL POPULATION4.<#a#h#f.> ,A L>G] GR\P IS MORE REPRES5TATIVE1 BUT A SMALL] GR\P IS MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,& ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS \<T NOT TO TAKE = GRANT$ ! OB$I5CE ( ! PR$ICTABLE HUGE NONATT5D+ MAJORITIES :I* TR\BLE HIM NOT AT ALL4 ,9 #a#h? C5TURY ,RHODE ,ISL&1 A COLONY F\ND$ BY REFUGEE DISSID5TS1 *RONIC L[ ATT5DANCE PROVOK$ PROTE/S AGA9/ ! LEGITIMACY ( T[N MEET+ DECISIONS4 ,POORLY ATT5D$ MEET+S HESITAT$ TO TAKE ACTION4 ,& ON SIX OCCASIONS1 T[N MEET+S REV]S$ ! ACTS ( ! PREVI\S MEET+S :5 DIFF]5T PEOPLE %[$ UP4.<#a#h#g.> 

,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT IF C]TA9 PEOPLE ATT5D ) REGUL>ITY1 !Y WILL GET TO KN[ ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT ESCAPE ! DILEMMA1 IT 9T5SIFIES IT4 ,! REGUL>S WILL KN[ EA* O!R1 WORK TOGE!R1 & TOGE!R ACQUIRE POLITICAL EXP]I5CE & SKILL4 ,BECAUSE !Y 9T]ACT FREQU5TLY ) EA* O!R1 !Y WILL T5D TO LIKE EA* O!R4.<#a#h#h.> ,!Y WILL KN[ MORE AB\T ! BUS9ESS ( ! ASSEMBLY ?AN ?OSE :O ATT5D OCCASIONALLY2 :]EAS1 9 A L>GE GR\P1 ! TYPICAL P>TICIPANT IS LESS LIKELY TO PREP>E HIMSELF BECAUSE HE WILL NOT AFFECT ! DECISION ANYWAY4.<#a#h#i.> ,?R\< REGUL> 9T]ACTION1 EV5 ! VIEWS ( ADV]S>IES T5D TO CONV]GE1 AS HAPP5S1 = 9/ANCE1 9 0C\RTROOM WORK GR\PS0 CONSI/+ ( PROSECUTOR1 DEF5SE ATTORNEY & JUDGE :OSE RELATIONS >E SUPPOS$LY NEUTRAL OR ADV]S>IAL4.<#a#i.> ,GR\PS EX]T PRESSURE T[>D CON=MITY1 & ! L>G] ! GR\P1 ! GREAT] ! PRESSURE4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 A DECISION 9CREASES SUPPORT = IT4.<#a#i#a.> ,9 COMB9ATION1 !SE =CES MAKE = A COHESIVE 9-GR\P :I*1 BECAUSE IT HAS ITS [N /AKE 9 DECISIONS ONCE MADE1 T5DS TO DIFF] 9 OP9ION TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ DEGREE FROM ! AMORPH\S G5]AL POPULATION4 

,! CITIZ5S W]E ALREADY UNEQUAL1 BE=E !Y 5T]$ ! MEET+ ROOM1 9 RESPECTS :I* ALWAYS T5D T[>D 9EQUALITY ( P>TICIPATION4 ,P>TICIPANTS WILL DIFF] FROM NONP>TICIPANTS 9 ! SAME WAYS ?AT1 AMONG P>TICIPANTS1 LEAD]S & ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS WILL DIFF] FROM PASSIVE P>TICIPANTS4 ,POLITICAL P>TICIPATION AS MEASUR$ BY VOT+ IS HI<] = ?OSE ) HI<] 9COME1 $UCATION1 OCCUPATIONAL /ATUS1 & AGE1 & AMONG :ITES & LONG-T]M RESID5TS4.<#a#i#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL JURORS & ?OSE MO/ LIKELY TO BE *OS5 AS =EM5 >E ?OSE ) HI<] LEVELS ( $UCATION1 9COME & ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS4 ,P]SONS ( HI<] SOCIAL RANK HAVE A WID] RANGE ( 9T]ACTIONS1 & !Y >E MORE LIKELY TO ORIG9ATE !IR 9T]ACTIONS !Y 09NOVATE0 RA!R ?AN 0ADAPT03 -- !Y >E LEAD]S4.<#a#i#c.> 

,IT IS F9E TO POSIT ?AT PEOPLE WILL NOT BE ! SAME AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1.<#a#i#d.> BUT $UCATION1 OCCUPATION1 AGE1 RACE1 G5D] & BASIC P]SONALITY1 WILL NOT BE *ANG$ BY ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S REVOLUTION4 ,ANY CRACKPOT CAN SAY ?AT BY A FANTA/IC /ROKE ( =TUNE1 ! PROCESS ( CON/RUCT+ HIS UTOPIA IS EXACTLY :AT IT TAKES TO TRIM PEOPLE TO FIT IT4 ,EV5 IF PEOPLE 5T]$ ! ASSEMBLY AS EQUALS1 SMALL-GR\P RESE>* DEMON/RATES ?AT1 PURELY AS A MATT] ( GR\P DYNAMICS1 0AS MEMB]S ( A GR\P 9T]ACT 9 ! P]=MANCE ( A TASK1 9EQUALITY ( P>TICIPATION >ISES40 ,& ! L>G] ! GR\P1 ! GREAT] ! EXT5T BY :I* ! MO/ ACTIVE P]SON /&S \T4.<#a#i#e.> ,) SUCCESSIVE MEET+S1 DIFF]5TIATION 9CREASES4.<#a#i#f.> ,9 ANY POLITICAL SETT+1 MO/ DECISIONS >E MADE BY GR\PS ( CONSID]ABLY LESS ?AN #b PEOPLE4.<#a#i#g.> ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! ASSEMBLY %\LD BE ANY DIFF]5T4 ,9 ,A!NS ! ACTIVI/ ELITE1 ! RHETORES1 LESS ?AN ONE HUNDR$ M5 \T ( #b1 TO #d1 CITIZ5S1 W]E SUP]IOR 9 ABILITY1 $UCATION & WEAL?4 ,!Y DRAFT$ ! BILLS & DID ! TALK+4.<#a#i#h.> 

,9 FACT1 WE KN[ ?AT !RE WILL BE AN ELITE GR\P 9 ,BOOK*9'S ASSEMBLY BECAUSE ?AT IS P>T ( ! PLAN4 ,AL?\< ,ORGANIZATION MILITANTS >E ( C\RSE TO PLAY 0LEAD+ ROLES0 AT ! \TSET ( REVOLUTION1 IT IS AFT] ! REVOLUTION ?AT !IR ROLE IS CRITICAL & !Y MU/ =M 0A MORE /RUCTUR$ TYPE ( VANGU>D0 IF !Y HAVE NOT ALREADY DONE SO4 ,LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! VANGU>D ,ORGANIZATION IS NOT JU/ = SEIZ+ P[]1 IT IS = WIELD+ IT AFT] ! MASSES HAVE OV]?R[N ! OLD RUL+ CLASSES4 ,IT 0W\LD CONSI/ ( 9T]L9K$ AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT W\LD PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES40.<#a#i#i.> 

,S9CE 0! E/ABLI%M5T ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W\LD LIKELY 9VOLVE PRIM>ILY ! MO/ POLITICALLY CONC]N$ PEOPLE1 POSSIBLY ONLY A FRACTION ( A :OLE10.<#a#a.> ASSEMBLIES W\LD LIKELY BY F\ND$ BY ,ORGANIZATION ACTIVI/S4 ,AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS WISELY SAYS1 POLITICAL P>TIES >E 0(T5 SYNONYM\S ) ! /ATE :5 !Y >E 9 P[]40.<#a#a#a.> ,! F\ND]S WILL BR+ TO ! ASSEMBLY !IR WORK+ UNITY1 ORGANIZATIONAL SKILLS1 IDEOLOGICAL C]TITUDE1 & ! PRE/IGE ( !IR VICTORI\S REVOLUTION4 ,AS A GR\P1 OR AS ! NUCLEUS ( A BROAD] 9SID] GR\P1 !Y WILL DOM9ATE MEET+S4 ,CITIZ5S :O OCCASIONALLY ATT5D1 :OSE MOTIVATION TO DO SO WAS NOT HI< ANYWAY1 WILL NOTICE !IR [N LACK ( 9FLU5CE & !IR ATT5DANCE WILL DECL9E1 FUR!R 5HANC+ ! P[] ( ! CLIQUE4 ,! \TCOME IS OLIG>*Y1 JU/ AS IT IS UND] REPRES5TATIVE SY/EMS4 ,EV]Y ,COMMUNE WILL BE1 NOT ONLY A /ATE1 BUT A ONE-P>TY /ATE4 

,?US A COMPACT M9ORITY -- A M9ORITY ( ! M9ORITY -- HAS ! P[]2 P[] CAN BE ABUS$2 & :]E P[] CAN BE ABUS$1 IT WILL BE4 ,9EVITABLY A CLIQUE WILL OPPRESS M9ORITIES 7& PROBABLY MAJORITIES71 IF ONLY BECAUSE IT CAN4 ,! PEOPLE 9 P[] WILL BE ! SAME K9D ( PEOPLE :O W]E 9 P[] BE=E4.<#a#a#b.> ,M9ORITIES WILL F9D !MSELVES MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO OPPRESSION ?AN UND] ! OLD GOV]NM5T1 9 SEV]AL RESPECTS4 ,SMALL UNITS T5D TO BE MORE HOMOG5E\S ?AN L>GE ONES1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !IR CAPACITY TO ACCOMMODATE DIV]SITY IS MORE LIMIT$1 & ! LIKELIHOOD ( A DISS5T] F9D+ ALLIES IS L[]4 ,& ! IMPORTANCE ( ALLIES CANNOT BE OV]/AT$3 0,IF EV5 ONE P]SON SUPPORTS A DISS5T] AGA9/ A GR\P1 ! *ANCE ( ! DISS5T]'S CON=M+ DROPS DRA/ICALLY1 & A DISS5T] IS MORE LIKELY 9 A L>GE GR\P TO F9D SOMEONE TO GIVE SU* SUPPORT40.<#a#a#c.> ,JAMES ,MADISON >GU$1 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ?AT 0:IL/ ALL AU?ORITY 9 .<! F$]AL REPUBLIC.> WILL BE D]IV$ FROM & DEP5D5T ON ! SOCIETY1 ! SOCIETY ITSELF WILL BE BROK5 9TO SO MANY P>TS1 9T]E/S & CLASSES ( CITIZ5S1 ?AT ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS OR ( ! M9ORITY1 WILL BE 9 LITTLE DANG] FROM 9T]E/$ COMB9ATIONS ( ! MAJORITY4 ,9 A FREE GOV]NM5T1 ! SECURITY = CIVIL RI<TS MU/ BE ! SAME AS ! SECURITY = RELIGI\S RI<TS4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 ! ONE CASE ( ! MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]E/S1 & 9 ! O!R1 9 ! MULTIPLICITY ( SECTS4 ,! DEGREE ( SECURITY 9 BO? CASES MAY BE PRESUM$ TO DEP5D ON ! EXT5T ( C\NTRY & NUMB] ( PEOPLE COMPREH5D$ UND] ! SAME GOV]NM5T40.<#a#a#d.> ,H[EV] EFFECTIVE ?IS SAFEGU>D ACTUALLY IS1 IT WILL NOT AFFECT ! ,COMMUNE V]Y MU*4 ,! SMALL] ! GR\P1 ! FEW] ! 9T]E/S REPRES5T$ OR TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 ! LESS PROPORTIONALITY1 & ! GREAT] ! LIKELIHOOD ( OPPRESSION4.<#a#a#e.> ,!RE IS SOME 9C5TIVE NOT TO OPPRESS :]E ! OPPRESSIVE MAJORITY ( TODAY MAY BE ! OPPRESS$ M9ORITY ( TOMORR[4 ,! ,COMMUNE1 9 CONTRA/1 IS AS IF DESIGN$ TO CON/ITUTE P]MAN5T OPPRESSIVE MAJORITIES4 

,TO ! EVIL ( MAJORIT>IAN TYRANNY IS ADD$ ?AT ( FACTION4 ,AL?\< ,MADISON WAS SPEAK+ ( A GOV]NM5T = A REPUBLIC1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY PROVID$ HIS EXAMPLES3  
  

,FROM ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT1 IT MAY BE CONCLUD$1 ?AT A PURE ,DEMOCRACY1 BY :I* ,I MEAN A SOCIETY1 CONSI/+ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( CITIZ5S1 :O ASSEMBLE & ADM9I/] ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 P]SON1 CAN ADMIT ( NO CURE = ! MIS*IEFS ( FACTION4 ,A COMMON PASSION OR 9T]E/ WILL1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE1 BE FELT BY A MAJORITY ( ! :OLE2 A COMMUNICATION & CONC]T RESULTS FROM ! =M ( ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF2 & !RE IS NO?+ TO *ECK ! 9DUCEM5TS TO SACRIFICE ! WEAK] P>TY1 OR AN OBNOXI\S 9DIVIDUAL4 ,H5CE IT IS1 ?AT SU* ,DEMOCRACIES HAVE EV] BE5 SPECTACLES ( TURBUL5CE & CONT5TION2 HAVE EV] BE5 F\ND 9COMPATIBLE ) P]SONAL SECURITY1 OR ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY2 & HAVE 9 G5]AL BE5 AS %ORT 9 !IR LIVES1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 VIOL5T 9 !IR DEA?S4  
  

,ALL ! ,AM]ICAN ,F\ND]S D5\NC$ ,A!NS &_/OR DIRECT DEMOCRACY4.<#a#a#f.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS PR$ICTS FACTIONAL /RUGGLES 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! F\ND]S W\LD BE 9 A M9ORITY1 & 0AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE BY O!R 9T]E/S1 9CLUD+ CLASS 9T]E/S1 TO TAKE OV] ! ASSEMBLIES40.<#a#a#g.> ,TAKE OV] FROM :OM8 ,FROM ! F\ND+ FACTION :OSE DOM9ANCE IS ASSUM$ TO BE P]MAN5TLY DESIRABLE4 ,AN ASSEMBLY IS P]=M+ WELL = HIM SO LONG AS ! ,BOOK*9I/ IDEOLOGICAL M9ORITY P]PETUATES ITS 9ITIAL DOM9ANCE4 

,NO RI<TS1 NOT EV5 RI<TS ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 >E FUNDAM5TAL OR 05TR5*$0 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! DECREES ( ! ASSEMBLY CANNOT VIOLATE !M4 ,SU* RI<TS >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ASSEMBLY1 :OSE P[] IS 9 PR9CIPLE UNLIMIT$4 ,?US1 AS WE SAW 9 ,*APT] #a#d1 ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 HAD VIRTUALLY NO RI<TS4 ,?US ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 NO:]E SPEAKS ( RI<TS AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! ASSEMBLY1 & HE D5\NCES ALL NEGATIVE FRE$OM 7,*APT] #c71 :I* IS ! =M RI<TS USUALLY TAKE4 ,HE ONCE HELD ?AT ! ASSEMBLY W\LD HAVE A CON/ITUTION1 BUT ! ONLY CONT5T HE M5TIONS IS ! /RUCTURE ( GOV]NM5T1 MAJORITY RULE1 & ! RI<T TO VOTE4 ,! P]SPICACI\S ,HOBBES D5I$ ?AT !RE WAS MORE LIB]TY 9 A DEMOCRACY ?AN 9 MON>*Y3 0,= EV5 IF LIB]TY IS 9SCRIB$ ON ! GATES & T[]S ( A CITY 9 ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE LETT]S1 IT IS NOT ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 BUT ( ! CITY2 & !RE IS NO BETT] RI<T TO 9SCRIBE IT ON A POPUL>LY GOV]N$ ?AN ON A ,MON>*ICALLY GOV]N$ CITY40 .<#a#a#h.> 

,) HIS USUAL LY+1 DISDA9FUL QUOTATION M>KS1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS SPURNS ! 0SOV]EIGN RI<TS0 & 0NATURAL RI<TS0 SUPPOS$LY CLAIM$ BY ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*I/S4.<#a#a#i.> ,TRULY1 ANY RI<T PURPORT$LY ASSUR$ BY ! ,COMMUNE W\LD BE M]ELY A QUOTE_/UNQUOTE 0RI<T40 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL RI<T 9FR+ES POSITIVE FRE$OM1 :I* IS1 = HIM1 ! ONLY K9D ( FRE$OM !RE IS4.<#a#a#a.> ,! ONLY APP>5T EXCEPTION IS ALSO ! ONLY APP>5T EXCEPTION AT ,A!NS3 ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ASSEMBLY & HOLD (FICE4.<#a#a#a#a.> ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* MEANS FRE$OM TO SPEAK 9 ! ASSEMBLY &1 AT ITS MO/ EXPANSIVE1 FRE$OM TO SPEAK \T ( DOORS AB\T MATT]S :I* MAY COME BE=E ! ASSEMBLY4 ,?AT LEAVES OP5 TO M9I-/ATE CONTROL ALL ! SPEE* ( MO/ PEOPLE & MO/ ( ! SPEE* ( ALL PEOPLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE IS FRE$OM ( SPEE* :5 IT S]VES ! SY/EM1 BUT NOT = ! B5EFIT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BOOK*9 CANNOT EV5 IMAG9E ?AT PEOPLE MI<T WANT TO TALK AB\T ANY?+ BESIDES POLITICS4 ,C5SOR%IP IS H]E A SIMPLE MATT] BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNE [NS ! M$IA4.<#a#a#a#b.> ,& !RE IS NO SUGGE/ION ( REC\RSE1 9 CASE EV5 !SE FEW P>TICIPATION-RELAT$ RI<TS >E VIOLAT$1 TO ANYONE EXCEPT ! BODY VIOLAT+ !M1 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,AS A LA/ RESORT1 ,A!NS HAD O/RACISM2 ANY ,COMMUNE MI<T ALSO O/RACIZE4 

,OR SO IT SEEM$ FROM EV]Y?+ BY ,BOOK*9 ?AT ,I'VE SE54 ,9 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 HIS PUPPET ,JANET ,BIEHL REPEATS HIS L9E ?AT ! ,COMMUNES 0RETA9 !IR FRE$OM & !IR ID5TITY & !IR SOV]EIGNTY EV5 AS !Y CONF$]ATE40 ,BY DEF9ITION1 ! SOV]EIGN POSSESSES ! ULTIMATE AU?ORITY4 ,YET N[ WE >E TOLD ?AT ANY ,COMMUNE C\LD REQUIRE A POPUL> REF]5DUM ( ALL ! CITIZ5S ( ! F$]AT$ ,COMMUNES TO VOTE ON ALLEGATIONS ?AT SOME O!R ,COMMUNE 0WAS WREAK+ ECOLOGICAL MAYHEM 7DUMP+ ITS WA/ES 9 ! RIV]7 OR VIOLAT+ HUMAN RI<TS 7EXCLUD+ PEOPLE ( COLOR706 ,9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ! PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 A MAJORITY ( NONDELIB]ATIVE1 NON-FACE TO FACE 7YUCK67 9DIVIDUALS DRAWN FROM O!R ,COMMUNES C\LD IMPOSE ITS WILL UPON ONE SUPPOS$LY SOV]EIGN ,COMMUNE4.<#a#a#a#c.> ,!RE IS ?US NO ,COMMUNAL SOV]EIGNTY2 ! ,CONF$]ACY IS SOV]EIGN2 = SOV]EIGNTY1 AS ,R\SSEAU & ! ,ANTIF$]ALI/S.<#a#a#a#d.> 9SI/$1 IS 9DIVISIBLE4 ,!RE IS NO ESCAP+ ! CONF$]AL DILEMMA3  
  

,IF A F$]AL GOV]NM5T POSSESSES A CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY TO 9T]V5E BY =CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( A /ATE = ! PURPOSE ( 5SUR+ ! /ATE'S P]=MANCE ( ITS DUTIES AS A MEMB] ( ! F$]ATION1 !RE IS NO ADEQUATE CON/ITUTIONAL B>RI] AGA9/ ! CONV]SION ( ! F$]ATION 9TO A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE BY VIGOR\S & RESOLUTE C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,IF IT DOES NOT POSSESS SU* AN AU?ORITY1 !RE IS NO ADEQUATE ASSURANCE ?AT ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T CAN MA9TA9 ! *>ACT] ( ! SY/EM :5 VIGOR\S & RESOLUTE /ATE GOV]NM5TS TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE ( !IR CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OM TO GO !IR [N WAYS4.<#a#a#a#e.>  
  

,ONE ( TWO ?+S HAPP5S3 EI!R ! F$]ATION COLLAPSES OR IT BECOMES A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,COLLAPSE1 SU* AS BEFELL ! ANCI5T ,GREEK & M$IEVAL ,ITALIAN F$]ATIONS1 IS BY F> ! MORE COMMON FATE4 ,BUT OCCASIONALLY ! C5TRAL 0COORD9AT+0 APP>ATUS ( A CONF$]ATION TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO A /ATE1 :I* USUALLY TAKES A LONG TIME4 ,EXAMPLES >E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,QUITE REC5TLY1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CONFIRM$ ?AT HIS ,CONF$]ATION IS ! SOV]EIGN P[]4 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 REGRETTABLY 0ALL[$ = ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A S+LE COMMUNITY C\LD OPT \T ( ! CONF$]ATION IF IT SO DESIR$444 ,BUT ,I DON'T AGREE ?AT ?IS %\LD BE P]MITT$40.<#a#a#a#f.> 

0,:Y1 !N10 ONE MAY ASK1 0IS !RE REASON TO EMPHASIZE ! ASSEMBLY =M AS CRUCIAL TO SELF-GOV]NANCE8 ,IS IT NOT 5\< TO USE ! REF]5DUM1 AS ! ,SWISS PR(ESS TO DO TODAY1 & RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URE 9 A SIMPLE & SEEM+LY UNCOMPLICAT$ WAY80 ,NO1 BECAUSE1 = ONE ?+1 0! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL QUA 'VOT]' .<:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8.> :O =MS ! SOCIAL UNIT ( ! REF]5DUM PROCESS 9 LIB]AL !ORY IS A FICTION40.<#a#a#a#g.> ,9DE$ HE IS A FICTION -- ,BOOK*9'S FICTION4 ,IF 0VOT]S0 >E FICTIONS1 H[ IS IT ?AT !Y ELECT C&IDATES :O TAKE (FICE & RULE8 0,! REF]5DUM1 CONDUCT$ 9 ! PRIVACY ( ONE'S VOT+ BOO? OR1 AS SOME ',?IRD ,WAVE' 5?USIA/S W\LD HAVE IT1 9 ! ELECTRONIC ISOLATION ( ONE'S HOME PRIVATIZES DEMOCRACY & !REBY SUBV]TS IT40.<#a#a#a#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 VOT+ IS 9COMPATIBLE ) DEMOCRACY1 :I* COMPLETES ! SEV]ANCE ( ! WORD DEMOCRACY FROM ALL T]RE/RIAL MOOR+S4 ,JU/ :AT DOES ASSEMBLY VOT+ ADD TO VOT+8 ,! ASSEMBLY PROVIDES A =UM = DELIB]ATION1 ( C\RSE -- ?IS1 9DE$1 IS ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ONLY >GUM5T AGA9/ ! 0F>CE0 ( ELECTRONIC VOT+.<#a#a#a#i.> -- BUT DELIB]ATION NE$ NOT CO9CIDE ) VOT+ & IT NE$ NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,SO IT MU/ BE SOME?+ ELSE4 ,BOOK*9'S REAL OBJECTION1 :I* HE IS A%AM$ TO EXPRESS1 CAN ONLY BE TO ! SECRET BALLOT4 ,HE SEEKS A RETURN TO ! CORRUPT POLITICS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY :5 VOT+ WAS PUBLIC & VOT]S W]E EXPOS$ TO 9TIMIDATION & REPRISALS4 ,PUBLIC VOT+ MADE A MOCK]Y ( ,ITALIAN & ,P>ISIAN DEMOCRACY1 :]E IT P]PETUAT$ ! OLIG>*Y ( 5TR5*$ ELITES4 ,?IS K9D ( FRE$OM1 IF Y\ C>E TO CALL IT ?AT1 IS ONLY =MAL1 NOT SUB/ANTIVE4 

,BIEHL'S ?\<TLESS1 HALF-ASS$ S*EME TEEMS ) LAT5T DIFFICULTIES4 ,AS ! PROPOSAL IS PHRAS$1 ANY ONE ,COMMUNE CAN TRIGG] A REF]5DUM JU/ BY DEM&+ ONE4 ,ISN'T IT OBVI\S ?AT ,COMMUNES ON ! LOS+ SIDE 9 ,CONF$]AL DECISIONS WILL TAKE A SECOND BITE \T ( ! APPLE BY COMPELL+ REF]5DA8 ,!Y HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE4 ,EV5 IF NEI<BORLY H>MONY PREVAILS )9 ,COMMUNES1 IT IS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ AMONG ,CONF$]AL DELEGATES :O HAVE NO AU?ORITY TO NEGOTIATE1 COMPROMISE OR EV5 P]SUADE4 ,REF]5DA WILL ?US BE R\T9E1 P]HAPS WEEKLY EV5TS4 ,?IS WILL 9CONV5I5CE EV]YBODY4 ,9 PLACES :]E REF]5DA >E N[ HELD1 AL?\< !Y >E NOT FREQU5T1 (T5 ONLY A T9Y M9ORITY VOTES4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT EV]Y ASSEMBLY WILL HAVE TO DEVOTE A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ITS AG5DA TO DISCUSS+ & VOT+ ON REF]5DUM QUE/IONS TO ! DETRIM5T ( ITS [N AFFAIRS4 ,OR USE ,9T]NET VOT+1 :I*1 0F>CE0 OR NOT1 HAS ALREADY BE5 TRI$ SUCCESSFULLY4.<#a#a#b.> ,!RE'S NO CONCEIVABLE REASON :Y ! ASSEMBLIES WON'T JU/ S5D 9 !IR VOTE TALLIES DIRECTLY -- BY ,CON,F$]AL ,EXPRESS6 -- AS IS DONE 9 ALL ELECTIONS TODAY1 RA!R ?AN DISPAT* !IR DELEGATE ) A BRIEFCASE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! 9CESSANT PRACTICE ( REF]5DA WILL ACCU/OM CITIZ5S TO VOT+ ON A ,CONF$]ATION-WIDE1 TRANSLOCAL1 EQUAL SUFFRAGE BASIS4 ,! VALUE ( DELIB]ATION DECL9ES :5 !RE IS NO OPPORTUNITY TO DELIB]ATE ) ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE VOT+4 ,! CITIZ5S WILL ADOPT REPRES5TATION1 & ALL ! USUAL C5TRALIZ+ PROCESSES WILL GO 9TO PLAY4 

,:AT HAPP5S IF ! WAYW>D ,COMMUNE REFUSES TO ABIDE BY MAJORITY VOTE1 AS ! ,P>IS SECTIONNAIRES DID :5 !Y EXPELL$ ,GIROND9 DELEGATES FROM ! ,CONV5TION :OM O!RS HAD ELECT$8 ,WILL ! ,CONF$]ATION CALL \T ! MILITIAS ! WAY AN ,AM]ICAN PRESID5T CAN 0F$]ALIZE0 7I4E41 NATIONALIZE7 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D8 ,?AT W\LD E/ABLI% BEYOND D\BT ! /ATI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,OR M]ELY EXPEL ! WAYW>D ,COMMUNE8 ,IF ?AT MEANT ECONOMIC /RANGULATION = ! ,COMMUNE1 ?IS IS CO]CION AS SURELY AS IS MILIT>Y =CE4 ,BUT :AT IF ! MISCREANT ,COMMUNE1 :E!R IT IS 9 OR \T ( ! ,CONF$]ATION1 P]SI/S 9 ITS WRONGDO+8 ,ITS POLLUT+ OR PREJUDICIAL PRACTICES REMA9 AS OBNOXI\S AS EV]4 ,! QUE/ION ( CO]CION >ISES EI!R WAY4 ,& :AT IF ! POLLUT+ OR DISCRIM9ATORY ,COMMUNE IS 9 ANO!R ,CONF$]ATION8 ,IF IT IS1 P]HAPS1 JU/ ACROSS ?AT RIV] IT IS POLLUT+8 ,! ,COMMUNES ( ! VIRTU\S ,CONF$]ATION HAVE NO RI<T TO COMPEL A REF]5DUM ANY:]E ELSE1 & !RE IS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT IF ONE IS HELD1 ?AT ! CAUSE ( VIRTUE WILL W94 ,:AT IF IT DOESN'T8 ,:AT !N -- W>8 ,ISN'T ?IS SC5>IO SUB/ANTIALLY ?AT ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CIVIL ,W> OR1 AS ! ,S\? REF]S TO IT1 ! ,W> ,BETWE5 ! ,/ATES8 ,ANYWAY1 ! FAI? ( ,BIEHL QUA ,BOOK*9 9 ! REF]5DUM AS A SAFEGU>D = M9ORITIES IS SELF-REFUT+1 S9CE ! PROPOSAL IS PRECISELY TO USE IT TO CO]CE M9ORITIES4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY ?R\< REF]5DA 0DOES HAVE ! FUR!R DISADVANTAGE ( REMOV+ ANY P[] FROM M9ORITY GR\PS40.<#a#a#b#a.> 

,EV5 IF !RE W]E SOME?+ LIKE CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS1 !RE W\LD BE NO C\RTS TO 5=CE !M4 ,9 FACT1 !RE >E APP>5TLY NO C\RTS TO 5=CE ANY?+4 ,?AT C\RTS MAY HAVE A PLACE 9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ,BOOK*9 WELL KN[S1 S9CE HE DEF5DS ! ,A!NIAN SY/EM ( HIR$ MASS JURIES & AD HOC JUDGES1 & HE M5TIONS ?AT ! SECTIONS ( ,P>IS HAD !IR C\RTS & JU/ICES ( ! PEACE4.<#a#a#b#b.> ,BUT ,I HAVE F\ND NO REF]5CES 9 HIS WRIT+S TO C\RTS AS ,COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[ AS AN AN>*I/ ,I AM SUPPOS$ TO SPURN PAP] LAWS & DISMISS C\RTS AS M]ELY A S\RCE ( OPPRESSION1 NOT A PROTECTION AGA9/ IT4 ,?AT IS TOO FACILE1 AL?\< ! HI/ORY %[S ?AT C\RTS >E MO/ LIKELY TO ACT AS TOOLS ( ! /ATE1 ( :I* !Y >E A P>T1 AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( ! /ATE4.<#a#a#b#c.> ,SU* FACTORS AS ! RELATIVE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! JUDICI>Y1 & ! RELATIVE AUTONOMY ( ! LAW AS A PR(ESSIONALLY ELABORAT$ BODY ( EXP]T KN[L$GE1 IMPLY ?AT LAW CANNOT SIMPLY BE D$UC$ FROM IMM$IATE /ATE 7OR CLASS7 9T]E/S1 AS ,M>X 7A ONE-TIME LAW /UD5T7 APPRECIAT$4.<#a#a#b#d.> ,MY 9SI/5CE ?AT /ATE & LAW >E MUTUALLY 5TAIL+ 7,*APT] #a7 IMPLIES1 9T5TIONALLY1 ?AT AN>*Y EXCLUDES LAW4 

,I FUR!R WILL+LY AGREE ?AT ! 0AB/RACT1 IMP]SONAL LEGAL SUBJECT10 ! LEGAL P]SON REG>D$ 9 HIS JURIDICAL ASPECT1 IS ! AB/RACT ,ECONOMIC ,MAN ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4.<#a#a#b#e.> ,LEGAL RI<TS ATTA9 !IR HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,!Y W\LD BE MEAN+LESS 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY AS ,I UND]/& IT4 ,BUT !Y W\LD NOT BE MEAN+LESS 9 ! ,COMMUNE1 :]E !Y >E NOT AVAILABLE1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNE IS A /ATE4 ,BOOK*9 W\LD NOT HAVE BOOM$ WRITT5 LAW SO /RID5TLY 7,*APT] #a7 UNLESS ! RULE ( LAW1 NOT ! ORD] ( CU/OM1 IS TO GOV]N ! ,COMMUNE4 ,I W\LD WANT RI<TS !RE IF ,I WANT$ !M ANY:]E4 ,! ONLY ?+ WORSE ?AN LAW IS LAW )\T RI<TS4 

,IT'S A BIT BEGUIL+ TO FANTASIZE AB\T ! UPP] REA*ES ( ! WORLDWIDE ,CONF$]AL HI]>*Y4 ,ASSUM+ ,COMMUNES ( AB\T #a11 !RE WILL BE AB\T #b#f#b1#g#f#a ,COMMUNES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!Y WILL NOT BE FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS BUT !IR DOM9ANT ELITES WILL BE4 ,>TIFICIAL CITY B\ND>IES HAV+ BECOME IRRELEVANT1 ! ,COMMUNES1 :I* >E REALLY NEI<BORHOODS1 WILL F$]ATE LOCALLY 7! ,MUNICIPAL ,CONF$]ATION74 ,H]E ! NUMB] ( ?OSE F$]AT$ HAS TO BE L>GE 5\< TO BR+ TOGE!R ,COMMUNES ) SUB/ANTIAL COMMON 9T]E/S1 YET SMALL 5\< = FACE-TO-FACE RELATIONS BETWE5 DELEGATES4 

,N[ WE HAVE TO POSIT ! OPTIMAL SIZE = AN ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES4 ,H]E WE CANNOT C\NT ON APA?Y TO KEEP ATT5DANCE D[N4 ,ALL BUT A FEW ( ! DELEGATES WILL %[ UP = MEET+S1 FIR/1 BECAUSE !Y WANT TO & W]E *OS5 TO1 & SECOND1 BECAUSE !Y WILL BE REPLAC$ IF !Y DON'T4 

,AS ,MADISON URG$1 ! BODY MU/ NOT BE TOO SMALL OR TOO L>GE1 0= H[EV] SMALL ! ,REPUBLIC MAY BE1 ! ,REPRES5TATIVES MU/ BE RAIS$ TO A C]TA9 NUMB]1 9 ORD] TO GU>D AGA9/ ! CABALS ( A FEW2 & ?AT H[EV] L>GE IT MAY BE1 !Y MU/ BE LIMIT$ TO A C]TA9 NUMB]1 9 ORD] TO GU>D AGA9/ ! CONFUSION ( A MULTITUDE40.<#a#a#b#f.> ,HI/ORY (F]S SOME GUIDANCE4 ,! ,A!NIAN ,C\NCIL1 A FULL-TIME DELIB]ATIVE BODY1 HAD #e MEMB]S1 AL?\< EV5 ?AT IS REALLY TOO HI< = A FACE-TO-FACE DELIB]ATIVE BODY4 ,! ,U4,S4 ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 :I* HAS #dce MEMB]S1 HAS BE5 CONSID]$ A FACE-TO-FACE GR\P1 BUT IF IT IS1 IT'S BECAUSE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( MEMB]S >E 9CUMB5TS1 (T5 ) MANY T]MS BEH9D !M1 & SO !Y ALREADY KN[ EA* O!R4 ,IF MO/ MEMB]S ( \R ,C\NCIL >E LONG-T]M 9CUMB5TS1 WE W\LD SUSPECT OLIG>*Y4 ,IF !Y >E NOT1 WE W\LD SUSPECT AN ATOMI/IC1 NONDELIB]ATIVE BODY4 #a1 PEOPLE1 9ITIALLY /RANG]S TO ONE ANO!R1 IS JU/ A CR[D1 UNSUITABLE = WIDESPREAD P>TICIPATION4 ,EV5 ) MEMB]%IP SET AT #e1 & ASSUM+ CONT9UITY BAS$ ON A CORE ( 9CUMB5TS 7:I* T5DS T[>D OLIG>*Y71 ! ASSEMBLY ( ! LOCAL F$]ATION IS A FACE-TO-FACE GR\P ONLY 9 A V]Y LOOSE S5SE4.<#a#a#b#g.> ,BUT ANY?+ MU* SMALL] W\LD NECESSITATE EV5 MORE LEVELS ( F$]ATION ?AN ! FIVE ,I 5VISAGE = ! ,T[] ( ,BABEL WE >E ]ECT+4 ,SO WE WILL NOT EXCE$ #e1 & (T5 GO MU* L[]4 

,= A REASONABLE NEXT TI] )9 /ATI/ICAL P>AMET]S1 !RE IS ! ,METRO >EA4 ,ANY?+ SMALL] W\LD >BITR>ILY DIVIDE AN ECONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL UNITY4 ,BECAUSE ! /ATI/ICAL METRO >EA 9 MY ,ALBANY EXAMPLE IS SMALL 9 POPULATION 7UND] #i17 & RA!R UND]E/IMATES ! C5TRIPETAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ?REE L>GE/ CITIES1 IT MI<T BE EXT5D$ 9 SEV]AL DIRECTIONS1 & ACROSS /ATE L9ES1 TO TAKE 9 MANY SMALL T[NS & MU* C\NTRYSIDE = A POPULATION ( P]HAPS #b MILLION4 ,!SE >EAS C\LD BE REPRES5T$ AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL BY A CONV5I5T NUMB] ( DELEGATES1 #a#c#b1 BUT !RE'S A VA/ POLITICAL FIELD TO BE TRAV]S$ !RE4 ,SURELY !RE %\LD BE A ,REGIONAL LEVEL1 :I* MI<T 9 A FEW CASES CORRESPOND TO A /ATE1 BUT W\LD USUALLY 5COMPASS A FEW ( !M4 ,) POPULATIONS ( #b MILLION & MORE1 ! ,REGIONS C\LD BE REPRES5T$ AT ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL BY AS FEW AS #ab OR #ac DELEGATES1 AL?\< MORE W\LD BE PREF]ABLE TO REFLECT ! WIDE DIV]SITY ( 9T]E/S )9 REGIONS1 EXCEPT ?AT NOBODY 9 ?IS ,ROMAN MELODRAMA IS SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T 9T]E/S4 ,!RE MI<T BE A ,CONT95TAL OR ,HEMISPH]IC ,C\NCIL1 & ASSUR$LY AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL4 

,H]E IS ! :OLE HI]>*Y3  
  

,COMMUNAL -@> ,MUNICIPAL -@> ,METROPOLITAN -@> ,REGIONAL -@> ,NATIONAL -@> 444 N  
  

,?US ! AV]AGE COMRADE 9 ! ,COMMUNE IS SUBORD9ATE TO AT LEA/ FIVE HI]>*ICALLY ORD]$ LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T1 C\NT+ ! ASSEMBLY4 ,9 ,SPA91 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T PROPOS$ F\R1.<#a#a#b#h.> :I* IS ! MO/ ,I HAVE EV] HE>D SUGGE/$ TILL N[4 ,NO F$]ATION 9 HI/ORY WAS EV] LIKE ?IS4 ,\R ,F$]AL SY/EM1 :OSE COMPLEXITIES PROLONG LAW S*OOL BY AT LEA/ A YE>1 IS SIMPLE BY COMP>ISON3 TWO LEVELS ABOVE ! CITIZ54 7,LOCAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS NO 9DEP5D5T CON/ITUTIONAL /&+1 IS JU/ A DEP>TM5T ( /ATE GOV]NM5T47 ,BOOK*9'S SY/EM IS NOT1 AS HE CALLS IT1 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,COMMUNES4 ,RA!R1 IT IS ! ,COMMUNE ( ,COMMUNES ( ,COMMUNES ( ,COMMUNES ( ,COMMUNES4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ( MY REPRES5TATIVE REPRES5TS ME IS LAU<ABLE4 ,! ,COMMUNAL COMRADE WILL PROBABLY NOT EV5 KN[ ! NAMES ( HIS REPRES5TATIVES EXCEPT MAYBE ! L[E/ ONE1 & VISE V]SA4 

,!RE IS NO REASON A PRIORI :Y ! NUMB] ( LEVELS :I* IS OPTIMAL = EFFECTIVE ADM9I/RATION IS ALSO OPTIMAL = EFFECTIVE REPRES5TATION4 ,& JU/ AS !Y DO 9 TRADITIONAL REPRES5TATIVE SY/EMS1 SUCCESSIVELY HI<] LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T AGGRAVATE 9EQUALITY4 ,9DIRECT ELECTIONS >E WELL KN[N TO HAVE ?IS CONSEQU5CE1 :I* IS :Y !Y >E ! FAVORITE K9D ( ELECTIONS = CONS]VATIVES4 ,9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,KROPOTK9 NOT$ ?AT !Y FAVOR ! WEAL?Y4 ,! ,U4,S4 ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO CONSI/ ( 0A SMALL NUMB] ( P]SONS1 SELECT$ FROM !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S FROM ! G5]AL MASS1 .<:O.> WILL BE MO/ LIKELY TO POSSESS ! 9=MATION & DISC]NM5T REQUISITE TO SO COMPLICAT$ AN 9VE/IGATION40.<#a#a#b#i.> ,ALL ! OLIG>*IC 9FLU5CES )9 ! ,COMMUNE >E MULTIPLI$1 ) CUMULATIVE IMPACT1 AT EA* HI<] LEVEL4 ,! ,MUNICIPAL DELEGATES WILL BE HI<] 9 CLASS1 WEAL?1 $UCATION1 POLITICAL APTITUDE -- & :IT5ESS -- ?AN ! ,COMMUN>DS G5]ALLY4 ,! ,METROPOLITAN DELEGATES WILL SCORE EV5 HI<] 9 !SE RESPECTS1 & SO =? TWICE MORE4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL WILL NOT LOOK LIKE ,AM]ICA1 IT WILL LOOK LIKE ! ,U4,S4 ,S5ATE OR ! ,MICROS(T BO>D ( DIRECTORS4 

,DIRECT DEMOCRACY & F$]ALISM >E ANTAGONI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,CONSID]1 = 9/ANCE1 A DELEGATE TO ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,HIS CLAIM TO LEGITIMACY RE/S ON HIS FAMILI>ITY ) ! PEOPLE ( HIS NEI<BORHOOD AS WELL AS HIS ELECTION BY A PLURALITY ( ! M9ORITY ?AT %[$ UP = ! ASSEMBLY ON ELECTION DAY4 ,9 ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 9 CONTRA/1 HE IS AT FIR/ A /RANG]4 ,HE MU/ +RATIATE HIMSELF ) HIS COLLEAGUES UNTIL HE %>ES A COMMUNITY ( EXP]I5CE ) !M AS HE DOES ) HIS NEI<BORS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE HAS TO JO9 A SECOND FACE-TO-FACE GR\P 9 ORD] TO S]VE ! FIR/4 ,BUT TIME DEVOT$ TO ONE GR\P IS TIME TAK5 FROM ! O!R4 ,HE CANNOT S]VE HIS NEI<BORS EFFECTIVELY )\T LOS+ T\* ) !M1 ) ! RESULT ?AT1 AGA91 HE CANNOT S]VE HIS NEI<BORS EFFECTIVELY4 ,HE CAN S]VE EFFECTIVELY1 BUT !N IT IS NOT HIS NEI<BORS :OM HE S]VES4 

,AT ! NEXT LEVEL1 :AT IS A DELEGATE SUPPOS$ TO DO8 ,N[ HE HAS ?REE FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS TO KEEP UP )4 ,AS ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 HE IS LIKELY TO SLI<T ! ,COMMUNE1 :OSE LEA% IS ! LONGE/4 ,=MALLY HE REPRES5TS ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 BUT :AT IF ! ,C\NCIL M&ATES A POSITION HE BELIEVES TO BE AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( HIS ,COMMUNE8 ,HIS M&ATE PRECLUDES HIS REOP5+ ! QUE/ION AT ! ,METROPOLITAN LEVEL1 & ! ,C\NCIL WILL RECALL HIM IF HE TRIES4 ,HE BELONGS TO A DELIB]ATIVE BODY1 BUT HE CANNOT EV5 SPEAK HIS M9D1 MU* LESS DELIB]ATE 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,CONSCI5TI\S OR CONFLICT$ DELEGATES WILL LOSE 9FLU5CE RELATIVE TO OPPORTUNI/S & LOOSE CANNONS :O KN[ :AT !Y WANT & GO = IT4 ,IT IS ! LATT] :O WILL *OOSE DELEGATES 7FROM AMONG !MSELVES7 TO ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL1 :]E ! SAME PROCESS WILL ASSURE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL WILL BE A DIFF]5T K9D ( PEOPLE ?AN ORD9>Y ,AM]ICANS4 

,! REJO9D] IS ?AT ! HI<] ! LEVEL1 ! LESS AU?ORITY IT POSSESSES1 IMPLY+ ?AT ! ,REGIONAL & ESPECIALLY ! ,F$]AL LEVELS >E ALMO/ SUP]NUM]>Y4 ,?US ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CLAIMS ?AT 0,SWITZ]L& HAS R5D]$ ! NATION-/ATE UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S40 ,TO :I* ,I RAIS$ ! OBVI\S OBJECTION1 0IF ! ,SWISS NATION-/ATE IS UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S1 :Y DOES IT EXI/ AT ALL80.<#a#a#c.> ,HIS [N S\RCES CONFIRM ?AT ! NATIONAL 7F$]AL7 GOV]NM5T ( ,SWITZ]L& HAS BE5 GA9+ P[] AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CANTONS = C5TURIES4.<#a#a#c#a.> ,?AT ALWAYS HAPP5S 9 F$]ATIONS1 AS IT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 UNLESS !Y BREAK UP FIR/4 ,S9CE ! ,SWISS /ATE IS SUP]FLU\S N[1 SOMEH[ IT MU/ HAVE BE5 LESS ?AN SUP]FLU\S 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY :5 DE ,TOCQUEVILLE CRITICIZ$ IT AS ! MO/ IMP]FECT CONF$]ATION 9 HI/ORY4.<#a#a#c#b.> ,9 ! #a#f? ?R\< #a#h? C5TURIES1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 LESS ?AN LESS ?AN SUP]FLU\S4 ,IT WAS1 ( C\RSE1 NEV] SUP]FLU\S AT ANY TIME4 

,AS UNSATISFACTORY AS ,BOOK*9'S HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES ( ,COMMUNES >E1 HE AT LEA/ PROVIDES A LITTLE DETAIL4 ,:5 IT COMES TO HI/ORIC F$]ATIONS1 HE TELLS US NO?+ RELEVANT4 ,!RE W]E 0AT LEA/ #a#e0 ANCI5T ,GREEK F$]ATIONS1 = 9/ANCE1 BUT NE>LY ALL >E N[ JU/ NAMES1 & ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES NOT EV5 PROVIDE MO/ ( ! NAMES4 ,ONE /RIK+ FEATURE ( SOME ( ! ,GREEK F$]ATIONS WAS 9T]CITY CITIZ5%IP3 IF !Y MADE ! TRIP1 CITIZ5S ( ONE CITY C\LD ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY ( ANO!R CITY4 ,! EX-,DIRECTOR DOES NOT ADVOCATE ?IS ASPECT ( ,GREEK F$]AL PRACTICE4 ,FROM ! LITTLE HE SAYS AB\T !IR FUNCTIONS1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! ,GREEK F$]ATIONS W]E PRIM>ILY MILIT>Y ALLIANCES1 :I* AGA9 HAS NO CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE4.<#a#a#c#c.> ,SOME?+ HE DOES NOT TELL US IS ?AT !Y ALL HAD SOME SORT ( A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4.<#a#a#c#d.> ,JAMES ,MADISON UND]TOOK A MORE SE>*+ SCRUT9Y ( ! ,GREEK F$]ATIONS4 ,HE ?\<T !IR BAD EXAMPLE WAS AN >GUM5T = ! ,U4,S4 ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT REALLY ! TRU? IS ?AT WE KN[ LITTLE AB\T !SE F$]ATIONS EXCEPT ?AT !Y W]E FAILURES1 & USUALLY %ORT-LIV$ FAILURES4.<#a#a#c#e.> 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* ALSO HAD A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T UND] ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION1 IS A GL>+ IF UND]/&ABLE OMISSION FROM ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S DISCUSSION4 ,! FAMILI> /ORY ( H[ ! FAIL+S ( AN ,AM]ICAN CONF$]ATION L$ TO ! ADOPTION ( A MORE C5TRALIZ$ NATIONAL GOV]NM5T IS NOT ONE ?AT ,BOOK*9 C>ES TO TELL4 ,BUT ! ISSUE EVOKES ANO!R PEEVI% \TBUR/4 0,EV5 AS A WORD10 HE /ATES -- :5 ,BOOK*9 GETS HOLD ( A WORD1 Y\ KN[ :AT TO EXPECT -- 0'CONF$]ATION' IMPLIES A COMMITM5T TO LIB]ATORY WAYS ( ASSOCIAT+40 ,NOT SO2 9 FACT1 IT USUALLY OR ESPECIALLY REF]S TO A UNION ( /ATES4.<#a#a#c#f.> ,SOMEH[ ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION W]E REPLAC$ 9 A DEVI\S WAY3 0,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! FIR/ ,AM]ICAN CON/ITUTION WAS DELIB]ATELY CALL$ ',>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION1' :I*1 = ALL ITS LIMITATIONS1 WAS CYNICALLY & SECRETIVELY REPLAC$ BY A SO-CALL$ 'F$]AL' CON/ITUTION1 ONE ?AT ,HAMILTON & HIS SUPPORT]S FOI/$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE AS ! NEXT BE/ ALT]NATIVE TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y40.<#a#a#c#g.> ,?IS TALE IS POPUL> ) UN$UCAT$ LEFTI/S LIKE ,BOOK*94 

,IT IS 9DE$ TRUE ?AT ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION W]E NAM$ 0DELIB]ATELY10 NOT ACCID5TALLY1 BUT NOT BECAUSE ( ! LIB]ATORY IMPLICATIONS ( ! WORD 0CONF$]ATION10 BECAUSE !N1 AS N[1 ! WORD HAD NO SU* IMPLICATIONS4 ,JOEL ,B>L[1 = 9/ANCE1 REF]R$ TO ! SY/EM UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION AS A CONF$]ATION4 ,SO DID FUTURE ,SUPREME ,C\RT ,JUSICE ,JAMES ,WILSON ADDRESS+ ! ,CONV5TION4 ,9 #a#g#h#g1 ! WORD 0F$]ATE0 0WAS ALMO/ EXACTLY SYNONYM\S ) 0CONF$]ATE40.<#a#a#c#h.> ,ADDRESS+ ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES 9 #a#g#i#a1 ,JAMES ,MADISON1 ! ,FA!R ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 REF]R$ TO ! SY/EM UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION AS 0! ,CONF$]ATION40.<#a#a#c#i.> ,ACTUALLY1 :ATEV] 0CONF$]ATION0 MEANT PRECISELY TO ! P]SON :O MADE UP ! NAME1 WE KN[ ?AT1 = HIM1 IT DID NOT EXCLUDE A SOV]EIGN UNION ) A ,CONGRESS ( !ORETICALLY UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY1 BECAUSE ?AT IS :AT ,JOHN ,DICK9SON PROPOS$ 9 HIS FIR/ DRAFT ( ! 0,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION & ,P]PETUAL ,UNION40.<#a#a#d.> ,HIS TITLE1 BUT LITTLE ELSE ( HIS DRAFT -- :I* DESIGN$ A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE -- WAS RETA9$ 9 ! F9AL V]SION4 

,! ,>TICLES W]E NOT 0SECRETIVELY REPLAC$0 BY ! ,CON/ITUTION -- ?AT IS *ILDI% CONSPIRACY !ORY4 ,!Y W]E SUP]S$$ AFT] EXT5SIVE PUBLIC DEBATE 7,ANTI-,F$]ALI/ CAMPAIGN LIT]ATURE ALONE FILLS FIVE VOLUMES.<#a#a#d#a.>7 AS ! CONV5TIONS MEET+ 9 N9E /ATES 7%ORTLY JO9$ BY ?REE MORE7 PUBLICLY RATIFI$ ! PROPOSAL4 ,BECAUSE1 UNTIL RATIFI$1 ?AT'S ALL IT WAS1 A PROPOSAL1 SO IT IS NOT TOO IMPORTANT ?AT IT WAS =MULAT$ 9 CLOS$ SESSION4 ,! ,CONV5TION FOLL[$ ! PROC$URE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! /ATES = ! WRIT+ OR AM5DM5T ( CON/ITUTIONS BY AN AD HOC BODY 9/EAD ( ! LEGISLATURE1 ) ! NEW CON/ITUTION !N PLAC$ BE=E ! PEOPLE = RATIFICATION4 

,9DE$ ! ,CONF$]ATION ,CONGRESS COOP]AT$ 9 ITS [N OV]?R[4 ,:5 ! ,CONV5TION =W>D$ ! PROPOS$ ,CON/ITUTION TO ,CONGRESS1 ! LATT] HAD IT 0TRANSMITT$ TO ! SEV]AL ,LEGISLATURES 9 ORD] TO BE SUBMITT$ TO A CONV5TION ( DELEGATES *OS5 9 EA* ,/ATE BY ! PEOPLE !RE(1 9 CON=MITY TO ! RESOLVES ( ! CONV5TION40 ,AFT] ALL1 #a ( ! #ca ,CONGRESSM5 W]E ,PHILADELPHIA ,FRAM]S4 ,NOT ONLY WAS IT ,CONGRESS :I* SUMMON$ ! DELEGATES TO ,PHILADELPHIA1 IT PAID ! ,CONV5TION'S EXP5SES & EV5 EXT5D$ FRANK+ PRIVILEGES TO ! DELEGATES4 ,CONGRESS ACTIVELY ASSI/$ 9 ITS [N DEMISE4.<#a#a#d#b.> ,DEVIS$ 9 SECRET -- & ITS CRITICS MADE ! *>GE ( 0CONSPIRACY0.<#a#a#d#c.> ONE ( !IR /RONGE/ >GUM5TS -- NONE!LESS1 ! ,CON/ITUTION 0WAS WIDELY1 FULLY1 & VIGOR\SLY DEBAT$ 9 ! C\NTRY AT L>GE2 & IT WAS ADOPT$ BY 7ALL ?+S CONSID]$7 A REM>KABLY OP5 & REPRES5TATIVE PROC$URE40.<#a#a#d#d.> 

,! IMAGE ( ,HAMILTON ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN MON>*I/ P]SI/S1 AL?\< NO HI/ORIAN HAS BELIEV$ 9 IT S9CE ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,AT ! ,CONV5TION1 ,HAMILTON HAD NO 9FLU5CE OR SUPPORT]S4 ,HE WAS CONSI/5TLY \TVOT$ BY HIS TWO ,NEW ,YORK COLLEAGUES 7VOT+ WAS BY /ATES71 & :5 !Y W5T HOME E>LY 7GO+ ON TO BE PROM95T ,ANTIF$]ALI/S71 ?AT LEFT ,HAMILTON ) NOT EV5 A LOS+ VOTE TO CA/1 SO HE W5T HOME TOO4 ,HE WAS NOT A MON>*I/2 HE /AT$ ?AT ,BRITA9 HAD ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T1 NOT ?AT IT WAS ! BE/ =M ( GOV]NM5T = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#a#a#d#e.> 7,AS ,FI%] ,AMES -- LEA/ DEMOCRATIC ( ,F$]ALI/S -- LAT] RECALL$1 0! BODY ( ! F$]ALI/S W]E ALWAYS1 & YET >E1 ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC 9 !IR POLITICAL NOTIONS40.<#a#a#d#f.>7 ,9 A FIVE H\R SPEE* TO ! ,CONV5TION1 ,HAMILTON (F]$ A PLAN = A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T 7BUT NOT A MON>*Y7 AS A TALK+ PIECE ONLY4 ,IT WAS POLITELY RECEIV$ & IGNOR$4 ,AS ANO!R DELEGATE PUT IT1 0! G5TLEMAN FROM ,NEW ,YORK 444 HAS BE5 PRAIS$ BY EV]YBODY1 HE HAS BE5 SUPPORT$ BY NONE40 ,BRIEFLY RETURN+ 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ! F9AL DRAFT ,CON/ITUTION WAS COMPLET$1 HE BLUNTLY EXPRESS$ HIS 0DISLIKE ( ! S*EME ( GOV]NM5T06 ,& 9 A SELF-EPITAPH HE WROTE 9 #a#h#d1 NE> ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 HE WROTE ?AT NO ONE HAD DONE MORE TO SU/A9 ! ,CON/ITUTION ?AN HE HAD1 BUT 0CONTR>Y TO ALL MY ANTICIPATIONS ( ITS FATE 444 ,I AM /ILL LABOR+ TO PROP ! FRAIL & WOR?LESS FABRIC40.<#a#a#d#g.> 

,QUITE MY/]I\S >E ! FUNCTIONS ( ,BOOK*9'S F$]ATIONS4 ,! DELEGATES !RETO >E M&AT$ & REVOCABLE1 BUT DO NOT MAKE POLICY DECISIONS4.<#a#a#d#h.> ,!N :AT >E !Y M&AT$ TO DO8 ,& :O DOES MAKE ! DECISIONS8 ,IT HAS TO BE ! ,COMMUNES1 BUT H[ DO ONE ?\S& OIL-CONSUM+ ,COMMUNES 9 ! NOR!A/ OBTA9 !IR W9T] HEAT+ OIL FROM ONE ?\S& OIL-PRODUC+ ,COMMUNES 9 ! S\?WE/8 ,! CONSUM] ,COMMUNES CAN S5D UP !IR REQUISITIONS TO BE AGGREGAT$ AT ! REGIONAL LEVEL1 BUT HAS ! CORRESPOND+ PRODUC] F$]ATION ! AU?ORITY TO ASSIGN PRODUCTION QUOTAS TO ! F$]ATIONS AT ! NEXT LEVEL D[N1 & SO =?8 ,!RE >E A HUNDR$ UNANSW]$ QUE/IONS LIKE !SE4 

,! F$]ATIONS >E )\T CO]CIVE AU?ORITY1 !Y JU/ 0COORD9ATE0 -- MEAN+ :AT8 ,TO COORD9ATE IS TO 0,CAUSE 7?+S OR P]SONS7 TO FUNCTION TOGE!R OR OCCUPY !IR PROP] PLACE AS P>TS ( AN 9T]RELAT$ :OLE40.<#a#a#d#i.> ,H[ DO Y\ CAUSE BUY]S & SELL]S TO FUNCTION TOGE!R8 ,! USUAL ME?ODS >E ?R\< MONEY 7! M>KET7 OR CO]CION 7! /ATE71 BUT ,BOOK*9 REJECTS !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,COORD9ATION IS EI!R CONS5T OR A EUPHEMISM = CO]CION4 ,CONS5T IS =?COM+ ONLY :5 ! P>TICIPANTS 9 AN ACTIVITY %>E A COMMON PURPOSE4 ,O!RWISE1 COORD9ATION MEANS CO]CION1 & 0TELL+ ANO!R P]SON TO COORD9ATE1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT TELL HIM :AT TO DO4 ,HE DOES NOT KN[ :E!R TO CO]CE OR B>GA91 TO EX]T P[] OR SECURE CONS5T40.<#a#a#e.> ,! ,COMMUNES HAVE NOT TOLD ! F$]ATIONS :AT TO DO1 ONLY H[ NOT TO DO IT4 ,P[] & M>KET1 ! IMP]SONAL ME?ODS ( COORD9ATION1 >E NOT ! ONLY ONES4 ,BUT COORD9ATION BY P]SONALIZ$ CONS5T IS ONLY POSSIBLE = A SMALL NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS USUALLY ALREADY CONNECT$ ?R\< PREEXI/+ RELATION%IPS4 

,ACTUALLY1 ,BOOK*9 C\LD USE SOME COORD9ATION HIMSELF4 ,HE SAYS ! CONF$]ATIONS WILL COORD9ATE ! ,COMMUNES1 BUT HE ALSO REF]S TO 0! SELF-ADM9I/RATION ( A COMMUNITY BY ITS CITIZ5S 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES1 :I* 9 CITIES ) RELATIVELY L>GE POPULATIONS W\LD COORD9ATE ! ADM9I/RATIVE WORK ( ! CITY C\NCIL1 COMPOS$ ( M&AT$ & RECALLABLE ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES40.<#a#a#e#a.> ,IF HE IS SELF-CONTRADICTORY AB\T :O COORD9ATES 0! WORK10 HE IS SIL5T AS TO :O DOES IT4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ?OSE OCCASIONS ON :I* ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S HEAD IS 9 ! CL\DS1 OR SOME:]E ELSE3 0,! DECISION TO BUILD A ROAD1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT EV]YONE MU/ KN[ H[ TO DESIGN & CON/RUCT ONE40 ,AFT] DEVOT+ F\R P>AGRAPHS TO ?IS TOPIC1 ,BIEHL CONCLUDES1 ALMO/ AS AN AFT]?\<T3  
  

,F9ALLY1 ! ROAD ITSELF W\LD HAVE TO BE CON/RUCT$ .<AS IF ?AT W]E ! EASY P>T.>4 ,UNLIKE ! O!R /AGES ( ! PROCESS1 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ROAD W\LD BE /RICTLY AN ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITY -- IT W\LD REQUIRE NO DELIB]ATION1 NO VOT+ .<:AT A RELIEF.>4 ,! ROAD-BUILD]S W\LD C>RY \T ! DECISION MADE BY ! ASSEMBLY1 BUILD+ ! ROAD ACCORD+ TO ! *OS5 PLAN4 ,?IS /RICTLY TE*NICAL PROCESS ( EXECUTION IS AN EXAMPLE ( ADM9I/RATION -- 9 :I* NO POLICY-MAK+ IS 9VOLV$4.<#a#a#e#b.>  
  

,BUILD+ A ROAD IS NOT A /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE PROCESS6 ,& :AT IF ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S WON'T BUILD ! ROAD ACCORD+ TO ! *OS5 PLAN -- *OS5 BY O!RS -- P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y ?9K !Y KN[ BETT] ?AN VOT]S & BUREAUCRATS H[ TO BUILD A ROAD1 AS !Y PROBABLY DO8 ,EXECUTION IS NOT ADM9I/RATION1 IT IS WORK1 REAL WORK1 & SOMETIMES H>D WORK1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ROAD-BUILD+1 JUDG+ FROM 0! S\ND ( ! M5_/WORK+ ON ! *A9 GA-A-ANG0 7,SAM ,COOKE74 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS A NAIVE & SIMPLE-M9D$ CONCEPTION ( ADM9I/RATION3  
  

,! TE*NICAL EXECUTION OR ADM9I/RATION ( !SE POLICIES W\LD BE C>RI$ \T BY ! APPROPRIATE SPECIALI/S4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS ( ! CONF$]AL C\NCILS W\LD BE ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,9 FACT1 !SE CITY & CONF$]AL C\NCILS W\LD HAVE TO ULTIMATELY REF] ALL POLICY-MAK+ DECISIONS TO ! ASSEMBLIES & ONLY ) !IR APPROVAL UND]TAKE !IR ADM9I/RATION4 ,!SE POLICY DECISIONS W\LD BE MADE BY A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES 9 !IR FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES4 ,! CITY & CONF$]AL C\NCILS W\LD M]ELY EXECUTE !SE DECISIONS1 OR AT MO/ ADJU/ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M4  
  

,!RE %ALL BE NO 0MELD+ ( POLICY =MATION ) ADM9I/RATION10 :I* WAS ! 0REGRESSIVE0 PRACTICE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4.<#a#a#e#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 0ADM9I/RATION LIES \TSIDE ! PROP] SPH]E ( POLITICS4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE QUE/IONS >E NOT POLITICAL QUE/IONS40 ,?IS WAS1 9DE$ ! BE/ POLITICAL ?9K+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY -- ,WOODR[ ,WILSON WROTE ?IS 9 #a#h#h#g4 ,BY N[ IT HAS BE5 CONFUT$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( EV]Y BUREAUCRACY3 0NO /RUCTURE CAN APPROA* ! OLD-FA%ION$ TEXTBOOK IDEAL 9 :I* BUREAUCRATS M]ELY C>RY \T OR EXECUTE POLICY DIRECTIVES *OS5 = !M BY LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITIES40 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 0IMPLEM5TATION %\LD NOT BE DIVORC$ FROM POLICY40.<#a#a#e#d.> ,BOOK*9'S IS ! REGRESSIVE VIEW4 

0,ADM9I/RATION0 IS1 AS ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] PO9T$ \T1 A EUPHEMISM = CO]CION3 0,SOME *AMPIONS ( ! ,/ATE EVID5TLY CONSID] AGGRESSION ITS PR9CIPLE1 AL?\< !Y DISGUISE IT ALIKE FROM !MSELVES & FROM ! PEOPLE UND] ! T]M 'ADM9I/RATION1' :I* !Y WI% TO EXT5D 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE DIRECTION40.<#a#a#e#e.> ,AN>*I/S REJECT ! ,M>XI/ DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T ( M5 & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS NOT ONLY AFFIRMS IT1 HE CRITICIZES ,M>X = ONCE IGNOR+ IT & TAK+ A REALI/IC VIEW ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4.<#a#a#e#f.> 

,ALL Y\ HAVE TO DO IS WALK >\ND ANY CITY ) Y\R EYES OP5 TO SEE IMPORTANT GOV]NM5TAL ACTIVITY :I* IT W\LD BE 9EFFICI5T IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE TO C>RY \T AT ! LEVEL ( A NEI<BORHOOD ( ONE ?\S& PEOPLE 9HABIT+1 SAYS ,BOOK*91 ONE TO TWELVE BLOCKS4.<#a#a#e#g.> ,SANITATION & G>BAGE COLLECTION MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ CITYWIDE BECAUSE G]MS & SMELLS DISRESPECT NEI<BORHOOD SOV]EIGNTY4 ,L& USE PLANN+ BY T9Y T]RITORIAL UNITS IS AN 9VITATION TO SELF-9T]E/$ P>O*IALISM4 ,*ODORK(F ,COMMUNE WILL WANT TO SITE A FACTORY AS F> AS POSSIBLE FROM ITS POPULATION CONC5TRATION -- AT ! BORD] ) ,BIEHL ,COMMUNE1 :I* D]IVES NO B5EFIT FROM ! FACTORY BUT MAY GET SOME ( ITS NOISE & POLLUTION4 ,! ORGANIZATION1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! RECRUITM5T1 ( ! MILITIA -- )\T :I* NO ,COMMUNE IS COMPLETE -- MU/ BE ON A L>G] ?AN NEI<BORHOOD SCALE1 OR WE WILL HAVE #a OR #a LITTLE >MIES :I*1 IF !Y >E EV] TO 0F$]ATE0 = W> OR TO SUPPRESS ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONS1 WILL HAVE TO BE /&>DIZ$ 9 EV]Y?+ FROM TRA9+ TO AMMUNITION4 ,EFFECTIVE MILITIAS >E CRITICAL1 S9CE ,COMMUNES WILL CO-EXI/ ) NATION-/ATES1 OR TRY TO1 = A PROTRACT$ P]IOD4 ,! M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE CITY-/ATES SUCCUMB$ TO ! OV]:ELM+ SUP]IOR =CE ( ! NATION-/ATES4.<#a#a#e#h.> ,! EX-,DIRECTOR'S ,COMMUNES WILL HAVE TO DO BETT] ) PEOPLE MO/LY )\T ANY MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE1 UNLIKE ! CITIZ5-SOLDI]S ( ,A!NS4 

,!SE >E MORE ?AN PROBLEMS ( COORD9ATION4 ,!Y D]IVE FROM IMP]ATIVES ( TE*NOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY :I* CANNOT BE AVOID$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! %ORT RUN4 ,DELEGATES TRULY RESPONSIVE TO ! BASE WILL %UTTLE BACK & =? AS ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !IR 9/RUCTIONS CREATES NEW SITUATIONS :I* NECESSITATE MORE 9/RUCTIONS :I* WILL NEV] ANTICIPATE EV]Y CONT+5CY4 .<#a#a#e#i.> ,! MORE ! ASSEMBLIES TRY TO PROVIDE = CONT+5CIES1 ! MORE NUM]\S & HET]OG5E\S WILL BE ! M&ATES !IR DELEGATES TAKE BACK TO ! C\NCIL1 & ! MORE DIFFICULT !IR AGGREGATION 9TO A DECISION WILL BE4 ,>GU+ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,F$]AL ,CONGRESS AGA9/ 9/RUCTION1 ONE ,REPRES5TATIVE APTLY /AT$3 0,P]HAPS A MAJORITY ( ! :OLE MI<T NOT BE 9/RUCT$ TO AGREE TO ANY ONE PO9T40 ,USUALLY NO?+ WILL BE DECID$1 OR NO?+ WILL BE DECID$ UNTIL IT IS TOO LATE4 

,SOMETIMES SOME?+ WILL BE DECID$1 NOT BECAUSE IT WAS :AT ! MAJORITY WANT$1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS :AT ! MAJORITY FAIL$ TO =BID1 AS :51 AS WE SAW 7,*APT] #a#c71 DELEGATES TO ! ,JUNTA ( ! ,COMUN]OS VOT$ TAXES )\T SEEK+ NEW 9/RUCTIONS FROM !IR CITIES4 ,!Y MI<T EV5 5ACT :AT ! CON/ITU5CIES DID =BID4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! DELEGATES TO ! ,SECOND ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS W]E 9/RUCT$1 & !IR 9/RUCTIONS W]E1 :ATEV] ELSE !Y DID1 NOT TO DECL>E ,AM]ICAN 9DEP5D5CE4 ,BUT AS EV]Y S*OOLBOY US$ TO KN[1 ?AT IS :AT !Y DID4.<#a#a#f.> ,! DELEGATES1 SUPPOS$LY COORD9ATORS1 WILL BE P[]LESS TO COORD9ATE !MSELVES4 

,9 ! #a#g#hS1 ,NOAH ,WEB/] CRITICIZ$ ! PRACTICE ( 09/RUCT+0 ! REPRES5TATIVES TO /ATE LEGISLATURES3 9/RUCTIONS 0IMPLY A DECISION ( A QUE/ION1 BE=E IT IS HE>D -- !Y R$UCE A ,REPRES5TATIVE TO A M]E MA*9E1 BY RE/RA9+ ! EX]CISE ( HIS REASON40 ,9 !ORY1 DELEGATES >E NO?+ BUT ]R& BOYS3 0,! DELEGATES' FUNCTIONS W\LD BE TO CONVEY ! WI%ES ( ! MUNICIPALITY TO ! CONF$]AL LEVEL0 7,BIEHL74.<#a#a#f#a.> ,NO G5U9E DISCUSSION CAN TAKE PLACE 9 AN ASSEMBLY UNLESS ! MEMB]S >E PREP>$ TO LI/5 TO EA* O!R & P]HAPS *ANGE !IR M9DS4 .<#a#a#f#b.> ,CONF9$ TO A M5IAL ROLE1 DI/RU/$ BY !IR ASSEMBLIES1 ! DELEGATES WILL BECOME RES5TFUL & RELUCTANT TO S]VE4 7,! ONES :O >E NEV] RELUCTANT TO S]VE >E ! ONES TO WAT* \T =47 

,SOON] OR LAT]1 ASSEMBLIES & DELEGATES WILL GET TIR$ ( WA/+ SO MU* TIME & TR\BLE ON EV5 SEEM+LY SIMPLE DECISIONS :I* DON'T TURN \T RI<T ANYWAY4 ,UND]SUP]VIS$ DELEGATES WILL R$ISCOV] :AT ,JOHN ,DICK9SON1 AN 9/RUCT$ DELEGATE TO ! ,SECOND ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS1 ?\<T TO DO3 HE WROTE HIS [N 9/RUCTIONS = ! ,P5NSYLVANIA ,ASSEMBLY TO 0IMPOSE0 ON HIM4.<#a#a#f#c.> ,TIR$ ( !IR ROBOTIC ROLE1 DELEGATES WILL 9T]PRET !IR M&ATES TO AU?ORIZE V>I\S IMPLEM5T+ DECISIONS4 ,!Y MAY LOOK TO ! PURPOSE ( ! M&ATE1 OR D]IVE A DECISION BY ANALOGY FROM :AT ! ASSEMBLY DID 9 A SIMIL> SITUATION1 OR DO :AT !Y ?9K ! ASSEMBLY W\LD HAVE WANT$ HAD IT =ESE5 ! CURR5T SITUATION1 OR EV5 P]SUADE !MSELVES ?AT ! WORDS ( ! M&ATE ANN\NCE A DECISION AFT] ALL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y WILL RE9V5T ! CREATIVE ME?ODS ?AT JUDGES USE :5 !Y APPLY ! LAW4.<#a#a#f#d.> 

,:I* IS NOT SO SURPRIS+1 BECAUSE !Y WILL RECAPITULATE JUDICIAL HI/ORY4 ,ORIG9ALLY ! JUDICIAL FUNCTION IS NOT DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ! EXECUTIVE OR ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTION4 ,AM]ICAN C\RTS /ILL HAVE IMPORTANT ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS1 SU* AS CORPORATE REORGANIZATION & ! ADM9I/RATION ( DEC$5TS' E/ATES4.<#a#a#f#e.> ,9 ,5GL&1 NOT ONLY IS ! K+ ORIG9ALLY ! MAK] ( LAW1 AS WE SAW 9 ! CASE ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON CODES 7,*APT] #a71 HE ALSO APPLIES IT4 ,K+ ,JOHN1 = 9/ANCE1 (T5 SAT ) HIS JUDGES1 :O IT9]AT$ AS HE DID4.<#a#a#f#f.> ,WE ALSO SEE ! COMB9ATION ( ADM9I/RATIVE & JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS 9 #a#g? C5TURY ,MASSA*USETTS & #a#h? C5TURY ,VIRG9IA 7,*APT]S #ad @& #a#f74 ,IT IS ! OLD /ORY ( DIFF]5TIATION ( FUNCTIONS LEAD+ TO SPECIALIZATION ( (FICE4 ,! DELEGATES WILL NOT =EV] ACCEPT ! DUTIES ( A LEGISLATURE )\T ! P[]S1 EV5 IF !Y ACT 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,IT IS ONLY ONE ASPECT ( !IR 9EVITABLE DEVELOPM5T ( COMMON 9T]E/S UN%>$ BY !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,QUO? ,ROB]T DE ,J\V5EL3 0,!RE IS LESS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TWO DEPUTIES ( :OM ONE IS A REVOLUTION>Y & ! O!R IS NOT1 ?AN BETWE5 TWO REVOLUTION>IES ( :OM ONE IS A DEPUTY & ! O!R IS NOT40.<#a#a#f#g.> 

,! ASSEMBLIES WILL LIKELY ABET ! DELEGATES 9 !IR TACIT USURPATION ( LEGISLATIVE P[]4 ,EV5 ! MORE POLITICALLY 9CL9$ ,COMMUN>DS WILL WE>Y ( PETTY & REPETITI\S IMPORTUNITIES FROM !IR M&AT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES4 ,M&ATES WILL BE FRAM$ MORE BROADLY1 & DISCRETION WILL BE EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY CONF]R$4 ,SE>*+ QUE/IONS WILL NOT NORMALLY BE ASK$ ( ?OSE ASSUM+ ! ?ANKLESS ROLE ( DELEGATE4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT SOME ASSEMBLIES WILL /OP ELECT+ DELEGATES AT ALL1 EI!R BECAUSE NO ONE ACCEPTABLE WANTS ! JOB OR BECAUSE ! C\NCIL'S P]=MANCE IS NOT UNSATISFACTORY4 ,9 #a#h? C5TURY ,MASSA*USETTS UP TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 MANY T[NS FAIL$ TO S5D REPRES5TATIVES1 OR AS MANY REPRES5TATIVES AS !Y W]E 5TITL$ TO1 TO ! COLONIAL LEGISLATURE4 ,EV5 9 #a#g#f#e-#a#g#f#i1 A P]IOD ( HI< POLITICAL EXCITEM5T DUR+ ! ,/AMP ,ACT CRISIS1 ONLY #e#c.0 ( T[NS S5T REPRES5TATIVES4.<#a#a#f#h.> ,9 ,BOOK*9'S WORLD1 SOME NEI<BORHOODS MAY NEV] HAVE F$]AT$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y >E RIFE ) 9DIVIDUALI/S1 OR P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y >E RIFE ) /ATI/S1 OR JU/ BECAUSE MO/ PEOPLE >E NOT POLITICAL ANIMALS1 JU/ ANIMALS4 

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