,*APT] #ae 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#e4 ,CITY-,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y 

  

,LET US SUMM>IZE :AT WE KN[4 ,! CITY ( ,A!NS WAS NOT A ,COMMUNE & IT WAS A SLAVE-BAS$ IMP]IALI/ /ATE1 & SO IT WAS NOT AN>*I/4 ,! SELF-GOV]N+ CITIES ( PRE-9DU/RIAL ,EUROPE W]E NOT ,COMMUNES & !Y W]E /ATES4 ,! T[NS ( COLONIAL ,NEW ,5GL& W]E NOT ,COMMUNES1 AGA9 BY ,BOOK*9'S DEF9ITION1 & !Y W]E SUBORD9ATE TO HI<] LEVELS ( /ATE4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS WAS NOT A ,COMMUNE OR A ,COMMUNE ( ,COMMUNES1 & IT WAS SUBORD9ATE TO A NATIONAL /ATE4 ,IT IS TIME = A G5]AL *>ACT]IZATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CITY & ! /ATE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S LATE/ UKASE1 ! T[N & CITY 0HI/ORICALLY ANT$ATE ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE40.<#a.> ,HIS OP9ION IS DICTAT$ BY HIS POLITICS4 ,IF ! /ATE PREC$$ ! CITY1 ! CITY IS AT LEA/ 9 P>T ! CREATION ( ! /ATE4 ,ANO!R IMPLICATION IS ?AT AN>*Y IS PRIOR TO ! CITY1 S9CE ! /ATE IS PRIOR TO ! CITY & AN>*Y IS PRIOR TO ! /ATE4 ,FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT AN>*Y \TSIDE ! COMMUNE IS POSSIBLE 7& WAS ONCE UNIV]SAL71 :]EAS CITIES >E ALWAYS /ATI/4 ,! BURD5 ( PRO( IS ?US ON ?OSE :O ESP\SE ! AN>*I/ CITY TO DEMON/RATE ITS V]Y POSSIBILITY4 

,:5 ,BOOK*9 /ATES ?AT ! CITY PREC$$ ! /ATE1 IF HE IS NOT MAK+ AN AB/RACT CLAIM :I* IS MEAN+LESS1 HE IS MAK+ AN EMPIRICAL CLAIM :I* IS FALSE4 ,MO/ ( ! WORLD'S CITIES1 ASIDE FROM A FEW =M] CITY-/ATES1 ORIG9AT$ BY CONQUE/ OR COLONIZATION4 ,MANY ( MY ,EUROPEAN READ]S LIVE 9 CITIES F\ND$ BY ! ,ROMANS4 ,MO/ ( MY ,AM]ICAN READ]S MU/ RESIDE 9 OR NE> T[NS OR CITIES :I* W]E F\ND$ UND] /ATE AUSPICES4 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN WE/ ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T CREAT$ LOCAL GOV]NM5TS >\ND ITS EXT5SION AG5TS4.<#a#a.> ,!RE W]E NO CITIES NOR? ( ,MEXICO UNTIL ! ,EUROPEANS 9VAD$4 ,! 9VAD]S ( SEV]AL NATIONS S\<T V>I\S B5EFITS H]E -- L&1 GOLD1 SLAVES1 FURS1 SOMETIMES EV5 RELIGI\S FRE$OM -- BUT AN>*Y WAS NOT ONE ( !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y DISPLAC$ OR DEMOLI%$ ! AN>*I/ SOCIETIES !Y F\ND EV]Y:]E4 

,! DISCUSSION ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS 9 ,*APT] #ac REVEALS H[ ! T[NS W]E *>T]$ BY ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY C5TRAL GOV]NM5T PURSUANT TO LEGISLATION1 :I* ALSO PRESCRIB$ ! P[]S & DUTIES ( ! T[NS4 ,IT WAS ! SAME EV]Y:]E4 ,COMPANIES *>T]$ BY ! ,CR[N BUILT ! FIR/ T[NS & SPONSOR$ NEW SETTLEM5TS4 ,EV5 :51 LAT] ON1 PEOPLE SETTL$ 9 PLACES :]E ! AU?ORITY ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS WEAK1 !Y BR\<T ! /ATE ) !M4 ,AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE ! FRONTI] CIVILIZ$ ITSELF BY ]ECT+ ! C\R?\SE1 ! GALL[S & ! JAIL4 ,EV5 WAGON TRA9S1 :I* W]E ONLY \T ( ,AM]ICAN JURISDICTION = A FEW WEEKS1 CREAT$ AN AMBULATORY LEGAL SY/EM4 ,EV5 SQUATT]S1 LAWBREAK]S !MSELVES1 =M$ 0CLAIMS ASSOCIATIONS40 ,M9]S =M$ M9]S' MEET+S & CLAIMS CLUBS4.<#a#b.> ,! ,WILD ,WE/ WAS F> MORE LAW-ABID+ ?AN LEG5D HAS IT4.<#a#c.> ,I AM NOT NECESS>ILY SAY+ ?AT NO /ORY ( LIB]TY CAN BE TOLD AB\T ! FRONTI] & ! WE/1 BUT IT WILL NOT MAKE S5SE \TSIDE ! CONTEXT ( /ATE P[]4.<#a#d.> 

,! TRU? IS1 AS SO (T5 ) ,BOOK*91 ! OPPOSITE ( :AT HE SAYS3 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 A CITY :I* WAS NOT A /ATE1 OR SUBJECT TO A /ATE4 ,! /ATE ALWAYS PREC$ES & PRODUCES ! CITY1 AS IT DID 9 ! E>LIE/ 7>*AIC7 /ATES4 ,IT DID SO 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA1 9 ,*9A1 9 ,MESOAM]ICA & 9 ,P]U-,BOLIVIA -- ! 0PRI/9E0 /ATES1 I4E41 0?OSE :OSE ORIG9 WAS SUI G5]IS \T ( LOCAL CONDITIONS & NOT 9 RESPONSE TO PRESSURES ALREADY EMANAT+ FROM AN ALREADY HI<LY ORGANIZ$ BUT SEP>ATE POLITICAL 5TITY40.<#a#e.> ,ALL O!R HI/ORICAL /ATES1 & ALL EXI/+ /ATES1 >E SECOND>Y /ATES4 ,! /ATE PREC$$ ! CITY 9 >*AIC ,GREECE1 9CLUD+ ,ATTICA4.<#a#f.> ,TWO >*AEOLOGI/S ( ,MESOAM]ICA /ATE ! CASE SUCC9CTLY3 0,:ILE URBANIZ$ SOCIETIES >E 9V>IABLY /ATES1 NOT ALL /ATES >E URBAN40.<#a#g.> ,! /ATI/ ORIG9 ( ! CITY IS NOT ONLY A MATT] ( 9F]5CE1 BUT ( RECORD4 ,AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D /ATES3 0,I SUGGE/ ?AT ONE ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( ! ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN GOD1 ,PTAH1 AS REVEAL$ 9 A DOCUM5T D]IV$ FROM ! ?IRD MILL5NIUM ,B4,C4 -- ?AT HE F\ND$ CITIES -- IS ! SPECIAL & ALL BUT UNIV]SAL FUNCTION ( K+S40.<#a#h.> ,9 A COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( #bc E>LY /ATES1 PRI/9E & SECOND>Y1 URBANIZATION WAS ABS5T 9 EI<T ( !M4.<#a#i.> ,TRULY URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS DEP5D ON ! /ATE1 :OSE EM]G5CE IS ! POLITICAL ASPECT ( CLASS SOCIETY4.<#a#a.> ,?AT IS ! 0MORE MOD]N VIEW10 ACCORD+ TO ,ELMAN ,R4 ,S]VICE3 0,WE N[ KN[ ?AT SOME >*AIC CIVILIZATIONS LACK$ CITIES1 :ILE O!RS BECAME /ATES BE=E !IR CITIES DEVELOP$40.<#a#a#a.> 0,URBANIZATION0 CAN BE V]Y /RAI<T=W>D3 0:5 A /ATE-LEVEL SOCIETY TAKES OV] & TRIES TO CONTROL PEOPLES :O >E NOT US$ TO OBEY+ K+S & RUL]S 7I4E41 TRIBAL & O!R NON/ATE PEOPLES71 A COMMON PRACTICE IS TO =CE PEOPLE TO LIVE 9 T[NS & CITIES :]E !Y CAN BE WAT*$ & CONTROLL$ MORE EASILY ?AN IF !Y LIVE SCATT]$ ACROSS ! L&SCAPE40.<#a#a#b.> 

,IF ! CITY PREC$$ ! /ATE1 !N !RE CAN BE /ATES )\T CITIES4 ,AT FIR/ ! NOTION ( A CITYLESS /ATE MAY *ALL5GE ! IMAG9ATION1 BUT ACTUALLY1 EV]Y READ] HAS HE>D ( ! EXAMPLES ,I WILL DISCUSS4 ,]IC ,R4 ,WOLF M5TIONS ONE WAY IT WAS DONE3 09 SOME SOCIETIES1 ! RUL]S M]ELY 'CAMP$' AMONG ! PEASANTRY1 AS ! ,WATUSI RUL]S DID UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY AMONG ! ,BAHUTO PEASANTRY ( ,RU&A ,URUNDI40.<#a#a#c.> ,ANO!R TE*NIQUE IS IT9]ATION3 ! MON>* & HIS RET9UE1 HAV+ NO FIX$ ABODE1 MOVE AB\T ! L&1 ACCEPT+ ! HOSPITALITY ( HIS SUBJECTS4 ,! E>LIE/ ,DUKES ( ,NORM&Y DID ?AT1.<#a#a#d.> & ! K+S ( ,5GL& /ILL DID IT 9 ! #a#c? C5TURY4 

,AL?\< !Y W]E NOT AMBULATORY1 ! K+S ( ! ,ZULUS RUL$ A =MIDABLE CITYLESS /ATE UNTIL ! ,ZULU ,W> ( #a#h#g#i-#a#h#h4 ,! ,ZULU NATION WAS =CIBLY =M$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ?R\< ! CONQUE/ & AMALGAMATION ( MANY TRIBES BY A S]IES ( RU?LESS K+S4 ,!Y CONTROLL$ ! POPULATION ?R\< MASSIVE T]ROR4 ,! K+S ELIM9AT$ ! CLANS AS CORPORATE GR\PS JU/ AS ,CLEIS!NES ELIM9AT$ ! ,A!NIAN TRIBES AS CORPORATE GR\PS4 ,! RAPID PROGRESS ( MILIT>Y TACTICS CORRESPOND$ TO ! PROGRESS ( /ATE =MATION4 ,L[-CASUALTY 0DUEL+ BATTLES0 *>ACT]IZ$ ! TRIBAL /AGE2 0BATTLES ( SUBJUGATION0 L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( *IEFDOMS2 & 0BATTLES ( CONQUE/0 GAVE RISE TO ! /ATE4.<#a#a#e.> ,! K+1 :O (FICIALLY [N$ ALL ! L&1 RUL$ A POPULATION ( #b#e1-#e1 ?R\< LOCAL *IEFTA9S1 :O MI<T 9 TURN HAVE SUB*IEFTA9S UND] !M4 ,P[] WAS DELEGAT$ FROM ! TOP D[N1 & ! L[] ! LEVEL1 ! LESS P[]4 ,!RE W]E NO CITIES OR T[NS2 ! K+ LIV$ ON A TRACT ( L& OCCUPI$ BY ROYAL HOME/EADS & MILIT>Y B>RACKS4 ,BUT 0DUR+ ! TIME ( ! K+S1 ! ,/ATE BULK$ L>GE 9 ! PEOPLE'S LIVES40.<#a#a#f.> 

,ANO!R W>LIKE1 EXPANSIONI/ /ATE )\T CITIES WAS ,MONGOLIA UND] ,G5<IS ,KHAN4 #a#b#f1 ! YE> ,TEMU*9 BECAME ,G5<IS ,KHAN1 CAN BE CONSID]$ 0! BIR?DAY ( ! ,MONGOL /ATE40 ,! ,GREAT ,KHAN1 :O WAS NEI!R LIB]T>IAN NOR MUNICIPALI/1 DE/ROY$ MORE CITIES ?AN ANYONE 9 HI/ORY4 ,BY ! #a#a? C5TURY1 ,MONGOL SOCIETY ALREADY 9CLUD$ 0A RUL+ CLASS1 A /EPPE >I/OCRACY10 EA* NOBLE HAV+ A RET9UE ( BODYGU>DS :O FOLL[$ HIM 9 W> & MANAG$ HIS H\SEHOLD 9 PEACETIME4.<#a#a#g.> ,!RE W]E T]RITORIAL DIVISIONS = FISCAL & CIVIL ADM9I/RATION4 ,A /ATE SIGNIFI] WAS ! PRES5CE ( 0A PURELY MILIT>Y & P]MAN5T E/ABLI%M5T40 ,!RE WAS AN ASSEMBLY ( NOTABLES1 ! KHURILDAI1 A 0QUASI-POLITICAL ASSEMBLY UND] ! DIRECTION & RULE ( ! ,KHAN40.<#a#a#h.> ,& YET ?IS WAS /ILL A SOCIETY ( PA/ORAL NOMADS4 ,! TRIBES MIGRAT$ SEASONALLY1 & SO DID ! ,GREAT ,KHAN HIMSELF4 ,HAV+ NO CITIES 9 :I* TO MAKE HIS CAPITAL1 HE IT9]AT$ LONG DI/ANCES1 MOV+ SEV5 TIMES A YE>4.<#a#a#i.> ,Q>A ,QORUM1 ON :I* CON/RUCTION BEGAN 9 #a#b#c#e1 WAS ONLY AN 5L>G$ CAMP :I* A ,EUROPEAN VISITOR 9 ! #a#b#eS LIK5$ TO A L>GE ,FR5* VILLAGE4.<#a#b.> ,?IS WAS A NO-FRILLS1 NO-NONS5SE /ATE B>ELY BEYOND *IEFTA9%IP1 BUT IT WAS /ATE 5\< TO CONQU] MO/ ( ,EURASIA4 

,A F9AL EXAMPLE ( A /ATE )\T CITIES -- ,I AM DELIB]ATELY *OOS+ WELL-KN[N SOCIETIES -- IS ,NORWAY 9 ! ,VIK+ ,AGE4 ,IT WAS BUILT ON ! BASIS ( AN >I/OCRATIC SOCIETY ( *IEFTA9S1 FREE M5 & ?RALLS 7SLAVES74 ,K+ ,H>OLD ,FAIRHAIR 7C4 #h#g_/#h#h-#i ,A4,D47 COMM5C$ ! R$UCTION ( ! *IEFTA9S ( S\?WE/ ,NORWAY4 ,!RE W]E NO CITIES OR T[NS1 SO1 UNTIL #a#e1 HE & HIS SUCCESSORS1 ) !IR RET9UES1 !IR SKALDS & W>RIORS1 0TRAVEL$ FROM F>M TO F>M TAK+ GOODS 9 K9D1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 LIV+ (F ! PRODUCE ( !IR L&$ PROP]TY AS WELL AS FROM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! LOCAL POPULATION4 ,?IS WAS ! ONLY WAY ( EFFECTIVELY EX]CIS+ ROYAL P[] BE=E A MORE P]MAN5T LOCAL ADM9I/RATION WAS DEVELOP$40 ,! K+'S HIRD 7BODYGU>D7 WAS MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT WAS ! P]MAN5T P>T ( HIS >MY4.<#a#b#a.> ,! RELATION ( /ATE TO URBANISM IS /RAI<T=W>D3 ! K+S PROMOT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( T[NS 9 ! #a#a? C5TURY & ?AT WAS :5 T[NS APPE>$4 ,EXCEPT = A FEW M9OR BI%OPRICS1 !Y W\LD ALWAYS BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! K+4 ,= ! K+1 T[NS (F]$ GREAT] COM=T & SECURITY ?AN IT9]ATION1 & BETT] CONTROL OV] ! SURR\ND+ DI/RICTS4.<#a#b#b.> 

,! CITY-/ATE1 !N1 IS ONLY A V>IANT ON ! /ATI/ CITY1 ! ONLY SORT ( CITY :I* HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,! /ATE PREC$$ ! CITY4 ,! E>LIE/ /ATES W]E1 9 FACT1 MO/LY CITY-/ATES4 ,AS WE LE>N FROM ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S FAVORITE AU?ORITY -- ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 0,IT WAS ! ,BRONZE ,AGE 'URBAN REVOLUTION1' TO USE ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S EXPRESSION1 ?AT SL[LY ELIM9AT$ ! TRAPP+S ( ! SOCIAL OR DOME/IC >5A FROM ! ,/ATE & CREAT$ A NEW T]RA9 = ! POLITICAL >5A40.<#a#b#c.> ,! SELF-GOV]N+ CITY IS ! BEG9N+ BUT NOT1 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CLAIMS1 ! CLIMAX ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ONLY ONE N[ EXI/+1 ! ,S+APORE POLICE /ATE1 IS A FLUKE ( HI/ORY & GEOGRAPHY -- IT NEV] S\<T 9DEP5D5CE BUT WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,MALAYSIA4.<#a#b#d.> ,! ,GREEK CITY-/ATE WAS AN EVOLUTION>Y DEAD 5D1 DOOM$ TO EXT9CTION3 0,BORN AT ! CONJUNCTION ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 SOME ORIG9AT+ WELL \TSIDE ! BORD]S ( ,GREECE1 ,GREEK CITY-/ATES W]E FRAGILE & FL\RI%$ BRIEFLY1 TO BE SUBM]G$ )9 ! WAKE ( L>G] HI/ORICAL TR5DS & ALSO UND]M9$ BY !IR [N SUCCESS40 ,! ,R5AISSANCE CITY-/ATE1 TOO1 PROV$ A DEAD 5D2 IT WAS NOT EV5 ANTEC$5T TO ! NATION-/ATE4.<#a#b#e.> 

,! TR\BLE ) >GU+ ?AT ! POLIS IS NOT A FULLY MOD]N /ATE IS ?AT :]E ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS /OPS -- JU/ %Y ( ! POLIS -- IS >BITR>Y4 ,MEASUR$ AGA9/ SOME ,PLATONIC >*ETYPE ( /ATEHOOD1 O!R POLITICAL 5TITIES MI<T COME UP %ORT1 & YET ANY AN>*I/ W\LD CONSID] !M /ATES4 ,HEGEL BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS NOT A REAL /ATE4.<#a#b#f.> ,SURPRIS+LY1 SOME HI/ORIANS & POLITICAL SCI5TI/S AGREE ) HIM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JAMES ,Q4 ,WILSON1 0BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS .<! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T.> IS NOT TRULY A '/ATE' -- ?AT IS1 A SOV]EIGN BODY :OSE AU?ORITY P5ETRATES ALL ASPECTS ( ! NATION & BR+S EA* P>T ( ! NATION )9 ITS REA*40.<#a#b#g.> ,/ATEM5TS LIKE ?IS ONE >E COMMON 7,I ALMO/ SAID 0NOT UNCOMMON073 0,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MOV$ FROM A SOCIETY :I* WAS SC>CELY GOV]N$ TO ONE 9 :I*1 BY C5TURY'S 5D1 GOV]NM5T REGUL>LY T\*$ ! DAILY LIVES ( ! PEOPLE40.<#a#b#h.> ,NONE!LESS1 = AN>*I/S1 ?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS NOT AT ALL4 

,MO/ ( AN 5TIRE SUBFIELD ( ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY -- POLICY HI/ORY -- HOLDS ?AT = MU* ( ITS HI/ORY1 & C]TA9LY BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS NOT A /ATE4 ,?US ONE ( !M WRITES ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,W> 0CREAT$0 ! ,AM]ICAN /ATE1 :I* 0HAD BECOME A M]E %ELL BY #a#h#f10 ) 0ONLY A TOK5 ADM9I/RATIVE PRES5CE 9 MO/ ( ! /ATES40.<#a#b#i.> ,9 AN (T-CIT$ ADDRESS1 HI/ORIAN ,WILLIAM ,LEU*T5BURG ASKS3 0,:5 DID WE FIR/ HAVE A /ATE 9 ,AM]ICA8 ,WAS IT ALWAYS H]E1 OR DID IT NOT REALLY >RIVE UNTIL ! LATE N9ETE5? OR E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AS ! MO/ REC5T S*OL>%IP 9DICATES80.<#a#c.> ,I REJECT ?AT OP9ION AS ,I REJECT ,BOOK*9'S1 BUT AT LEA/ !SE S*OL>S >5'T PLAY+ GAMES ) ! CONCEPT ( ! /ATE AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES4 ,I ALSO PO9T \T ?AT ! POLICY HI/ORIANS >E MU* MORE PLAUSIBLE ?AN ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4 ,COLONIAL ,AM]ICA WAS F> LESS /ATIFI$ ?AN ANCI5T ,A!NS1 BUT ! EASYGO+ /ATISM ( ! COLONIES WAS /ILL NOT AN>*Y4 

,CONSID] COLONIAL ,VIRG9IA4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,BURGESSES 7! LEGISLATURE71 :OSE MEMB]S W]E G5TLEM5 AMATEURS1 WAS ! ONLY ELECT$ BODY 9 ! ,OLD ,DOM9ION4 ,MO/ C\NTIES HAD NO T[NS2 ! C\NTY WAS ! UNIT ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,& ?AT GOV]NM5T WAS 9 ! H&S ( -- A C\RT6 ,GOV]NM5T EXI/$ ONLY ONCE A MON?1 ON C\RT DAY4 ,G5TLEM5 0CONDUCT$ ! C\RT1 L5D+ !IR P]SONAL 9FLU5CE TO :AT WAS NE>LY ! SUM & SUB/ANCE ( GOV]NM5T AT ! TIME -- ADJUDICAT+ DISPUTES1 RECORD+ TRANSACTIONS1 & DI/RIBUT+ SMALL FAVORS TO ! =TUNATE40 ,!Y SWORE 9 ! JURIES1 GR& & PETIT1 IMPANEL$ BY ! %]IFF4 ,9 ADDITION TO ITS CIVIL & CRIM9AL JURISDICTION1 ! C\RT WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! ADM9I/RATIVE BUS9ESS ( ! C\NTY1 SU* AS ISSU+ LIC5SES & LETT+ \T CONTRACTS1 & IT 0SUP]VIS$ ! CONDUCT ( ORD9>IES0 7TAV]NS1 ONE ( :I* FAC$ EV]Y C\R?\SE74 0,! C\RT WAS C5TRAL TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY03 C\RT DAY WAS ALSO A M>KET DAY1 & IT WAS ! ONLY TIME ! COMMUNITY CAME TOGE!R4.<#a#c#a.> ,!RE WAS NO LEGISLATIVE BRAN*4 ,! ONLY O!R GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTION WAS ! MILITIA1 MU/]$ 9T]MITT5TLY UND] G5TRY (FIC]S4.<#a#c#b.> ,AM5D+ ,SK[RONEK'S PHRASE1 WE C\LD SAY ?AT COLONIAL ,VIRG9IA WAS A /ATE ( C\RTS & P>TIES -- )\T ! P>TIES4 

,9 O!R COLONIES TOO1 ! C\NTY C\RT 0BECAME ! CRITICAL 9/ITUTION = DEAL+ ) IMPORTANT MATT]S ( LOCAL COMMUNITY CONC]N10.<#a#c#c.> AL?\< 9 SOME COLONIES1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ELECT$ T[N SELECTM5 W]E ALSO IMPORTANT4 ,EI!R WAY1 GOV]NM5T CONSI/$ 5TIRELY ( P>T-TIME AMATEURS 7& ?AT ALSO GOES = COLONIAL & #a#i? C5TURY LEGISLATURES TOO1 :I* HELD ONLY BRIEF 9T]MITT5T SESSIONS & MO/ ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E NEWCOM]S.<#a#c#d.>74 ,!RE=E1 ON ,BOOK*9'S CRIT]IA1 !RE WAS NO /ATE 7OR RA!R1 NO /ATES7 PRIOR TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO MU* ! WORSE = ,BOOK*9'S CRIT]IA4 

,AL?\< ! >GUM5T FROM AU?ORITY %\LD NEV] BE DECISIVE1 PREVI\S AN>*I/ OP9ION AS TO ! AN>*I/ *>ACT] ( ! ,COMMUNE C>RIES SOME WEI<T4 ,IF AN>*I/S HAVE NOT (T5 REJECT$ ! ,COMMUNE EXPLICITLY1 IT IS BECAUSE IT WAS CONSID]$ IT JU/ ANO!R UTOPIAN PIP$REAM IF !Y ?\<T AB\T AT ALL1 A RIVAL :OSE IRRELEVANCE WAS TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,BUT !Y SOMETIMES DEALT ) IT1 IF ONLY BY PRON\NC+ ON ! AN>*I/ NATURE VEL NON ( ! ,A!NIAN ,COMMUNE4 ,TO REJECT ! ALLEG$ AN>*Y ( ,A!NS IS TO REJECT ,BOOK*9'S ,COMMUNALISM 9 TOTO4 

,KROPOTK9 IS ! ONLY PROM95T AN>*I/ CLAIM$ BY ,BOOK*9 AS SUPPORT+ HIS VIEW ?AT ,A!NS & ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES W]E AN>*I/4 ,SO F> AS ,I CAN TELL1 ,PR9CE ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T O!RWISE1 JUDG+ FROM HIS HATR$ ( ! 0COMMUNE-,/ATE03 0,SOMETIMES AS ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 SOMETIMES AS ! PROV9CIAL OR LOCAL /ATE1 N[ AS ! COMMUNE-,/ATE1 IT PURSUES US AT EA* /EP1 IT APPE>S AT EV]Y /REET CORN]1 IT IMPOSES ON US1 HOLDS US1 H>ASSES US40.<#a#c#e.> ,I F\ND NO?+ 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID TO SUPPORT ,BOOK*9'S CLAIM EXCEPT POSSIBLY A PASS+ REF]5CE TO ! 0FOLKMOTE40 ,I F\ND A GREAT DEAL ( APPRECIATIVE EXPOSITION ( ! SELF-GOV]NANCE ( GUILDS & !IR F$]ATIONS1 :I* IF ANY?+ SUPPORTS SYNDICALISM1 SOME?+ ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS R\NDLY CRITICIZES4.<#a#c#f.> ,IF ,KROPOTK9 IS REALLY A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/1 !N 9 ?IS1 AS 9 HIS AN>*O-TR5*I/ SUPPORT = ! ,ALLIES 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 HE /&S VIRTUALLY ALONE4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID -- & 9 A PASSAGE ,BOOK*9 HAS QUOT$6 -- ,KROPOTK9 CLE>LY ID5TIFIES ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES AS /ATES3  
  

,SELF-JURISDICTION WAS ! ESS5TIAL PO9T1 & SELF-JURISDICTION MEANT SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT ! COMMUNE WAS NOT SIMPLY AN AUTONOM\S P>T ( ! ,/ATE -- IT WAS A ,/ATE 9 ITSELF4 ,IT HAD ! RI<T ( W> & PEACE1 ( F$]ATION & ALLIANCE ) ITS NEI<BORS4 ,IT WAS SOV]EIGN 9 ITS [N AFFAIRS1 & MIX$ ) NO O!RS4 ,! SUPREME POLITICAL P[] C\LD BE VE/$ 9 A DEMOCRATIC =UM1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,PSKOV1 :OSE VYE*E S5T & RECEIV$ AMBASSADORS1 CONCLUD$ TREATIES1 ACCEPT$ & S5T AWAY PR9CES1 OR W5T ON )\T !M = DOZ5S ( YE>S2 OR IT WAS VE/$ 91 OR USURP$ BY1 AN >I/OCRACY ( M]*ANTS OR EV5 NOBLES AS WAS ! CASE 9 HUNDR$S ( ,ITALIAN & MIDDLE ,EUROPEAN CITIES4 ,! PR9CIPLE1 NEV]!LESS1 REMA9$ ! SAME3 ! CITY WAS A ,/ATE 444.<#a#c#g.>  
  

0,! /RUCTURE ( ! LAW-&-ORD] ,/ATES :I* WE SEE 9 ,EUROPE AT PRES5T WAS ONLY \TL9$ AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY40.<#a#c#h.> ,SO IT SEEMS TO BE ,KROPOTK9'S POSITION ?AT M$IEVAL CITIES W]E REAL /ATES1 NOT JU/ 0\TL9$10 BUT ?AT ,B\RBON ,FRANCE1 ,GEORGIAN ,5GL& & ! ,PRUSSIA ( ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT1 :I* CAME LAT]1 W]E NOT QUITE /ATES4 ,A P>ADOX WOR?Y ( ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 BUT NOT ONE ?AT SUPPORTS HIS POSITION ON CITY-/ATES4 

,PROPOSALS = 0DIRECT ,GOV]NM5T0 W]E 9 CIRCULATION 9 ,PR\DHON'S TIME4 ,AS HE /AT$ ! CASE3 0,LET ! ,CON/ITUTION & ! LAWS BECOME ! EXPRESSION ( \R [N WILL2 LET ! (FICE HOLD]S & MAGI/RATES1 :O >E \R S]VANTS ELECT$ BY US1 & ALWAYS SUBJECT TO RECALL1 NEV] BE P]MITT$ TO DO ANY?+ BUT :AT ! GOOD PLEASURE ( ! PEOPLE HAS DET]M9$ UPON40 ,BUT GOV]NM5T ( ALL BY ALL IS /ILL GOV]NM5T3  
  

,! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,GOV]NM5T1 REMA9+ ! SAME1 !RE W\LD /ILL BE ! SAME CONCLUSION4  

 0,NO MORE H]$IT>Y ROYALTY1  

 0,NO MORE PRESID5CY1  

 0,NO MORE REPRES5TATION1  

 0,NO MORE DELEGATION1  

 0,NO MORE ALI5ATION ( P[]1  

 0,DIRECT GOV]NM5T1  

 0,! ,P,E,O,P,L,E6 ,9 ! P]MAN5T EX]CISE ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY40  
  

0,:AT IS !RE AT ! 5D ( ?IS REFRA9 :I* CAN BE TAK5 AS A NEW & REVOLUTION>Y PROPOSITION1 & :I* HAS NOT BE5 KN[N & PRACTIC$ LONG BE=E \R TIME1 BY ,A!NIANS1 ,BOEOTIANS1 ,LAC$EMONIANS1 ,ROMANS1 @&C480 ,= ,PR\DHON1 NO?+4 ,DIRECT GOV]NM5T LEADS /RAI<T TO DICTATOR%IP4 ,LET !RE BE NO LAWS PASS$1 EI!R BY MAJORITY VOTE OR UNANIM\SLY4.<#a#c#i.> 

,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! AN>*I/'S AN>*I/1 ALSO ADDRESS$ ! ISSUE DIRECTLY4 ,BY 0/ATE10 AN>*I/S MEAN 0GOV]NM5T02 O!R USAGES >E TO BE DI/+UI%$4 ,= AN>*I/S1 0/ATE0 DOES NOT MEAN SOCIETY1 & IT DOES NOT MEAN 0A SPECIAL K9D ( SOCIETY1 A P>TICUL> HUMAN COLLECTIVITY GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 A P>TICUL> T]RITORY IRRESPECTIVE ( ! WAY ! MEMB]S ( ! SAID COLLECTIVITY >E GR\P$ OR ( ! /ATE ( RELATIONS BETWE5 !M0 -- IT DOES NOT MEAN1 = EXAMPLE1 A NATIONALITY4 ,& IT DOES NOT MEAN ! ,COMMUNE3 0,! WORD ,/ATE IS ALSO US$ TO MEAN ! SUPREME ADM9I/RATION ( A C\NTRY3 ! C5TRAL P[] AS OPPOS$ TO ! PROV9CIAL OR COMMUNAL AU?ORITY4 ,& = ?IS REASON O!RS BELIEVE ?AT AN>*I/S WANT A SIMPLE T]RITORIAL DEC5TRALIZATION ) ! GOV]NM5TAL PR9CIPLE LEFT 9TACT1 & !Y ?US CONFUSE AN>*ISM ) CANTONALISM & COMMUNALISM40.<#a#d.> 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 :O EMPHATICALLY PRIORITIZ$ ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] ! SOCIAL1 SPURN$ 0! MAJORITY = C5TURIES DRILL$ 9 ,/ATE WOR%IP1 TRA9$ 9 DISCIPL9E & OB$I5CE & SUBDU$ BY ! AWE ( AU?ORITY 9 ! HOME1 ! S*OOL1 ! *UR* & ! PRESS40 ,%E CONSID]$ ?AT 0MORE P]NICI\S ?AN ! P[] ( A DICTATOR IS ?AT ( A CLASS2 ! MO/ T]RIBLE -- ! TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY40.<#a#d#a.> 

,NO NE$ = ANY EXT5D$ EXPLANATION :Y ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E ANTI-,COMMUNALI/4 ,= !M ! BASIC POLITICAL UNIT IS NOT ! T[N OR NEI<BORHOOD1 IT IS ! TRADE UNION4 ,! UNIONS 9 A LOCALITY F$]ATE 9 ,9DU/RIAL ,ALLIANCES 7,RUDOLF ,ROCK]'S T]M7 OR ,TRADE ,F$]ATIONS 7,PATAUD & ,P\GET'S T]M71 & !SE F$]ATIONS F$]ATE1 ETC41 TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION4 ,LOCAL UNIONS W\LD ALSO F$]ATE ) ! UNIONS ( !IR TRADE 9 O!R LOCALITIES 9 ,LABOR ,C>TELS 7,ROCK]'S T]M7 OR ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES 7,PATAUD & ,P\GET'S T]M71 & !SE F$]ATIONS F$]ATE1 ETC41 TO ORGANIZE CONSUMPTION4.<#a#d#b.> ,PATAUD & ,P\GET MADE QUITE CLE> :AT ?IS SY/EM IMPLI$ = ! COMMUNE3 0,PUBLIC LIFE HAD H5CE=? O!R C5T]S3 IT WAS :OLLY )9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,FROM ! COMMUNAL & DEP>TM5TAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,UNION ( LOCAL ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 -- ! ,LABOR ,EX*ANGE1 -- WAS AB\T TO GA!R TO ITSELF ALL ! USEFUL FUNCTIONS2 9 ! SAME WAY1 FROM ! NATIONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 FUNCTIONS ) :I* ! ,/ATE HAD ADORN$ ITSELF W]E AB\T TO RETURN TO ! ,TRADE ,F$]ATIONS1 & TO ! ,CONF$]ATION1 A UNION ( DI/RICT & NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 -- ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES & ,TRADE ,F$]ATIONS40.<#a#d#c.> 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ,MAX ,/IRN] W\LD REJECT ! POLIS AS /ATI/3 0,POLITICAL LIB]TY MEANS ?AT ! POLIS1 ! /ATE1 IS FREE10 NOT ! EGOI/4.<#a#d#d.> ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 ! ORIG9AL ,GRE5 AN>*I/1 W\LD REJECT ! URBAN COMMUNE IF ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS URBAN3 HE HAT$ CITIES & FAVOR$ ! SIMPLE LIFE ( ! PEASANT4 ,HE PR$ICT$ 7]RONE\SLY71 & APPROV$1 A MAJOR %IFT ( POPULATION FROM CITY TO C\NTRY3 0,ALL M5 %\LD CONTRIBUTE EQUALLY TO FOOD PRODUCTION1 & ?IS REQUIRES M5 ( ALL WALKS ( LIFE1 NOT JU/ PEASANTS1 TO RETURN TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & P]=M MANUAL LABOR40 ,HE ALSO REJECT$ VOT+ & (FICEHOLD+3 0,TO TAKE A P>T 9 ELECTIONS1 C\RTS ( LAW1 OR 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( GOV]NM5T IS ! SAME ?+ AS A P>TICIPATION 9 ! VIOL5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T40.<#a#d#e.> 

,! ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*I/S W\LD REJECT ! ,COMMUNE -- NOT = BE+ A COLLECTIVITY1 = !Y FAVOR$ & =M$ 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES -- BUT = ITS GOV]NANCE BY MAJORITY RULE4 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] OBS]V$ ?AT 0OBVI\SLY1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! NATURE ( MAJORITIES1 ?AT 9SURES JU/ICE AT !IR H&S40.<#a#d#f.> 

,F9ALLY1 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO ACCEPT ! ,COMMUNE1 S9CE HIS VISION ( AN>*Y DOES 9CLUDE ! OCCASIONAL MEET+S ( P>I% ASSEMBLIES4 ,BUT ,GODW9 REJECT$ MAJORITY RULE AS EMPHATICALLY AS ,?OREAU DID3 0,IF ! PEOPLE1 OR ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ! PEOPLE IS CON/ITUT$1 CANNOT DELEGATE !IR AU?ORITY TO A REPRES5TATIVE1 NEI!R CAN ANY 9DIVIDUAL DELEGATE HIS AU?ORITY TO A MAJORITY1 9 AN ASSEMBLY ( :I* HE IS HIMSELF A MEMB]40.<#a#d#g.> 

,?US1 ) ONE POSSIBLE EXCEPTION1 ALL MAJOR AN>*I/ !ORI/S REJECT ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S ,COMMUNE AS NOT AN>*I/4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS NOT AN>*I/4 ,?US ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,B>B] -- ,BOOK*9'S S\RCE ON ,SWISS DEMOCRACY -- OPPOSES DIRECT DEMOCRACY TO AN>*Y1 & 9 FACT P5N$ ! MO/ SCURRIL\S ATTACK ON AN>*ISM 9 REC5T TIMES4 ,COMMUNALISM1 CONSID]$ AS ! SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITY ( EQUAL CITIZ5S1 0IS NE>LY ! OPPOSITE0 ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4.<#a#d#h.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bi 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

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