,*APT] #ad 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#d4 ,! ,JUDGM5T ( ,A!NA 

  

,IF ,A!NS WAS NOT BY HIS [N DEF9ITION AN>*I/1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS NOT AN AN>*I/4 

,:ATEV] IT WAS1 ,A!NS WAS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,MO/ ( ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATES W]E OLIG>*IES4 ,9DE$1 9 AN ATYPICALLY ACCURATE /ATEM5T :I* REFUTES HIS :OLE !ORY ( URBAN DE/9Y1 ,BOOK*9 SAYS ?AT CITY-/ATES NATURALLY T5D T[>D OLIG>*Y4.<#h#h#d.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ]RS 9 CLAIM+ ?AT ,>I/OTLE 7& ,PLATO67 APPROV$ ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! RI<T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,>I/OTLE CLE>LY /AT$ HIS PREF]5CE = 0POLITY10 DESCRIB$ AS A MIXTURE ( DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4 ,HE DISAPPROV$ ( DEMOCRACY1 AS ,M4,I4 ,F9LEY PUTS IT1 0ON PR9CIPLE40 ,:AT'S MORE1 HE ?\<T ,A!NS WAS DEMOCRACY AT ITS WOR/1 ! WOR/ BE+ LAWLESS DEMOCRACY BAS$ ON VULG> PEOPLE1 M]*ANTS1 & ! MULTITUDE ( LABOR]S4.<#h#h#e.> ,SOCRATES & ,PLATO1 & LESS] ,A!NIAN 9TELLECTUALS1 W]E ANTI-DEMOCRATIC4 ,= ,PLATO ! WOR/ =M ( GOV]NM5T WAS TYRANNY FOLL[$ BY 0EXTREME0 -- I4E41 ,A!NIAN -- DEMOCRACY4 ,IF = ,PLATO DEMOCRACY WAS NOT ! WOR/ =M ( GOV]NM5T1 NEI!R WAS IT ! BE/ -- ?AT W\LD BE MON>*Y4.<#h#h#f.> ,! ONLY POSSIBLE EXCEPTION TO ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC CONS5SUS MI<T BE ,H]ODOTUS 7HIS IS ! E>LIE/ EXTANT USE ( ! WORD DEMOCRACY71 :O WAS NOT ,A!NIAN1 & HE'S NOT A CLE> CASE4.<#h#h#g.> 

0,IT IS CURI\S10 WRITES ,A4,H4,M4 ,JONES1 0?AT 9 ! ABUNDANT LIT]ATURE PRODUC$ 9 ! GREATE/ DEMOCRACY 9 ,GREECE !RE IS NO /ATEM5T ( DEMOCRATIC !ORY40.<#h#h#h.> ,NO?+ CURI\S AB\T IT3 NO ,A!NIAN DEMOCRAT WAS UP TO ! JOB4 ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY HAS F\ND ITS CRITICS AMONG ?OSE :O KNEW DIRECT DEMOCRACY BY DIRECT EXP]I5CE1 & IT HAS F\ND ITS *AMPIONS AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE NOT4 7,S9CE WRIT+ ! PREVI\S S5T5CE1 ,I F\ND ?AT ,HEGEL AGRE$ ) ME3 0,?OSE ANCI5TS :O AS MEMB]S ( DEMOCRACIES S9CE !IR Y\?1 HAD ACCUMULAT$ LONG EXP]I5CE & REFLECT$ PR(\NDLY AB\T IT1 HELD DIFF]5T VIEWS ON POPUL> OP9ION FROM ?OSE MORE A PRIORI VIEWS PREVAL5T TODAY40.<#h#h#i.> ,I HAVE SEV]AL TIMES HAD SU* AGREEABLE EXP]I5CES 9 WRIT+ ?IS BOOK47 

,EV]Y ,GREEK W\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) ,M4,I4 ,F9LEY ?AT 0,A!NS HAD GRADUALLY /RET*$ ! NOTION ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 7AS DI/9CT FROM A REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM7 AB\T AS F> AS WAS POSSIBLE \TSIDE UTOPIA40.<#h#i.> ,SOME?+ ELSE EV]Y ,GREEK W\LD AGREE ) IS ?AT ! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS A /ATE4 ,PLATO ?\<T SO4 ,>I/OTLE ?\<T SO4.<#h#i#a.> ,& ,>I/OTLE EV5 REVEALS ! S\RCE ( CONFUSION ON ?AT SCORE3 IT IS 0\R USE ( ! WORD POLIS TO MEAN BO? ! /ATE & ! CITY40.<#h#i#b.> ,IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO CITE MORE ?AN A SMALL FRACTION ( ! HI/ORIANS1 PHILOSOPH]S & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S :O HAVE CONSID]$ ,A!NS1 AS A POLIS1 A /ATE1 BECAUSE !Y ALL DO4.<#h#i#c.> ,?AT IS ALSO ! ,M>XI/ POSITION4.<#h#i#d.> 

,9 ,*APT] #a#c1 ,I USE EI<T REQUISITES :I*1 IF PRES5T TOGE!R1 D5OTE A ,COMMUNE ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4 ,AS BE/ ,I CAN TELL1 ANYWAY4 ,CONSID]+ H[ MU* HE TALKS AB\T ! ,COMMUNE1 ,BOOK*9 IS V]Y RETIC5T AB\T ! SPECIFICS4 ,IT IS NOT ALWAYS CLE> :I* FEATURES ( ! ,A!NIAN POLITY HE CONSID]S CON/ITUTIVE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,I WILL %[ ?AT1 ) RESPECT TO EV]Y ONE ( !SE EI<T CRIT]IA1 ,A!NS DID NOT MEET IT1 OR B>ELY & DEBATABLY MET IT1 OR MET IT =MALLY BY MEANS DIVE/+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( DEMOCRATIC CONT5T4 ,A!NS WAS NOT A ,COMMUNE2 IT WAS NOT EV5 CLOSE4 

,BUT EV5 BE=E 5T]+ 9TO ?OSE SPECIFICS1 ,A!NS MU/ BE DISQUALIFI$ AS A DEMOCRACY1 & EV5 AS AN URBAN SOCIETY1 BECAUSE IT WAS F\ND$ ON A NONPOLITICAL1 BIOLOGICAL1 ANIMALI/IC BASIS4 ,! TURN+ PO9T ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 AS ,BOOK*9 SO (T5 REM9DS US1 IS ! URBAN REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! M9DLESS EXCLUSIVITY ( K9 ORGANIZATION1 ) ! POLIS 9 ! URBAN VANGU>D & ,A!NS ! FIR/ & F9E/ EXAMPLE4 ,! CITY  
  

.<444.> EXORCIZES ! BLOOD OA? FROM ! FAMILY ) ITS P>O*IAL MY?S & ITS *AUV9I/IC EXCLUSIVITY1 :ILE RETA9+ OR REWORK+ ITS CONCEPT ( SOCIALIZATION444 ,! MUNICIPAL SPACE ( ,A!NS1 9 EFFECT .<SIC.>1 WAS EXP&$ TO CREATE A L>GELY CIVIC CITIZ5RY .<8.>1 UN5CUMB]$ BY ! M9DLESS TRIBAL OBLIGATIONS & BLOOD OA?S ?AT IMP$$ ! RI<TS ( ! /RANG] BUT 9 A =M ?AT WORE ! SYMBOLS & 5JOY$ ! PRE/IGE ( TRIBAL TRADITION4.<#h#i#e.>  
  

,IT IS NOT SO4 ,! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS BAS$ ON ! BLOOD OA?4 ,! ,A!NIAN BODY POLITIC WAS DEF9$ BY H]$ITY JU/ AS SURELY AS ANY O!R >I/OCRACY1 & AS EXCLUSIVELY AS ANY1 EV5 ! ,BRAHM9 CA/E4 ,BY A LAW MOV$ BY ,P]ICLES HIMSELF -- ,P]ICLES1 :OSE FUN]AL ORATION IS ! SUPREME EXPRESSION ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY -- ! CITIZ5 BODY WAS RE/RICT$ TO CURR5T CITIZ5S & !IR DESC5DANTS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT WAS MADE ILLEGAL = AN ,A!NIAN TO M>RY A =EIGN]2 ?US !IR *ILDR5 W\LD BE BA/>DS AS WELL AS NONCITIZ5S1 & ! NONCITIZ5 SP\SE W\LD BE SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PLUT>*1 MANY LAWSUITS OV] LEGITIMACY 5SU$1 & OV] #e1 UNSUCCESSFUL CLAIMANTS TO CITIZ5%IP W]E SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y1 #a#d1#d HAV+ PASS$ ! TE/4.<#h#i#f.> ,?IS HAD UNSW]V+ CITIZ5 SUPPORT2 9TRODUC$ 9 #d#e#a_/#d#e ,B4,C41 REAFFIRM$ 7AFT] IRREGUL>ITIES DUR+ ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>7 9 #d#c-#d#b ,B4,C41 & FUR!R BUTTRESS$ DUR+ ! F\R? C5TURY BY ANCILL>Y LEGISLATION & PROC$URAL 9NOVATION4.<#h#i#g.> 

,:5 AN ,A!NIAN MALE TURN$ #a#h1 HE APPLI$ = RATIFICATION ( HIS CITIZ5%IP TO HIS DEME 7LOCAL DI/RICT71 9 :I* MEMB]%IP WAS LIKEWISE H]$IT>Y4 ,CITIZ5S FELT RACE PRIDE1 LIKE ! TWO CON->TI/S 9 ! 0,BIRDS0 ( ,>I/OPHANES :O CONGRATULATE !MSELVES3 0WE >E_/,FAMILY-TREE P]FECT3 ,A!NIANS_/,= G5]ATIONS1 AFRAID ( NO ONE40 ,OR ! 0,WASPS03 0,WE >E ! ONLY_/,ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS -- ! NATIVE RACE ( ,ATTICA1_/,H]OES TO A MAN1 & SAVIORS ( ?IS CITY404.<#h#i#h.> ,A!NS TOOK ITS RACISM S]I\SLY4 ,9 #d#c_/#d#b ,B4,C41 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,?IRTY ,TYRANTS PUT 9 P[] BY ,SP>TA1 ! ASSEMBLY VOT$ D[N A BILL TO EXT5D CITIZ5%IP TO ! SLAVES :O HAD HELP$ TO OV]?R[ ! TYRANTS3 0,ALL[+ SLAVES TO BE CITIZ5S W\LD D5Y ! L9KAGE BETWE5 PATRIOTISM & CITIZ5 BLOOD40.<#h#i#i.> 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 :AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS MEANS BY ! BLOOD OA? 7,*APT] #i74 ,IF IT MEANS ?AT RELATIVES JO9TLY SWE> TO DEF5D OR AV5GE FAMILY MEMB]S1 !N ,I AM UNAW>E ( ANY PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES :I* HAVE OR EV] HAD ?IS PRACTICE4 ,!Y MAY EXI/1 BUT ?IS IS NOT ! NORMAL PRACTICE ( K9-BAS$ SOCIETIES4 ,Y\R K9 >E ! PEOPLE Y\ CAN TAKE = GRANT$4 ,IT'S :5 PEOPLE >E UNRELAT$ ?AT !Y MAY FEEL ! NE$ = AN >TIFICIAL SUPPORT = !IR SOLID>ITY1 SU* AS M$IEVAL T[NSM5 5T]+ 9TO A CONJURATIO1 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS DESCRIB$ 7,*APT] #a#c74 ,BESIDES1 ! PO9T ( AN OA? IS TO 9TIMIDATE ! OA?-TAK] ) SUP]NATURAL SANCTIONS1 :I* IS IRRATIONAL1.<#i.> :]EAS TRU/+ ONE'S BLOOD RELATIVES IS (T5 A RATIONAL C\RSE ( ACTION1 & ?AT IS NOT H[ ! P9EAPPLES >E SUPPOS$ TO L9E UP ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK'S GUTT] ,GEME9S*AFT_/,GESELLS*AFT S*$ULE4 ,A!NIAN RACISM REALLY R5D]S FUR!R DISCUSSION UNNECESS>Y3 NONE?LESS ,I PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! CASE = ,A!NS AS A ,COMMUNE4 

,POLICY-,MAK+ ,ASSEMBLY4 ,A!NS1 ( C\RSE1 HAD AN ASSEMBLY :I* MET (T51 BUT ! EVID5CE ( ITS 9FLU5CE OV] POLICY IS 0SL5D]40 ,IT %>$ A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( ?IS AU?ORITY ) ANO!R BODY4 ,! C\NCIL 7B\LE7 ( #e MET :5EV] ! ASSEMBLY DID NOT1 ?AT IS1 N9E DAYS \T ( T5 -- & ON ASSEMBLY DAYS AFT] ! MEET+ -- AB\T #bge \T ( #c$ DAYS4 ,ITS MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTION WAS TO PREP>E ! AG5DA = ASSEMBLY MEET+S TO :I* NO PROPOSAL C\LD BE ADD$ FROM ! FLOOR4 ,EXCEPT = ! G5]ALS 7SEE BEL[71 NOBODY \TSIDE ! C\NCIL HAD A RI<T TO ADDRESS IT OR MOVE PROPOSALS1 NOR C\LD !RE BE PROPOSALS FROM ! FLOOR ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,ONE ( ,ROB]T ,A4 ,DAHL'S FIVE REQUIREM5TS = DEMOCRACY IS ?AT ! BODY ( CITIZ5S 79 HIS WORD1 ! DEMOS7 %\LD HAVE EXCLUSIVE CONTROL OV] ! POLITICAL AG5DA4.<#i#a.> ,! C\NCIL C\LD ALWAYS PREV5T ASSEMBLY ACTION2 IT HAD1 9 EFFECT1 AN ANTICIPATORY VETO P[] OV] ALL LEGISLATION4.<#i#b.> 

,?IS >RANGEM5T MI<T RAISE FEW] OBJECTIONS ON DEMOCRATIC GR\NDS IF ! ASSEMBLY ELECT$ ! C\NCIL2 BUT IT DID NOT4 ,C\NCIL MEMB]S W]E NOM9AT$ ANNUALLY FROM M5 AG$ #c & OV] NOT 9 ! L[E/ 9COME CLASS1 FROM ?OSE :O PUT !MSELVES =W>D1 BY ! DEMES 7SEE BEL[7 GR\P$ 9 TRIBES = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,DEMES W]E UNITS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T :]E9 MEMB]%IP WAS H]$IT>Y1 & BECAUSE !Y W]E ( V]Y DISP>ATE SIZES1 ! C\NCIL WAS MALAPPORTION$4.<#i#c.> ,AT LEA/ TWICE ! NUMB] ( (FICEHOLD]S REQUIR$ W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE NOM9AT$1 ?US PROVID+ = ALT]NATES4 

,! F9AL DECISION WAS BY LOT CONDUCT$ BY ! \TGO+ C\NCIL1 :I* USUALLY AM\NT$ TO DECID+ :I* NOM9EES W\LD BE C\NCIL MEMB]S & :I* W\LD BE SUB/ITUTES4.<#i#d.> ,?US C\NCIL MEMB]S W]E *OS5 BY A COMB9ATION ( LOCAL ELECTION & SORTITION1 BUT NOT BY ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS ?US TWICE 9CORRECT 9 SAY+ ?AT EA* TRIBE SELECT$ ITS C\NCIL MEMB]S BY LOT4.<#i#e.> ,9 ! 9ITIAL PHASE1 SELECTION WAS BY ELECTION1 & 9 ! F9AL PHASE1 ! \TGO+ C\NCIL1 NOT ! TRIBE1 CONDUCT$ ! LOTT]Y4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! C\NCIL MEMB]S W]E NOT ANSW]ABLE TO ! ASSEMBLY2 !Y C\LD NOT BE RECALL$ OR M&AT$4 ,!Y W]E1 9 A WORD1 REPRES5TATIVES4.<#i#f.> 

,C\NCIL MEMB]%IP WAS LIMIT$ TO CITIZ5S #c & OV] & FROM ! TOP ?REE ( ! F\R 9COME CLASSES 7:AT >E !SE DO+ 9 A ,COMMUNE874 ,IT IS NOT CLE> H[ /RICTLY ! 9COME LIMITATION WAS 5=C$1 BUT ! AGE LIMITATION SUB/ANTIALLY RE/RICT$ P>TICIPATION4 ,OV] #f.0 ( ,A!NIANS1 & ONE-?IRD ( ,A!NIANS REA*+ ADUL?OOD1 NEV] LIV$ TO AGE #c4.<#i#g.> ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS FACT HAS ESCAP$ ! ATT5TION ( HI/ORIANS :O CLAIM ?AT ALMO/ ALL CITIZ5S C\LD EXPECT TO S]VE ON ! C\NCIL SOON] OR LAT]4 ,= MANY ( !M IT WAS SOON] OR NEV]4 ,DESPITE ! ALLEG$ 0EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 FOLL[$ BY ! 9CREAS+ SUPREMACY ( T[N OV] C\NTRY & T]RITORIAL OV] K9%IP TIES10.<#i#h.> ! C\NCIL1 LIKE ! C\RT SY/EM1 WAS SOME?+ ( A G]ONTOCRACY1 :I* ,BOOK*9 W\LD HAVE TO CONSID] A BIOLOGICAL 9/ITUTION1 LIKE ! FAMILY4 

,ANYONE :O HAS EV] BE5 9VOLV$ ) A P>LIAM5T>Y BODY APPRECIATES ! TREM5D\S IMPORTANCE ( SETT+ ! AG5DA4 ,SC>CELY LESS IMPORTANT ?AN P[] OV] :AT GOES ON ! AG5DA IS P[] OV] ! ORD] ( BUS9ESS4 ,?AT CAN 9FLU5CE ! \TCOME &1 9 AT LEA/ TWO SITUATIONS1 ABSOLUTELY DET]M9E IT3 :5 ! MEET+ ADJ\RNS BE=E DECISION1 & 9 ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES :]E ! ,VOT]'S ,P>ADOX 7DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #a#g7 CREATES A SITUATION ( A CLOS$ CYCL+ MAJORITY4.<#i#i.> ,! ASSEMBLY WAS PASSIVE2 ! C\NCIL TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE3 0,C]TA9LY ! ASSEMBLY HAD SOV]EIGN P[] & CONS5T$ TO OR DISS5T$ FROM ! MOTIONS PUT BE=E IT1 BUT ?IS F9AL RESPONSIBILITY IS NOT ! SAME AS EFFECTIVE P[] TO 9ITIATE ! POLICY40.<#i#a.> 

,)1 TO BE SURE1 SEV]AL IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS1 ! C\NCIL EX]CIS$ ! P[]S ( ! ASSEMBLY BETWE5 MEET+S4 ,! EXCEPTIONS 9CLUD$ LIMITATIONS ON IMPRISONM5T )\T BAIL1 ON ! DEA? P5ALTY1 ON ! IMPOSITION ( L>GE F9ES1 & ON W> & PEACE4 ,O!RWISE ! C\NCIL C\LD PROMULGATE DECREES ON ITS [N AU?ORITY1 ( :I* ! ASSEMBLY RATIFI$ AB\T HALF4 ,9 ADDITION1 ASSEMBLY DECREES MI<T AU?ORIZE ! C\NCIL TO MAKE ADDITIONS & AM5DM5TS4.<#i#a#a.> ,! C\NCIL EX]CIS$ COMPREH5SIVE SUP]VISION OV] ! MANY BO>DS ( (FICIALS4 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE A FULL ACC\NT H]E ( ALL ! ,C\NCIL'S ADM9I/RATIVE DUTIES & P[]S10 WRITES A REC5T HI/ORIAN ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY3  
  

,IT WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONTROL ( ALL SANCTU>IES 9 ,A!NS & ,ATTICA & ! RUNN+ ( MANY ( ! RELIGI\S FE/IVALS2 IT HAD ! DUTY TO 9SPECT ALL PUBLIC BUILD+S1 MO/ NOTABLY ! DEF5SES ( ! CITY & ! ,PIRAEUS2 IT WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! NAVY & ! NAVAL Y>DS1 = ! BUILD+ ( NEW VESSELS & ! EQUIPP+ & DISPAT* ( FLEETS1 & IT HAD OV]SI<T ( ! CAVALRY4 ,IT ACT$ AS ADM9I/RATOR ( ! PUBLIC F9ANCES 9 COLLABORATION ) V>I\S O!R BO>DS2 &1 LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 IT HAD DAILY RESPONSIBILITY = =EIGN POLICY4.<#i#a#b.>  
  

,BOOK*9'S DEPICTION ( ,A!NIAN GOV]NM5T AS ! WORK ( P>T-TIM]S & AMATEURS BEG9S TO LOOK MISLEAD+4 ,C\NCIL MEMB]S MAY NOT HAVE BE5 ! TRA9$ C>E] PR(ESSIONALS ( AN IDEAL-TYPE ,WEB]IAN BUREAUCRACY1 BUT = A YE> !Y W]E PAID1 FULL-TIME LEGISLATORS & ADM9I/RATORS4 .<#i#a#c.> ,A BUREAUCRACY ( AMATEURS IS /ILL A BUREAUCRACY4 ,!Y MI<T BE REELECT$ ONCE1 & 9 ANY GIV5 YE>1 #a-#a#b#e ( !M W\LD HAVE HAD PREVI\S C\NCIL EXP]I5CE4.<#i#a#d.> ,BOOK*9'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ & ADM9I/RATION IS NOT AS %>P AS HE ANN\NCES IT4 ,D5\NCE IT ?\< HE WILL1 ! 0MELD+0 ( POLICY & ADM9I/RATION IS NORMAL 9 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION4.<#i#a#e.> 

,! JUDICIAL SY/EM IS ANO!R BRAN* ( ADM9I/RATION ) A POPUL> *>ACT] BUT NOT RESPONSIBLE TO ! ASSEMBLY4 #f1 JUDGES W]E ELECT$ FROM ! DEMES = ONE YE> ( PAID S]VICE4 ,ELIGIBILITY WAS AS = ! C\NCIL3 AT LEA/ #c YE>S OLD & NOT POOR4 ,ON A DAILY BASIS1 IF !RE WAS BUS9ESS = !M1 !Y W\LD BE IMPANEL$ 9 0BAT*ES ( HUNDR$S0 ( JURORS1 USUALLY #b-#a11 TO HE> CASES4.<#i#a#f.> ,DECISION WAS BY SECRET BALLOT1 )\T DELIB]ATION1 & !RE WAS NO APPEAL FROM ! JURY'S V]DICT4 ,)\T GO+ 9TO ! DETAILS ( ?IS SY/EM1 IT MAY BE NOT$ ?AT !RE WAS NO DUE PROCESS AS WE W\LD UND]/& IT4 ,! P>TIES MADE SET SPEE*ES AS BE/ !Y C\LD4 ,!Y C\LD NOT NORMALLY EMPLOY ADVOCATES1 AL?\< !Y C\LD HIRE SPEE*-WRIT]S4 ,! P>TIES MI<T QUE/ION EA* O!R1 BUT !Y C\LD NOT TE/IFY !MSELVES4 ,!RE WAS NO CROSS-EXAM9ATION ( NONP>TY WITNESSES4 ,! ONLY WITNESSES W]E1 9 \R T]MS1 *>ACT] WITNESSES1 FRI5DS & FAMILY V\*+ = ! VIRTUE ( ! P>TY !Y ADVOCAT$ =4.<#i#a#g.> ,SLAVES MI<T TE/IFY -- BUT ONLY IF !Y HAD BE5 TORTUR$ 7,I'M NOT MAK+ ?IS UP74 ,!RE W]E EMOTIONAL APPEALS TO ! JURY1 AS 9 MOD]N SY/EMS1 BUT UNRE/RA9$ BY ! C\RT4 ,>I/OPHANES %[S US A DOG PUT ON TRIAL = /EAL+ A ,SICILIAN *EESE2 ! BIT* HAS H] PUPPIES :9E = H]4.<#i#a#h.> ,!RE WAS NO ONE TO 9/RUCT ! JURORS 9 ! LAW1 BECAUSE ! PRESID+ (FIC]S W]E AS IGNORANT AS !Y W]E4 

,9 FACT1 ! ,DRACONIAN 9NOVATION ( WRITT5 LAW1 HAIL$ BY ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 SOMETIMES FAIL$ TO PROVIDE ! LEGAL C]TA9TY CLAIM$ AS ITS GREAT VIRTUE4 ,A P>TY RELY+ ON A LAW HAD TO PROVE IT AS A FACT2 IT WAS NOT ASSUM$ ?AT ! LAW1 BE+ WRITT51 WAS KN[N TO EV]YONE4 ,EVID5TLY !RE W]E CASES ( ! LAW BE+ FAK$1 AS 0A LAW PRESCRIB$ DEA? AS ! P5ALTY = ANYONE F\ND TO HAVE PRES5T$ A NON-EXI/5T LAW40.<#i#a#i.> ,!RE WAS NO RI<T TO C\NSEL4 ,JURIES EXPECT$ LITIGANTS TO SPEAK = !MSELVES UNLESS !Y W]E UTT]LY 9CAPABLE1 & IT WAS A CRIME TO REPRES5T ANO!R PR(ESSIONALLY1 I4E41 TO PRACTICE LAW4 

,IT WAS AN ALL-AMATEUR LEGAL SY/EM4 ,BUT :ILE !RE W]E NO LAWY]S1 !RE W]E 0SYCOPHANTS10 9DIVIDUALS :O BR\<T FREQU5T GR\NDLESS PROSECUTIONS TO OBTA9 EI!R BLACKMAIL MONEY OR #b.0 ( ANY F9E IMPOS$4.<#i#b.> ,!Y >E REM9ISC5T ( \R AMBULANCE-*AS]S4 ,F9ALLY1 SOME ( ! PUNI%M5TS PRESCRIB$ W]E CRUEL & UNUSUAL4 ,! PA9LESS1 PEACEFUL DEA? ( ,SOCRATES WAS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,! USUAL ME?ODS ( EXECUTION W]E EXTREMELY BRUTAL4 ,AN E>LY =M WAS 0PRECIPITATION10 :]E ! CONDEMN$ WAS ?R[N (F A PRECIPICE & LEFT = DEAD4 ,?AT IS CRUEL 5\<1 BUT AS ! ,A!NIANS BECAME MORE CIVILIZ$1 !IR PUNI%M5TS BECAME EV5 MORE BRUTAL4 ,9 ! ME?OD FAVOR$ LAT]1 ! CONDEMN$ WAS FITT$ ) A HEAVY IRON COLL> & CLAMP$ TO A POLE 9 A /&+ POSITION TO SUFF] A L+]+ DEA? BY />VATION1 EXPOSURE & SOME?+ LIKE CRUCIFIXION1 ONLY IT LA/$ LONG]4 ,SOME ( ! ,SAMIAN PRISON]S W]E TORTUR$ 9 ?IS WAY = T5 DAYS & !N !IR TORM5TORS GREW IMPATI5T & BA%$ !IR HEADS 94.<#i#b#a.> ,CONTEMPOR>IES JUDG$ ! ,A!NIAN LEGAL SY/EM H>%LY4 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE DIVID$ DEMOCRACY1 LIKE MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY1 9TO GOOD & BAD V>IANTS4 ,! BAD V>IANT WAS :]E ! RULE ( LAW DID NOT PREVAIL4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ,A!NS ! WOR/ K9D ( DEMOCRACY1 ! LAWLESS K9D4.<#i#b#b.> 

,CONCLUSION3 A SUB/ANTIAL %>E ( POLICYMAK+ AU?ORITY WAS EX]CIS$ BY A FULL-TIME C\NCIL :I*1 AS ,>I/OTLE /AT$1 REPRES5T$ AN OLIG>*IC ELEM5T1 A *ECK ON ! ASSEMBLY4.<#i#b#c.> 

,FACE-TO-,FACE ,ASSEMBLY ,MEET+S4 0,FACE-TO-FACE0 IS AN EXPRESSION BELOV$ ( ,BOOK*91 AMONG TOO MANY O!RS1 BUT HIS USE ( IT IS FRAU<T ) CONFUSION4 ,IS HE TALK+ AB\T A FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLY OR A FACE-TO-FACE SOCIETY8 ,PROP]LY ! PHRASE REF]S TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL OR SOCIOLOGICAL S5SE -- SOME?+ SOCIAL1 NOT POLITICAL4 ,IT WAS ORIG9ALLY APPLI$ BY ,PET] ,LASLETT TO ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ,5GLI% VILLAGE COMMUNITY2 LAT] IT WAS EXT5D$ TO O!R LOCALITIES1 LIKE URBAN NEI<BORHOODS1 :]E PEOPLE KN[ EA* O!R4.<#i#b#d.> ,B& SOCIETIES >E SU* COMMUNITIES4 ,SO >E TRIBAL SOCIETIES1 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS OBS]V$4.<#i#b#e.> ,SO W]E ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ,5GLI% VILLAGES /UDI$ BY ,LASLETT1 ) POPULATIONS 9 ! HUNDR$S4.<#i#b#f.> ,>I/OTLE ?\<T ! OPTIMUM POPULATION ( A POLIS IS ONE 9 :I* ! POLIS CAN BE TAK5 9 AT A S+LE VIEW4 ,! URBAN >*ITECT ,CON/ANT9OS ,DOXIADIS PO9TS \T ?AT PRIOR TO ! #a#h? C5TURY1 9 #i#i.0 ( CITIES ONE C\LD WALK FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IPH]Y 9 T5 M9UTES4 ,LASLETT HIMSELF1 9 WORK+ \T ! MEAN+ ( A FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITY1 /AT$ ?AT A POLIS NEV] HAD MORE ?AN #a1 CITIZ5S & (T5 ONLY #a1.<#i#b#g.> -- OBVI\SLY OV]LOOK+ ,A!NS4 

,?US ! FACE-TO-FACE MODEL IS 0AN ABSURD MODEL0 = ,A!NS1 ) ITS POPULATION ( #b#e1-#c14 ,9 AN >TICLE ON ! ORIG9S ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ,IAN ,MORRIS /ATES ?AT ,A!NS WAS NO FACE-TO-FACE SOCIETY4 ,AS E>LY AS #e ,B4,C41 ! POPULATION WAS PROBABLY #b#e11 RIS+ TO #c1 BY #de ,B4,C4 ,HI/ORIAN ,JOSIAH ,OB]1 9 A G5]ALLY SYMPA!TIC ACC\NT ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY1 PO9TS \T ?AT ,A!NS WAS NEI!R A VILLAGE NOR 7HAD HE BE5 READ+ ,BOOK*987 A CONF$]ATION ( VILLAGES4 ,HE PUTS ! CITIZ5 POPULATION AT #b1-#d14.<#i#b#h.> ,EV5 ,OB]'S L[] FIGURE IS F> BEYOND A SIZE AT :I* EV]YONE KN[S1 OR AT LEA/ KN[S (1 EV]YBODY ELSE4 ,A PASSAGE FROM ,?UCYDIDES REVEALS JU/ H[ IMP]SONAL LIFE WAS 9 ,A!NS4 ,9 #daa ,B4,C41 A C\P 9/ALL$ AN OLIG>*Y1 ! ,?IRTY1 :I* HELD P[] = EI<T MON?S4 ,?UCYDIDES GIVES ONE REASON :Y ! PRO-DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY ACQUIESC$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE TYRANNY3 0,!Y IMAG9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS MU* BIGG] ?AN IT REALLY WAS1 & !Y LO/ ALL CONFID5CE 9 !MSELVES1 BE+ UNABLE TO F9D \T ! FACTS BECAUSE ( ! SIZE ( ! CITY1 & BECAUSE !Y HAD 9SUFFICI5T KN[L$GE ( EA* O!R40.<#i#b#i.> 

,WAS ! ASSEMBLY1 !N1 A FACE-TO-FACE GA!R+8 ,NOT TO NE>LY ! EXT5T ?AT1 SAY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,CONGRESS IS1 BUT NOT S9CE ! ,ANTI-,F$]ALI/S HAS ANYONE ?\<T ! SIZE ( ! LEGISLATURE WAS CRITICAL TO ITS DEMOCRATIC *>ACT]4.<#i#c.> ,A HI<LY SYMPA!TIC ACC\NT ( ! ASSEMBLY ACKN[L$GES ?AT 09 AN ASSEMBLY ATT5D$ BY #f1 CITIZ5S IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE AN OP5 DISCUSSION40 ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS MADE ! SAME PO9T AB\T ASSEMBLIES ON ?AT SCALE4.<#i#c#a.> ,?AT W\LD BE LIKE CALL+ ! FANS AT A MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL GAME A FACE-TO-FACE GR\P BECAUSE1 IF GIFT$ ) HAWKLIKE VISION1 ALMO/ EV]YONE W\LD BE 9 A L9E ( SI<T FROM EV]YONE ELSE4 ,BUT ! CR[D CANNOT DELIB]ATE1 & ! ONLY DECISION IT EV] MAKES IS :5 TO DO 0! WAVE40 ,>I/OTLE ASK$1 0,= :O CAN BE ! G5]AL ( SU* A VA/ MULTITUDE1 UNLESS HE HAVE ! VOICE ( ,/5TOR80.<#i#c#b.> ,IF EA* ( #f1 CITIZ5S ATT5D+ A #ab H\R ASSEMBLY MEET+ SPEAKS1 HE WILL SPEAK = AN AV]AGE ( #ab SECONDS 7BUT IT WAS R>ELY #ab H\RS1 AS ! MEET+ ALMO/ ALWAYS ADJ\RN$ BY NOON74.<#i#c#c.> ,OBVI\SLY A H&FUL ( PEOPLE DID ! TALK+2 ! RE/ W]E1 AT BE/1 REPRES5T$ BY ! SPEAK]S4 ,LESS ?AN ONE HUNDR$ FULL-TIME POLITICIANS 7RHETORES7 DOM9AT$ ! DEBATES4.<#i#c#d.> 

,CONCLUSION3 ,A!NS WAS NEI!R A FACE-TO-FACE SOCIETY NOR A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,FEW IF ,ANY ,ELECT$ OR ,APPO9T$ ,(FICIALS4 ,F9LEY /ATES ?AT 0!RE WAS NO BUREAUCRACY OR CIVIL S]VICE1 SAVE = A FEW CL]KS1 SLAVES [N$ BY ! /ATE ITSELF1 :O KEPT SU* RECORDS AS W]E UNAVOIDABLE1 COPIES ( TREATIES & LAWS1 LI/S ( DEFAULT+ TAXPAY]S1 & ! LIKE40.<#i#c#e.> ,?AT IS ! TRADITIONAL /ORY1 BUT ! SITUATION REW>DS CLOS] EXAM9ATION4 ,AS ,F9LEY ALSO SAYS1 ,A!NS EMPLOY$ F9ANCIAL & 5G9E]+ EXP]TS4 ,TREASUR]S ( ! ,DELIAN ,LEAGUE 7:I* WAS TURN$ 9TO ! ,A!NIAN ,EMPIRE7 W]E PROBABLY ELECT$4.<#i#c#f.> ,AMBASSADORS & (FICIAL NEGOTIATORS W]E ELECT$4 ,SO W]E HOLD]S ( C]TA9 TE*NICAL JOBS1 LIKE >*ITECTS2 C]TA9 RELIGI\S (FICIANTS2 & ! SECRET>IES & TREASUR]S ( V>I\S BO>DS 9 *>GE ( FUNDS4 ,S9CE /ATE & *UR* W]E ONE1 !RE W]E CULTS :OSE FUNDS W]E UND] PUBLIC CONTROL4.<#i#c#g.> ,!RE W]E 5\< ( !SE (FICES = ,>I/OPHANES TO COMPLA9 ( PLACEM5 & S9ECURES4.<#i#c#h.> ,EV5 TAK5 TOGE!R1 !SE POSITIONS MI<T BE CONSID]$ M9OR EXCEPTIONS4 ,BUT !RE >E1 9 ADDITION TO ! C\NCIL1 ?REE MAJOR EXCEPTIONS TO ASSEMBLY SOV]EIGNTY3 ! G5]ALS1 ! POLICE1 & ! DEMES4 

,! ASSEMBLY ANNUALLY ELECT$ A BO>D ( T5 G5]ALS 7/RATEGOI71 & !Y W]E ! MO/ P[]FUL M5 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CAPACITY ?AT ,P]ICLES & HIS SUCCESSOR ,CLEON DOM9AT$ ! ASSEMBLY4 ,9 A /ATE :I* WAS AT W>1 ON AV]AGE1 TWO \T ( EV]Y ?REE YE>S1.<#i#c#i.> ! ,G5]ALS HAD CONSID]ABLE P[]1 & IT WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO /RICTLY MILIT>Y MATT]S3  
  

.<,T.>HE ,BO>D ( ,G5]ALS MU/1 AT ANY RATE 9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 HAVE EX]CIS$ DE FACTO A CONSID]ABLE P[]4 ,ITS MEMB]S W]E NOT ONLY SUPREME 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S2 !Y HAD ! FUNCTIONS ( A TREASURY AS WELL AS ?OSE ( A W>-(FICE1 & W]E CONC]N$ 9 RAIS+ ! FUNDS :I* !Y REQUIR$4 ,!Y HAD *>GE ( =EIGN AFFAIRS2 & !Y MU/ EV5 HAVE EX]CIS$ SOME SORT ( DISCRETION>Y P[]1 9 ORD] TO DIS*>GE !IR DUTIES ( PREV5T+ & PUNI%+ TREASON1 & PROTECT+ ! DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION4 ,!Y W]E APPO9T$ BY ELECTION1 & NOT BY LOT2 ON !M DEP5D$ MU* ( ! SECURITY ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY2 & !Y SUPPLI$ ALONG ) ! ,C\NCIL SOME?+ ( ?AT EXECUTIVE /R5G? :I* A DEMOCRACY P>TICUL>LY NE$S4.<#i#d.>  
  

,9 A DEP>TURE FROM USUAL ,A!NIAN PRACTICE1 G5]ALS MI<T BE REELECT$1 & SOME ( !M W]E1 YE> AFT] YE>1 LIKE ! WEAL?Y >I/OCRAT ,P]ICLES1.<#i#d#a.> :O S]V$ )\T 9T]RUPTION = #ae YE>S4 ,9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 G5]ALS L>GELY OV]LAPP$ ) ! C>E] POLITICIANS1 ! RHETORES OR DEMAGOGUES :O DRAFT$1 MOV$ & DEBAT$ BILLS 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,(T5 ! RHETORES W]E =MALLY TRA9$ 9 0RHETORIC40 ,! RUL+ ELITE WAS 9V>IABLY DRAWN FROM ! WEAL?Y & WELL-$UCAT$4.<#i#d#b.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE FOCUS$ ON C\NCIL & ASSEMBLY1 ,A!NS HAD UNITS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T3 ! DEMES1 :I* W]E NUM]\S 5\< 7!RE W]E OV] #a7 TO BE TRUE FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES4 ,MO/ ( ! DEMES W]E 9DIVIDUAL VILLAGES \TSIDE ! WALLS -- A REM9D] ?AT ONLY ONE-?IRD ( ! CITIZ5S LIV$ 9 ! CITY4 ,9 SIZE !Y RANG$ FROM #ac TO #a1#e1 RESULT+ 9 EXTREME MALAPPORTIONM5T4 ,9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S C5TRAL !ME -- ?AT CITIES 9 G5]AL1 & ! POLIS 9 P>TICUL>1 PHAS$ \T 0! BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( BLOOD1 SEX1 & AGE0 -- DEME MEMB]%IP WAS H]$IT>Y4.<#i#d#c.> 

,! ELECT$ DEM>*1 :O PRESID$ OV] ! DEME ASSEMBLY1 HAD SEV]AL EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS3 R5T+ \T DEME PROP]TY1 POLIC+ RELIGI\S PRACTICES & RITUALS1 COLLECT+ ! TAX ON NON-DEMESM5 [N+ L& 9 ! DEME1 LI/+ ! PROP]TY ( PUBLIC DEBTORS1 & -- V]Y IMPORTANT1 :]E CITIZ5%IP IS SO HI<LY VALU$ -- JUDG+ :O 9 ! DEME WAS AN ,A!NIAN CITIZ54 ,! DEM>*1 !N1 WAS 0LITTLE MORE ?AN AN EXECUTIVE COG 9 ! MA*9]Y ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T40 ,& YET HE WAS NOT ACC\NTABLE TO ! ASSEMBLY4 ,IF WE >E SURPRIS$ TO HE> ( 0C5TRAL GOV]NM5T0 AT ,A!NS1 IT IS BECAUSE ! GLORIFICATORY ACC\NTS LIKE ,BOOK*9'S IGNORE ! P>T ( ! /ATE ?AT WAS G5U9ELY LOCAL & FACE-TO-FACE -- & ITS DEMOCRACY WAS REPRES5TATIVE1 NOT DIRECT4.<#i#d#d.> ,! DEMES1 GR\P$ 9 TRIBES1 NOM9AT$ ! ,C\NCIL C&IDATES BY VOTE4 ,AS ,ROB9 ,OSBORNE1 ! EXP]T ON ! DEMES1 WRITES3 0,?R\< ! DEMES1 :AT WAS 9 !ORY A DIRECT DEMOCRACY WAS 9 PRACTICE A SUBTLE REPRES5TATIONAL ONE40.<#i#d#e.> ,AN 9NOVATION ( ,CLEIS!NES1 0!SE NEW DEMES =M$ ! GR\NDWORK ( ! ,A!NIAN /ATE 9 ! FIF? C5TURY40.<#i#d#f.> ,! PR9CIPLES ( ! GR\NDWORK ( ! ,A!NIAN /ATE1 !N1 W]E BLOOD & REPRES5TATION4 ,! P[] ( ! H]$IT>Y DEMESM5 & ! ELECT$ DEM>*S1 TAK5 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! P[] ( ! ELECT$ ,G5]ALS1 E/ABLI%ES ?AT ,A!NS WAS NOT A DIRECT DEMOCRACY 0AS SU*10 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS MI<T SAY3 IT WAS 9 SUB/ANTIAL P>T A REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY ALSO4 

,F9ALLY1 ,A!NS HAD ?AT QU9TESS5TIAL /ATE 9/ITUTION1 A POLICE =CE4 ,AS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 7NO LESS7 RELATES3  
  

,?US1 SIMULTANE\SLY ) !IR /ATE1 ! ,A!NIANS E/ABLI%$ A POLICE =CE1 A V]ITABLE G5D>M]IE ( FOOT & M\NT$ B[M5 -- ,L&JAEG]1 AS !Y SAY 9 ,S\? ,G]MANY & ,SWITZ]L&4 ,?IS G5D>M]IE CONSI/$ -- ( SLAVES4 ,! FREE ,A!NIAN REG>D$ ?IS POLICE DUTY AS BE+ SO DEGRAD+ ?AT HE PREF]R$ BE+ >RE/$ BY AN >M$ SLAVE RA!R ?AN P]=M SU* IGNOM9I\S DUTIES HIMSELF4 ,?IS WAS /ILL AN EXPRESSION ( ! OLD G5TILE .<"7 CLAN.> M5TALITY4 ,! /ATE C\LD NOT EXI/ )\T A POLICE =CE1 BUT IT WAS /ILL Y\NG & DID NOT YET COMM& SUFFICI5T MORAL RESPECT TO GIVE PRE/IGE TO AN OCCUPATION ?AT NECESS>ILY APPE>$ 9FAM\S TO ! OLD G5TILES4.<#i#d#g.>  
  

,B>ELY M5TION$ BY ,A!NIAN APOLOGI/S LIKE ,ZIMM]N1 NEV] M5TION$ BY ,BOOK*91 ! POLICE W]E NUM]\S & UBIQUIT\S3 0,! ',SCY?IANS' AS !Y >E CALL$ FROM !IR USUAL L& ( ORIG91 OR ! 'B[M5' FROM !IR SPECIAL WEAPON1 :I* 9CID5TALLY MAKES A CONV5I5T CUDGEL 9 A /REET BRAWL4 ,!RE >E #ab ( !M .<ANO!R E/IMATE IS #c.>1 ALWAYS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! CITY MAGI/RATES4 ,!Y PATROL ! T[N AT NI<T1 >RE/ EVIL-DO]S1 SU/A9 LAW & ORD] 9 ! ,AGORA1 & ESPECIALLY 5=CE DECORUM1 IF ! PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES OR ! JURY C\RTS BECOME TUMULTU\S40.<#i#d#h.> ,! USE ( =EIGN SLAVES 7EQUIPP$ ) B[1 :IP & SAB]7 AS A PUBLIC =CE ANTICIPATES ! ,JANISS>IES ( ,TURKEY & ! ,MAMLUKES ( ,EGYPT4 ,9 \R TIME ANO!R DUBI\SLY DEMOCRATIC CITY-/ATE1 ,S+APORE1 USES =EIGN]S -- ,GURKHAS -- AS ITS POLITICAL POLICE4 ,H]E ! ,A!NIAN P5*ANT = AMATEURISM & TAK+ TURNS HAS SLAMM$ TO A /OP4 

,IT GOES )\T )\T SAY+ ?AT ! SLAVE POLICE /OOD READY TO REPRESS REVOLT4 ,9 0,LYSI/RATA10 :5 ! WOM5 /AG$ A SEX /RIKE 7IS ?IS ! FIR/ ,G5]AL ,/RIKE87 & OCCUPI$ ! ,ACROPOLIS1 IT WAS ! ,SCY?IAN POLICE :O W]E R\T$ TRY+ TO RETAKE ! PLACE4.<#i#d#i.> ,IT IS :]E A REGIME SEEMS TO ACT \T ( *>ACT] ?AT ONE %\LD LOOK = ITS SECRETS4 ,! ,A!NIANS DID NOT TRU/ EA* O!R ) POLICE P[]S BECAUSE !Y W\LD PUT !M1 AS !Y PUT EV]Y?+1 TO POLITICAL USE4 ,IT'S HAPP5$ 9 O!R URBAN DEMOCRACIES1 NAMELY1 ,AM]ICAN CITIES -- :OSE POLICE TRADITIONALLY W]E ALSO =EIGN-BORN1 TOOLS ( ! POLITICAL MA*9E1 & DISRESPECT$ BY ! CITIZ5S4 ,NE>LY ALL DISCUSSIONS ( ! ,A!NIAN POLITY ASSUME ?AT IT LACK$ ?AT /ATE REQUISITE1 A DI/9CT CO]CIVE =CE4 ,H]E IT IS3 0,A!NS WAS NO DIFF]5T .<FROM O!R /ATES.>1 HAV+ A PRISON & PRISON (FICIALS1 ! ,ELEV51 :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = SOME ASPECTS ( ! PUBLIC ORD]4 ,! ,ELEV5 HAD AT !IR DISPOSAL A GR\P ( PUBLIC SLAVES :O FUNCTION$ 9T] ALIA AS PRISON ATT5DANTS1 EXECUTION]S1 & POLICE40.<#i#e.> 

,CONCLUSION3 ,)\T D5Y+ ! ASSEMBLY'S BROAD P[]1 SO MU* AU?ORITY WAS VE/$ ELSE:]E1 9 CRITICAL MATT]S 7LAW 5=CEM5T1 ! MILIT>Y1 =EIGN AFFAIRS1 9ITIAT+ LEGISLATION7 & O!R >EAS LESS CRITICAL BUT /ILL IMPORTANT 7LOCAL GOV]NM5T1 CITIZ5%IP1 RELIGI\S PRACTICE71 ?AT ,A!NS C\LD NOT BE SAID TO HAVE BE5 GOV]N$ 9 SUB/ANTIALLY ALL IMPORTANT RESPECTS BY ! ASSEMBLY4 

,AT ,LEA/ A ,SUB/ANTIAL ,M9ORITY ( ,ADULT ,MALES >E ,5FRAN*IS$4 ,ONE E/IMATE ( POPULATION 9 FIF?-C5TURY ,A!NS IS #b#e1 TO #c14 ,?AT 9CLUDES #c1 ADULT MALE CITIZ5S1 #b#e1 METICS1 & #h1 SLAVES1 AS WELL AS ! WOM5 & *ILDR5 ( CITIZ5S4 ,CITIZ5S W]E ?US NOT MORE ?AN #c.0 ( ! ADULT MALE POPULATION1.<#i#e#a.> & #a#b.0 ( ! TOTAL POPULATION1 PROBABLY LESS -- EVID5TLY 5\< TO SATISFY ,BOOK*91 BUT O!RS MI<T F9D ?AT RA!R SMALL = ! EXEMPL>Y DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ALL TIME4 ,IF WE C\NT ! SUBJECT PEOPLE ( ! OV] #b CITIES 9 ! ,A!NIAN ,EMPIRE 7SEE BEL[71 :O HAD NO POLITICAL RI<TS 9 ,A!NS1 !N ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 BODY APPE>S 9 ITS TRUE *>ACT] AS A N>R[ OLIG>*Y4 

,AT ,LEA/ A ,SUB/ANTIAL ,M9ORITY ( ,CITIZ5S ,ATT5D ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,!RE W]E #b1-#d1 CITIZ5S ELIGIBLE TO ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY4 ,BOOK*9 ALWAYS SAYS #d1 TO MAKE ,A!NS LOOK LESS OLIG>*IC1 BUT IT WAS PROBABLY MU* LESS1 & BY ! CLOSE ( ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> IT WAS C]TA9LY MU* LESS1 #b#a1-#b#e14 ,A REC5T E/IMATE ( H[ MANY USUALLY ATT5D$ ! ASSEMBLY IS APPROXIMATELY #f11 :I* WAS ALSO ! QUORUM = C]TA9 DECISIONS 7= MO/ DECISIONS !RE WAS NO QUORUM74 ,?AT IS ALSO ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O C\LD F9D ROOM ON ! ,PNYX1 ! HILLSIDE :I* WAS ! USUAL MEET+ PLACE4 ,ANO!R E/IMATE IS ?AT ONE-SEV5? TO ONE-FIF? ( ! CITIZ5S ATT5D$4.<#i#e#b.> ,?US ! TYPICAL ASSEMBLY MEET+ 9VOLV$ #b.0-#b4#d.0 ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION1 EXCLUD+ P[]LESS IMP]IAL SUBJECTS4 ,IT IS EASY TO CONSID] ?IS SY/EM AN OLIG>*Y4 

,H[ MANY HAVE TO P>TICIPATE TO MAKE P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY MEAN+FUL IS ( C\RSE SOME:AT >BITR>Y & SUBJECTIVE4 ,BOOK*91 NORMALLY SO LOQUACI\S1 IS SIL5T ON ?IS CRUCIAL ISSUE1 BUT :AT HE CALLS 0! ZEAL ) :I* ! ,GREEKS S]V$ !IR COMMUNITIES0.<#i#e#c.> IS NOT CONSPICU\S AT ,A!NS4 ,I F9D #a#e-#c.0 ( ELIGIBLES TO BE />TL+LY L[1 CONSID]+ ! 9DUCEM5TS TO ATT5D4 ,! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5'S VOTE C\NT$ = F> MORE ?AN ANYONE'S VOTE 9 A MOD]N REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,! ANTI-9DIVIDUALI/ PUBLIC-S]VICE IDEOLOGY 5C\RAG$ ATT5DANCE1 :I* 9 !ORY WAS COMPULSORY4 ,MANY CITIZ5S W]E FREE = ASSEMBLY MEET+S & O!R POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITIES BECAUSE !IR SLAVES RELIEV$ !M ( ! NE$ TO WORK4 ,SLAVE [N]%IP WAS V]Y WIDESPREAD ABOVE ! PAUP] CLASS3 IT IS SAID ?AT 0EV]Y ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 TRIES TO HAVE AT LEA/ ONE SLAVE40.<#i#e#d.> 

,9 !ORY1 ATT5DANCE WAS COMPULSORY1 BUT ATT5DANCE MU/ HAVE FALL5 TO :AT WAS CONSID]$ TOO L[ A LEVEL1 JUDG+ FROM :AT WAS 9ITIAT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! F\R? C5TURY ,B4,C3 PAYM5T = ATT5DANCE4 ,! MAJORITY ATT5D$ BECAUSE !Y W]E PAID TO4 ,PAYM5T WAS 9/ITUT$1 ACCORD+ TO ,>I/OTLE1 BECAUSE PREVI\SLY 0! PEOPLE W\LD NOT COME40.<#i#e#e.> ,ONE F\R?-C5TURY POLITICO1 ,DEMADES1 S\ND+ LIKE A ,TAMMANY W>D HEEL]1 CALL$ ! PAYM5TS 0! GLUE ( ! DEMOCRACY40.<#i#e#f.> ,BOOK*9 OPPOSES BO? COMPULSION & PAYM5T TO SECURE ATT5DANCE1 SO 9 ?IS RESPECT HE CONC$ES AN ,A!NIAN DEP>TURE FROM DEMOCRACY4 ,HE SAYS ?AT CITIZ5S W]E PAID TO P>TICIPATE ONLY 09 ! DECL9+ P]IOD ( ! POLIS40.<#i#e#g.> ,YES1 BUT BE=E ?AT !Y HAD TO BE COMPELL$1 :I* IS NO BETT]4 ,EI!R WAY1 ! PO9T IS ?AT MO/ ,A!NIANS W]E AT NO TIME CIVIC-M9D$ 5\< TO EX]CISE !IR DEMOCRATIC BIR?RI<T )\T EXTR9SIC 9DUCEM5T1 & USUALLY NOT EV5 !N4 ,9 !IR 9DIFF]5CE TO POLITICS1 !Y RESEMBLE ! CITIZ5S ( ALL /ATES1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E4 

,NONPR(ESSIONAL ,>MY OR ,MILITIA4 ,A!NS HAD A NONPR(ESSIONAL >MY1 ALL RI<T3 IT HAD A CONSCRIPT >MY4 ,& BEG9N+ AFT] ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>1 ,A!NIAN MALE CITIZ5S AG$ #a#h-#b UND]W5T COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE & P]=M$ G>RISON DUTY4.<#i#e#h.> ,!REAFT] !Y W]E CALL$ UP AS REQUIR$1 UP TO AGE #f1 AN AGE ATTA9$ BY V]Y FEW4 ,! CONSCRIPTS W]E PAID4 ,NO D\BT MO/ ( !M W5T TO W> WILL+LY TO PROTECT !IR PRIVILEGES1 BUT ! FACT REMA9S3 MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION IS ! ESS5CE ( /ATISM & ! ANTI!SIS ( AN>*Y4 

,F$]ATION ) ,O!R ,CITIES4 ,A!NS BELONG$ TO A F$]ATION 9 ONLY AN IRONIC S5SE4 ,%E EM]G$ FROM ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> AS ! HEAD ( ! ,DELIAN ,LEAGUE 7#d#g#h_/#d#g#g ,B4,C471 AN ANTI-,P]SIAN DEF5SIVE ALLIANCE :I* ,A!NS1 AS TREASUR] & BY F> ! /RONGE/ MILIT>Y P[]1 CONV]T$ 9TO A TRIBUT>Y EMPIRE 9 #d$ ,B4,C4 ,:5 ! ALLI$ CITIES 7!RE W]E ALMO/ #b ( !M7 REVOLT$ OR FELL 9 >RE>S ON !IR TRIBUTE PAYM5TS1 !Y W]E SUBJUGAT$4.<#i#e#i.> ,9 #deb ,B4,C41 ,A!NS APPROPRIAT$ ! LEAGUE TREASURY1 PROVID+ FUNDS = G5]AL PURPOSES 9CLUD+ ! MAJOR PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM :I* BUILT ! ,P>!NON & EMPLOY$ MANY POOR CITIZ5S4.<#i#f.> 

,A F$]ATION IS VOLUNT>Y BY DEF9ITION4 ,! ,A!NIAN EMPIRE WAS NOT CONF9$ TO /ATES :OSE MEMB]%IP WAS 9ITIALLY VOLUNT>Y4 ,A!NS ADD$ O!RS BY \TRI<T CONQUE/4 ,! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE IS ,MELOS1 AN ISL& :I* MA9TA9$ ITS NEUTRALITY DUR+ ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W> = #af YE>S UNTIL ,A!NS S5T AN >MY & FLEET TO COMPEL SUBMISSION4 ,9 ! FAM\S DIALOGUE ) ! ,MELIANS1 ! ,A!NIAN REPRES5TATIVES CLAIM$ NO RI<T BUT ! RI<T ( ! /RONG]3 0,\R OP9ION ( ! GODS & \R KN[L$GE ( M5 LEAD US TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT IS A G5]AL & NECESS>Y LAW ( NATURE TO RULE :ATEV] ONE CAN40 ,:5 ! ,MELIANS REFUS$ ! ULTIMATUM1 ! ,A!NIANS BESIEG$ ! ,MELIANS -- />V+ !M \T1 AS ,>I/OPHANES CASUALLY REM>KS -- UNTIL !Y SURR5D]$2 !N !Y KILL$ ! M51 5SLAV$ ! WOM5 & *ILDR51 & PLANT$ A COLONY ( !IR [N4.<#i#f#a.> 

,A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( F$]ATION IS NON9T]V5TION 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! MEMB]S4 ,A!NS ACTIVELY 9T]V5$ TO SUPPORT OR 9/ALL DEMOCRATIC1 I4E41 PUPPET REGIMES1 9/ALL$ G>RISONS1 & S5T \T (FICIALS TO GUIDE ! LOCAL MAGI/RATES & >*ONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO A CONTEMPOR>Y CRITIC KN[N AS ! ,OLD ,OLIG>*1 0!Y REALIZE ?AT IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT AN IMP]IAL P[] WILL BE HAT$ BY ITS SUBJECTS 444 ?AT IS :Y !Y DISFRAN*IZE ! RESPECTABLE ELEM5T & F9E1 EXILE OR KILL !M1 BUT SUPPORT ! MASSES40 ,9 ! IMP]IAL CONTEXT1 0DEMOCRACY0 MEANT RULE BY ! PRO-,A!NIAN FACTION3 0! WORD DEMOKRATIA 9 ! FIF? C5TURY HAD EMOTIVE =CE BUT LITTLE EMPIRICAL CONT5T40.<#i#f#b.> ,! ,A!NIANS W]E NOT ALWAYS WELCOM$ AS LIB]ATORS2 OLIG>*Y MU/ HAVE HAD SOME POPUL> SUPPORT IF MO/ CITY-/ATES W]E OLIG>*IES4 ,9 #dda ,B4,C41 ,A!NS SEIZ$ ,SAMOS1 TOOK HO/AGES1 & 9/ALL$ A DEMOCRACY4 ,SOON ! ,SAMIANS REVOLT$ & SET UP AN OLIG>*Y4 ,AFT] AN EI<T-MON? SIEGE1 ,A!NS RECONQU]$ ! ISL& & IMPOS$ DEMOCRACY AGA94 ,IRONICALLY1 !N1 ! OLIG>*IC REVOLT HAD POPUL> SUPPORT4.<#i#f#c.> ,?IS WAS POSITIVE FRE$OM AT ITS MO/ MUSCUL>4 ,?IS WAS NOT )\T PREC$5T4 ,9 ! ANTI-,P]SIAN REVOLT ( ! ,IONIAN CITIES :I* BR\<T ON ! ,P]SIAN ,W>S1 ! REVOLUTION>IES (T5 REPLAC$ DEMOCRACIES ) TYRANNIES4 ,:5 ! ,P]SIANS REGA9$ CONTROL1 !Y \/$ ! TYRANTS & RE/OR$ DEMOCRACY6.<#i#f#d.> 

,TO SPEAK ( AN 0,A!NIAN EMPIRE0 7HIS IRONIC QUOTATION M>KS7 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 0OV]/AT$40.<#i#f#e.> ,TELL IT TO ! ,MELIANS4 ,O!R ,GREEKS SPOKE ( ! 0RULE0 7>KHE7 ( ! ,A!NIANS OV] !IR O/5SIBLE ALLIES4 ,! ,A!NIANS !MSELVES W]E UNAPOLOGETIC1 NOT %Y/]LY AB\T !IR IMP]IALISM4 ,P]ICLES1 ! PR9CIPAL >*ITECT ( EMPIRE1 WAS FRANK AB\T ITS NATURE3 0,Y\R EMPIRE IS N[ LIKE A TYRANNY3 IT MAY HAVE BE5 WRONG TO TAKE IT2 IT IS C]TA9LY DANG]\S TO LET IT GO40 ,HE %\LD KN[3 HE RAIS$ ! TRIBUTE BY #c#c.04 ,HIS SUCCESSOR ,CLEON1 ALSO A G5]AL1 TOLD ! ASSEMBLY 0?AT Y\R EMPIRE IS A TYRANNY EX]CIS$ OV] SUBJECTS :O DO NOT LIKE IT & :O >E ALWAYS PLOTT+ AGA9/ Y\40.<#i#f#f.> ,?UCYDIDES1 RELAT+ ! V>I\S REASONS ,A!NIANS SUPPORT$ ! DISA/R\S ,SICILIAN EXP$ITION1 M5TIONS ?AT 0! G5]AL MASSES & ! AV]AGE SOLDI] HIMSELF SAW ! PROSPECT ( GETT+ PAY = ! TIME BE+ & ( ADD+ TO ! EMPIRE SO AS TO ASSURE P]MAN5T PAID EMPLOYM5T 9 FUTURE40.<#i#f#g.> ,! CITIZ5S W]E REGUL>LY REM9D$ ( !IR IMP]IALISM3 EV]Y YE>1 DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DYONISIA FE/IVAL :5 ! TRAG$IANS COMPET$1 0!RE WAS A DISPLAY ( ! TRIBUTE ?AT HAD BE5 PAID BY ! SUBJECT /ATES 9 ,A!NS' EMPIRE40 

,A!NIAN DOM9ATION W5T WELL BEYOND EXPLOITATION3 0,9 ADDITION TO !IR MILIT>Y & F9ANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 FIF?-C5TURY ,A!NS REQUIR$ ! /ATES IT RUL$ TO ADOPT ITS CO9AGE1 PRES5T LEGAL CASES TO ITS JURIES1 & EV5 TO HONOR ITS DEITIES & MAKE RELIGI\S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,A!NS AS IF .<!Y W]E.> ITS COLONIES40 ,A!NS PLANT$ SOME #a1 COLONI/S AMID ! T]RITORIES ( !IR SUBJECTS OR :]E ! ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS HAD BE51 LIKE ! ,MELIANS1 EXT]M9AT$3 ?US 0! MO/ NAK$ K9D ( IMP]IAL EXPLOITATION DIRECTLY B5EFIT$ P]HAPS #h-#a P] C5T ( ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 BODY40.<#i#f#h.> 

,SO F>1 ) LITTLE HELP FROM ,BOOK*91 WE HAVE TOIL$ TO MEASURE ,A!NS BY HIS [N /&>DS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & F\ND IT MORE OR LESS WANT+ 9 EV]Y WAY4 ,BUT HE IS NOT ! ONLY ONE ) IDEAS AB\T :AT A DEMOCRACY %\LD BE4 ,HE 9VOKES ,R\SSEAU'S 0PRAISE ( ! ,GREEK POPUL> ASSEMBLY BAS$ ON FACE TO FACE DEMOCRACY40 ,NO SU* PRAISE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,R\SSEAU4 ,LIKE ,MA*IAVELLI BE=E HIM1 ,R\SSEAU 0WAS SEIZ$ BY A F]VID PASSION = ! ,SP>TANS :I* L$ HIM TO DEPLOY ! ,A!NIANS AS A FOIL TO !IR LEG5D>Y VIRTUES40 ,R\SSEAU1 ! GREAT 7& ALMO/ ! ONLY7 !ORI/ ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ?\<T ?AT 0,A!NS WAS 9 FACT NOT A ,DEMOCRACY1 BUT A V]Y TYRANNICAL ,>I/OCRACY1 GOV]N$ BY PHILOSOPH]S & ORATORS40.<#i#f#i.> ,AS ,I AM NOT A DEMOCRAT1 ,I AM NOT PUTT+ =W>D MY [N REQUIREM5TS1 BUT RA!R ADDRESS A PO9T :I* DEMOCRATS HAVE USUALLY CONSID]$ ESS5TIAL4 

,I REF] TO 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS1 ESPECIALLY FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 ,!RE WAS NO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,MO/ S*OL>S AGREE ?AT ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS HAD NO RI<TS AS WE UND]/& !M & NO CONCEPTION ( RI<TS1 MU* LESS NATURAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS4 ,9DE$ !Y HAD NO CONCEPT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- AS EV5 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS COMES CLOSE TO ADMITT+ -- 9 ?IS RESPECT RESEMBL+ SOME PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 SU* AS ! ,JIV>O HEADHUNT]S4.<#i#g.> ,!RE WAS ALMO/ NO 0NEGATIVE FRE$OM40.<#i#g#a.> ,!RE WAS =MAL PROTECTION AGA9/ ONLY A FEW FLAGRANT ABUSES1 SU* AS EXECUTION )\T TRIAL4.<#i#g#b.> ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ! /ATE WAS ABSOLUTE4 ,! BE/ EXAMPLE IS O/RACISM1 BY :I* A CITIZ51 )\T ANY *>GE ( WRONGDO+1 C\LD BE EXIL$ BY MAJORITY VOTE 7BY SECRET BALLOT1 UNLIKE USUAL ,A!NIAN PRACTICE74 ,)1 NO D\BT1 SOME BIAS1 ,>I/OTLE /AT$ ?AT O/RACISM REMOV$ ?OSE SUP]IOR 9 VIRTUE1 WEAL? & ABUNDANCE ( FRI5DS1 OR SOME O!R K9D ( POLITICAL /R5G?4 ,PLUT>* SAYS IT WAS APPLI$ TO ?OSE 0:OSE /ATION EXPOS$ !M TO 5VY40 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN SY/EM ?IS IS KN[N AS A BILL ( ATTA9D] & IT IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 ,O/RACISM C\LD BE IMPOS$ ALMO/ FRIVOL\SLY4 ,>I/IDES ! ,JU/ WAS O/RACIZ$ BY CITIZ5S :O W]E TIR$ ( HE>+ HIM CALL$ 0! ,JU/40 ,VICTOR ,EHR5B]G HAS WRITT53 0,:5 WE READ ! NAMES ( ,>I/EIDES1 ,!RMI/OCLES1 ,CIMON1 ETC41 SCRAT*$ ON ANCI5T POT%]DS1 (T5 WRONGLY SPELT1 WE MAY BE EXCUS$ FROM CA/+ SOME D\BT ON ! PROPRIETY ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY40.<#i#g#c.> ,AS ,B5JAM9 ,CON/ANT OBS]V$1 O/RACISM RE/S ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SOCIETY HAS TOTAL CONTROL OV] ITS MEMB]S4 ,AS A MOD]N S*OL> ALSO OBS]VES1 0O/RACISM SYMBOLIZES ! ULTIMATE P[] ( ! COMMUNITY OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RELATIVE LACK ( RI<TS AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY40.<#i#g#d.> 

,9 ,A!NS1 ! LAW MAY P]MIT ?IS OR ?AT PRIVILEGE FROM TIME TO TIME1 BUT !RE IS NO NOTION ( A CLAIM TO AN 5TITLEM5T AS AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,:AT AT FIR/ GLANCE LOOKS LIKE A RI<T1 ! HONOR 7TIME7 ( HOLD+ (FICE1 IS MORE LIKE A DUTY4.<#i#g#e.> ,& ?AT IS ! SECRET ( ! ,A!NIAN /ATE & ITS LAW3 IT PROCE$S FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! CITIZ5 EXI/S TO S]VE ! /ATE1 NOT ! /ATE TO S]VE ! CITIZ54 ,?UCYDIDES HAS ! ,COR9?IAN DELEGATION TO ! ,SP>TANS SAY AB\T ! ,A!NIANS1 0AS = !IR BODIES1 !Y REG>D !M AS EXP5DABLE = !IR CITY'S SAKE1 AS ?\< !Y W]E NOT !IR [N40 ,SIMIL>LY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* MEANS FRE$OM TO SPEAK 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 MO/ ( \R RI<TS >E 9/RUM5TAL = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( \R DIV]SE NONPOLITICAL 5DS4.<#i#g#f.> ,SOCRATES WAS NOT ! ONLY PHILOSOPH] TO BE SIL5C$4 ,! PHILOSOPH]S ,ANAXAGORAS1 :O WAS ,P]ICLES' TEA*]1 & ,PROTAGORAS W]E O/RACIZ$4 ,! BOOKS ( ,ANAXAGORAS W]E ORD]$ BURN$ 9 ! AGORA -- ! E>LIE/ KN[N CASE ( BOOK-BURN+4.<#i#g#g.> ,EV5 ,>I/OPHANES WAS PROSECUT$ = SL&]+ ,P]ICLES' SUCCESSOR1 ,CLEON4 ,! PROSECUTION ( ,SOCRATES = ! VAGUE & UNDEF9$ CRIME ( 0IMPIETY0 WAS NOT EXCEPTIONAL4 ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY RECOGNIZ$ NO RI<TS ( CONSCI5CE4 ,:E!R ,SOCRATES WAS GUILTY AS *>G$ IS1 = PRES5T PURPOSES1 BESIDE ! PO9T1 :I* IS3 DISBELIEF 9 ! TRADITIONAL GODS WAS A CAPITAL CRIME4.<#i#g#h.> 

,AS = ! EXTREME PATRI>*AL DIM5SION ( ! ,A!NIAN /ATE & SOCIETY1 IT W\LD TAKE A BOOK TO DESCRIBE IT4 ,HAPPILY1 ?AT BOOK HAS ALREADY BE5 WRITT53 ,! ,REIGN ( ! ,PHALLUS BY ,EVA ,C4 ,KEULS4 ,I AM SOMETIMES DUBI\S1 AT BE/1 AB\T :AT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE FEM9I/ S*OL>%IP1 BUT ?IS ONE'S A SLAM DUNK4 ,! PL5TIFUL ILLU/RATIONS ALONE1 :I* R>ELY APPE> 9 PR9T & NEV] MASS$ AS !Y >E H]E1 W\LD 9DICT ! ,A!NIANS AS PHALLOCRATS EV5 )\T ANY TEXT4 ,I'LL JU/ QUOTE ! FIR/ S5T5CE ( ! BOOK3  
  

,9 ! CASE ( A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY M5 :O SEQUE/] !IR WIVES & DAU<T]S1 D5IGRATE ! FEMALE ROLE 9 REPRODUCTION1 ]ECT .<6.> MONUM5TS TO ! MALE G5ITALIA1 HAVE SEX ) ! SONS ( !IR PE]S1 SPONSOR PUBLIC :OREH\SES1 CREATE A MY?OLOGY ( RAPE1 & 5GAGE 9 RAMPANT SAB]-RATTL+1 IT IS NOT 9APPROPRIATE TO REF] TO A REIGN ( ! PHALLUS4 ,CLASSICAL ,A!NS WAS SU* A SOCIETY4.<#i#g#i.>  
  

,)\T HAV+ UND]TAK5 SY/EMATIC COMP>ATIVE HI/ORY1 MY CASUAL OP9ION IS ?AT ,I KN[ ( NO ,WE/]N SOCIETY 9 ANY P]IOD :I* WAS AS OPPRESSIVE & DEVALU+ ( WOM5 AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S ,A!NS4 

,! READ] :O HAS P]SEV]$ ?IS F> IS 9 = A REAL TREAT3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S [N >GUM5TS :Y ,A!NS WAS NOT A /ATE4 ,F9D+ EV5 AS MANY AS ,I DID WAS :AT ! EX-,DIRECTOR US$ TO CALL 7ONE ( HIS R$UNDANT TAUTOLOGIES7 >DU\S TOIL4 ,HE HAS USUALLY BE5 (FH&$ OR DISMISSIVE1 AS IF !RE W]E NO S]I\S ISSUE AB\T ,A!NIAN /ATISM4 ,SOME ( ! FOLL[+ COMM5TS POSSIBLY W]E NOT EV5 9T5D$ TO BE >GUM5TS4 ,) HIM IT'S H>D TO TELL4  
  

,A!NS HAD A 0/ATE0 9 A V]Y LIMIT$ & PIECEMEAL S5SE4 ,DESPITE ITS GOV]NM5TAL SY/EM = DEAL+ ) A SIZABLE SLAVE POPULATION1 ! 0/ATE0 AS WE KN[ IT 9 MOD]N TIMES C\LD H>DLY BE SAID TO EXI/ AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 UNLESS WE >E SO R$UCTIONI/ AS TO VIEW ANY SY/EM ( AU?ORITY & RULE AS /ATI/4 ,SU* A VIEW W\LD GROSSLY OV]SIMPLIFY ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* PEOPLE LIV$ 9 ! 0CIVILIZ$ WORLD40.<#i#h.>.<,:Y ! QUOTATION M>KS8 ,IS ,A!NS UNCIVILIZ$8.>  
  

,( C\RSE ! /ATE AS WE KN[ IT 9 MOD]N TIMES DID NOT EXI/ 9 ANCI5T TIMES4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R ,A!NS WAS A /ATE1 NOT :E!R IT WAS A MOD]N /ATE4 ,! SUBJECT1 0/ATE10 TAKES SEV]AL PR$ICATES3 >*AIC /ATE1 PATRIMONIAL /ATE1 NATION-/ATE1 CAPITALI/ /ATE1 CITY-/ATE1 FEUDAL /ATE1 DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' /ATE1 MOD]N /ATE1 EV5 0!AT] /ATE0.<#i#h#a.> & -- :Y NOT8 -- PO/-MOD]N /ATE4 ,IF CALL+ ,A!NS A /ATE GROSSLY OV]SIMPLIFIES ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ITS PEOPLE1 ?AN CALL+ ANY POLITICAL SY/EM A /ATE GROSSLY OV]SIMPLIFIES ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ITS PEOPLE4 ,! WORD 0/ATE0 IS NOT DESIGN$ = *>ACT]IZ+ LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,!RE >E O!R WORDS = ?AT4 ,& ! IMPLICATION ?AT ! 0GOV]NM5TAL SY/EM0 WAS ONLY = CONTROLL+ ! SLAVES IS FALSE4 

,:E!R AU?ORITY & RULE >E /ATI/ DEP5DS ON :AT Y\ MEAN BY AU?ORITY1 RULE1 & /ATE4 ,! IMPLICATION IS ?AT ,A!NS HAD AU?ORITY & RULE1 BUT NO /ATE4 ,SOME?+ IS MISS+4 ,BUT :AT8 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES NOT SAY4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE MAKES CLE> ?AT DOM9ATION & RULE >E ! SAME ?+1 NAMELY1 HI]>*Y1 :I* 9 TURN IS ! SAME ?+ AS ! /ATE6.<#i#h#b.> ,ALL HE IS DO+ IS *AS+ HIS TAIL4  
  

,TO CONSID] ,A!NS A /ATE1 0WE W\LD HAVE TO ASSUME ?AT ! NOTION ( A /ATE IS CONSI/5T ) A BODY POLITIC ( SOME =TY ?\S& MALE CITIZ5S1 ADMITT$LY AN ELITE :5 PLAC$ AGA9/ A /ILL L>G] POPULATION ( ADULT MALES POSSIBLY ?REE TIMES ?AT NUMB] :O W]E SLAVES & DIS5FRAN*IZ$ RESID5T ALI5S4 ,YET ! CITIZ5S ( ,A!NS C\LD H>DLY BE CALL$ A 'CLASS' 9 ANY MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M40.<#i#h#c.>  
  

,APP>5TLY1 ! NUMB] ( 5FRAN*IS$ ,A!NIAN CITIZ5S IS1 ABSOLUTELY OR RELATIVELY1 RELEVANT TO :E!R !Y >E ! CITIZ5S ( A /ATE4 ,BOOK*9 GIVES NO REASON :Y4 ,HE CANNOT MEAN #d1 IS TOO L>GE1 BECAUSE ! 5FRAN*IS$ CITIZ5 POPULATION ( ,9DIA IS HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS1 YET ,9DIA IS A /ATE4 ,HE CANNOT MEAN ?AT #d1 IS TOO SMALL1 BECAUSE ! ,SP>TIATE CLASS 9 ,SP>TA AT ITS PEAK NUMB]$ B>ELY #e11.<#i#h#d.> YET ,SP>TA WAS A /ATE4 ,UNLESS ,BOOK*9 W]E TO TAKE ! POSITION ?AT ,SP>TA WAS NOT A /ATE1 9 :I* CASE NONE ( ! ,GREEK CITIES W]E /ATES1 & ,HELL5IC CIVILIZATION WAS 5TIRELY AN>*I/4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HAS REF]R$ TO ! ,SP>TAN ,/ATE4.<#i#h#e.> ,!RE HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 MANY RUL+ ELITES1 TAK+ 9 SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S & MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD1 :I* NUMB]$ LESS ?AN #b1-#d11 & !RE HAVE BE5 MANY ?AT NUMB]$ MORE4 ,! ,5GLI% ELECTORATE 9 #agd WAS #b11 OR AB\T ONE 9 ?IRTY ( ! POPULATION -- A MANAGEABLE NUMB] 9 MORE WAYS ?AN ONE4 ,9 PRE-CONTACT ,NIG]IA1 ! K+DOM ( ,%ANI CONSI/$ ( ?REE T[NS & ! POPULATION ( ! T[N-/ATE ( ,GULANI WAS #b1-#c14.<#i#h#f.> 

,?IS L9E ( >GUM5T IS ALSO DISPOSITIVE IF RELATIVE NUMB]S >E DET]M9ATIVE4 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE MEAN+ !N IS ?AT :5 #b#e.0 ( A BODY POLITIC IS 5FRAN*IS$ CITIZ5S1 ?AT IS TOO L>GE = ! POLITY TO BE A /ATE4 ,BUT AGA91 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS 9DE$ UNIV]SAL1 SO !RE >E TODAY MU* HI<] PROPORTIONS ( CITIZ5 VOT]S 9 ALL ! DEMOCRACIES1 :I* >E /ATES4 

,F9ALLY1 :E!R OR NOT ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5RY WAS A 0CLASS0 IS IRRELEVANT TO :E!R OR NOT ! POLITY WAS A /ATE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ELECTORATE IS NOT A CLASS1 BUT ,AM]ICA IS A /ATE4  
  

,WE W\LD ALSO HAVE TO ASSUME ?AT ! NOTION ( A /ATE IS CONSI/5T ) A CONSCI\SLY AMATEUR SY/EM ( GOV]NANCE1 BAS$ ON ALMO/ WEEKLY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 A JUDICIAL SY/EM /RUCTUR$ >\ND HUGE JURIES ?AT REPRES5T ! ASSEMBLIES ON AN ATT5UAT$ SCALE1 ! SELECTION & ROTATION ( CIVIC (FICIALS BY SORTITION1 ?AT IS1 ! USE ( ! LOT1 & ! ABS5CE ( ANY POLITICAL PR(ESSIONALISM OR BUREAUCRATISM1 9CLUD+ MILIT>Y =CES ?AT >E AU!NTIC MILITIAS ( >M$ CITIZ5S 9/EAD ( PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S4.<#i#h#g.>  
  

,! PRES5CE ( SOME ODDBALL FEATURES DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT A POLITY IS NOT A /ATE4 ,SOME O!R 9DUBITABLE /ATES HAVE HAD CONSCI\SLY AMATEUR SY/EMS ( GOV]NANCE4 ,AS DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #a#c1 COLONIAL ,AM]ICA EMPLOY$ SU* SY/EMS4 ,TO A SLI<TLY LESS] EXT5T1 SO DID M$IEVAL ,5GL&1 :OSE SY/EM WAS SO DEC5TRALIZ$ & P>TICIPATORY ?AT ONE HI/ORIAN CALLS IT 0SELF-GOV]NM5T AT ! K+'S COMM&0 & CONSID]S IT PROTO-DEMOCRATIC4.<#i#h#h.> ,!RE WAS NO POLICE =CE1 & LOCAL FACE-TO-FACE JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE TI?+S & HUNDR$S P]=M$ MO/ ( ! DAY-TO-DAY WORK ( SOCIAL CONTROL4.<#i#h#i.> ,!RE WAS NO WELL-DEF9$ JUDICIAL HI]>*Y4.<#i#i.> ,JURIES W]E NOT AS L>GE AS AT ,A!NS1 BUT !Y W]E IMPANEL$ (T51 = A V>IETY ( PURPOSES4 ,! PREEM95T ROYAL C\RTS AT ,WE/M9/] HAD ONLY TWELVE JUDGES4 ,P>LIAM5T R>ELY CONV5$1 & 9 ! E>LI] P>T ( ! P]IOD IT DID NOT EXI/4 ,!RE W]E NO TAX COLLECTORS &1 USUALLY1 NO TAXES4 ,!RE WAS NO CAPITAL CITY2 ! K+1 LIKE HIS JUDGES1 P]AMBULAT$4 ,! MILIT>Y1 :5 IT WAS RAIS$1 WAS A COMB9ATION ( FEUDAL LEVIES & M]C5>IES UND] ! AMATEUR LEAD]%IP ( FEUDAL LORDS4 ,EXCEPT = ! C5TRAL C\RTS & ! ,EX*EQU]1 !RE WAS ALMO/ NO?+ 9 ! WAY ( A C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,CLE>LY ?IS WAS NOT A /ATE 09 ! MOD]N S5SE10 BUT NO ONE HAS EV] D\BT$ ?AT IT WAS A /ATE4  
  

,DESPITE SLAV]Y1 IMP]IALISM & ! DEGRADATION ( WOM51 0BY ! SAME TOK51 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! FACT ?AT CLASSICAL ,A!NS WAS HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE1 9DE$ UNPREC$5T$1 9 MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 BECAUSE ( ! DEMOCRATIC =MS IT CREAT$1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y WORK$1 & ITS FAI? 9 ! COMPET5CE ( ITS CITIZ5S TO MANAGE PUBLIC AFFAIRS40.<#i#i#a.>  
  

,READ ONE WAY1 ! >GUM5T IS ?AT A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* IS HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE1 OR P]HAPS V]Y HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE1 IS NOT A /ATE4 ,BUT EV]Y /ATE IS HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE4 ,A!NS WAS FREAKI%1 ALL RI<T1 BUT SO WAS ,SP>TA1 :OSE GOV]NM5T -- DRAWN FROM A H]$IT>Y MILIT>Y CLASS LIV+ (F A CLASS ( /ATE S]FS -- CONSI/$ ( A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 A C\NCIL ( ELD]S1 MAGI/RATES 7EPHORS71 & TWO K+S6 ,AS ONE ( ITS HI/ORIANS REM>KS ) SOME UND]/ATEM5T1 0! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,SP>TA WAS ABNORMAL40 ,DAVID ,HUME WROTE3 0,W]E ! TE/IMONY ( HI/ORY LESS POSITIVE & CIRCUM/ANTIAL1 SU* A GOV]NM5T W\LD APPE> A M]E PHILOSOPHICAL :IM OR FICTION & IMPOSSIBLE EV] TO BE R$UC$ TO PRACTICE40 ,NONE!LESS1 ,BOOK*9 CONFIRMS ?AT ,SP>TA WAS A /ATE4.<#i#i#b.> 

,READ ANO!R WAY1 ! CLAIM IS ?AT ,A!NS WAS NOT A /ATE BECAUSE IT HAD DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS2 !SE 9/ITUTIONS WORK$2 & ! CITIZ5S BELIEV$ 9 !M4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A DEMOCRACY IS NOT A /ATE4 ,BUT ?AT BEGS ! QUE/ION1 :I* IS PRECISELY :E!R A DEMOCRACY IS A /ATE4 ,! RE/ IS V]BIAGE4 ,?AT GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS WORK EFFECTIVELY DOES NOT MAKE !M DEMOCRATIC4 ,! ,*9ESE M&>9ATE & ! ,PRUSSIAN CIVIL S]VICE FUNCTION$ EFFECTIVELY 9 ! S]VICE ( /ATES4 ,VICTORI\S >MIES1 BE !Y ,ROMAN1 ,MONGOL1 ,NAPOLEONIC OR ,NAZI1 HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVE1 BUT !Y S]V$ /ATES4 ,F9ALLY1 TO BELIEVE ?AT A POLITY IS DEMOCRATIC DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS DEMOCRATIC4 ,MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T IS DEMOCRATIC1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 IT IS NOT4  
  

,/ATECRAFT REF]S TO 0>MIES1 BUREAUCRATS1 JUDICIAL SY/EMS1 POLICE1 & ! LIKE40.<#i#i#c.>  
  

,) ! DEBATABLE EXCEPTION ( BUREAUCRACY1 ,A!NS HAD ALL !SE 9/ITUTIONS 0& ! LIKE40 ,EV5 IF1 AS ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS1 !RE >E 0DEGREES ( /ATEHOOD10.<#i#i#d.> ,A!NS EXHIBITS A HI< DEGREE ( /ATEHOOD4 ,WE CONSID]$ /ATES :I* HAD LESS ( !SE 5UM]AT$ ATTRIBUTES ?AN ,A!NS DID4 ,ZULUL&1 ,NORWAY1 & ,MONGOLIA LACK$ BUREAUCRATS1 JUDICIAL SY/EMS & POLICE1 BUT !Y W]E /ATES4 ,COLONIAL ,AM]ICA LACK$ BUREAUCRATS1 POLICE & >MIES1 BUT IT WAS P>T ( AN IMP]IAL /ATE4 ,/ATECRAFT DOES NOT REF] TO >MIES1 BUREAUCRATS1 JUDICIAL SY/EMS & POLICE4 ,/ATECRAFT REF]S TO 0! >T ( CONDUCT+ ,/ATE AFFAIRS2 /ATESMAN%IP40.<#i#i#e.> ,IT REF]S TO ! BEHAVIOR ( GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 NOT TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] !Y MI<T BE4 

,P]HAPS ! BASIC FLAW 9 ! SY/EM IS IDEOLOGICAL4 ,= ! ANCI5TS -- = ! ,A!NIANS -- !RE WAS NO CONNECTION BETWE5 FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ,BOOK*91 :5 HE ID5TIFIES 0! MO/ BASIC PR9CIPLES0 ( LEFTISM1 OR ! 0F\RFOLD T5ETS0 ( AN>*ISM1 OMITS EQUALITY4.<#i#i#f.> ,IT IS NOT SOME?+ HE (T5 DISCUSSES4 ,EV5 :ILE TRUMPET+ HIS R5EW$ ALLEGIANCE TO LEFTISM1 HE NEGLECTS ITS FUNDAM5TAL VALUE4 ,9DIFF]5CE TO EQUALITY ACC\NTS = HIS 9DIFF]5CE TO ,A!NIAN RACISM1 SLAV]Y1 PATRI>*Y1 IMP]IALISM1 & EV5 POORLY ATT5D$ ASSEMBLY MEET+S1 BE !Y 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS OR 9 TOMORR['S ,COMMUNES4 ,:AT HE REALLY WANTS IS NOT DEMOCRACY1 EXCEPT AS A MY/IFY+ FACADE1 BUT RA!R A M]ITOCRACY ( M\?4 

,! TIME HAS COME = ! JUDGM5T ( ,A!NA4 ,AS EV5 ,BOOK*9 CONC$ES1 :]E !RE IS RULE1 !RE IS A /ATE4 ,>I/OTLE CONFIRMS 9 SEV]AL PLACES ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A SY/EM 9 :I* ! CITIZ5S RULE & >E RUL$ 9 TURN3 0,ONE PR9CIPLE IS = ALL TO RULE & BE RUL$ 9 TURN40.<#i#i#g.> ,AN>*ISM IS ! REFUSAL ( BO? ROLES4 ,AS IT IS PHRAS$ 9 A POEM BY ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY & QUOT$ APPROV+LY BY ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN3  
  

,I AM AN ,AN>*I/6 ,:]E=E ,I WILL  

 ,NOT RULE1 & ALSO RUL$ ,I WILL NOT BE4.<#i#i#h.>  
  

,A!NS WAS A /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 ,I AGREE ) ,HANS ,G]? & ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS3 ,A!NS WAS A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE6.<#i#i#i.> -- BUT ,I'LL DEMON/RATE ?AT SOME O!R TIME4 ,= N[1 JU/ ?IS3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS A /ATI/4 

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