,*APT] #a 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a4 ,BE=E ! ,LAW 

  

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS FULL ( -- SURPRISES4 ,HE TAKES ,DAVID ,WATSON TO TASK = 0D5IGRAT.<+.> ! DEVELOPM5T ( WRIT+0 -- ACTUALLY1 ALL ,WATSON DID WAS D5Y ! 0DOGMA ( ! 9H]5T SUP]IORITY ( ! WRITT5 TRADITION0 TO ! ORAL TRADITION4.<#e#a#e.> ,! IRONY 7AS ALWAYS1 UNNOTIC$7 IS ?AT SPEAK+ & LI/5+ >E 9H]5TLY SOCIABLE1 :]EAS 0READ+ -- SIL5T READ+ -- IS MANIFE/LY ANTISOCIAL ACTIVITY40.<#e#a#f.> ,A/ONI%+LY1 ,BOOK*9'S DEF5SE ( LIT]ACY TAKES ! =M ( AN AFFIRMATION ( LAW3  
  

,BE=E ! WRITT5 WORD1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 *IEFS1 %AMANS .<6.>1 PRIE/S1 >I/OCRATS1 & MON>*S POSSESS$ A FREE-:EEL+ LIB]TY TO IMPROVISE WAYS TO REQUIRE ! OPPRESS$ TO S]VE !M4 ,IT WAS ! WRITT5 WORD1 EV5TUALLY1 ?AT SUBJECT$ !M TO ! RE/RICTIONS ( CLE>LY WORD$ & PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE LAWS TO :I* !IR RULE1 9 SOME S5SE1 WAS ACC\NTABLE4 ,WRIT+ R5D]$ IT POSSIBLE = HUMANITY TO RECORD ITS CULTURE1 & 9SCRIB+ LAWS OR NOMOI :]E ALL C\LD SEE !M REMA9S ONE ( ! GREAT ADVANCES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?AT ! CALL = WRITT5 LAWS.<#e#a#g.> AS AGA9/ >BITR>Y ACTIONS BY RUL]S WAS AN AGE-OLD DEM& ( ! OPPRESS$ IS EASILY =GOTT5 TODAY1 :5 !Y >E SO READILY TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,:5 ,WATSON >GUES ?AT ! E>LIE/ USES ( WRIT+ W]E = AU?ORIT>IAN OR 9/RUM5TAL PURPOSES1 HE CONFUSES ! ABILITY TO WRITE ) :AT WAS ACTUALLY WRITT5 -- & BETRAYS AN APPALL+ LACK ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE4.<#e#a#h.>  
  

7,PRESUMABLY1 !N1 !SE PH5OM5A >E 5TIRELY UNRELAT$87 0,I BELIEVE 9 LAW10 ! ,SAGE REM>K$ REC5TLY4 ,MORE ?AN M]ELY 0ONE ( ! GREAT ADVANCES ( CIVILIZATION10 ! RISE ( LAW 0M>KS ONE ( HUMANITY'S GREATE/ ASC5TS \T ( ANIMALITY40.<#e#a#i.> ,HAV+ JU/ D5\NC$ CU/OM = PREV5T+ PEOPLE FROM DO+ ANY?+ DIFF]5TLY1 ,BOOK*9 BLI!LY D5\NCES CU/OM = ALL[+ K+S & PRIE/S TO 9NOVATE6 ,LET'S JU/ SEE :O BETRAYS AN APPALL+ LACK ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE4 

,IF !RE REMA9$ ANY D\BT ?AT ,BOOK*9 IS NOT AN AN>*I/1 ?IS PASSAGE DISPELS IT4 ,TO AFFIRM LAW -- & WRITT5 LAW -- :ILE DISP>AG+ CU/OM IS UNEQUIVOCALLY /ATI/4 ,CU/OM1 HE CONT5DS1 IS 9H]5TLY 5SLAV+1 :]EAS LAW IS AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY LIB]ATORY4 ,H]E'S AN E]IE P>ALLEL ) ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S DISMISSAL ( ! ACTUAL AN>*ISM ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES & HIS AFFIRMATION ( !1 AT BE/1 POT5TIAL AN>*ISM ( CITIES4 ,:E!R A RULE OR NORM IS 5SLAV+ OR LIB]ATORY DEP5DS -- NOT SOLELY ON :E!R IT IS CU/OM OR LAW1 & NOT SOLELY ON :E!R IT IS ORAL OR WRITT5 -- IT ALSO DEP5DS ON ITS CONT5T & ITS S\RCE4 ,IF WE CONSID] ! G5]AL T5D5CIES & AFF9ITIES ( CU/OM & LAW1 ! ORD] ( CU/OM IS *>ACT]I/IC ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 USUALLY AN>*I/1 & ! RULE ( LAW IS *>ACT]I/IC ( CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES1 ALWAYS /ATI/4.<#e#b.> ,EV]YONE KN[S ?IS :O KN[S ANY?+ AB\T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY & CIVILIZATION4 ,IT'S A DIFF]5CE :I* \<T TO BE ( SPECIAL 9T]E/ TO AN AN>*I/ SU* AS ,BOOK*9 =M]LY MI/OOK HIMSELF =4 ,BOOK*9'S LAW-&-ORD] AN>*ISM IS NO?+ %ORT ( BIZ>RE4 

,UN=TUNATELY = ! ASS]TION1 9 ALMO/ ALL PRE-MOD]N LEGAL CODES 9CLUD+ ! ,A!NIAN1 CRIMES >E USUALLY UNDEF9$4 ,?AT IS LEFT TO CU/OM4 ,IF WRITT5 LAW IS S\<T TO R$UCE ! MANIPULATION ( CU/OM1 IT MU/ BE BECAUSE CU/OM HAS GR[N TOO L>GE OR COMPLEX TO BE 5TRU/$ TO MEMORY4 ,BUT MO/ E>LY CODES >E NEI!R LONG NOR COMPLEX4 ,! MO/ COMPLETE ,MESOPOTAMIAN CODE TO SURVIVE 7BUT NOT1 AS ,BOOK*9 CLAIMS1 ! FIR/7 IS ! ,CODE ( ,HAMMURABI FROM AB\T #age ,B4,C4 ,IT CONSI/S ( 0CLOSE TO ?REE HUNDR$ LAWS S&WI*$ 9 BETWE5 A BOA/FUL PROLOGUE & A CURSE-LAD5 EPILOGUE40.<#e#b#a.> ,?AT AM\NT ( MAT]IAL IS EASILY )9 AN ORAL CULTURE'S CAPACITY = MEMORY4 ,! CONQU]OR CLAIMS TO BE EXECUT+ ! WILL ( ! GODS1 NOT ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE3  
  

,!N DID ,ANU & ,5LIL CALL ME TO AF=D WELL-BE+ TO ! PEOPLE1  

 ME1 ,HAMMURABI1 ! OB$I5T1 GODFE>+ PR9CE1 TO CAUSE RI<TE\SNESS TO APPE> 9 ! L&  

 TO DE/ROY ! EVIL & ! WICK$1 ?AT ! /RONG H>M NOT ! WEAK  

 & ?AT ,I RISE LIKE ! SUN OV] ! BLACK-HEAD$ PEOPLE1 LI<T+ UP ! L&4.<#e#b#b.>  
  

7,) SMALL *ANGES ?IS MI<T BE ! BRAG ( A MORE REC5T CONQU]OR ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%47 ,ONLY TRA9$ SCRIBES C\LD READ ! CODE2 ,HAMMURABI HIMSELF C\LDN'T READ IT4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE IT WAS EV] APPLI$ 9 JUDICIAL PROCE$+S1 OR 9T5D$ TO BE4 ,9 FACT1 ?AT WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 AS ! JUDGES W]E ALSO ILLIT]ATE4 ,RA!R IT WAS PROPAG&A = ! 9HABITANTS ( REC5TLY CONQU]$ CITIES4.<#e#b#c.> ,! FIR/ /AGES ( LIT]ACY OCCURR$ )9 ! /ATE4 ,IT WAS A TE*NOLOGY ( DOM9ATION3  
  

,WRIT+ WAS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! GR[? ( ! FIR/ IMP]IAL /ATES1 ?AT IS ( ! ,AKKADIAN & SUBSEQU5T EMPIRES ( ! ?IRD & SECOND MILL5NIA ,B,C4 ,LIT]ACY WAS RE/RICT$ TO ! BUREAUCRACY1 /ABILIZ$ ITS SY/EMS ( JU/ICE & COMMUNICATIONS1 & SO PROVID$ 9FRA/RUCTURAL SUPPORT TO A /ATE DESPOTISM1 ?\< APP>5TLY 9 SOME K9D ( AN ALLIANCE ) A PROP]TY-[N+ ECONOMIC CLASS4.<#e#b#d.>  
  

,9 E>LY ,EGYPT1 ALSO1 LIT]ACY WAS EXTREMELY RE/RICT$1 LIMIT$ TO ! PH>AOH1 HIS 5T\RAGE & A NOT V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( SCRIBES4 ,! RUL+ GR\P ( HI<] (FICIALS 9 ,OLD ,K+DOM ,EGYPT WAS AB\T #e PEOPLE4.<#e#b#e.> 

,MO/ ( ! CODES ( E>LY ,5GLI% K+S & K+LETS >E BRIEF3 ! LAWS ( ,HLO?H]E & ,EADRIC1 K+S ( ,K5T 7#b PAGES72 ! LAWS ( ,WIHTR$1 ANO!R K+ ( ,K5T 7B>ELY #b PAGES72 ! LAWS ( ,9E 7#h #a_/#b  PAGES72 ! LAWS ( ,ALFR$ 7#g #a_/#b  PAGES72 ! LAWS ( ,A!L/AN 7#d  #a_/#b  PAGES72 & ,K+ ,E!LR$'S CODE ( #aah ,A4,D 7#c #a_/#b  PAGES74.<#e#b#f.> ,! E>LIE/ ,5GLI% 7& ,G]MANIC7 CODE1 ! LAWS ( ,E!LB]T1 IS #f #a_/#b  PAGES4.<#e#b#g.> ,! ,FRANKI% ,LEX ,SALICA1 :I* AT #fc PAGES IS COPI\S BY COMP>ISON1.<#e#b#h.> WAS PROMULGAT$ BY ! K+ & = ! K+3 0,LEX ,SALICA IS NEW LAW2 & IT IS ROYAL LAW 444 ,! M]E FACT ( LEGISLATION MAKES HIM MORE ( A K+40 ,! CODIFICATION ( CU/OM BY ?IS & O!R B>B>IAN CODES WAS HI<LY SELECTIVE4 ,! ,G]MANIC CODES 0RECORD JU/ ?AT FRACTION ( CU/OM ?AT SEEM$ 5\< TO SATISFY ROYAL PRIDE 9 LEGISLATION4 ,! FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE AS BOOKS WAS :AT MATT]$ MO/ 444 ,! ,K5TI% LAWS 444 REVEAL A LITTLE ( CONTEMPOR>Y PRACTICE 444 ,BY CAUS+ !M TO BE WRITT5 D[N1 ! K+ MAKES !M HIS [N40 ,MO/ LAW REMA9$ CU/OM>Y & UNWRITT54.<#e#b#i.> ,WRITT5 LAW C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 = ! B5EFIT ( ! ILLIT]ATE MASSES4 

,A #a#b? C5TURY S\RCE PROVIDES ANO!R EXAMPLE ( A SELF-S]V+ CODIFICATION3 0,:5 ! FAM\S ,WILLIAM1 '! ,CONQU]OR1' HAD BR\<T UND] HIS SWAY ! F>!/ LIMITS ( ! ISL&1 & HAD TAM$ ! M9DS ( REBELS BY AWFUL EXAMPLES TO PREV5T ]ROR FROM HAV+ FREE C\RSE 9 ! FUTURE1 HE DECID$ TO BR+ ! CONQU]$ PEOPLES UND] ! RULE ( WRITT5 LAW40.<#e#c.> ,ACTUALLY1 MANY ,ANGLO-,SAXON LAWS HAD ALREADY BE5 WRITT5 D[N1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BUT ,WILLIAM AFT] CRU%+ ALL RESI/ANCE />T$ AFRE%4 ,! CONQU]$ W\LD LIVE UND] HIS LAWS4 ,! ,ANGLO-,SAXONS W]E D[N1 & ! LAWS W\LD HELP SEE TO IT ?AT !Y /AY$ D[N4 

,KROPOTK9 ALSO ASSUM$ ?AT LAW ORIG9AT$ AS CODIFI$ CU/OM1 BUT HE WAS MORE REALI/IC ?AN ,BOOK*9 AB\T ITS G5ESIS & FUNCTION3  
  

,IF LAW1 H[EV]1 PRES5T$ NO?+ BUT A COLLECTION ( PRESCRIPTIONS S]VICEABLE TO RUL]S1 IT W\LD F9D SOME DIFFICULTY 9 9SUR+ ACCEPTANCE & OB$I5CE4 ,WELL1 ! LEGISLATORS CONF\ND$ 9 ONE CODE ! TWO CURR5TS ( CU/OM ( :I* WE HAVE JU/ BE5 SPEAK+1 ! MAXIMS :I* REPRES5T PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY & SOCIAL UNION WR\<T \T AS A RESULT ( LIFE 9 COMMON1 & ! M&ATES :I* >E MEANT TO 5SURE EXT]NAL EXI/5CE TO 9EQUALITY4 ,CU/OMS1 ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO ! V]Y BE+ ( SOCIETY1 >E1 9 ! CODE1 CLEV]LY COMM+L$ ) USAGES IMPOS$ BY ! RUL+ CA/E1 & BO? CLAIM EQUAL RESPECT FROM ! CR[D4 0,DO NOT KILL10 SAYS ! CODE1 & HA/5S TO ADD1 0,& PAY TI!S TO ! PRIE/40 0,DO NOT /EAL10 SAYS ! CODE1 & IMM$IATELY AFT]1 0,HE :O REFUSES TO PAY TAXES1 %ALL HAVE HIS H& /RUCK (F40  
  
  

,SU* WAS LAW2 & IT HAS MA9TA9$ ITS TWO-FOLD *>ACT] TO ?IS DAY4 ,ITS ORIG9 IS ! DESIRE ( ! RUL+ CLASS TO GIVE P]MAN5CE TO CU/OMS IMPOS$ BY !MSELVES = !IR [N ADVANTAGE4 ,ITS *>ACT] IS ! SKILLFUL COMM+L+ ( CU/OMS USEFUL TO SOCIETY1 CU/OMS :I* HAVE NO NE$ ( LAW TO 9SURE RESPECT1 ) O!R CU/OMS USEFUL ONLY TO RUL]S1 9JURI\S TO ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & MA9TA9$ ONLY BY ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T4.<#e#c#a.>  
  

,WE DO NOT HAVE TO TAKE ?IS CONSPIRACY !ORY LIT]ALLY TO TAKE ,KROPOTK9'S PO9T AB\T ! TW(OLD NATURE ( LAW1 ANY MORE ?AN WE HAVE TO BELIEVE ,BOOK*9'S TALE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE CLAMOR+ = LAWS4 ,BUT WE MAY WELL AGREE ) SELF-/YL$ AN>*I/ ,H[>D ,Z9N ?AT LAW'S TW(OLD NATURE IS /ILL MANIFE/ TODAY4.<#e#c#b.> ,IT IS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,EMPIRICAL RESE>* CONFIRMS IT4.<#e#c#c.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ALLUDES TO ! LEG5D ?AT 9 #fba ,B4,C41 ,DRACO WROTE D[N ! LAWS ( ,A!NS BY POPUL> DEM&4 ,ACTUALLY1 NOBODY KN[S IF ! CODIFICATION WAS TO PLACATE POPUL> UNRE/ OR TO ANTICIPATE & PREEMPT IT4.<#e#c#d.> ,& :O WR\<T ! MIRACLE8 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*93 0,! AG5TS = ! NEW JURIDICAL DISPOSITION .<SIC.>9 .<SIC.> ! RI<TS ( CITY DWELL]S W]E ! /RANG]S06 ,& NOBODY KN[S IF ! HOI POLLOI LIV$ TO REGRET IT4 ,HI/ORIAN ,JOHN ,?ORKEY CONCLUDES ?AT 0:ATEV] ! FULL DETAILS ( ,DRACO'S CODE ( LAWS1 IT SEEMS IT WAS A CLE> EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( ! >I/OCRACY OV] EV]YBODY ELSE40.<#e#c#e.> ,IF ! ,DRACO TALE IS TRUE1 IT MAY /& ALMO/ ALONE AS AN EXAMPLE ( POPUL> PHILONOMIC FOLLY4 ,! ONLY V]IFI$ EXAMPLE ,I KN[ ( IS ! DEM&S ( ! FREEM5 ( ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY = WRITT5 LAW4.<#e#c#f.> ,BUT !Y W]E ALREADY ACCU/OM$ TO LIV+ UND] WRITT5 LAW2 !IR COLONIAL *>T] ALREADY HAD ! =CE ( LAW2 & 5\< ( !M W]E LIT]ATE ?AT ! CONT5T ( WRITT5 LAW C\LD NOT BE SUCCESSFULLY MISREPRES5T$4 ,NORMALLY1 AS ,KROPOTK9 IMPLIES1 ! 9ITIATIVE TO CODIFY ! LAW IS TAK5 BY ! /ATE4 

,:AT LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T ! CODIFICATION ( ! LAW 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE REFUTES ANY SUPPOSITION ?AT IT WAS LIB]ATORY4 0,CRETE10 = 9/ANCE1 0WAS F> ADVANC$ 9 ITS PUBLICATION ( LAWS ON /ONE03 ! #e? C5TURY ,B,C ,CODE ( ,GORTYN WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A LONG LEGAL TRADITION4 ,YET ,>I/OTLE S+L$ \T ,CRETAN (FICIALS = !IR >BITR>Y JUDGM5TS4 ,EVID5CE = ,CRETAN LIT]ACY IS M9IMAL2 WRITT5 LAW1 EXHIBIT$ MONUM5TALLY1 WAS 9T5D$ TO IMPRESS ! ILLIT]ATE CITIZ5RY4 ,! *IEF FUNCTION ( WRIT+ WAS TO LEGITIMATE ! NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ! POLIS4.<#e#c#g.> ,! ,A!NIAN LAWGIV]S LIKEWISE GAVE WRITT5 LAW TO ! ILLIT]ATE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,DRACO1 ,SOLON PROMULGAT$ HIS NEW LAWS 9 POEMS = RECITATION BY H]ALDS AT PUBLIC MEET+S4 ,?AT ASSUMES A NONLIT]ATE PUBLIC4 ,9 TRU?1 0,A!NS REMA9$ A L>GELY ORAL CULTURE1 :]E ONLY V]Y FEW PEOPLE C\LD READ & WRITE40.<#e#c#h.> 

,NOR DOES ! WEIRDNESS 5D !RE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 ! MAGIC ( 0! WRITT5 WORD0 0EV5TUALLY0 R5D]$ ! RUL]S ACC\NTABLE 0TO SOME EXT5T0 -- BY IMPLICATION1 = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,HE PROVIDES NO PLACES1 DATES OR DETAILS BECAUSE !RE >E NONE TO PROVIDE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 NOT POPUL> RESI/ANCE1 BUT RA!R ! LAW ITSELF1 SELF-PROPELL$ TO REALIZE ITS POT5TIAL1 PLACES LIMITS ON P[] 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN AG5CY4 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y CU/OM C\LD NOT HAVE CON/RA9$ P[]1 AS IT DOES 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES4.<#e#c#i.> ,9 FACT IT PLAY$ SU* A ROLE 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE4 ,! ,MAGNA ,C>TA1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS MO/LY AB\T SUBORD9AT+ ! K+ TO ! CU/OMS ( ! REALM4.<#e#d.> 

,NOR DOES ! EX-,DIRECTOR NOTICE ?AT HE HAS MADE YET ANO!R CATEGORY MI/AKE1 CONFUS+ ! CU/OM_/LAW DI/9CTION ) ! ORAL_/WRITT5 DI/9CTION4 ,ALL F\R PAIR+S HAVE ACTUALLY EXI/$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ AB\T A CU/OM ?AT PRECLUDES ITS BE+ WRITT5 D[N1 IF !RE'S ANYBODY >\ND :O IS ABLE TO WRITE4 ,?US ,BLACK/ONE SPOKE ( 0! FIR/ GR\ND & *IEF CORN] /ONE ( ! LAWS ( ,5GL&1 :I* IS1 G5]AL IMMEMORIAL CU/OM1 OR COMMON LAW1 FROM TIME TO TIME DECL>$ 9 ! DECISIONS ( ! C\RTS ( JU/ICE2 :I* DECISIONS >E PRES]V$ AMONG \R PUBLIC RECORDS1 EXPLA9$ 9 \R REPORTS1 & DIGE/$ = G5]AL USE 9 ! AU?ORITATIVE WRIT+S ( ! V5]ABLE SAGES ( ! LAW40 ,BE=E ,BLACK/ONE1 ,SIR ,MAT!W ,HALE ID5TIFI$ ! COMMON LAW AS 0,USAGE OR ,CU/OM40 ,9 #a#g#i1 FUTURE ,U4,S4 ,SUPREME ,C\RT JU/ICE ,JAMES ,WILSON WROTE3 0,! COMMON LAW IS F\ND$ ON LONG & G5]AL CU/OM4 ,ON :AT CAN LONG & G5]AL CU/OM BE F\ND$4 ,UNQUE/IONABLY1 ON NO?+ ELSE BUT FREE & VOLUNT>Y CONS5T40.<#e#d#a.> ,IF ,I %\LD WRITE D[N ?AT 0PEOPLE >E EXPECT$ TO ?R[ RICE AT ! NEWLYW$S AT W$D+S10 MY WRIT+ ?AT D[N DOESN'T DE/ROY ! PRACTICE AS A CU/OM ANY MORE ?AN IT TURNS IT 9TO A LAW4 ,& LAW IS NOT NECESS>ILY WRITT54 ,! MO/ M9IMAL COMMON S5SE SUGGE/S ?AT !RE HAD TO BE AN UNWRITT5 LAW BE=E !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 A DEM& TO WRITE IT D[N4 

,IT IS ALMO/ OBVI\S :Y LIT]ACY IS SO USEFUL TO P[]4 ,EV]YONE HAS A MEMORY1 BUT = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 FEW C\LD READ4 ,LIT]ACY DOES NOT JU/ SUPPLEM5T ORALITY1 IT T5DS TO SUPPLANT IT4 ,AS ,PLATO WROTE3 0,?OSE :O ACQUIRE .<LIT]ACY.> WILL CEASE TO EX]CISE !IR MEMORY & BECOME =GETFUL2 !Y WILL RELY ON WRIT+ TO BR+ ?+S TO !IR REMEMBRANCE BY EXT]NAL SIGNS 9/EAD ( ON !IR [N 9T]NAL RES\RCES40.<#e#d#b.> ,EV5 ! LIT]ATE LOSE SOME?+ BY !IR LIT]ACY1 ?\< NOT AS MU* AS ! NEW UND]CLASS1 ! ILLIT]ATE4 ,! /ATE1 ABOVE ALL ! MOD]N C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 /RIVES TO CONFRONT ! CITIZ5 AS AN ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,H5CE ITS LONG CAMPAIGN TO ELIM9ATE M$IAT+ GR\PS BETWE5 /ATE & CITIZ54.<#e#d#c.> ,?IS IS ! SAME TR5D :I* ,BOOK*9 SO WITLESSLY HAILS AS LIB]ATION FROM K9 TIES :5 HE IS NOT 9CONSI/5TLY D5\NC+ EV]Y?+ MOD]N AS PRIVATI/IC & 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,! /ATE LEVELS ! PLAY+ FIELD -- LEVELS IT D[N -- BUT T[]S OV] ?AT LEVEL ITSELF4 ,REG>DLESS :AT PEOPLE >E READ+1 BE IT ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ,BOOK*9 OR ,FA!R ,C>D5AL1 !IR READ+ IS A PRIVATE EXP]I5CE3 0,LIT]ACY BR+S AB\T A BREAK 9 TOGE!RNESS1 P]MITS & PROMOTES 9DIVIDUAL & ISOLAT$ 9ITIATIVE 9 ID5TIFY+ & SOLV+ PROBLEMS40 ,ORAL CULTURE IS PURELY SOCIAL CULTURE1 BUT WRIT+ 5C\RAGES PRIVATE ?\<T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WRIT+ T5DS TO REIFY & MAKE P]MAN5T ! EXI/+ SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL CULTURE4.<#e#d#d.> ,ORAL CULTURE IS NOT /ATIC1 P>TLY BECAUSE IT IS NOT HELD AS A :OLE 9 EV]YONE'S OR ANYONE'S MEMORY /ORE4.<#e#d#e.> ,IT CANNOT BE MONOPOLIZ$4 

,IF IT BE >GU$ ?AT1 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY LIT]ATE ELITES1 MASS LIT]ACY IS LIB]ATORY1 IT NE$ ONLY BE SAID ?AT ! 9EQUALITY ( KN[L$GE & CAPACITY = EXPRESSION BETWE5 LIT]ATES & ILLIT]ATES IS SIMPLY RECREAT$ AS ! SAME K9D ( 9EQUALITY BETWE5 ! HI<LY-$UCAT$ ELITE & ! NOM9ALLY LIT]ATE MASSES4 ,TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 IT IS ! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 ! PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ( IDEOLOGY & SPECIALIZ$ KN[L$GE4 ,TODAY1 ! EV] WORS5+ DISADVANTAGES ( ! COMPUT]-ILLIT]ATE RECAPITULATE ! DISADVANTAGES ( ! ILLIT]ATE 9 TRADITIONAL & MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,AFT] COMPUT]S IT'LL BE SOME?+ ELSE4 

,?AT LIT]ACY IS /ILL A TOOL = DOM9ATION IS EVID5T FROM ! ,NIC>AGUAN LIT]ACY CAMPAIGN 9 #a#i#g#i4 ,OV] HALF ! POPULATION WAS ILLIT]ATE4 ,ALMO/ ! FIR/ ?+ ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLECTUALS ( ! ,S&9I/A JUNTA DID WAS TO OR*E/RATE1 9 METAPHORS & T]M9OLOGY PURPOSEFULLY MILIT>Y1 A 0,CRUSADE0 = LIT]ACY ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,CUBAN ADVIS]S4 ,AS ONE ( ! ,S&9I/AS /AT$1 !Y APPRECIAT$ ?AT 0NO MATT] 9 :AT NATION1 $UCATION S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE ) P[]1 ?OSE :O DOM9ATE & CONTROL SOCIETY40 ,N[1 ?AT WAS !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VAL]IE ,MILL]1 ! DOT+ 0S&ALI/A0 AU?OR ( A BOOK ON ! ,CAMPAIGN1 ITS PRIM>Y PURPOSE WAS POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION1 & 0DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN1 9CREAS$ EMPHASIS WAS GIV5 TO ! SOCIOPOLITICAL DIM5SIONS ( ! CAMPAIGN40 ,! FIR/ WORD ( ! PRIM] WAS 0LA REVOLUCION10 & ITS CONT5TS W]E CRUDE PROPAG&A4 ,LIT]ACY W\LD /R5G!N ! /ATE & ITS SATELLITE ORGANIZATIONS3  
  

,AS 9DIVIDUALS W]E /R5G!N$ BY ?IS LE>N+1 SO1 TOO1 W\LD ! ORGANIZATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS TO :I* !Y BELONG$ BE /R5G!N$ BECAUSE ( ! 9CREASE 9 GR\P SKILLS4 ,MOREOV]1 AN EFFECTIVE CAMPAIGN W\LD E>N LEGITIMACY & CR$IBILITY = ! NEW GOV]NM5T & 9/ILL A S5SE ( NATIONAL CONS5SUS & PRIDE 9 ITS CITIZ5S4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( HELP+ TO IMPLEM5T ! CAMPAIGN W\LD GIVE 9/ITUTIONS -- GOV]NM5T AG5CIES1 CITIZ5S' ASSOCIATIONS1 & LABOR F$]ATIONS .<BUT /RIKES W]E ILLEGAL.> -- PRACTICE 9 PLANN+1 ORGANIZATION1 & EVALUATION4.<#e#d#f.>  
  

,?IS IS :AT COMES ( PRIVILEG+ ! IDEAL OV] ! REAL4 ,LIT]ACY S]VES P[]1 AL?\< IT DID SO 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS 9 ANCI5T ,SUM] & MOD]N ,NIC>AGUA4 ,9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 COMPULSORY $UCATION WAS 9/ITUT$1 NOT TO WID5 ANYONE'S 9TELLECTUAL HORIZONS1 BUT TO ,AM]ICANIZE IMMIGRANTS4 ,BISM>CK 9/ITUT$ IT 9 ,G]MANY TO 9OCULATE ! WORK]S AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 ,! IGNORANCE ( HI/ORY 9 ! Y\NG] G5]ATION :I* ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DEPLORES IS NOT ! RESULT ( AN OV]SI<T BUT RA!R ( PROTRACT$ MIS$UCATION4.<#e#d#g.> ,NEV] HAS SO MU* $UCATION AT EV]Y LEVEL BE5 EXT5D$ TO SO MANY PEOPLE4 ,/UD5TS MAY NOT LE>N HI/ORY 7!Y NEV] LE>N$ HONE/ HI/ORY71 BUT !Y LE>N TIME-DISCIPL9E1 OB$I5CE TO IMP]SONAL AU?ORITY1 A FACILITY = C>RY+ \T MEAN+LESS TASKS1 & !Y LE>N TO ACCEPT AS NORMAL ! DAILY ALI5ATION ( MO/ ( !IR WAK+ H\RS4 ,!Y LE>N H[ TO WORK4.<#e#d#h.> ,I ?9K ! P[]S ?AT BE :O CONTROL $UCATION HAVE A MORE REALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ITS FUNCTIONS ?AN DOES ,BOOK*91 BEFOGG$ BY AB/RACTIONS4 

,LAW V]SUS ,CU/OM1 LIKE ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S O!R ANTI!SES1 FAILS TO BR+ \T :AT ! CONTRADICTION IS REALLY AB\T3 :I* IS1 DISPUT+ PROCESSES & !IR RELATIONS TO =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?US ,LAURA ,NAD] & ,H>RY ,TODD1 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO !IR AN?OLOGY ON DISPUT+ PROCESSES1 WRITE3  
  

,WE %ALL NOT DEAL H]E ) ! QUE/ION ( :E!R !SE PROC$URES >E LAW OR SOCIAL CONTROL OR 0M]ELY0 CU/OM4 ,WE WILL TAKE A MORE NEUTRAL POSITION & SAY ?AT :ATEV] WE LABEL !SE PROC$URES1 !RE >E A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( !M444 ,! CRUCIAL V>IABLES >E ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( A ?IRD P>TY & ! BASIS ( ! ?IRD P>TY'S 9T]V5TION1 & ! TYPE ( \TCOME 7IF ANY74 ,! SAME BASIC PROC$URAL MODES >E US$ WORLDWIDE 9 ATTEMPTS TO DEAL ) GRIEVANCES1 CONFLICT1 OR DISPUTES3 ADJUDICATION1 >BITRATION1 M$IATION1 NEGOTIATION1 CO]CION 7OR CONQUE/1 9 ,K5NE? ,B\LD+'S T]MS71 AVOIDANCE1 & 0LUMP+ IT40.<#e#d#i.>  
  

,EV5 ?IS BRIEFE/ ( 9TRODUCTIONS TO ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( LAW BEG9S TO EXPOSE ! FALLACY ( ! ET]NAL BLOOD FEUD4 ,! DURATION ( A FEUD IS LIKELY TO DEP5D HEAVILY ON :E!R OR NOT !RE IS ?IRD P>TY 9T]V5TION &1 IF SO1 ( :AT K9D4 ,?US ! FIR/ CASE /UDY 9 ! AN?OLOGY1 OBVI\SLY 9T5D$ AS A CAUTION>Y EXAMPLE1 IS ! ,JALE ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 AMONG :OM 0ANY CONFLICT CAN ESCALATE 9TO A W>40 ,! AU?OR DOES NOT CONSID] ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! FACT ?AT SU* AN ESCALATION ALMO/ NEV] HAPP5S1 OR ELSE ! ,JALE W\LD ALWAYS BE AT W>1 :I* IS NOT ! CASE4 ,DISPUTES )9 A PATRIL9EAGE :]E ! P>TIES LIVE 9 ! SAME M5'S H\SE MAY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( O!R RESID5TS1 BUT IF ! L9EAGE HAS SPLIT TO LIVE 9 SEV]AL LOCATIONS1 !Y MAY NOT BE4 ,IF DISPUTANTS >E NONK9 NEI<BORS1 A PEACEFUL \TCOME IS LIKELY1 BUT NOT IF !Y RESIDE AT A DI/ANCE4 ,BUT 9 O!R COMB9ATIONS1 !RE MAY NOT BE 5\< CROSS-L9KAGES TO PREV5T RETALIATION & !N FEUD DRAW+ 9 L>G] GR\PS3 9 ! ABS5CE ( A ROLE = ?IRD P>TY 9T]V5TION1 DISPUTES 0SN[BALL40.<#e#e.> ,! ,JALE >E ATYPICAL2 USUALLY !RE >E CROSS-L9KAGES & ?IRD P>TY AG5CIES TO RESOLVE OR LOCALIZE DISPUTES4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS T5D5TI\S ACC\NT IMPLIES ?AT TIES ( K9%IP & NEI<BORHOOD USUALLY AV]T W>1 :I* IS NEV] ! W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL1 BUT ! W> ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS ) SOCIALLY SPECIFIC ID5TITIES AGA9/ O!RS ALSO SOCIALLY ID5TIFIABLE4 ,AS A BRIEF = ! LAW ( ! /ATE ?IS IS LUDICR\S AT A TIME :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ON A WORLDWIDE MILIT>Y RAMPAGE4 

,ELIZABE? ,COLSON 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT ( CROSS-L9KAGES 9 A FAM\S >TICLE 9T5D$ TO EXPLA9 ! ,PLATEAU ,TONGA1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 0:]E !RE >E NO OBVI\S POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS CONC]N$ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD]40 ,! CRUCIAL FACT IS ?AT ! ,TONGA LIVE 9 SMALL VILLAGES MO/ ( :OSE PEOPLE >E UNRELAT$ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! ,TONGA RECOGNIZE MATRIL9EAL DESC5T BUT NEOLOCAL RESID5CE1 SO !IR CLANS1 ! UNITS IMPLICAT$ IF A FEUD BREAKS \T1 HAVE NO CORPORATE *>ACT] & !IR MEMB]S >E SCATT]$4 ,! FA!R'S CLAN PROVIDES IMPORTANT MAT]IAL & RITUAL SUPPORT = ! SON AL?\< HE IS NOT A MEMB]1 SO IT1 TOO1 TAKES AN 9T]E/ 9 HIS DISPUTES4 ,9 M>RIAGE1 !N1 F\R GR\PS >E L9K$1 & !IR CONC]N WILL EXT5D TO (FSPR+4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS MU* L5D+ ( CATTLE TO FRI5DS & K9SM5 :O LIVE ELSE:]E4 ,IF A DISPUTE FL>ES UP1 !RE >E ALWAYS MANY PEOPLE OBLIGAT$ BUT RELUCTANT TO TAKE SIDES 9 A CONFLICT1 (T5 BECAUSE !Y >E ALIGN$1 AT LEA/ REMOTELY1 ) BO? P>TIES4 ,AL?\< EA* DISPUTANT IS 9 !ORY FREE TO SETTLE ! DISPUTE AS HE PLEASES1 09 SOCIETIES ( ?IS TYPE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FEUD & ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( REPEAT$ ACTS ( V5GEANCE1 = EA* ACT ( V5GEANCE1 LIKE EA* ORIG9AL 9CID5T1 MOBILIZES DIFF]5T GR\PS :OSE 9T]E/S >E CONC]N$ 9 ! P>TICUL> CASE & ?AT ALONE40 ,HO/ILITIES >E IMPOSSIBLE )9 A VILLAGE OR BETWE5 VILLAGES IF K9SM5 ( BO? P>TIES RESIDE 9 ! VILLAGE OR VILLAGES1 AS IS USUALLY ! CASE4.<#e#e#a.> ,PEACE PREVAILS )\T LAW 5=CEM5T4 ,! NOTION ( CROSS-L9KAGES IS RELAT$ TO ,MAX ,GLUCKMAN'S NOTION ( 0MULTIPLEX0 7MULTI-FUNCTIONAL7 RELATION%IPS :OSE PREVAL5CE DET]M9ES ! =M ( ! DISPUT+ PROCESS 7NEGOTIATION OR M$IATION74.<#e#e#b.> 

,:AT DISPUT+ PROCESSES >E APPROPRIATE TO AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY8 ,ALL ! VOLUNT>Y ONES3 NEGOTIATION1 M$IATION_/CONCILIATION1 & 7NONB9D+7 >BITRATION -- ALSO AVOIDANCE1 BUT NOT 9 ! =M ( RESIGNATION TO ONE'S P[]LESSNESS AS IT IS AMONG US4 ,9 NEGOTIATION ! P>TIES WORK ?+S \T BY !MSELVES3 0,!Y SEEK NOT TO REA* A SOLUTION 9 T]MS ( RULES1 BUT TO CREATE ! RULES BY :I* !Y CAN ORGANIZE !IR RELATION%IP ) ONE ANO!R0 7,P4,H4 ,GULLIV]74.<#e#e#c.> 

,9 M$IATION1 A ?IRD P>TY FACILITATES A RESOLUTION1 BUT NOT ! WAY A JUDGE DOES4 ,! M$IATOR MAY JU/ 5GAGE 9 %UTTLE DIPLOMACY 7AS A GO-BETWE5 OR 0CROSS]072 9 EFFECT ?IS IS NEGOTIATION )\T FACE TO FACE CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! P>TIES4 ,MORE (T51 ?\<1 ! M$IATOR HELPS %APE A SETTLEM5T TO :I* ! P>TIES CONS5T4 ,?AT'S H[ IT WORKS AMONG ! ,PLATEAU ,TONGA1 :OSE SOCIAL /RUCTURE H>MONIZES ) M$IATION4 ,9 M$IATION1 BO? P>TIES AGREE ON ! M$IATOR 7:O USUALLY HAS A C]TA9 POSITION ( AU?ORITY OR PRE/IGE71 & = M$IATION TO SUCCE$1 BO? P>TIES MU/ ACCEPT ! SETTLEM5T4 ,ANY RESORT TO RULES IS SUBORD9ATE TO ! GOAL ( A MUTUALLY ACCEPTABLE RESOLUTION :I* TYPICALLY ACCOMPLI%ES1 & IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! RE/ORATION ( A RELATION%IP NOT CONF9$ TO ! MATT] AT H&1 I4E41 A MULTIPLEX RELATION%IP4 ,= ! M$IATOR IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO KN[ ! PEOPLE ?AN TO KN[ ! FACTS ( ! CASE3 0,S9CE SUCCESSFUL M$IATION REQUIRES AN \TCOME ACCEPTABLE TO ! P>TIES1 ! M$IATOR CANNOT RELY PRIM>ILY ON RULES BUT MU/ CON/RUCT AN \TCOME 9 ! LI<T ( ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONTEXT ( ! DISPUTE1 ! FULL SCOPE ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! DISPUTANTS & ! P]SPECTIVES FROM :I* !Y VIEW ! DISPUTE40.<#e#e#d.> 

,M$IATION IS ILL-SUIT$ TO HI]>*IC OR CULTURALLY HET]OG5E\S SOCIETIES1 :I* EXPLA9S :Y ATTEMPTS TO ATTA* M$IATION TO ! ,AM]ICAN LEGAL SY/EM FAIL$3 0,:ILE M$IATION APPE>S TO BE TREM5D\SLY VALUABLE 9 DISPUTES BETWE5 EQUALS1 9 ! AVAILABLE PROTOTYPES IT APPE>S ?AT 9 DISPUTES BETWE5 NONEQUALS1 IT SIMPLY REPLICATES EXI/+ P[] RELATION%IPS40 ,ITS PROPON5TS T\T$ IT AS GETT+ TO ! ROOT CAUSES ( DISPUTES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ROOT CAUSES ( MANY DISPUTES 9CLUDE CAPITALISM1 POV]TY1 PATRI>*Y1 RACISM1 & O!R PROBLEMS :I* >E DIFFICULT TO UND]/& & IMPOSSIBLE TO RESOLVE AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL4 ,TO ! EXT5T SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES CAUSE DISPUTES1 0COMMUNITY M$IATORS SEEM M]ELY TO 9DUCE DISPUTANTS TO ACCEPT !SE /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITIES40.<#e#e#e.> 

,9 >BITRATION1 ! P>TIES SELECT ! >BITRATOR & AGREE BE=EH& TO ABIDE BY HIS DECISION2 O!RWISE IT RESEMBLES ADJUDICATION 9 ?AT ! P>TIES PRES5T EVID5CE & ! >BITRATOR F9DS ! FACTS & APPLIES RULES4 ,MY IMPRESSION IS ?AT >BITRATION IS R>E 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES 7! ,JALE SOMETIMES US$ IT71 AL?\< ! FAM\S ,KPELLE MOOT1 USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE M$IATION1 LOOKS MORE LIKE >BITRATION TO ME1 & ! ,KPELLE MOOT IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! JUDICIAL SY/EM ( ! ,LIB]IAN /ATE4.<#e#e#f.> ,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MO/ >BITRATIONS TAKE PLACE PURSUANT TO COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ AGREEM5TS OR CONTRACTS BETWE5 BUS9ESSES1 & !IR AW>DS >E 5=C$ BY C\RTS1 9 SOME CASES 9 ORD] TO EMPLOY A DECISION-MAK] ) MORE EXP]TIZE 9 A SPECIALIZ$ FIELD ?AN ! AV]AGE JUDGE4 ,>BITRATION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 9 ! RELATIVELY SIMPLE PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ( COLONIAL ,AM]ICA4 ,AS ?AT SOCIETY GREW MORE COMPLEX & COMM]CIALIZ$1 ! C\RTS USURP$ ! FUNCTION ( >BITRATION & ALL BUT BANN$ IT4.<#e#e#g.> ,N[ IF ANY ASPECT ( COLONIAL HI/ORY IS WOR? LOOK+ 9TO FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 IT'S >BITRATION1 :I* WAS CORRECTLY SE5 BY ! /ATE'S JUDGES AS A VOLUNT>I/IC ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATE1 & DEALT ) ACCORD+LY4 ,BUT ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS NEV] LOOK$ BECAUSE ( HIS MYOPIC PREOCCUPATION ) T[N MEET+S4 

,ADJUDICATION IS ! DISPUT+ PROC$URE UNIQUE TO ! /ATE4 ,9 ADJUDICATION1 ?IRD P>TY 9T]V5TION IS CO]CIVE1 & ! DECISION-MAK] RESOLVES ! DISPUTE BY ! APPLICATION ( IMP]SONAL RULES ( LAW1 )\T REG>D TO ! RELATION%IP1 IF ANY1 BETWE5 ! P>TIES OR ANY?+ ELSE DEEM$ 0IRRELEVANT0 TO JU/ ! ONE DISPUTE ITSELF4 ,:]E A M$IATOR IDEALLY KN[S ! DISPUTANTS1 OR AT LEA/ IS 9TIMATELY FAMILI> ) !IR CULTURE 7:I* IS HIS [N71 P]SONAL KN[L$GE ( A P>TY N[ DISQUALIFIES A JUDGE FROM RESOLV+ A DISPUTE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! HET]OG5EITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ) ITS DIVISIONS BY RACE1 G5D]1 CLASS & CRE$1 ! JUDGE IS LIKELY TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM SOME P>TIES BY !SE CRIT]IA1 & HE IS FUR!R REMOV$ FROM !IR SOCIAL REALITY BY HIS PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+4 ,! APPLICABLE RULES >E AB/RACT & IMP]SONAL4 ,! PROCE$+ IS 9DE$1 AS IT IS CALL$1 0ADV]S>IAL10 IT IS ITSELF A CONFLICT AB\T A CONFLICT1 :I* DOES NOT MAKE = CONCILIATION4 ,IDEALLY1 & USUALLY1 ! RESULT IS A DI*OTOM\S DECISION1 ) A W9N] & A LOS]3 EV]Y GRAY >EA 9 ! EVID5CE HAS BE5 RESOLV$ 9TO BLACK OR :ITE4 ,PSY*OLOGICAL EFFECTS ( EI!R ! PROCESS OR ! \TCOME1 ESPECIALLY = ! LOS]1 >E DISREG>D$4 ,BUT :AT HAS TO BE GRASP$ AS ! ESS5CE ( ADJUDICATION IS ?AT IT IS ! IMPOSITION ( LAW BY CO]CION4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 A CROSS-CULTURAL SURVEY F\ND SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ( CO]CION 9 #bc ( #bg SOCIETIES :I* HAD ADJUDICATION4.<#e#e#h.> 

,ADJUDICATION IS :]E LAW & CO]CION 9T]SECT & COMPLETE EA* O!R4 ,IT IS 9IMICAL TO AN>*Y1.<#e#e#i.> :I* IS :Y LAW S+LES \T AN>*I/S = OPPRESSION 7ONLY AN>*I/S AMONG ALL RADICALS CANNOT 5T] ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 & :Y C\RTS HAVE SO (T5 V5T$ !IR SPECIAL FURY ON ,P>SONS1 ,L+G1 ,B]KMAN1 ! ,ABRAMS DEF5DANTS1 ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 ,KACZYNSKI1 & MANY MORE4 ,BECAUSE AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS A HUMAN-SCALE SOCIETY1 ITS PEOPLE WILL KN[ ONE ANO!R WELL 5\< SO ?AT ANY DISPUTE IS UND]/OOD TO 9VOLVE RELATION%IPS :I* WILL (T5 BE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! SUBJECT 9 DISPUTE4 ,?OSE RELATION%IPS WILL USUALLY BE MULTIPLEX1 BECAUSE !RE WILL BE NO %>PLY DIFF]5TIAT$ ROLES LIKE ?OSE :I* CON/ITUTE A COMPLEX MOD]N /ATE SOCIETY4 ,?US NEGOTIATION1 M$IATION & OCCASIONALLY AVOIDANCE W\LD BE H[ DISPUTES >E RESOLV$ -- & NOT1 = 9/ANCE1 BY VOT+1 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS W\LD HAVE IT4 ,CONCEIVABLY >BITRATION MI<T BE US$ :]E ! DISPUTANTS >E RELATIVELY UNFAMILI> ) EA* O!R1 SU* AS A DISPUTE BETWE5 COMMUNITIES1 OR P]HAPS IF IT'S A TE*NICAL MATT]4 ,BUT -- NO C\RTS1 NO JUDGES1 NO JURORS1 NO POLICE1 NO JAILS1 NO GALL[S -- NO LEGAL SY/EM :ATSOEV]1 & NO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CO]CION4 ,BOOK*9 MAY NOT KN[ IT1 OR HE MAY JU/ MA9TA9 A PRUD5T SIL5CE = A *ANGE1 BUT BY ESP\S+ LAW1 HE ESP\SES ADJUDICATION & DISCLAIMS AN>*ISM4 

,! EX-,DIRECTOR'S NOMOPHILIA CAU<T ME BY SURPRISE4 ,?IS REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ %>ES ,S]GEANT ,JOE ,FRIDAY'S FAI? 9 ! LAW4 ,! POLICEMAN IS Y\R FRI5D -- POT5TIALLY1 :I* = ,BOOK*9 IS ALWAYS BETT] ?AN ! REAL ?+4 ,GRANT$1 9 REAL LIFE ! COPS KICK Y\R ASS1 BUT ?AT IS M]ELY ADV5TITI\S1 CONT+5T1 =TUIT\S & SECOND>Y4 ,I DON'T KN[ 9 :AT CAPACITY ,I WAS MORE 9CR$UL\S3 AS AN AN>*I/ OR AS A LAWY]4 ,IT DOES NOT OCCUR TO ,BOOK*9 ?AT A WRITT5 LAW IS NECESS>ILY MORE ACCESSIBLE TO A RUL+ ELITE1 :I* IS LIT]ATE OR EMPLOYS ! LIT]ATE 9 ITS S]VICE1 ?AN IT IS TO ! ILLIT]ATE MASSES4 ,MORE ACCESSIBLE1 & MORE MANIPULABLE4 ,Y\ CAN =GE A DOCUM5T1 LIKE ! ,DONATION ( ,CON/ANT9E1 BUT Y\ CAN'T =GE A CU/OM4 ,AS ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND WRITES1 0LAW IS NOT DEF9ITE & C]TA9 :ILE CU/OM IS VAGUE & UNC]TA94 ,RA!R1 ! CONV]SE HOLDS4 ,CU/OM>Y RULES MU/ BE CLE>LY KN[N2 !Y >E NOT SANCTION$ BY ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE2 H5CE S]I\S DISPUTES AB\T ! NATURE ( CU/OM W\LD DE/ROY ! 9TEGRITY ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT LAW MAY ALWAYS BE 9V5T$ 4440.<#e#f.> 

,LAW MAY ALWAYS BE 9V5T$4 ,& IT MAY ALWAYS BE REPEAL$4 ,:AT'S MORE1 IT MAY ALWAYS BE 9T]PRET$1 :I* COMES TO MU* ! SAME ?+4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,JOHN ,*IPMAN ,GRAY3 0,IT IS NOT AS SPE$Y OR AS SIMPLE A PROCESS TO 9T]PRET A /ATUTE \T ( EXI/5CE AS TO REPEAL IT1 BUT ) TIME & PATI5T SKILL IT CAN (T5 BE DONE40.<#e#f#a.> ,AFT] A G5]ATION1 ,DRACO'S CODE WAS SUP]S$$ BY ,SOLON'S1 & ,PLUT>* HAS ?IS TO SAY AB\T ?AT3 0,BESIDES1 IT IS SAID ?AT HE WAS OBSCURE & AMBIGU\S 9 ! WORD+ ( HIS LAWS1 ON PURPOSE TO 9CREASE ! HONOR ( HIS C\RTS2 = S9CE !IR DIFF]5CES C\LD NOT BE ADJU/$ BY ! LETT]1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO BR+ ALL !IR CAUSES TO ! JUDGES1 :O ?US W]E 9 A MANN] MA/]S ( ! LAWS40.<#e#f#b.> ,= A ?\S& YE>S1 ! ,TWELVE ,TABLES W]E NOM9ALLY ! BASIS ( ,ROMAN LAW1 BUT LONG BE=E !N1 !Y'D BE5 9T]PRET$ ALMO/ \T ( EXI/5CE4.<#e#f#c.> ,& LOOK AT H[ ! ,TORAH WAS SWAMP$ BY ! ,TALMUD4 

,9 ,U4,S4 CON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 ! ,EQUAL ,PROTECTION ,CLAUSE ( ! ,F\RTE5? ,AM5DM5T WAS = MANY DECADES 9T]PRET$ ALMO/ \T ( EXI/5CE1 !N 9T]PRET$ BACK 9TO EFFICACY AS A RE/RA9T -- A JUDICIAL RE/RA9T1 NOT A POPUL> RE/RA9T -- ON LEGISLATIVE P[]4.<#e#f#d.> ,WRITT5 LAW IS MORE AN OPPORTUNITY = EXP]T MY/IFICATION ?AN A GUIDE OR PROTECTION = ! CITIZ5RY4 ,! ,F\R? ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 = 9/ANCE -- DEAL+ ) W>RANTS & ) SE>* & SEIZURE -- IS A S+LE S5T5CE ( #$ WORDS4 ,A TREATISE ON ! LAW ( SE>* & SEIZURE IS F\R VOLUMES LONG4.<#e#f#e.> ,IF Y\ WANT TO KN[ Y\R ,F\R? ,AM5DM5T RI<TS1 Y\ >E BETT] (F IGNOR+ ! WORDS ( ! ,F\R? ,AM5DM5T & NAVIGAT+ ! TREATISE1 IF Y\ CAN4 ,BUT UNLESS Y\'RE A LAWY]1 Y\ PROBABLY CAN'T4 

,! PUBLI%$ AVAILABILITY ( ! VA/ MASS ( ,AM]ICAN /ATUTORY1 REGULATORY & CASE LAW MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ! ,DIRECTOR'S *ILDI% FAI? 9 ! LIB]ATORY P[] ( ! ,LOGO1 ! ,WORD REVEAL$4 ,!RE >E JU/ TOO DAMN$ MANY WORDS4 ,EV]Y ,SAN =AG] KN[S ALL ! RULES ( HIS SOCIETY4 ,NO ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN OR ,EUROPEAN1 NOT EV5 ! MO/ LE>N$ LAWY]1 KN[S ONE-T5? ( ONE P]C5T ( ! RULES ( HIS SOCIETY4 ,CALIGULA1 ONE ( ! MORE OV]-!-TOP DEG5]ATE ,ROMAN EMP]ORS1 WAS CRITICIZ$ = 5=C+ NEW TAX LAWS )\T PREVI\SLY PUBLICIZ+ !M3 0,AT LA/ HE ACC$$ TO ! URG5T POPUL> DEM&1 BY PO/+ ! REGULATIONS UP1 BUT 9 AN AWKW>DLY CRAMP$ SPOT & WRITT5 SO SMALL ?AT NO ONE C\LD TAKE A COPY40.<#e#f#f.> ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ?IS IS ! SITUATION ( ! ORD9>Y MOD]N CITIZ5 ) RESPECT TO ! LAW4 ,! LAWY] IS NOT MU* BETT] (F4 ,9 ! WORDS ( AN UNUSUALLY C&ID ,F$]AL JUDGE3 0,ANY COMPET5T LAWY]1 DUR+ ANY RA9Y ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON1 C\LD PREP>E A LI/ ( HUNDR$S ( COMP>ATIVELY SIMPLE LEGAL QUE/IONS TO :I* ANY O!R EQUALLY COMPET5T LAWY] W\LD SC>CELY V5TURE TO GIVE UNEQUIVOCAL ANSW]S40.<#e#f#g.> ,SPEAK+ PR(ESSIONALLY1 ,I AGREE4 

,SO :AT IS !RE TO ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S SUPPOSITION ?AT WRITT5 TRADITION IS MORE RELIABLE1 MORE TAMP]-PRO(1 ?AN ORAL TRADITION -- AS TO LAW OR ANY?+ ELSE8 ,BOOK*9 9CONSI/5TLY D5\NCES ORAL TRADITION AS RIGID & FROZ5 & AT ! SAME TIME AS MANIPULABLE BY SELF-S]V+ ELITES4 ,?OSE :O HAVE COMP>$ ORAL & WRITT5 TRADITIONS HAV5'T ID5TIFI$ ANY MAJOR DIFF]5CE 9 !IR RELIABILITY AS HI/ORICAL S\RCES4 ,BO? =MS ( TRANSMISSION >E SUBJECT TO ! 9FLU5CES ( 0SELECTIVITY0 7:AT IS 9T]E/+ 5\< TO PRES]VE7 & 09T]PRETATION0 7! MEAN+ ( :AT WAS PRES]V$74 ,SOMETIMES ! WRITT5 RECORD CAN BE REFUT$ BY ! ORAL1 & SOMETIMES ! O!R WAY >\ND2 (T5 !Y AGREE4.<#e#f#h.> 

,IF ANY?+1 IT MAY BE BETT] = ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY ?AT WRITT5 LAW FAILS TO FIX =EV] ! MEAN+ ( ! LAW AS IT WAS UND]/OOD AT ! TIME BY ?OSE :O PROMULGAT$ IT4 ,9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN LEGAL TRADITION1 = 9/ANCE1 ,MAGNA ,C>TA1 ! ,GREAT ,*>T] ( #a#b#a#e1 IS REV]$ AS ! F\NTA9HEAD ( LIB]TY UND] LAW4 ,IF SO1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ( ITS SPECIFIC PROVISIONS4 ,NE>LY ALL ( !M ADDRESS ! PRIVATE GRIEVANCES ( C]TA9 B>ONS AGA9/ ! REIGN+ K+ OR ELSE DEAL ) OBSOLETE ASPECTS ( FEUDALISM4 ,ONLY ?REE ( ITS #fd *APT]S REMA9 9 SOME V]SION ON ! ,5GLI% /ATUTE BOOKS4.<#e#f#i.> ,! ,*>T] IS HI/ORICALLY IMPORTANT AS MY? -- ! 0MY?OPOESIS0 ! EX-,DIRECTOR DESPISES -- BECAUSE ( ! WAYS JURI/S LAT] MIS9T]PRET$ IT & ORD9>Y PEOPLE MISUND]/OOD IT4.<#e#g.> 

,BOOK*9 CALLS = A RETURN TO LEFT AN>*I/ OR?ODOXY1 BUT HIS TRIBUTE TO LEGALISM CONTRADICTS A BASIC T5ET ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1 ! \TRI<T REJECTION ( WRITT5 LAW4 ,NO D\BT AN>*I/S LIKE ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1.<#e#g#a.> = :OM LAW IS M]ELY A SUPPORT = CAPITALISM1 >E SIMPLI/IC1 BUT AT LEA/ !Y >E NOT UTT]LY WRONG4 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE ?AT 0! FIR/ DUTY ( ! REVOLUTION WILL BE TO MAKE A BONFIRE ( ALL EXI/+ LAWS AS IT WILL ( ALL TITLES TO PROP]TY40.<#e#g#b.> ,PR\DHON AGRE$ ) ,BOOK*9 ?AT LAW IS A LIMIT ON GOV]NM5T1 BUT HE /ILL 9SI/$ ON DO+ AWAY ) 0! REIGN ( LAW40.<#e#g#c.> ,BAKUN9 WROTE3 0,WE REJECT ALL LEGISLATION1 ALL AU?ORITY1 & ALL PRIVILEG$1 LIC5S$1 (FICIAL1 & LEGAL 9FLU5CE1 EV5 ?\< >IS+ FROM UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 CONV9C$ ?AT IT CAN TURN ONLY TO ! ADVANTAGE ( A DOM9ANT M9ORITY ( EXPLOIT]S AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY 9 SUBJECTION TO !M40.<#e#g#d.> ,EV5 ! OR?ODOX AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 HIMSELF A LAWY]1 WAS ( ?IS OP9ION4.<#e#g#e.> ,SIMIL> /ATEM5TS C\LD EASILY BE MULTIPLI$4 

,BOOK*9 IS NOT TAK+ ! POSITION1 AS DID ,BAKUN91 ?AT LAW1 LIKE ! /ATE1 WAS ONCE A CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CE1 BUT ONE WE HAVE \TGR[N4 ,LAW IS A P]MAN5T P>T ( ! EX-AN>*I/ EX-,DIRECTOR'S UTOPIA3 0,9 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ SOCIETY IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO FULLY EXPLICATE1 ON A RATIONAL BASIS1 ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( PEOPLE1 ! LAWS OR NOMOI ( ! SOCIETY1 & !IR MODES ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,& !SE NOMOI W\LD D]IVE FROM A RATIONAL CON/ITUTION ?AT ! PEOPLE :O LIVE UND] IT W\LD DRAW UP40.<#e#g#f.> ,IF !RE IS AS YET NOT MU* 9 ! WAY ( A DI/9CTIVE AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( LAW1 IT IS PROBABLY BECAUSE MO/ AN>*I/S TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE 9VOLVES ! ABOLITION ( LAW4 ,/ATE & LAW IMPLY EA* O!R4.<#e#g#g.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 IS ONE AN>*I/ :O SAID SO3 0LAW IS M]ELY RELATIVE TO ! EX]CISE ( POLITICAL =CE1 & MU/ P]I% :5 ! NECESSITY = ?AT =CE CEASES1 IF ! 9FLU5CE ( TRU? DO.<ES.> NOT /ILL SOON] EXTIRPATE IT FROM ! PRACTICE ( MANK9D40.<#e#g#h.> 7,& YET ,GODW9 V5TURES SOME %REWD CRITICISMS ( LAW ?AT GO BEYOND ITS FUNCTION ( DEF5D+ PROP]TY4.<#e#g#i.>7 

,UNANIMITY AB\T ! GOAL ( ABOLI%+ LAW DOES NOT MAKE IT OBVI\S H[ AN>*I/S >E TO PURSUE ?AT GOAL1 OR EV5 H[ TO CONDUCT !IR LIVES1 9 A LAW-RIDD5 WORLD4 ,IT IS A TOPIC ON :I* !IR AB/RACT >M*AIR $ICTS1 AS SEV]AL ( !M DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ ! ,JIM ,HOG%IRE AFFAIR1 T5D TO BE MORE ?AN USUALLY FOOLI%4.<#e#h.> 0,IF ,I AM WEAK1 ,I HAVE ONLY WEAK MEANS10 SAYS ,/IRN]1 0:I* YET >E GOOD 5\< = A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! WORLD444 ,I GET >\ND ! LAWS ( A PEOPLE1 UNTIL ,I HAVE GA!R$ /R5G? TO OV]?R[ !M40.<#e#h#a.> ,TO ! ?9K+ AN>*I/1 ?IS MU*1 9 ! WORDS ( ,?OREAU1 IS CLE>3 0,I QUIETLY DECL>E W> ) ! /ATE1 AFT] MY FA%ION1 ?\< ,I /ILL MAKE :AT USE & GET :AT ADVANTAGE ( H] ,I CAN1 AS IS USUAL 9 SU* CASES40.<#e#h#b.> ,REG>DLESS1 ! ANT9OMIAN GOAL IS CLE>1 EXCEPT TO ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4 ,HIS GOAL IS ! CITY-/ATE1 NOT AN>*Y1 :I* WILL EXPRESS ITS SOV]EIGNTY ?R\< LAW4 ,BUT ITS LAW WILL NOT1 AS HE CLAIMS1 LIMIT P[]1 BECAUSE ! SELF-GOV]N+ POLIS ACKN[L$GES NO LIMITS ON ITS SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< ! PRACTICE ( POLITICS4 

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